dotemacs

org.texi (876816B)

---

 \input texinfo    @c -*- texinfo -*-
 @c %**start of header
 @setfilename org.info
 @settitle The Org Manual
 @documentencoding UTF-8
 @documentlanguage en
 @set txicodequoteundirected
 @set txicodequotebacktick
 @set MAINTAINERSITE @uref{https://orgmode.org,maintainers webpage}
 @set MAINTAINER Bastien Guerry
 @set MAINTAINEREMAIL @email{bzg@gnu.org}
 @set MAINTAINERCONTACT @uref{mailto:bzg@gnu.org,contact the maintainer}
 @c %**end of header
 
 @copying
 This manual is for Org version 9.6.
 
 Copyright @copyright{} 2004--2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 
 @quotation
 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being ``A GNU Manual,''
 and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below.  A copy of the license
 is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.''
 
 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and
 modify this GNU manual.''
 
 @end quotation
 @end copying
 
 @dircategory Emacs editing modes
 @direntry
 * Org Mode: (org).      Outline-based notes management and organizer.
 @end direntry
 
 @finalout
 @titlepage
 @title The Org Manual
 @subtitle Release 9.6
 @author The Org Mode Developers
 @page
 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
 @insertcopying
 @end titlepage
 
 @contents
 
 @ifnottex
 @node Top
 @top The Org Manual
 
 @insertcopying
 @end ifnottex
 
 @menu
 * Introduction::                 Getting started.
 * Document Structure::           A tree works like your brain.
 * Tables::                       Pure magic for quick formatting.
 * Hyperlinks::                   Notes in context.
 * TODO Items::                   Every tree branch can be a TODO item.
 * Tags::                         Tagging headlines and matching sets of tags.
 * Properties and Columns::       Storing information about an entry.
 * Dates and Times::              Making items useful for planning.
 * Refiling and Archiving::       Moving and copying information with ease.
 * Capture and Attachments::      Dealing with external data.
 * Agenda Views::                 Collecting information into views.
 * Markup for Rich Contents::     Compose beautiful documents.
 * Exporting::                    Sharing and publishing notes.
 * Publishing::                   Create a web site of linked Org files.
 * Citation handling::            create, follow and export citations.
 * Working with Source Code::     Export, evaluate, and tangle code blocks.
 * Miscellaneous::                All the rest which did not fit elsewhere.
 * Hacking::                      How to hack your way around.
 * History and Acknowledgments::  How Org came into being.
 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation.
 * Main Index::                   An index of Org's concepts and features.
 * Key Index::                    Key bindings and where they are described.
 * Command and Function Index::   Command names and some internal functions.
 * Variable Index::               Variables mentioned in the manual.
 
 @detailmenu
 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
 
 Introduction
 
 * Summary::                      Brief summary of what Org does.
 * Installation::                 Installing Org.
 * Activation::                   How to activate Org for certain buffers.
 * Feedback::                     Bug reports, ideas, patches, etc.
 * Conventions::                  Typesetting conventions used in this manual.
 
 Document Structure
 
 * Headlines::                    How to typeset Org tree headlines.
 * Visibility Cycling::           Show and hide, much simplified.
 * Motion::                       Jumping to other headlines.
 * Structure Editing::            Changing sequence and level of headlines.
 * Sparse Trees::                 Matches embedded in context.
 * Plain Lists::                  Additional structure within an entry.
 * Drawers::                      Tucking stuff away.
 * Blocks::                       Folding blocks.
 
 Visibility Cycling
 
 * Global and local cycling::     Cycling through various visibility states.
 * Initial visibility::           Setting the initial visibility state.
 * Catching invisible edits::     Preventing mistakes when editing invisible parts.
 
 Tables
 
 * Built-in Table Editor::        Simple tables.
 * Column Width and Alignment::   Overrule the automatic settings.
 * Column Groups::                Grouping to trigger vertical lines.
 * Orgtbl Mode::                  The table editor as minor mode.
 * The Spreadsheet::              The table editor has spreadsheet capabilities.
 * Org Plot::                     Plotting from Org tables.
 
 The Spreadsheet
 
 * References::                   How to refer to another field or range.
 * Formula syntax for Calc::      Using Calc to compute stuff.
 * Formula syntax for Lisp::      Writing formulas in Emacs Lisp.
 * Durations and time values::    How to compute durations and time values.
 * Field and range formulas::     Formula for specific (ranges of) fields.
 * Column formulas::              Formulas valid for an entire column.
 * Lookup functions::             Lookup functions for searching tables.
 * Editing and debugging formulas:: Fixing formulas.
 * Updating the table::           Recomputing all dependent fields.
 * Advanced features::            Field and column names, automatic recalculation...
 
 Hyperlinks
 
 * Link Format::                  How links in Org are formatted.
 * Internal Links::               Links to other places in the current file.
 * Radio Targets::                Make targets trigger links in plain text.
 * External Links::               URL-like links to the world.
 * Handling Links::               Creating, inserting and following.
 * Using Links Outside Org::      Linking from my C source code?
 * Link Abbreviations::           Shortcuts for writing complex links.
 * Search Options::               Linking to a specific location.
 * Custom Searches::              When the default search is not enough.
 
 TODO Items
 
 * TODO Basics::                  Marking and displaying TODO entries.
 * TODO Extensions::              Workflow and assignments.
 * Progress Logging::             Dates and notes for progress.
 * Priorities::                   Some things are more important than others.
 * Breaking Down Tasks::          Splitting a task into manageable pieces.
 * Checkboxes::                   Tick-off lists.
 
 TODO Extensions
 
 * Workflow states::              From TODO to DONE in steps.
 * TODO types::                   I do this, Fred does the rest.
 * Multiple sets in one file::    Mixing it all, still finding your way.
 * Fast access to TODO states::   Single letter selection of state.
 * Per-file keywords::            Different files, different requirements.
 * Faces for TODO keywords::      Highlighting states.
 * TODO dependencies::            When one task needs to wait for others.
 
 Progress Logging
 
 * Closing items::                When was this entry marked as done?
 * Tracking TODO state changes::  When did the status change?
 * Tracking your habits::         How consistent have you been?
 
 Tags
 
 * Tag Inheritance::              Tags use the tree structure of an outline.
 * Setting Tags::                 How to assign tags to a headline.
 * Tag Hierarchy::                Create a hierarchy of tags.
 * Tag Searches::                 Searching for combinations of tags.
 
 Properties and Columns
 
 * Property Syntax::              How properties are spelled out.
 * Special Properties::           Access to other Org mode features.
 * Property Searches::            Matching property values.
 * Property Inheritance::         Passing values down a tree.
 * Column View::                  Tabular viewing and editing.
 
 Column View
 
 * Defining columns::             The COLUMNS format property.
 * Using column view::            How to create and use column view.
 * Capturing column view::        A dynamic block for column view.
 
 Defining columns
 
 * Scope of column definitions::  Where defined, where valid?
 * Column attributes::            Appearance and content of a column.
 
 Dates and Times
 
 * Timestamps::                   Assigning a time to a tree entry.
 * Creating Timestamps::          Commands to insert timestamps.
 * Deadlines and Scheduling::     Planning your work.
 * Clocking Work Time::           Tracking how long you spend on a task.
 * Effort Estimates::             Planning work effort in advance.
 * Timers::                       Notes with a running timer.
 
 Creating Timestamps
 
 * The date/time prompt::         How Org mode helps you enter dates and times.
 * Custom time format::           Making dates look different.
 
 Deadlines and Scheduling
 
 * Inserting deadline/schedule::  Planning items.
 * Repeated tasks::               Items that show up again and again.
 
 Clocking Work Time
 
 * Clocking commands::            Starting and stopping a clock.
 * The clock table::              Detailed reports.
 * Resolving idle time::          Resolving time when you've been idle.
 
 Refiling and Archiving
 
 * Refile and Copy::              Moving/copying a tree from one place to another.
 * Archiving::                    What to do with finished products.
 
 Archiving
 
 * Moving subtrees::              Moving a tree to an archive file.
 * Internal archiving::           Switch off a tree but keep it in the file.
 
 Capture and Attachments
 
 * Capture::                      Capturing new stuff.
 * Attachments::                  Attach files to outlines.
 * RSS Feeds::                    Getting input from RSS feeds.
 
 Capture
 
 * Setting up capture::           Where notes will be stored.
 * Using capture::                Commands to invoke and terminate capture.
 * Capture templates::            Define the outline of different note types.
 
 Capture templates
 
 * Template elements::            What is needed for a complete template entry.
 * Template expansion::           Filling in information about time and context.
 * Templates in contexts::        Only show a template in a specific context.
 
 Attachments
 
 * Attachment defaults and dispatcher:: How to access attachment commands
 * Attachment options::           Configuring the attachment system
 * Attachment links::             Hyperlink access to attachments
 * Automatic version-control with Git:: Everything safely stored away
 * Attach from Dired::            Using dired to select an attachment
 
 Agenda Views
 
 * Agenda Files::                 Files being searched for agenda information.
 * Agenda Dispatcher::            Keyboard access to agenda views.
 * Built-in Agenda Views::        What is available out of the box?
 * Presentation and Sorting::     How agenda items are prepared for display.
 * Agenda Commands::              Remote editing of Org trees.
 * Custom Agenda Views::          Defining special searches and views.
 * Exporting Agenda Views::       Writing a view to a file.
 * Agenda Column View::           Using column view for collected entries.
 
 Built-in Agenda Views
 
 * Weekly/daily agenda::          The calendar page with current tasks.
 * Global TODO list::             All unfinished action items.
 * Matching tags and properties:: Structured information with fine-tuned search.
 * Search view::                  Find entries by searching for text.
 * Stuck projects::               Find projects you need to review.
 
 Presentation and Sorting
 
 * Categories::                   Not all tasks are equal.
 * Time-of-day specifications::   How the agenda knows the time.
 * Sorting of agenda items::      The order of things.
 * Filtering/limiting agenda items:: Dynamically narrow the agenda.
 
 Custom Agenda Views
 
 * Storing searches::             Type once, use often.
 * Block agenda::                 All the stuff you need in a single buffer.
 * Setting options::              Changing the rules.
 
 Markup for Rich Contents
 
 * Paragraphs::                   The basic unit of text.
 * Emphasis and Monospace::       Bold, italic, etc.
 * Subscripts and Superscripts::  Simple syntax for raising/lowering text.
 * Special Symbols::              Greek letters and other symbols.
 * Embedded @LaTeX{}::            LaTeX can be freely used inside Org documents.
 * Literal Examples::             Source code examples with special formatting.
 * Images::                       Display an image.
 * Captions::                     Describe tables, images...
 * Horizontal Rules::             Make a line.
 * Creating Footnotes::           Edit and read footnotes.
 
 Embedded @LaTeX{}
 
 * @LaTeX{} fragments::           Complex formulas made easy.
 * Previewing @LaTeX{} fragments:: What will this snippet look like?
 * CD@LaTeX{} mode::              Speed up entering of formulas.
 
 Exporting
 
 * The Export Dispatcher::        The main interface.
 * Export Settings::              Common export settings.
 * Table of Contents::            The if and where of the table of contents.
 * Include Files::                Include additional files into a document.
 * Macro Replacement::            Use macros to create templates.
 * Comment Lines::                What will not be exported.
 * ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export::   Exporting to flat files with encoding.
 * Beamer Export::                Producing presentations and slides.
 * HTML Export::                  Exporting to HTML.
 * @LaTeX{} Export::              Exporting to @LaTeX{} and processing to PDF.
 * Markdown Export::              Exporting to Markdown.
 * OpenDocument Text Export::     Exporting to OpenDocument Text.
 * Org Export::                   Exporting to Org.
 * Texinfo Export::               Exporting to Texinfo.
 * iCalendar Export::             Exporting to iCalendar.
 * Other Built-in Back-ends::     Exporting to a man page.
 * Advanced Export Configuration:: Fine-tuning the export output.
 * Export in Foreign Buffers::    Author tables and lists in Org syntax.
 
 Beamer Export
 
 * Beamer export commands::       For creating Beamer documents.
 * Beamer specific export settings:: For customizing Beamer export.
 * Frames and Blocks in Beamer::  For composing Beamer slides.
 * Beamer specific syntax::       For using in Org documents.
 * Editing support::              Editing support.
 * A Beamer example::             A complete presentation.
 
 HTML Export
 
 * HTML export commands::         Invoking HTML export.
 * HTML specific export settings:: Settings for HTML export.
 * HTML doctypes::                Exporting various (X)HTML flavors.
 * HTML preamble and postamble::  Inserting preamble and postamble.
 * Quoting HTML tags::            Using direct HTML in Org files.
 * Headlines in HTML export::     Formatting headlines.
 * Links in HTML export::         Inserting and formatting links.
 * Tables in HTML export::        How to modify the formatting of tables.
 * Images in HTML export::        How to insert figures into HTML output.
 * Math formatting in HTML export:: Beautiful math also on the web.
 * Text areas in HTML export::    An alternate way to show an example.
 * CSS support::                  Changing the appearance of the output.
 * JavaScript support::           Info and folding in a web browser.
 
 @LaTeX{} Export
 
 * @LaTeX{}/PDF export commands:: For producing @LaTeX{} and PDF documents.
 * @LaTeX{} specific export settings:: Unique to this @LaTeX{} back-end.
 * @LaTeX{} header and sectioning:: Setting up the export file structure.
 * Quoting @LaTeX{} code::        Incorporating literal @LaTeX{} code.
 * Tables in @LaTeX{} export::    Options for exporting tables to @LaTeX{}.
 * Images in @LaTeX{} export::    How to insert figures into @LaTeX{} output.
 * Plain lists in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to lists.
 * Source blocks in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to source code blocks.
 * Example blocks in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to example blocks.
 * Special blocks in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to special blocks.
 * Horizontal rules in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to horizontal rules.
 * Verse blocks in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to special blocks.
 * Quote blocks in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to quote blocks.
 
 OpenDocument Text Export
 
 * Pre-requisites for ODT export:: Required packages.
 * ODT export commands::          Invoking export.
 * ODT specific export settings:: Configuration options.
 * Extending ODT export::         Producing DOC, PDF files.
 * Applying custom styles::       Styling the output.
 * Links in ODT export::          Handling and formatting links.
 * Tables in ODT export::         Org tables conversions.
 * Images in ODT export::         Inserting images.
 * Math formatting in ODT export:: Formatting @LaTeX{} fragments.
 * Labels and captions in ODT export:: Rendering objects.
 * Literal examples in ODT export:: For source code and example blocks.
 * Advanced topics in ODT export:: For power users.
 
 Math formatting in ODT export
 
 * @LaTeX{} math snippets::       Embedding in @LaTeX{} format.
 * MathML and OpenDocument formula files:: Embedding in native format.
 
 Texinfo Export
 
 * Texinfo export commands::      Invoking commands.
 * Texinfo specific export settings:: Setting the environment.
 * Texinfo file header::          Generating the header.
 * Texinfo title and copyright page:: Creating preamble pages.
 * Info directory file::          Installing a manual in Info file hierarchy.
 * Headings and sectioning structure:: Building document structure.
 * Indices::                      Creating indices.
 * Quoting Texinfo code::         Incorporating literal Texinfo code.
 * Plain lists in Texinfo export:: List attributes.
 * Tables in Texinfo export::     Table attributes.
 * Images in Texinfo export::     Image attributes.
 * Quotations in Texinfo export:: Quote block attributes.
 * Key bindings in Texinfo export:: @@kbd Texinfo command.
 * Special blocks in Texinfo export:: Special block attributes.
 * A Texinfo example::            Processing Org to Texinfo.
 
 Export in Foreign Buffers
 
 * Bare HTML::                    Exporting HTML without CSS, Javascript, etc.
 
 Publishing
 
 * Configuration::                Defining projects.
 * Uploading Files::              How to get files up on the server.
 * Sample Configuration::         Example projects.
 * Triggering Publication::       Publication commands.
 
 Configuration
 
 * Project alist::                The central configuration variable.
 * Sources and destinations::     From here to there.
 * Selecting files::              What files are part of the project?
 * Publishing action::            Setting the function doing the publishing.
 * Publishing options::           Tweaking HTML/@LaTeX{} export.
 * Publishing links::             Which links keep working after publishing?
 * Site map::                     Generating a list of all pages.
 * Generating an index::          An index that reaches across pages.
 
 Sample Configuration
 
 * Simple example::               One-component publishing.
 * Complex example::              A multi-component publishing example.
 
 Citation handling
 
 * Citations::
 * Citation export processors::
 * Bibliography printing::
 
 Bibliography printing
 
 * Bibliography options in the ``biblatex'' and ``csl'' export processors::
 
 Working with Source Code
 
 * Features Overview::            Enjoy the versatility of source blocks.
 * Structure of Code Blocks::     Code block syntax described.
 * Using Header Arguments::       Different ways to set header arguments.
 * Environment of a Code Block::  Arguments, sessions, working directory...
 * Evaluating Code Blocks::       Place results of evaluation in the Org buffer.
 * Results of Evaluation::        Choosing a results type, post-processing...
 * Exporting Code Blocks::        Export contents and/or results.
 * Extracting Source Code::       Create pure source code files.
 * Languages::                    List of supported code block languages.
 * Editing Source Code::          Language major-mode editing.
 * Noweb Reference Syntax::       Literate programming in Org mode.
 * Library of Babel::             Use and contribute to a library of useful code blocks.
 * Key bindings and Useful Functions:: Work quickly with code blocks.
 * Batch Execution::              Call functions from the command line.
 
 Miscellaneous
 
 * Completion::                   @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} guesses completions.
 * Structure Templates::          Quick insertion of structural elements.
 * Speed Keys::                   Electric commands at the beginning of a headline.
 * Clean View::                   Getting rid of leading stars in the outline.
 * Execute commands in the active region:: Execute commands on multiple items in Org or agenda view.
 * Dynamic Headline Numbering::   Display and update outline numbering.
 * The Very Busy @kbd{C-c C-c} Key:: When in doubt, press @kbd{C-c C-c}.
 * In-buffer Settings::           Overview of keywords.
 * Regular Expressions::          Elisp regular expressions.
 * Org Syntax::                   Formal description of Org's syntax.
 * Documentation Access::         Read documentation about current syntax.
 * Escape Character::             Prevent Org from interpreting your writing.
 * Code Evaluation Security::     Org files evaluate in-line code.
 * Interaction::                  With other Emacs packages.
 * TTY Keys::                     Using Org on a tty.
 * Protocols::                    External access to Emacs and Org.
 * Org Crypt::                    Encrypting Org files.
 * Org Mobile::                   Viewing and capture on a mobile device.
 
 Clean View
 
 * Org Indent Mode::
 * Hard indentation::
 
 Interaction
 
 * Cooperation::                  Packages Org cooperates with.
 * Conflicts::                    Packages that lead to conflicts.
 
 Protocols
 
 * The @code{store-link} protocol:: Store a link, push URL to kill-ring.
 * The @code{capture} protocol::  Fill a buffer with external information.
 * The @code{open-source} protocol:: Edit published contents.
 
 Org Mobile
 
 * Setting up the staging area::  For the mobile device.
 * Pushing to the mobile application:: Uploading Org files and agendas.
 * Pulling from the mobile application:: Integrating captured and flagged items.
 
 Hacking
 
 * Hooks::                        How to reach into Org's internals.
 * Add-on Packages::              Available extensions.
 * Adding Hyperlink Types::       New custom link types.
 * Adding Export Back-ends::      How to write new export back-ends.
 * Tables in Arbitrary Syntax::   Orgtbl for LaTeX and other programs.
 * Dynamic Blocks::               Automatically filled blocks.
 * Special Agenda Views::         Customized views.
 * Speeding Up Your Agendas::     Tips on how to speed up your agendas.
 * Extracting Agenda Information:: Post-processing agenda information.
 * Using the Property API::       Writing programs that use entry properties.
 * Using the Mapping API::        Mapping over all or selected entries.
 
 Tables in Arbitrary Syntax
 
 * Radio tables::                 Sending and receiving radio tables.
 * A @LaTeX{} example::           Step by step, almost a tutorial.
 * Translator functions::         Copy and modify.
 
 @end detailmenu
 @end menu
 
 @node Introduction
 @chapter Introduction
 
 @cindex introduction
 
 @menu
 * Summary::                      Brief summary of what Org does.
 * Installation::                 Installing Org.
 * Activation::                   How to activate Org for certain buffers.
 * Feedback::                     Bug reports, ideas, patches, etc.
 * Conventions::                  Typesetting conventions used in this manual.
 @end menu
 
 @node Summary
 @section Summary
 
 @cindex summary
 
 Org Mode is an authoring tool and a TODO lists manager for GNU Emacs.
 It relies on a lightweight plain-text markup language used in files
 with the @samp{.org} extension.
 
 As an authoring tool, Org helps you write structured documents and
 provides exporting facilities. Org files can also be used for literate
 programming and reproducible research.  As a TODO lists manager, Org
 helps you organize your tasks in a flexible way, from daily needs to
 detailed project-planning, allowing logging, multiple views on your
 tasks, exporting your agendas, etc.
 
 Org mode is implemented on top of Outline mode, which makes it
 possible to keep the content of large files well structured.
 Visibility cycling and structure editing help to work with the tree.
 Tables are easily created with a built-in table editor.  Plain text
 URL-like links connect to websites, emails, Usenet messages, BBDB
 entries, and any files related to the projects.
 
 Org develops organizational tasks around notes files that contain
 lists or information about projects as plain text.  Project planning
 and task management make use of metadata which is part of an outline
 node.  Based on this data, specific entries can be extracted in
 queries and create dynamic @emph{agenda views} that also integrate the Emacs
 calendar and diary.  Org can be used to implement many different
 project planning schemes, such as David Allen's GTD system.
 
 Org files can serve as a single source authoring system with export to
 many different formats such as HTML, @LaTeX{}, Open Document, and
 Markdown.  New export backends can be derived from existing ones, or
 defined from scratch.
 
 Org files can include source code blocks, which makes Org uniquely
 suited for authoring technical documents with code examples.  Org
 source code blocks are fully functional; they can be evaluated in
 place and their results can be captured in the file.  This makes it
 possible to create a single file reproducible research compendium.
 
 Org keeps simple things simple.  When first fired up, it should feel
 like a straightforward, easy to use outliner.  Complexity is not
 imposed, but a large amount of functionality is available when needed.
 Org is a toolbox.  Many users actually run only a---very
 personal---fraction of Org's capabilities, and know that there is more
 whenever they need it.
 
 All of this is achieved with strictly plain text files, the most
 portable and future-proof file format.  Org runs in Emacs.  Emacs is
 one of the most widely ported programs, so that Org mode is available
 on every major platform.
 
 @cindex FAQ
 There is a website for Org which provides links to the newest version
 of Org, as well as additional information, frequently asked questions
 (FAQ), links to tutorials, etc.  This page is located at
 @uref{https://orgmode.org}.
 
 @cindex print edition
 An earlier version (7.3) of this manual was available as a paperback
 book from the Network Theory Ltd. publishing company, closed in 2009.
 
 @node Installation
 @section Installation
 
 @cindex installation
 
 Org is included in distributions of GNU Emacs, you probably do not
 need to install it.  Most users will simply activate Org and begin
 exploring its features.
 
 If, for one reason or another, you want to install Org on top of this
 pre-packaged version, you can use the Emacs package system or clone
 Org's git repository.  We @strong{strongly recommend} sticking to a single
 installation method.
 
 When installing Org on top of the pre-packaged version, please note
 that Org stable versions are meant to be fully compatible with the
 last three stable versions of Emacs but not with older Emacsen.
 
 @anchor{Using Emacs packaging system}
 @subheading Using Emacs packaging system
 
 Recent Emacs distributions include a packaging system which lets you
 install Elisp libraries.  You can install Org from the ``package menu'',
 with @kbd{M-x list-packages}.  See @ref{Package Menu,Package Menu,,emacs,}.
 
 @quotation Important
 You need to do this in a session where no @samp{.org} file has been
 visited, i.e., where no Org built-in function have been loaded.
 Otherwise autoload Org functions will mess up the installation.
 
 @end quotation
 
 @anchor{Using Org's git repository}
 @subheading Using Org's git repository
 
 You can clone Org's repository and install Org like this:
 
 @example
 $ cd ~/src/
 $ git clone https://git.savannah.gnu.org/git/emacs/org-mode.git
 $ cd org-mode/
 $ make autoloads
 @end example
 
 Note that in this case, @samp{make autoloads} is mandatory: it defines
 Org's version in @samp{org-version.el} and Org's autoloads in
 @samp{org-loaddefs.el}.
 
 Make sure you set the load path correctly in your Emacs init file:
 
 @lisp
 (add-to-list 'load-path "~/src/org-mode/lisp")
 @end lisp
 
 You can also compile with @samp{make}, generate the documentation with
 @samp{make doc}, create a local configuration with @samp{make config} and
 install Org with @samp{make install}.  Please run @samp{make help} to get the
 list of compilation/installation options.
 
 For more detailed explanations on Org's build system, please check the
 Org Build System page on @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/dev/org-build-system.html, Worg}.
 
 @anchor{Installing Org's contributed packages}
 @subheading Installing Org's contributed packages
 
 Org's repository used to contain @samp{contrib/} directory for add-ons
 contributed by others.  As of Org 9.5, the directory has been moved to
 the dedicated org-contrib @uref{https://git.sr.ht/~bzg/org-contrib, repository}, which you can install
 separately as a @uref{https://elpa.nongnu.org/nongnu/org-contrib.html, package} from NonGNU ELPA@.
 
 There are enough valuable packages maintained outside of the Org repository.
 Worg has a list of @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/index.html, org-contrib and external packages}, certainly it is not
 exhaustive.
 
 @node Activation
 @section Activation
 
 @cindex activation
 @cindex autoload
 @cindex ELPA
 @cindex global key bindings
 @cindex key bindings, global
 
 Org mode buffers need Font Lock to be turned on: this is the default
 in Emacs@footnote{ If you do not use Font Lock globally turn it on in Org
 buffer with @samp{(add-hook 'org-mode-hook #'turn-on-font-lock)}.}.
 
 There are compatibility issues between Org mode and some other Elisp
 packages (see @ref{Conflicts}).  Please take the
 time to check the list.
 
 @findex org-agenda
 @findex org-capture
 @findex org-store-link
 For a better experience, the three Org commands @code{org-store-link},
 @code{org-capture} and @code{org-agenda} ought to be accessible anywhere in
 Emacs, not just in Org buffers.  To that effect, you need to bind them
 to globally available keys, like the ones reserved for users (see
 @ref{Key Binding Conventions,,,elisp,}).  Here are suggested bindings,
 please modify the keys to your own liking.
 
 @lisp
 (global-set-key (kbd "C-c l") #'org-store-link)
 (global-set-key (kbd "C-c a") #'org-agenda)
 (global-set-key (kbd "C-c c") #'org-capture)
 @end lisp
 
 @cindex Org mode, turning on
 Files with the @samp{.org} extension use Org mode by default.  To turn on
 Org mode in a file that does not have the extension @samp{.org}, make the
 first line of a file look like this:
 
 @example
 MY PROJECTS    -*- mode: org; -*-
 @end example
 
 
 @vindex org-insert-mode-line-in-empty-file
 @noindent
 which selects Org mode for this buffer no matter what the file's name
 is.  See also the variable @code{org-insert-mode-line-in-empty-file}.
 
 Many commands in Org work on the region if the region is @emph{active}.  To
 make use of this, you need to have Transient Mark mode turned on,
 which is the default.  If you do not like it, you can create an active
 region by using the mouse to select a region, or pressing
 @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} twice before moving point.
 
 @node Feedback
 @section Feedback
 
 @cindex feedback
 @cindex bug reports
 @cindex reporting a bug
 @cindex maintainer
 @cindex author
 
 If you find problems with Org, or if you have questions, remarks, or
 ideas about it, please send an email to the Org mailing list
 @email{emacs-orgmode@@gnu.org}.  You can subscribe to the list
 @uref{https://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/emacs-orgmode, from this web
 page}.  If you are not a member of the mailing list, your mail will
 be passed to the list after a moderator has approved it@footnote{ Please
 consider subscribing to the mailing list in order to minimize the work
 the mailing list moderators have to do.}.  We ask you to read and
 respect the
 @uref{https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/kind-communication.html, GNU Kind
 Communications Guidelines} when sending messages on this mailing
 list.  Please allow up to one month for the response and followup if
 no response is received on the bug report.
 
 @findex org-version
 @findex org-submit-bug-report
 For bug reports, please first try to reproduce the bug with the latest
 version of Org available---if you are running an outdated version, it
 is quite possible that the bug has been fixed already.  If the bug
 persists, prepare a report and provide as much information as
 possible, including the version information of Emacs (@kbd{M-x emacs-version}) and Org (@kbd{M-x org-version}), as well as
 the Org related setup in the Emacs init file.  The easiest way to do
 this is to use the command
 
 @example
 M-x org-submit-bug-report <RET>
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 which puts all this information into an Emacs mail buffer so that you
 only need to add your description.  If you are not sending the Email
 from within Emacs, please copy and paste the content into your Email
 program.
 
 Sometimes you might face a problem due to an error in your Emacs or
 Org mode setup.  Before reporting a bug, it is very helpful to start
 Emacs with minimal customizations and reproduce the problem.  Doing so
 often helps you determine if the problem is with your customization or
 with Org mode itself.  You can start a typical minimal session with
 a command like the example below.
 
 @example
 $ emacs -Q -l /path/to/minimal-org.el
 @end example
 
 
 However if you are using Org mode as distributed with Emacs, a minimal
 setup is not necessary.  In that case it is sufficient to start Emacs
 as @samp{emacs -Q}.  The @samp{minimal-org.el} setup file can have contents as
 shown below.
 
 @lisp
 ;;; Minimal setup to load latest `org-mode'.
 
 ;; Activate debugging.
 (setq debug-on-error t
       debug-on-signal nil
       debug-on-quit nil)
 
 ;; Add latest Org mode to load path.
 (add-to-list 'load-path (expand-file-name "/path/to/org-mode/lisp"))
 @end lisp
 
 If you are using Org mode version from Git repository, you can start
 minimal session using make.
 
 @example
 # Bare Emacs
 make repro
 # or pass extra arguments
 make repro REPRO_ARGS="-l /path/to/minimal/config.el /tmp/bug.org"
 @end example
 
 
 If an error occurs, a ``backtrace'' can be very useful---see below on
 how to create one.  Often a small example file helps, along with clear
 information about:
 
 @enumerate
 @item
 What exactly did you do?
 @item
 What did you expect to happen?
 @item
 What happened instead?
 @end enumerate
 
 Thank you for helping to improve this program.
 
 @anchor{How to create a useful backtrace}
 @subheading How to create a useful backtrace
 
 @cindex backtrace of an error
 If working with Org produces an error with a message you do not
 understand, you may have hit a bug.  The best way to report this is by
 providing, in addition to what was mentioned above, a backtrace.  This
 is information from the built-in debugger about where and how the
 error occurred.  Here is how to produce a useful backtrace:
 
 @enumerate
 @item
 Reload uncompiled versions of all Org mode Lisp files.  The
 backtrace contains much more information if it is produced with
 uncompiled code.  To do this, use
 
 @example
 C-u M-x org-reload <RET>
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 or, from the menu: Org @arrow{} Refresh/Reload @arrow{} Reload Org uncompiled.
 
 @item
 Then, activate the debugger:
 
 @example
 M-x toggle-debug-on-error <RET>
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 or, from the menu: Options @arrow{} Enter Debugger on Error.
 
 @item
 Do whatever you have to do to hit the error.  Do not forget to
 document the steps you take.
 
 @item
 When you hit the error, a @samp{*Backtrace*} buffer appears on the
 screen.  Save this buffer to a file---for example using @kbd{C-x C-w}---and attach it to your bug report.
 @end enumerate
 
 @node Conventions
 @section Typesetting Conventions Used in this Manual
 
 
 
 @anchor{TODO keywords tags properties etc}
 @subheading TODO keywords, tags, properties, etc.
 
 Org uses various syntactical elements: TODO keywords, tags, property
 names, keywords, blocks, etc.  In this manual we use the following
 conventions:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{TODO}
 @itemx @samp{WAITING}
 TODO keywords are written with all capitals, even if they are
 user-defined.
 
 @item @samp{boss}
 @itemx @samp{ARCHIVE}
 Tags are case-sensitive.  User-defined tags are usually written in
 lowercase; built-in tags with special meaning are written as they
 should appear in the document, usually with all capitals.
 
 @item @samp{Release}
 @itemx @samp{PRIORITY}
 User-defined properties are capitalized; built-in properties with
 special meaning are written with all capitals.
 
 @item @samp{TITLE}
 @itemx @samp{BEGIN} @dots{} @samp{END}
 Keywords and blocks are written in uppercase to enhance their
 readability, but you can use lowercase in your Org files.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Key bindings and commands}
 @subheading Key bindings and commands
 
 The manual lists both the keys and the corresponding commands for
 accessing a functionality.  Org mode often uses the same key for
 different functions, depending on context.  The command that is bound
 to such keys has a generic name, like @code{org-metaright}.  In the manual
 we will, wherever possible, give the function that is internally
 called by the generic command.  For example, in the chapter on
 document structure, @kbd{M-@key{RIGHT}} will be listed to call
 @code{org-do-demote}, while in the chapter on tables, it will be listed to
 call @code{org-table-move-column-right}.
 
 @node Document Structure
 @chapter Document Structure
 
 @cindex document structure
 @cindex structure of document
 Org is an outliner.  Outlines allow a document to be organized in
 a hierarchical structure, which, least for me, is the best
 representation of notes and thoughts.  An overview of this structure
 is achieved by folding, i.e., hiding large parts of the document to
 show only the general document structure and the parts currently being
 worked on.  Org greatly simplifies the use of outlines by compressing
 the entire show and hide functionalities into a single command,
 @code{org-cycle}, which is bound to the @kbd{@key{TAB}} key.
 
 @menu
 * Headlines::                    How to typeset Org tree headlines.
 * Visibility Cycling::           Show and hide, much simplified.
 * Motion::                       Jumping to other headlines.
 * Structure Editing::            Changing sequence and level of headlines.
 * Sparse Trees::                 Matches embedded in context.
 * Plain Lists::                  Additional structure within an entry.
 * Drawers::                      Tucking stuff away.
 * Blocks::                       Folding blocks.
 @end menu
 
 @node Headlines
 @section Headlines
 
 @cindex headlines
 @cindex outline tree
 @vindex org-special-ctrl-a/e
 @vindex org-special-ctrl-k
 @vindex org-ctrl-k-protect-subtree
 
 Headlines define the structure of an outline tree.  Org headlines
 start on the left margin@footnote{See the variables @code{org-special-ctrl-a/e}, @code{org-special-ctrl-k},
 and @code{org-ctrl-k-protect-subtree} to configure special behavior of
 @kbd{C-a}, @kbd{C-e}, and @kbd{C-k} in headlines.  Note
 also that clocking only works with headings indented less than 30
 stars.} with one or more stars followed by
 a space.  For example:
 
 @example
 * Top level headline
 ** Second level
 *** Third level
     some text
 *** Third level
     more text
 * Another top level headline
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-footnote-section
 The name defined in @code{org-footnote-section} is reserved.  Do not use it
 as a title for your own headings.
 
 Some people find the many stars too noisy and would prefer an outline
 that has whitespace followed by a single star as headline starters.
 This can be achieved using a Org Indent minor mode.  See @ref{Clean View} for more information.
 
 Headlines are not numbered.  However, you may want to dynamically
 number some, or all, of them.  See @ref{Dynamic Headline Numbering}.
 
 @vindex org-cycle-separator-lines
 An empty line after the end of a subtree is considered part of it and
 is hidden when the subtree is folded.  However, if you leave at least
 two empty lines, one empty line remains visible after folding the
 subtree, in order to structure the collapsed view.  See the variable
 @code{org-cycle-separator-lines} to modify this behavior.
 
 @node Visibility Cycling
 @section Visibility Cycling
 
 @cindex cycling, visibility
 @cindex visibility cycling
 @cindex trees, visibility
 @cindex show hidden text
 @cindex hide text
 
 @menu
 * Global and local cycling::     Cycling through various visibility states.
 * Initial visibility::           Setting the initial visibility state.
 * Catching invisible edits::     Preventing mistakes when editing invisible parts.
 @end menu
 
 @node Global and local cycling
 @subsection Global and local cycling
 
 @cindex subtree visibility states
 @cindex subtree cycling
 @cindex folded, subtree visibility state
 @cindex children, subtree visibility state
 @cindex subtree, subtree visibility state
 
 Outlines make it possible to hide parts of the text in the buffer.
 Org uses just two commands, bound to @kbd{@key{TAB}} and
 @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} to change the visibility in the buffer.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{@key{TAB}} (@code{org-cycle})
 @kindex TAB
 @findex org-cycle
 @emph{Subtree cycling}: Rotate current subtree among the states
 
 @example
 ,-> FOLDED -> CHILDREN -> SUBTREE --.
 '-----------------------------------'
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-cycle-emulate-tab
 Point must be on a headline for this to work@footnote{ See, however, the
 option @code{org-cycle-emulate-tab}.}.
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} (@code{org-global-cycle})
 @itemx @kbd{C-u @key{TAB}}
 @cindex global visibility states
 @cindex global cycling
 @cindex overview, global visibility state
 @cindex contents, global visibility state
 @cindex show all, global visibility state
 @kindex C-u TAB
 @kindex S-TAB
 @findex org-global-cycle
 @emph{Global cycling}: Rotate the entire buffer among the states
 
 @example
 ,-> OVERVIEW -> CONTENTS -> SHOW ALL --.
 '--------------------------------------'
 @end example
 
 When @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} is called with a numeric prefix argument
 @var{N}, view contents only up to headlines of level
 @var{N}.
 
 Note that inside tables (see @ref{Tables}), @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} jumps to the
 previous field instead.
 
 @vindex org-cycle-global-at-bob
 You can run global cycling using @kbd{@key{TAB}} only if point is at
 the very beginning of the buffer, but not on a headline, and
 @code{org-cycle-global-at-bob} is set to a non-@code{nil} value.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-u @key{TAB}} (@code{org-set-startup-visibility})
 @cindex startup visibility
 @kindex C-u C-u TAB
 @findex org-set-startup-visibility
 Switch back to the startup visibility of the buffer (see @ref{Initial visibility}).
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-u C-u @key{TAB}} (@code{org-show-all})
 @cindex show all, command
 @kindex C-u C-u C-u TAB
 @findex org-show-all
 Show all, including drawers.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{org-reveal})
 @cindex revealing context
 @kindex C-c C-r
 @findex org-reveal
 Reveal context around point, showing the current entry, the
 following heading and the hierarchy above.  It is useful for working
 near a location that has been exposed by a sparse tree command (see
 @ref{Sparse Trees}) or an agenda command (see @ref{Agenda Commands}).  With a prefix argument, show, on each level, all sibling
 headings.  With a double prefix argument, also show the entire
 subtree of the parent.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-k} (@code{org-show-branches})
 @cindex show branches, command
 @kindex C-c C-k
 @findex org-show-branches
 Expose all the headings of the subtree, but not their bodies.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c @key{TAB}} (@code{org-show-children})
 @cindex show children, command
 @kindex C-c TAB
 @findex org-show-children
 Expose all direct children of the subtree.  With a numeric prefix
 argument @var{N}, expose all children down to level
 @var{N}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x b} (@code{org-tree-to-indirect-buffer})
 @kindex C-c C-x b
 @findex org-tree-to-indirect-buffer
 Show the current subtree in an indirect buffer@footnote{The indirect buffer contains the entire buffer, but is narrowed
 to the current tree.  Editing the indirect buffer also changes the
 original buffer, but without affecting visibility in that buffer.  For
 more information about indirect buffers, see @ref{Indirect Buffers,GNU Emacs Manual,,emacs,}.}.  With
 a numeric prefix argument @var{N}, go up to level @var{N}
 and then take that tree.  If @var{N} is negative then go up
 that many levels.  With a @kbd{C-u} prefix, do not remove the
 previously used indirect buffer.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x v} (@code{org-copy-visible})
 @kindex C-c C-x v
 @findex org-copy-visible
 Copy the @emph{visible} text in the region into the kill ring.
 @end table
 
 @node Initial visibility
 @subsection Initial visibility
 
 @vindex org-startup-folded
 When Emacs first visits an Org file, the global state is set to
 @code{showeverything}, i.e., all file content is visible@footnote{ When
 @code{org-agenda-inhibit-startup} is non-@code{nil}, Org does not honor the
 default visibility state when first opening a file for the agenda (see
 @ref{Speeding Up Your Agendas}).}.  This can be configured through the
 variable @code{org-startup-folded}, or on a per-file basis by adding one of
 the following lines anywhere in the buffer:
 
 @cindex @samp{STARTUP}, keyword
 @example
 #+STARTUP: overview
 #+STARTUP: content
 #+STARTUP: showall
 #+STARTUP: show2levels
 #+STARTUP: show3levels
 #+STARTUP: show4levels
 #+STARTUP: show5levels
 #+STARTUP: showeverything
 @end example
 
 @cindex @samp{VISIBILITY}, property
 Furthermore, any entries with a @samp{VISIBILITY} property (see @ref{Properties and Columns}) get their visibility adapted accordingly.  Allowed values
 for this property are @samp{folded}, @samp{children}, @samp{content}, and @samp{all}.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-u C-u @key{TAB}} (@code{org-set-startup-visibility})
 @kindex C-u C-u TAB
 @findex org-set-startup-visibility
 Switch back to the startup visibility of the buffer, i.e., whatever
 is requested by startup options and @samp{VISIBILITY} properties in
 individual entries.
 @end table
 
 @node Catching invisible edits
 @subsection Catching invisible edits
 
 @cindex edits, catching invisible
 
 @vindex org-fold-catch-invisible-edits
 Sometimes you may inadvertently edit an invisible part of the buffer
 and be confused on what has been edited and how to undo the mistake.
 Setting @code{org-fold-catch-invisible-edits} to non-@code{nil} helps preventing
 this.  See the docstring of this option on how Org should catch
 invisible edits and process them.
 
 @node Motion
 @section Motion
 
 @cindex motion, between headlines
 @cindex jumping, to headlines
 @cindex headline navigation
 
 The following commands jump to other headlines in the buffer.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-n} (@code{org-next-visible-heading})
 @kindex C-c C-n
 @findex org-next-visible-heading
 Next heading.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-p} (@code{org-previous-visible-heading})
 @kindex C-c C-p
 @findex org-previous-visible-heading
 Previous heading.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-f} (@code{org-forward-heading-same-level})
 @kindex C-c C-f
 @findex org-forward-heading-same-level
 Next heading same level.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-b} (@code{org-backward-heading-same-level})
 @kindex C-c C-b
 @findex org-backward-heading-same-level
 Previous heading same level.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-u} (@code{outline-up-heading})
 @kindex C-c C-u
 @findex outline-up-heading
 Backward to higher level heading.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-j} (@code{org-goto})
 @kindex C-c C-j
 @findex org-goto
 @vindex org-goto-auto-isearch
 Jump to a different place without changing the current outline
 visibility.  Shows the document structure in a temporary buffer,
 where you can use the following keys to find your destination:
 
 @multitable @columnfractions 0.3 0.7
 @item @kbd{@key{TAB}}
 @tab Cycle visibility.
 @item @kbd{@key{DOWN}} / @kbd{@key{UP}}
 @tab Next/previous visible headline.
 @item @kbd{@key{RET}}
 @tab Select this location.
 @item @kbd{/}
 @tab Do a Sparse-tree search
 @end multitable
 
 @noindent
 The following keys work if you turn off @code{org-goto-auto-isearch}
 
 @multitable @columnfractions 0.3 0.7
 @item @kbd{n} / @kbd{p}
 @tab Next/previous visible headline.
 @item @kbd{f} / @kbd{b}
 @tab Next/previous headline same level.
 @item @kbd{u}
 @tab One level up.
 @item @kbd{0} @dots{} @kbd{9}
 @tab Digit argument.
 @item @kbd{q}
 @tab Quit.
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-goto-interface
 @noindent
 See also the variable @code{org-goto-interface}.
 @end table
 
 @node Structure Editing
 @section Structure Editing
 
 @cindex structure editing
 @cindex headline, promotion and demotion
 @cindex promotion, of subtrees
 @cindex demotion, of subtrees
 @cindex subtree, cut and paste
 @cindex pasting, of subtrees
 @cindex cutting, of subtrees
 @cindex copying, of subtrees
 @cindex sorting, of subtrees
 @cindex subtrees, cut and paste
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{M-@key{RET}} (@code{org-meta-return})
 @kindex M-RET
 @findex org-meta-return
 @vindex org-M-RET-may-split-line
 Insert a new heading, item or row.
 
 If the command is used at the @emph{beginning} of a line, and if there is
 a heading or a plain list item (see @ref{Plain Lists}) at point, the new
 heading/item is created @emph{before} the current line.  When used at the
 beginning of a regular line of text, turn that line into a heading.
 
 When this command is used in the middle of a line, the line is split
 and the rest of the line becomes the new item or headline.  If you
 do not want the line to be split, customize
 @code{org-M-RET-may-split-line}.
 
 Calling the command with a @kbd{C-u} prefix unconditionally
 inserts a new heading at the end of the current subtree, thus
 preserving its contents.  With a double @kbd{C-u C-u} prefix,
 the new heading is created at the end of the parent subtree instead.
 
 @item @kbd{C-@key{RET}} (@code{org-insert-heading-respect-content})
 @kindex C-RET
 @findex org-insert-heading-respect-content
 Insert a new heading at the end of the current subtree.
 
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{RET}} (@code{org-insert-todo-heading})
 @kindex M-S-RET
 @findex org-insert-todo-heading
 @vindex org-treat-insert-todo-heading-as-state-change
 Insert new TODO entry with same level as current heading.  See also
 the variable @code{org-treat-insert-todo-heading-as-state-change}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-S-@key{RET}} (@code{org-insert-todo-heading-respect-content})
 @kindex C-S-RET
 @findex org-insert-todo-heading-respect-content
 Insert new TODO entry with same level as current heading.  Like
 @kbd{C-@key{RET}}, the new headline is inserted after the current
 subtree.
 
 @item @kbd{@key{TAB}} (@code{org-cycle})
 @kindex TAB
 @findex org-cycle
 In a new entry with no text yet, the first @kbd{@key{TAB}} demotes
 the entry to become a child of the previous one.  The next
 @kbd{@key{TAB}} makes it a parent, and so on, all the way to top
 level.  Yet another @kbd{@key{TAB}}, and you are back to the initial
 level.
 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{LEFT}} (@code{org-do-promote})
 @itemx @kbd{M-@key{RIGHT}} (@code{org-do-demote})
 @kindex M-LEFT
 @findex org-do-promote
 @kindex M-RIGHT
 @findex org-do-demote
 Promote or demote current heading by one level.
 
 @cindex region, active
 @cindex active region
 @cindex transient mark mode
 When there is an active region---i.e., when Transient Mark mode is
 active---promotion and demotion work on all headlines in the region.
 To select a region of headlines, it is best to place both point and
 mark at the beginning of a line, mark at the beginning of the first
 headline, and point at the line just after the last headline to
 change.
 
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{LEFT}} (@code{org-promote-subtree})
 @kindex M-S-LEFT
 @findex org-promote-subtree
 Promote the current subtree by one level.
 
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{RIGHT}} (@code{org-demote-subtree})
 @kindex M-S-RIGHT
 @findex org-demote-subtree
 Demote the current subtree by one level.
 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{UP}} (@code{org-move-subtree-up})
 @kindex M-UP
 @findex org-move-subtree-up
 Move subtree up, i.e., swap with previous subtree of same level.
 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{DOWN}} (@code{org-move-subtree-down})
 @kindex M-DOWN
 @findex org-move-subtree-down
 Move subtree down, i.e., swap with next subtree of same level.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c @@} (@code{org-mark-subtree})
 @kindex C-c @@
 @findex org-mark-subtree
 Mark the subtree at point.  Hitting repeatedly marks subsequent
 subtrees of the same level as the marked subtree.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-w} (@code{org-cut-subtree})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-w
 @findex org-cut-subtree
 Kill subtree, i.e., remove it from buffer but save in kill ring.
 With a numeric prefix argument N, kill N sequential subtrees.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x M-w} (@code{org-copy-subtree})
 @kindex C-c C-x M-w
 @findex org-copy-subtree
 Copy subtree to kill ring.  With a numeric prefix argument N, copy
 the N sequential subtrees.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-y} (@code{org-paste-subtree})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-y
 @findex org-paste-subtree
 Yank subtree from kill ring.  This does modify the level of the
 subtree to make sure the tree fits in nicely at the yank position.
 The yank level can also be specified with a numeric prefix argument,
 or by yanking after a headline marker like @samp{****}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-y} (@code{org-yank})
 @kindex C-y
 @findex org-yank
 @vindex org-yank-adjusted-subtrees
 @vindex org-yank-folded-subtrees
 Depending on the variables @code{org-yank-adjusted-subtrees} and
 @code{org-yank-folded-subtrees}, Org's internal @code{yank} command pastes
 subtrees folded and in a clever way, using the same command as
 @kbd{C-c C-x C-y}.  With the default settings, no level
 adjustment takes place, but the yanked tree is folded unless doing
 so would swallow text previously visible.  Any prefix argument to
 this command forces a normal @code{yank} to be executed, with the prefix
 passed along.  A good way to force a normal yank is @kbd{C-u C-y}.  If you use @code{yank-pop} after a yank, it yanks previous kill
 items plainly, without adjustment and folding.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x c} (@code{org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift})
 @kindex C-c C-x c
 @findex org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift
 Clone a subtree by making a number of sibling copies of it.  You are
 prompted for the number of copies to make, and you can also specify
 if any timestamps in the entry should be shifted.  This can be
 useful, for example, to create a number of tasks related to a series
 of lectures to prepare.  For more details, see the docstring of the
 command @code{org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-w} (@code{org-refile})
 @kindex C-c C-w
 @findex org-refile
 Refile entry or region to a different location.  See @ref{Refile and Copy}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c ^} (@code{org-sort})
 @kindex C-c ^
 @findex org-sort
 Sort same-level entries.  When there is an active region, all
 entries in the region are sorted.  Otherwise the children of the
 current headline are sorted.  The command prompts for the sorting
 method, which can be alphabetically, numerically, by time---first
 timestamp with active preferred, creation time, scheduled time,
 deadline time---by priority, by TODO keyword---in the sequence the
 keywords have been defined in the setup---or by the value of
 a property.  Reverse sorting is possible as well.  You can also
 supply your own function to extract the sorting key.  With
 a @kbd{C-u} prefix, sorting is case-sensitive.
 
 @item @kbd{C-x n s} (@code{org-narrow-to-subtree})
 @kindex C-x n s
 @findex org-narrow-to-subtree
 Narrow buffer to current subtree.
 
 @item @kbd{C-x n b} (@code{org-narrow-to-block})
 @kindex C-x n b
 @findex org-narrow-to-block
 Narrow buffer to current block.
 
 @item @kbd{C-x n w} (@code{widen})
 @kindex C-x n w
 @findex widen
 Widen buffer to remove narrowing.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c *} (@code{org-toggle-heading})
 @kindex C-c *
 @findex org-toggle-heading
 Turn a normal line or plain list item into a headline---so that it
 becomes a subheading at its location.  Also turn a headline into
 a normal line by removing the stars.  If there is an active region,
 turn all lines in the region into headlines.  If the first line in
 the region was an item, turn only the item lines into headlines.
 Finally, if the first line is a headline, remove the stars from all
 headlines in the region.
 @end table
 
 Note that when point is inside a table (see @ref{Tables}), the Meta-Cursor
 keys have different functionality.
 
 @node Sparse Trees
 @section Sparse Trees
 
 @cindex sparse trees
 @cindex trees, sparse
 @cindex folding, sparse trees
 @cindex occur, command
 
 @vindex org-show-context-detail
 An important feature of Org mode is the ability to construct @emph{sparse
 trees} for selected information in an outline tree, so that the entire
 document is folded as much as possible, but the selected information
 is made visible along with the headline structure above it@footnote{ See
 also the variable @code{org-show-context-detail} to decide how much context
 is shown around each match.}.  Just try it out and you will see
 immediately how it works.
 
 Org mode contains several commands creating such trees, all these
 commands can be accessed through a dispatcher:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c /} (@code{org-sparse-tree})
 @kindex C-c /
 @findex org-sparse-tree
 This prompts for an extra key to select a sparse-tree creating
 command.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c / r} or @kbd{C-c / /} (@code{org-occur})
 @kindex C-c / r
 @kindex C-c / /
 @findex org-occur
 @vindex org-remove-highlights-with-change
 Prompts for a regexp (see @ref{Regular Expressions}) and shows a
 sparse tree with all matches.  If the match is in a headline, the
 headline is made visible.  If the match is in the body of an entry,
 headline and body are made visible.  In order to provide minimal
 context, also the full hierarchy of headlines above the match is
 shown, as well as the headline following the match.  Each match is
 also highlighted; the highlights disappear when the buffer is
 changed by an editing command, or by pressing @kbd{C-c C-c}@footnote{ This depends on the option
 @code{org-remove-highlights-with-change}.}.  When called with a
 @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, previous highlights are kept, so
 several calls to this command can be stacked.
 
 @item @kbd{M-g n} or @kbd{M-g M-n} (@code{next-error})
 @kindex M-g n
 @kindex M-g M-n
 @findex next-error
 Jump to the next sparse tree match in this buffer.
 
 @item @kbd{M-g p} or @kbd{M-g M-p} (@code{previous-error})
 @kindex M-g p
 @kindex M-g M-p
 @findex previous-error
 Jump to the previous sparse tree match in this buffer.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-agenda-custom-commands
 For frequently used sparse trees of specific search strings, you can
 use the variable @code{org-agenda-custom-commands} to define fast keyboard
 access to specific sparse trees.  These commands will then be
 accessible through the agenda dispatcher (see @ref{Agenda Dispatcher}).
 For example:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
       '(("f" occur-tree "FIXME")))
 @end lisp
 
 @noindent
 defines the key @kbd{f} as a shortcut for creating a sparse tree
 matching the string @samp{FIXME}.
 
 The other sparse tree commands select headings based on TODO keywords,
 tags, or properties and are discussed later in this manual.
 
 @kindex C-c C-e C-v
 @cindex printing sparse trees
 @cindex visible text, printing
 To print a sparse tree, you can use the Emacs command
 @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces} which does not print invisible parts of
 the document.  Or you can use the command @kbd{C-c C-e C-v} to
 export only the visible part of the document and print the resulting
 file.
 
 @node Plain Lists
 @section Plain Lists
 
 @cindex plain lists
 @cindex lists, plain
 @cindex lists, ordered
 @cindex ordered lists
 
 Within an entry of the outline tree, hand-formatted lists can provide
 additional structure.  They also provide a way to create lists of
 checkboxes (see @ref{Checkboxes}).  Org supports editing such lists, and
 every exporter (see @ref{Exporting}) can parse and format them.
 
 Org knows ordered lists, unordered lists, and description lists.
 
 @itemize
 @item
 @emph{Unordered} list items start with @samp{-}, @samp{+}, or @samp{*}@footnote{When using @samp{*} as a bullet, lines must be indented so that they
 are not interpreted as headlines.  Also, when you are hiding leading
 stars to get a clean outline view, plain list items starting with
 a star may be hard to distinguish from true headlines.  In short: even
 though @samp{*} is supported, it may be better to not use it for plain list
 items.} as bullets.
 
 @item
 @vindex org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator
 @vindex org-alphabetical-lists
 @emph{Ordered} list items start with a numeral followed by either a
 period or a right parenthesis@footnote{ You can filter out any of them by
 configuring @code{org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator}.}, such as @samp{1.}
 or @samp{1)}@footnote{You can also get @samp{a.}, @samp{A.}, @samp{a)} and @samp{A)} by configuring
 @code{org-list-allow-alphabetical}.  To minimize confusion with normal
 text, those are limited to one character only.  Beyond that limit,
 bullets automatically become numbers.} If you want a list to start with a different
 value---e.g., 20---start the text of the item with @samp{[@@20]}@footnote{If there's a checkbox in the item, the cookie must be put
 @emph{before} the checkbox.  If you have activated alphabetical lists, you
 can also use counters like @samp{[@@b]}.}.
 Those constructs can be used in any item of the list in order to
 enforce a particular numbering.
 
 @item
 @emph{Description} list items are unordered list items, and contain the
 separator @samp{::} to distinguish the description @emph{term} from the
 description.
 @end itemize
 
 Items belonging to the same list must have the same indentation on the
 first line.  In particular, if an ordered list reaches number @samp{10.},
 then the 2-digit numbers must be written left-aligned with the other
 numbers in the list.  An item ends before the next line that is less
 or equally indented than its bullet/number.
 
 A list ends whenever every item has ended, which means before any line
 less or equally indented than items at top level.  It also ends before
 two blank lines.  In that case, all items are closed.  Here is an
 example:
 
 @example
 * Lord of the Rings
 My favorite scenes are (in this order)
 1. The attack of the Rohirrim
 2. Eowyn's fight with the witch king
    + this was already my favorite scene in the book
    + I really like Miranda Otto.
 3. Peter Jackson being shot by Legolas
    - on DVD only
    He makes a really funny face when it happens.
 But in the end, no individual scenes matter but the film as a whole.
 Important actors in this film are:
 - Elijah Wood :: He plays Frodo
 - Sean Astin :: He plays Sam, Frodo's friend.  I still remember him
      very well from his role as Mikey Walsh in /The Goonies/.
 @end example
 
 Org supports these lists by tuning filling and wrapping commands to
 deal with them correctly, and by exporting them properly (see
 @ref{Exporting}).  Since indentation is what governs the structure of these
 lists, many structural constructs like @samp{#+BEGIN_} blocks can be
 indented to signal that they belong to a particular item.
 
 @vindex org-list-demote-modify-bullet
 @vindex org-list-indent-offset
 If you find that using a different bullet for a sub-list---than that
 used for the current list-level---improves readability, customize the
 variable @code{org-list-demote-modify-bullet}.  To get a greater difference
 of indentation between items and theirs sub-items, customize
 @code{org-list-indent-offset}.
 
 @vindex org-list-automatic-rules
 The following commands act on items when point is in the first line of
 an item---the line with the bullet or number.  Some of them imply the
 application of automatic rules to keep list structure intact.  If some
 of these actions get in your way, configure @code{org-list-automatic-rules}
 to disable them individually.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{@key{TAB}} (@code{org-cycle})
 @cindex cycling, in plain lists
 @kindex TAB
 @findex org-cycle
 @vindex org-cycle-include-plain-lists
 Items can be folded just like headline levels.  Normally this works
 only if point is on a plain list item.  For more details, see the
 variable @code{org-cycle-include-plain-lists}.  If this variable is set
 to @code{integrate}, plain list items are treated like low-level
 headlines.  The level of an item is then given by the indentation of
 the bullet/number.  Items are always subordinate to real headlines,
 however; the hierarchies remain completely separated.  In a new item
 with no text yet, the first @kbd{@key{TAB}} demotes the item to
 become a child of the previous one.  Subsequent @kbd{@key{TAB}}s move
 the item to meaningful levels in the list and eventually get it back
 to its initial position.
 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{RET}} (@code{org-insert-heading})
 @kindex M-RET
 @findex org-insert-heading
 @vindex org-M-RET-may-split-line
 Insert new item at current level.  With a prefix argument, force a
 new heading (see @ref{Structure Editing}).  If this command is used
 in the middle of an item, that item is @emph{split} in two, and the
 second part becomes the new item@footnote{ If you do not want the item to
 be split, customize the variable @code{org-M-RET-may-split-line}.}.  If
 this command is executed @emph{before item's body}, the new item is
 created @emph{before} the current one.
 
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{RET}}
 @kindex M-S-RET
 Insert a new item with a checkbox (see @ref{Checkboxes}).
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{UP}}
 @itemx @kbd{S-@key{DOWN}}
 @kindex S-UP
 @kindex S-DOWN
 @cindex shift-selection-mode
 @vindex org-support-shift-select
 @vindex org-list-use-circular-motion
 Jump to the previous/next item in the current list, but only if
 @code{org-support-shift-select} is off@footnote{ If you want to cycle around
 items that way, you may customize @code{org-list-use-circular-motion}.}.
 If not, you can still use paragraph jumping commands like
 @kbd{C-@key{UP}} and @kbd{C-@key{DOWN}} to quite similar effect.
 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{UP}}
 @itemx @kbd{M-@key{DOWN}}
 @kindex M-UP
 @kindex M-DOWN
 Move the item including subitems up/down@footnote{ See
 @code{org-list-use-circular-motion} for a cyclic behavior.}, i.e., swap
 with previous/next item of same indentation.  If the list is
 ordered, renumbering is automatic.
 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{LEFT}}
 @itemx @kbd{M-@key{RIGHT}}
 @kindex M-LEFT
 @kindex M-RIGHT
 Decrease/increase the indentation of an item, leaving children
 alone.
 
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{LEFT}}
 @itemx @kbd{M-S-@key{RIGHT}}
 @kindex M-S-LEFT
 @kindex M-S-RIGHT
 Decrease/increase the indentation of the item, including subitems.
 Initially, the item tree is selected based on current indentation.
 When these commands are executed several times in direct succession,
 the initially selected region is used, even if the new indentation
 would imply a different hierarchy.  To use the new hierarchy, break
 the command chain by moving point.
 
 As a special case, using this command on the very first item of
 a list moves the whole list.  This behavior can be disabled by
 configuring @code{org-list-automatic-rules}.  The global indentation of
 a list has no influence on the text @emph{after} the list.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c}
 @kindex C-c C-c
 If there is a checkbox (see @ref{Checkboxes}) in the item line, toggle
 the state of the checkbox.  In any case, verify bullets and
 indentation consistency in the whole list.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c -}
 @kindex C-c -
 @vindex org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator
 Cycle the entire list level through the different itemize/enumerate
 bullets (@samp{-}, @samp{+}, @samp{*}, @samp{1.}, @samp{1)}) or a subset of them, depending
 on @code{org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator}, the type of list, and
 its indentation.  With a numeric prefix argument N, select the Nth
 bullet from this list.  If there is an active region when calling
 this, all lines are converted to list items.  With a prefix
 argument, the selected text is changed into a single item.  If the
 first line already was a list item, any item marker is removed from
 the list.  Finally, even without an active region, a normal line is
 converted into a list item.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c *}
 @kindex C-c *
 Turn a plain list item into a headline---so that it becomes
 a subheading at its location.  See @ref{Structure Editing}, for
 a detailed explanation.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-*}
 @kindex C-c C-*
 Turn the whole plain list into a subtree of the current heading.
 Checkboxes (see @ref{Checkboxes}) become @samp{TODO}, respectively @samp{DONE},
 keywords when unchecked, respectively checked.
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}}
 @itemx @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}}
 @vindex org-support-shift-select
 @kindex S-LEFT
 @kindex S-RIGHT
 This command also cycles bullet styles when point is in on the
 bullet or anywhere in an item line, details depending on
 @code{org-support-shift-select}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c ^}
 @kindex C-c ^
 @cindex sorting, of plain list
 Sort the plain list.  Prompt for the sorting method: numerically,
 alphabetically, by time, or by custom function.
 @end table
 
 @node Drawers
 @section Drawers
 
 @cindex drawers
 @cindex visibility cycling, drawers
 
 Sometimes you want to keep information associated with an entry, but
 you normally do not want to see it.  For this, Org mode has @emph{drawers}.
 They can contain anything but a headline and another drawer.  Drawers
 look like this:
 
 @example
 ** This is a headline
 Still outside the drawer
 :DRAWERNAME:
 This is inside the drawer.
 :END:
 After the drawer.
 @end example
 
 @kindex C-c C-x d
 @findex org-insert-drawer
 You can interactively insert a drawer at point by calling
 @code{org-insert-drawer}, which is bound to @kbd{C-c C-x d}.  With an
 active region, this command puts the region inside the drawer.  With a
 prefix argument, this command calls non-interactive function
 @code{org-insert-property-drawer}, which creates a @samp{PROPERTIES} drawer
 right below the current headline.  Org mode uses this special drawer
 for storing properties (see @ref{Properties and Columns}).  You cannot use
 it for anything else.
 
 Completion over drawer keywords is also possible using
 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}@footnote{Many desktops intercept @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} to switch windows.
 Use @kbd{C-M-i} or @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{TAB}} instead.}.
 
 Visibility cycling (see @ref{Visibility Cycling}) on the headline hides and
 shows the entry, but keep the drawer collapsed to a single line.  In
 order to look inside the drawer, you need to move point to the drawer
 line and press @kbd{@key{TAB}} there.
 
 You can also arrange for state change notes (see @ref{Tracking TODO state changes}) and clock times (see @ref{Clocking Work Time}) to be stored in
 a @samp{LOGBOOK} drawer.  If you want to store a quick note there, in
 a similar way to state changes, use
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-z}
 @kindex C-c C-z
 Add a time-stamped note to the @samp{LOGBOOK} drawer.
 @end table
 
 @node Blocks
 @section Blocks
 
 @vindex org-hide-block-startup
 @cindex blocks, folding
 
 Org mode uses @samp{#+BEGIN} @dots{} @samp{#+END} blocks for various purposes from
 including source code examples (see @ref{Literal Examples}) to capturing
 time logging information (see @ref{Clocking Work Time}).  These blocks can
 be folded and unfolded by pressing @kbd{@key{TAB}} in the @samp{#+BEGIN}
 line.  You can also get all blocks folded at startup by configuring
 the variable @code{org-hide-block-startup} or on a per-file basis by using
 
 @cindex STARTUP, keyword
 @example
 #+STARTUP: hideblocks
 #+STARTUP: nohideblocks
 @end example
 
 @node Tables
 @chapter Tables
 
 @cindex tables
 @cindex editing tables
 
 Org comes with a fast and intuitive table editor.  Spreadsheet-like
 calculations are supported using the Emacs Calc package (see @ref{Top,GNU Emacs
 Calculator Manual,,calc,}).
 
 @menu
 * Built-in Table Editor::        Simple tables.
 * Column Width and Alignment::   Overrule the automatic settings.
 * Column Groups::                Grouping to trigger vertical lines.
 * Orgtbl Mode::                  The table editor as minor mode.
 * The Spreadsheet::              The table editor has spreadsheet capabilities.
 * Org Plot::                     Plotting from Org tables.
 @end menu
 
 @node Built-in Table Editor
 @section Built-in Table Editor
 
 @cindex table editor, built-in
 
 @cindex header lines, in tables
 @cindex horizontal rule, in tables
 @cindex row separator, in tables
 @cindex table syntax
 Org makes it easy to format tables in plain ASCII@.  Any line with @samp{|}
 as the first non-whitespace character is considered part of a table.
 @samp{|} is also the column separator@footnote{ To insert a vertical bar into a
 table field, use @samp{\vert} or, inside a word @samp{abc\vert@{@}def}.}.
 Moreover, a line starting with @samp{|-} is a horizontal rule.  It
 separates rows explicitly.  Rows before the first horizontal rule are
 header lines.  A table might look like this:
 
 @example
 | Name  | Phone | Age |
 |-------+-------+-----|
 | Peter |  1234 |  17 |
 | Anna  |  4321 |  25 |
 @end example
 
 A table is re-aligned automatically each time you press
 @kbd{@key{TAB}}, @kbd{@key{RET}} or @kbd{C-c C-c} inside the table.
 @kbd{@key{TAB}} also moves to the next field---@kbd{@key{RET}} to the
 next row---and creates new table rows at the end of the table or
 before horizontal lines.  The indentation of the table is set by the
 first line.  Horizontal rules are automatically expanded on every
 re-align to span the whole table width.  So, to create the above
 table, you would only type
 
 @example
 |Name|Phone|Age|
 |-
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 and then press @kbd{@key{TAB}} to align the table and start filling in
 fields.  Even faster would be to type @samp{|Name|Phone|Age} followed by
 @kbd{C-c @key{RET}}.
 
 When typing text into a field, Org treats @kbd{@key{DEL}},
 @kbd{Backspace}, and all character keys in a special way, so that
 inserting and deleting avoids shifting other fields.  Also, when
 typing @emph{immediately} after point was moved into a new field with
 @kbd{@key{TAB}}, @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} or @kbd{@key{RET}}, the field is
 automatically made blank.  If this behavior is too unpredictable for
 you, configure the option @code{org-table-auto-blank-field}.
 
 @anchor{Creation and conversion}
 @subheading Creation and conversion
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c |} (@code{org-table-create-or-convert-from-region})
 @kindex C-c |
 @findex org-table-create-or-convert-from-region
 Convert the active region to table.  If every line contains at least
 one @kbd{@key{TAB}} character, the function assumes that the material
 is tab separated.  If every line contains a comma, comma-separated
 values (CSV) are assumed.  If not, lines are split at whitespace
 into fields.  You can use a prefix argument to force a specific
 separator: @kbd{C-u} forces CSV, @kbd{C-u C-u} forces
 @kbd{@key{TAB}}, @kbd{C-u C-u C-u} prompts for a regular
 expression to match the separator, and a numeric argument
 N indicates that at least N consecutive spaces, or alternatively
 a @kbd{@key{TAB}} will be the separator.
 
 If there is no active region, this command creates an empty Org
 table.  But it is easier just to start typing, like @kbd{| N a m e | P h o n e | A g e @key{RET} | - @key{TAB}}.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Re-aligning and field motion}
 @subheading Re-aligning and field motion
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c} (@code{org-table-align})
 @kindex C-c C-c
 @findex org-table-align
 Re-align the table without moving point.
 
 @item @kbd{@key{TAB}} (@code{org-table-next-field})
 @kindex TAB
 @findex org-table-next-field
 Re-align the table, move to the next field.  Creates a new row if
 necessary.
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-table-blank-field}
 @findex org-table-blank-field
 Blank the current table field or active region.
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} (@code{org-table-previous-field})
 @kindex S-TAB
 @findex org-table-previous-field
 Re-align, move to previous field.
 
 @item @kbd{@key{RET}} (@code{org-table-next-row})
 @kindex RET
 @findex org-table-next-row
 Re-align the table and move down to next row.  Creates a new row if
 necessary.  At the beginning or end of a line, @kbd{@key{RET}} still
 inserts a new line, so it can be used to split a table.
 
 @item @kbd{M-a} (@code{org-table-beginning-of-field})
 @kindex M-a
 @findex org-table-beginning-of-field
 Move to beginning of the current table field, or on to the previous
 field.
 
 @item @kbd{M-e} (@code{org-table-end-of-field})
 @kindex M-e
 @findex org-table-end-of-field
 Move to end of the current table field, or on to the next field.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Column and row editing}
 @subheading Column and row editing
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{M-@key{LEFT}} (@code{org-table-move-column-left})
 @kindex M-LEFT
 @findex org-table-move-column-left
 Move the current column left.
 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{RIGHT}} (@code{org-table-move-column-right})
 @kindex M-RIGHT
 @findex org-table-move-column-right
 Move the current column right.
 
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{LEFT}} (@code{org-table-delete-column})
 @kindex M-S-LEFT
 @findex org-table-delete-column
 Kill the current column.
 
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{RIGHT}} (@code{org-table-insert-column})
 @kindex M-S-RIGHT
 @findex org-table-insert-column
 Insert a new column at point position.  Move the recent column and
 all cells to the right of this column to the right.
 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{UP}} (@code{org-table-move-row-up})
 @kindex M-UP
 @findex org-table-move-row-up
 Move the current row up.
 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{DOWN}} (@code{org-table-move-row-down})
 @kindex M-DOWN
 @findex org-table-move-row-down
 Move the current row down.
 
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{UP}} (@code{org-table-kill-row})
 @kindex M-S-UP
 @findex org-table-kill-row
 Kill the current row or horizontal line.
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{UP}} (@code{org-table-move-cell-up})
 @kindex S-UP
 @findex org-table-move-cell-up
 Move cell up by swapping with adjacent cell.
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{DOWN}} (@code{org-table-move-cell-down})
 @kindex S-DOWN
 @findex org-table-move-cell-down
 Move cell down by swapping with adjacent cell.
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}} (@code{org-table-move-cell-left})
 @kindex S-LEFT
 @findex org-table-move-cell-left
 Move cell left by swapping with adjacent cell.
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}} (@code{org-table-move-cell-right})
 @kindex S-RIGHT
 @findex org-table-move-cell-right
 Move cell right by swapping with adjacent cell.
 
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{DOWN}} (@code{org-table-insert-row})
 @kindex M-S-DOWN
 @findex org-table-insert-row
 Insert a new row above the current row.  With a prefix argument, the
 line is created below the current one.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c -} (@code{org-table-insert-hline})
 @kindex C-c -
 @findex org-table-insert-hline
 Insert a horizontal line below current row.  With a prefix argument,
 the line is created above the current line.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c @key{RET}} (@code{org-table-hline-and-move})
 @kindex C-c RET
 @findex org-table-hline-and-move
 Insert a horizontal line below current row, and move point into the
 row below that line.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c ^} (@code{org-table-sort-lines})
 @kindex C-c ^
 @findex org-table-sort-lines
 Sort the table lines in the region.  The position of point indicates
 the column to be used for sorting, and the range of lines is the
 range between the nearest horizontal separator lines, or the entire
 table.  If point is before the first column, you are prompted for
 the sorting column.  If there is an active region, the mark
 specifies the first line and the sorting column, while point should
 be in the last line to be included into the sorting.  The command
 prompts for the sorting type, alphabetically, numerically, or by
 time.  You can sort in normal or reverse order.  You can also supply
 your own key extraction and comparison functions.  When called with
 a prefix argument, alphabetic sorting is case-sensitive.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Regions}
 @subheading Regions
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x M-w} (@code{org-table-copy-region})
 @kindex C-c C-x M-w
 @findex org-table-copy-region
 Copy a rectangular region from a table to a special clipboard.
 Point and mark determine edge fields of the rectangle.  If there is
 no active region, copy just the current field.  The process ignores
 horizontal separator lines.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-w} (@code{org-table-cut-region})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-w
 @findex org-table-cut-region
 Copy a rectangular region from a table to a special clipboard, and
 blank all fields in the rectangle.  So this is the ``cut'' operation.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-y} (@code{org-table-paste-rectangle})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-y
 @findex org-table-paste-rectangle
 Paste a rectangular region into a table.  The upper left corner ends
 up in the current field.  All involved fields are overwritten.  If
 the rectangle does not fit into the present table, the table is
 enlarged as needed.  The process ignores horizontal separator lines.
 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{RET}} (@code{org-table-wrap-region})
 @kindex M-RET
 @findex org-table-wrap-region
 Split the current field at point position and move the rest to the
 line below.  If there is an active region, and both point and mark
 are in the same column, the text in the column is wrapped to minimum
 width for the given number of lines.  A numeric prefix argument may
 be used to change the number of desired lines.  If there is no
 region, but you specify a prefix argument, the current field is made
 blank, and the content is appended to the field above.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Calculations}
 @subheading Calculations
 
 @cindex formula, in tables
 @cindex calculations, in tables
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c +} (@code{org-table-sum})
 @kindex C-c +
 @findex org-table-sum
 Sum the numbers in the current column, or in the rectangle defined
 by the active region.  The result is shown in the echo area and can
 be inserted with @kbd{C-y}.
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{RET}} (@code{org-table-copy-down})
 @kindex S-RET
 @findex org-table-copy-down
 @vindex org-table-copy-increment
 When current field is empty, copy from first non-empty field above.
 When not empty, copy current field down to next row and move point
 along with it.
 
 Depending on the variable @code{org-table-copy-increment}, integer and
 time stamp field values, and fields prefixed or suffixed with
 a whole number, can be incremented during copy.  Also, a @code{0} prefix
 argument temporarily disables the increment.
 
 This key is also used by shift-selection and related modes (see
 @ref{Conflicts}).
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Miscellaneous (1)}
 @subheading Miscellaneous
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c `} (@code{org-table-edit-field})
 @kindex C-c `
 @findex org-table-edit-field
 Edit the current field in a separate window.  This is useful for
 fields that are not fully visible (see @ref{Column Width and Alignment}).
 When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix, just make the full field
 visible, so that it can be edited in place.  When called with two
 @kbd{C-u} prefixes, make the editor window follow point through
 the table and always show the current field.  The follow mode exits
 automatically when point leaves the table, or when you repeat this
 command with @kbd{C-u C-u C-c `}.
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-table-import}
 @findex org-table-import
 Import a file as a table.  The table should be TAB or whitespace
 separated.  Use, for example, to import a spreadsheet table or data
 from a database, because these programs generally can write
 TAB-separated text files.  This command works by inserting the file
 into the buffer and then converting the region to a table.  Any
 prefix argument is passed on to the converter, which uses it to
 determine the separator.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c |} (@code{org-table-create-or-convert-from-region})
 @kindex C-c |
 @findex org-table-create-or-convert-from-region
 Tables can also be imported by pasting tabular text into the Org
 buffer, selecting the pasted text with @kbd{C-x C-x} and then
 using the @kbd{C-c |} command (see @ref{Creation and conversion}).
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-table-export}
 @findex org-table-export
 @vindex org-table-export-default-format
 Export the table, by default as a TAB-separated file.  Use for data
 exchange with, for example, spreadsheet or database programs.  The
 format used to export the file can be configured in the variable
 @code{org-table-export-default-format}.  You may also use properties
 @samp{TABLE_EXPORT_FILE} and @samp{TABLE_EXPORT_FORMAT} to specify the file
 name and the format for table export in a subtree.  Org supports
 quite general formats for exported tables.  The exporter format is
 the same as the format used by Orgtbl radio tables, see @ref{Translator functions}, for a detailed description.
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-table-header-line-mode}
 @findex org-table-header-line-mode
 @vindex org-table-header-line-p
 Turn on the display of the first data row of the table at point in
 the window header line when this first row is not visible anymore in
 the buffer.  You can activate this minor mode by default by setting
 the option @code{org-table-header-line-p} to @code{t}.
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-table-transpose-table-at-point}
 @findex org-table-transpose-table-at-point
 Transpose the table at point and eliminate hlines.
 @end table
 
 @node Column Width and Alignment
 @section Column Width and Alignment
 
 @cindex narrow columns in tables
 @cindex alignment in tables
 
 The width of columns is automatically determined by the table editor.
 The alignment of a column is determined automatically from the
 fraction of number-like versus non-number fields in the column.
 
 @vindex org-table-automatic-realign
 Editing a field may modify alignment of the table.  Moving
 a contiguous row or column---i.e., using @kbd{@key{TAB}} or
 @kbd{@key{RET}}---automatically re-aligns it.  If you want to disable
 this behavior, set @code{org-table-automatic-realign} to @code{nil}.  In any
 case, you can always align manually a table:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c} (@code{org-table-align})
 @kindex C-c C-c
 @findex org-table-align
 Align the current table.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-startup-align-all-tables
 Setting the option @code{org-startup-align-all-tables} re-aligns all tables
 in a file upon visiting it.  You can also set this option on
 a per-file basis with:
 
 @example
 #+STARTUP: align
 #+STARTUP: noalign
 @end example
 
 Sometimes a single field or a few fields need to carry more text,
 leading to inconveniently wide columns.  Maybe you want to hide away
 several columns or display them with a fixed width, regardless of
 content, as shown in the following example.
 
 @example
 |---+---------------------+--------|           |---+-------…+…|
 |   | <6>                 |        |           |   | <6>   …|…|
 | 1 | one                 | some   |   ----\   | 1 | one   …|…|
 | 2 | two                 | boring |   ----/   | 2 | two   …|…|
 | 3 | This is a long text | column |           | 3 | This i…|…|
 |---+---------------------+--------|           |---+-------…+…|
 @end example
 
 To set the width of a column, one field anywhere in the column may
 contain just the string @samp{<N>} where @var{N} specifies the width
 as a number of characters.  You control displayed width of columns
 with the following tools:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c @key{TAB}} (@code{org-table-toggle-column-width})
 @kindex C-c TAB
 @findex org-table-toggle-column-width
 Shrink or expand current column.
 
 If a width cookie specifies a width W for the column, shrinking it
 displays the first W visible characters only.  Otherwise, the column
 is shrunk to a single character.
 
 When called before the first column or after the last one, ask for
 a list of column ranges to operate on.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-c @key{TAB}} (@code{org-table-shrink})
 @kindex C-u C-c TAB
 @findex org-table-shrink
 Shrink all columns with a column width.  Expand the others.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-u C-c @key{TAB}} (@code{org-table-expand})
 @kindex C-u C-u C-c TAB
 @findex org-table-expand
 Expand all columns.
 @end table
 
 To see the full text of a shrunk field, hold the mouse over it:
 a tool-tip window then shows the full contents of the field.
 Alternatively, @kbd{C-h .} (@code{display-local-help}) reveals them,
 too.  For convenience, any change near the shrunk part of a column
 expands it.
 
 @vindex org-startup-shrink-all-tables
 Setting the option @code{org-startup-shrink-all-tables} shrinks all columns
 containing a width cookie in a file the moment it is visited.  You can
 also set this option on a per-file basis with:
 
 @example
 #+STARTUP: shrink
 @end example
 
 
 If you would like to overrule the automatic alignment of number-rich
 columns to the right and of string-rich columns to the left, you can
 use @samp{<r>}, @samp{<c>} or @samp{<l>} in a similar fashion.  You may also combine
 alignment and field width like this: @samp{<r10>}.
 
 Lines which only contain these formatting cookies are removed
 automatically upon exporting the document.
 
 @node Column Groups
 @section Column Groups
 
 @cindex grouping columns in tables
 
 When Org exports tables, it does so by default without vertical lines
 because that is visually more satisfying in general.  Occasionally
 however, vertical lines can be useful to structure a table into groups
 of columns, much like horizontal lines can do for groups of rows.  In
 order to specify column groups, you can use a special row where the
 first field contains only @samp{/}.  The further fields can either contain
 @samp{<} to indicate that this column should start a group, @samp{>} to indicate
 the end of a column, or @samp{<>} (no space between @samp{<} and @samp{>}) to make
 a column a group of its own.  Upon export, boundaries between column
 groups are marked with vertical lines.  Here is an example:
 
 @example
 | N | N^2 | N^3 | N^4 | sqrt(n) | sqrt[4](N) |
 |---+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
 | / |  <  |     |  >  |       < |          > |
 | 1 |  1  |  1  |  1  |       1 |          1 |
 | 2 |  4  |  8  | 16  |  1.4142 |     1.1892 |
 | 3 |  9  | 27  | 81  |  1.7321 |     1.3161 |
 |---+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
 #+TBLFM: $2=$1^2::$3=$1^3::$4=$1^4::$5=sqrt($1)::$6=sqrt(sqrt(($1)))
 @end example
 
 It is also sufficient to just insert the column group starters after
 every vertical line you would like to have:
 
 @example
 | N | N^2 | N^3 | N^4 | sqrt(n) | sqrt[4](N) |
 |---+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
 | / | <   |     |     | <       |            |
 @end example
 
 @node Orgtbl Mode
 @section The Orgtbl Minor Mode
 
 @cindex Orgtbl mode
 @cindex minor mode for tables
 
 @findex orgtbl-mode
 If you like the intuitive way the Org table editor works, you might
 also want to use it in other modes like Text mode or Mail mode.  The
 minor mode Orgtbl mode makes this possible.  You can always toggle the
 mode with @kbd{M-x orgtbl-mode}.  To turn it on by default, for
 example in Message mode, use
 
 @lisp
 (add-hook 'message-mode-hook #'turn-on-orgtbl)
 @end lisp
 
 Furthermore, with some special setup, it is possible to maintain
 tables in arbitrary syntax with Orgtbl mode.  For example, it is
 possible to construct @LaTeX{} tables with the underlying ease and power
 of Orgtbl mode, including spreadsheet capabilities.  For details, see
 @ref{Tables in Arbitrary Syntax}.
 
 @node The Spreadsheet
 @section The Spreadsheet
 
 @cindex calculations, in tables
 @cindex spreadsheet capabilities
 @cindex Calc package
 
 The table editor makes use of the Emacs Calc package to implement
 spreadsheet-like capabilities.  It can also evaluate Emacs Lisp forms
 to derive fields from other fields.  While fully featured, Org's
 implementation is not identical to other spreadsheets.  For example,
 Org knows the concept of a @emph{column formula} that will be applied to
 all non-header fields in a column without having to copy the formula
 to each relevant field.  There is also a formula debugger, and a
 formula editor with features for highlighting fields in the table
 corresponding to the references at point in the formula, moving these
 references by arrow keys.
 
 @menu
 * References::                   How to refer to another field or range.
 * Formula syntax for Calc::      Using Calc to compute stuff.
 * Formula syntax for Lisp::      Writing formulas in Emacs Lisp.
 * Durations and time values::    How to compute durations and time values.
 * Field and range formulas::     Formula for specific (ranges of) fields.
 * Column formulas::              Formulas valid for an entire column.
 * Lookup functions::             Lookup functions for searching tables.
 * Editing and debugging formulas:: Fixing formulas.
 * Updating the table::           Recomputing all dependent fields.
 * Advanced features::            Field and column names, automatic recalculation...
 @end menu
 
 @node References
 @subsection References
 
 @cindex references
 
 To compute fields in the table from other fields, formulas must
 reference other fields or ranges.  In Org, fields can be referenced by
 name, by absolute coordinates, and by relative coordinates.  To find
 out what the coordinates of a field are, press @kbd{C-c ?} in
 that field, or press @kbd{C-c @}} to toggle the display of a grid.
 
 @anchor{Field references}
 @subsubheading Field references
 
 @cindex field references
 @cindex references, to fields
 Formulas can reference the value of another field in two ways.  Like
 in any other spreadsheet, you may reference fields with
 a letter/number combination like @samp{B3}, meaning the second field in the
 third row.  However, Org prefers to use another, more general
 representation that looks like this:@footnote{Org understands references typed by the user as @samp{B4}, but it
 does not use this syntax when offering a formula for editing.  You can
 customize this behavior using the variable
 @code{org-table-use-standard-references}.}
 
 @example
 @@ROW$COLUMN
 @end example
 
 
 Column specifications can be absolute like @samp{$1}, @samp{$2}, @dots{}, @samp{$N}, or
 relative to the current column, i.e., the column of the field which is
 being computed, like @samp{$+1} or @samp{$-2}.  @samp{$<} and @samp{$>} are immutable
 references to the first and last column, respectively, and you can use
 @samp{$>>>} to indicate the third column from the right.
 
 The row specification only counts data lines and ignores horizontal
 separator lines, or ``hlines''.  Like with columns, you can use absolute
 row numbers @samp{@@1}, @samp{@@2}, @dots{}, @samp{@@N}, and row numbers relative to the
 current row like @samp{@@+3} or @samp{@@-1}.  @samp{@@<} and @samp{@@>} are immutable
 references the first and last row in the table, respectively.  You may
 also specify the row relative to one of the hlines: @samp{@@I} refers to the
 first hline, @samp{@@II} to the second, etc.  @samp{@@-I} refers to the first such
 line above the current line, @samp{@@+I} to the first such line below the
 current line.  You can also write @samp{@@III+2} which is the second data
 line after the third hline in the table.
 
 @samp{@@0} and @samp{$0} refer to the current row and column, respectively, i.e.,
 to the row/column for the field being computed.  Also, if you omit
 either the column or the row part of the reference, the current
 row/column is implied.
 
 Org's references with @emph{unsigned} numbers are fixed references in the
 sense that if you use the same reference in the formula for two
 different fields, the same field is referenced each time.  Org's
 references with @emph{signed} numbers are floating references because the
 same reference operator can reference different fields depending on
 the field being calculated by the formula.
 
 Here are a few examples:
 
 @multitable @columnfractions 0.2 0.8
 @item @samp{@@2$3}
 @tab 2nd row, 3rd column (same as @samp{C2})
 @item @samp{$5}
 @tab column 5 in the current row (same as @samp{E&})
 @item @samp{@@2}
 @tab current column, row 2
 @item @samp{@@-1$-3}
 @tab field one row up, three columns to the left
 @item @samp{@@-I$2}
 @tab field just under hline above current row, column 2
 @item @samp{@@>$5}
 @tab field in the last row, in column 5
 @end multitable
 
 @anchor{Range references}
 @subsubheading Range references
 
 @cindex range references
 @cindex references, to ranges
 You may reference a rectangular range of fields by specifying two
 field references connected by two dots @samp{..}.  The ends are included in
 the range.  If both fields are in the current row, you may simply use
 @samp{$2..$7}, but if at least one field is in a different row, you need to
 use the general @samp{@@ROW$COLUMN} format at least for the first field,
 i.e., the reference must start with @samp{@@} in order to be interpreted
 correctly.  Examples:
 
 @multitable @columnfractions 0.2 0.8
 @item @samp{$1..$3}
 @tab first three fields in the current row
 @item @samp{$P..$Q}
 @tab range, using column names (see @ref{Advanced features})
 @item @samp{$<<<..$>>}
 @tab start in third column, continue to the last but one
 @item @samp{@@2$1..@@4$3}
 @tab nine fields between these two fields (same as @samp{A2..C4})
 @item @samp{@@-1$-2..@@-1}
 @tab 3 fields in the row above, starting from 2 columns on the left
 @item @samp{@@I..II}
 @tab between first and second hline, short for @samp{@@I..@@II}
 @end multitable
 
 @noindent
 Range references return a vector of values that can be fed into Calc
 vector functions.  Empty fields in ranges are normally suppressed, so
 that the vector contains only the non-empty fields.  For other options
 with the mode switches @samp{E}, @samp{N} and examples, see @ref{Formula syntax for Calc}.
 
 @anchor{Field coordinates in formulas}
 @subsubheading Field coordinates in formulas
 
 @cindex field coordinates
 @cindex coordinates, of field
 @cindex row, of field coordinates
 @cindex column, of field coordinates
 @vindex org-table-current-column
 @vindex org-table-current-dline
 One of the very first actions during evaluation of Calc formulas and
 Lisp formulas is to substitute @samp{@@#} and @samp{$#} in the formula with the
 row or column number of the field where the current result will go to.
 The traditional Lisp formula equivalents are @code{org-table-current-dline}
 and @code{org-table-current-column}.  Examples:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{if(@@# % 2, $#, string(""))}
 Insert column number on odd rows, set field to empty on even rows.
 
 @item @samp{$2 = '(identity remote(FOO, @@@@#$1))}
 Copy text or values of each row of column 1 of the table named
 @var{FOO} into column 2 of the current table.
 
 @item @samp{@@3 = 2 * remote(FOO, @@1$$#)}
 Insert the doubled value of each column of row 1 of the table
 named @var{FOO} into row 3 of the current table.
 @end table
 
 @noindent
 For the second and third examples, table @var{FOO} must have at
 least as many rows or columns as the current table.  Note that this is
 inefficient@footnote{ The computation time scales as O(N^2) because table
 @var{FOO} is parsed for each field to be copied.} for large
 number of rows.
 
 @anchor{Named references}
 @subsubheading Named references
 
 @cindex named references
 @cindex references, named
 @cindex name, of column or field
 @cindex constants, in calculations
 @cindex @samp{CONSTANTS}, keyword
 @vindex org-table-formula-constants
 
 @samp{$name} is interpreted as the name of a column, parameter or constant.
 Constants are defined globally through the variable
 @code{org-table-formula-constants}, and locally---for the file---through
 a line like this example:
 
 @example
 #+CONSTANTS: c=299792458. pi=3.14 eps=2.4e-6
 @end example
 
 
 @vindex constants-unit-system
 @pindex constants.el
 Also, properties (see @ref{Properties and Columns}) can be used as
 constants in table formulas: for a property @samp{Xyz} use the name
 @samp{$PROP_Xyz}, and the property will be searched in the current outline
 entry and in the hierarchy above it.  If you have the @samp{constants.el}
 package, it will also be used to resolve constants, including natural
 constants like @samp{$h} for Planck's constant, and units like @samp{$km} for
 kilometers@footnote{The file @samp{constants.el} can supply the values of constants in
 two different unit systems, @samp{SI} and @samp{cgs}.  Which one is used depends
 on the value of the variable @code{constants-unit-system}.  You can use the
 @samp{STARTUP} options @samp{constSI} and @samp{constcgs} to set this value for the
 current buffer.}.  Column names and parameters can be specified in
 special table lines.  These are described below, see @ref{Advanced features}.  All names must start with a letter, and further consist
 of letters and numbers.
 
 @anchor{Remote references}
 @subsubheading Remote references
 
 @cindex remote references
 @cindex references, remote
 @cindex references, to a different table
 @cindex name, of column or field
 @cindex @samp{NAME}, keyword
 You may also reference constants, fields and ranges from a different
 table, either in the current file or even in a different file.  The
 syntax is
 
 @example
 remote(NAME,REF)
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 where @var{NAME} can be the name of a table in the current file
 as set by a @samp{#+NAME:} line before the table.  It can also be the ID of
 an entry, even in a different file, and the reference then refers to
 the first table in that entry.  @var{REF} is an absolute field or
 range reference as described above for example @samp{@@3$3} or @samp{$somename},
 valid in the referenced table.
 
 @cindex table indirection
 When @var{NAME} has the format @samp{@@ROW$COLUMN}, it is substituted
 with the name or ID found in this field of the current table.  For
 example @samp{remote($1, @@@@>$2)} @result{} @samp{remote(year_2013, @@@@>$1)}.  The format
 @samp{B3} is not supported because it can not be distinguished from a plain
 table name or ID@.
 
 @node Formula syntax for Calc
 @subsection Formula syntax for Calc
 
 @cindex formula syntax, Calc
 @cindex syntax, of formulas
 
 A formula can be any algebraic expression understood by the Emacs Calc
 package.  Note that Calc has the non-standard convention that @samp{/} has
 lower precedence than @samp{*}, so that @samp{a/b*c} is interpreted as
 @samp{(a/(b*c))}.  Before evaluation by @code{calc-eval} (see @ref{Calling Calc from Your Programs,Calling Calc from
 Your Lisp Programs,,calc,}), variable substitution takes place according to
 the rules described above.
 
 @cindex vectors, in table calculations
 The range vectors can be directly fed into the Calc vector functions
 like @code{vmean} and @code{vsum}.
 
 @cindex format specifier, in spreadsheet
 @cindex mode, for Calc
 @vindex org-calc-default-modes
 A formula can contain an optional mode string after a semicolon.  This
 string consists of flags to influence Calc and other modes during
 execution.  By default, Org uses the standard Calc modes (precision
 12, angular units degrees, fraction and symbolic modes off).  The
 display format, however, has been changed to @samp{(float 8)} to keep
 tables compact.  The default settings can be configured using the
 variable @code{org-calc-default-modes}.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{p20}
 Set the internal Calc calculation precision to 20 digits.
 
 @item @samp{n3}, @samp{s3}, @samp{e2}, @samp{f4}
 Normal, scientific, engineering or fixed format of the result of
 Calc passed back to Org.  Calc formatting is unlimited in precision
 as long as the Calc calculation precision is greater.
 
 @item @samp{D}, @samp{R}
 Degree and radian angle modes of Calc.
 
 @item @samp{F}, @samp{S}
 Fraction and symbolic modes of Calc.
 
 @item @samp{u}
 Units simplification mode of Calc.  Calc is also a symbolic
 calculator and is capable of working with values having a unit,
 represented with numerals followed by a unit string in Org table
 cells.  This mode instructs Calc to simplify the units in the
 computed expression before returning the result.
 
 @item @samp{T}, @samp{t}, @samp{U}
 Duration computations in Calc or Lisp, @ref{Durations and time values}.
 
 @item @samp{E}
 If and how to consider empty fields.  Without @samp{E} empty fields in
 range references are suppressed so that the Calc vector or Lisp list
 contains only the non-empty fields.  With @samp{E} the empty fields are
 kept.  For empty fields in ranges or empty field references the
 value @samp{nan} (not a number) is used in Calc formulas and the empty
 string is used for Lisp formulas.  Add @samp{N} to use 0 instead for both
 formula types.  For the value of a field the mode @samp{N} has higher
 precedence than @samp{E}.
 
 @item @samp{N}
 Interpret all fields as numbers, use 0 for non-numbers.  See the
 next section to see how this is essential for computations with Lisp
 formulas.  In Calc formulas it is used only occasionally because
 there number strings are already interpreted as numbers without @samp{N}.
 
 @item @samp{L}
 Literal, for Lisp formulas only.  See the next section.
 @end table
 
 Unless you use large integer numbers or high-precision calculation and
 display for floating point numbers you may alternatively provide
 a @code{printf} format specifier to reformat the Calc result after it has
 been passed back to Org instead of letting Calc already do the
 formatting@footnote{The printf reformatting is limited in precision because the
 value passed to it is converted into an ``integer'' or ``double''.  The
 ``integer'' is limited in size by truncating the signed value to 32
 bits.  The ``double'' is limited in precision to 64 bits overall which
 leaves approximately 16 significant decimal digits.}.  A few examples:
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{$1+$2}
 @tab Sum of first and second field
 @item @samp{$1+$2;%.2f}
 @tab Same, format result to two decimals
 @item @samp{exp($2)+exp($1)}
 @tab Math functions can be used
 @item @samp{$0;%.1f}
 @tab Reformat current cell to 1 decimal
 @item @samp{($3-32)*5/9}
 @tab Degrees F @arrow{} C conversion
 @item @samp{$c/$1/$cm}
 @tab Hz @arrow{} cm conversion, using @samp{constants.el}
 @item @samp{tan($1);Dp3s1}
 @tab Compute in degrees, precision 3, display SCI 1
 @item @samp{sin($1);Dp3%.1e}
 @tab Same, but use @code{printf} specifier for display
 @item @samp{vmean($2..$7)}
 @tab Compute column range mean, using vector function
 @item @samp{vmean($2..$7);EN}
 @tab Same, but treat empty fields as 0
 @item @samp{taylor($3,x=7,2)}
 @tab Taylor series of $3, at x=7, second degree
 @end multitable
 
 Calc also contains a complete set of logical operations (see @ref{Logical Operations,Logical
 Operations,,calc,}).  For example
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{if($1 < 20, teen, string(""))}
 @samp{"teen"} if age @samp{$1} is less than 20, else the Org table result
 field is set to empty with the empty string.
 
 @item @samp{if("$1" =​= "nan" || "$2" =​= "nan", string(""), $1 + $2); E f-1}
 Sum of the first two columns.  When at least one of the input fields
 is empty the Org table result field is set to empty.  @samp{E} is
 required to not convert empty fields to 0.  @samp{f-1} is an optional
 Calc format string similar to @samp{%.1f} but leaves empty results empty.
 
 @item @samp{if(typeof(vmean($1..$7)) =​= 12, string(""), vmean($1..$7)); E}
 Mean value of a range unless there is any empty field.  Every field
 in the range that is empty is replaced by @samp{nan} which lets @samp{vmean}
 result in @samp{nan}.  Then @samp{typeof =} 12= detects the @samp{nan} from @code{vmean}
 and the Org table result field is set to empty.  Use this when the
 sample set is expected to never have missing values.
 
 @item @samp{if("$1..$7" =​= "[]", string(""), vmean($1..$7))}
 Mean value of a range with empty fields skipped.  Every field in the
 range that is empty is skipped.  When all fields in the range are
 empty the mean value is not defined and the Org table result field
 is set to empty.  Use this when the sample set can have a variable
 size.
 
 @item @samp{vmean($1..$7); EN}
 To complete the example before: Mean value of a range with empty
 fields counting as samples with value 0.  Use this only when
 incomplete sample sets should be padded with 0 to the full size.
 @end table
 
 You can add your own Calc functions defined in Emacs Lisp with
 @code{defmath} and use them in formula syntax for Calc.
 
 @node Formula syntax for Lisp
 @subsection Emacs Lisp forms as formulas
 
 @cindex Lisp forms, as table formulas
 
 It is also possible to write a formula in Emacs Lisp.  This can be
 useful for string manipulation and control structures, if Calc's
 functionality is not enough.
 
 A formula is evaluated as a Lisp form when it starts with a
 single-quote followed by an opening parenthesis.  Cell table
 references are interpolated into the Lisp form before execution.  The
 evaluation should return either a string or a number.  Evaluation
 modes and a @code{printf} format used to render the returned values can be
 specified after a semicolon.
 
 By default, references are interpolated as literal Lisp strings: the
 field content is replaced in the Lisp form stripped of leading and
 trailing white space and surrounded in double-quotes.  For example:
 
 @example
 '(concat $1 $2)
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 concatenates the content of columns 1 and column 2.
 
 When the @samp{N} flag is used, all referenced elements are parsed as
 numbers and interpolated as Lisp numbers, without quotes.  Fields that
 cannot be parsed as numbers are interpolated as zeros.  For example:
 
 @example
 '(+ $1 $2);N
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 adds columns 1 and 2, equivalent to Calc's @samp{$1+$2}.  Ranges are
 inserted as space-separated fields, so they can be embedded in list or
 vector syntax.  For example:
 
 @example
 '(apply '+ '($1..$4));N
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 computes the sum of columns 1 to 4, like Calc's @samp{vsum($1..$4)}.
 
 When the @samp{L} flag is used, all fields are interpolated literally: the
 cell content is replaced in the Lisp form stripped of leading and
 trailing white space and without quotes.  If a reference is intended
 to be interpreted as a string by the Lisp form, the reference operator
 itself should be enclosed in double-quotes, like @samp{"$3"}.  The @samp{L} flag
 is useful when strings and numbers are used in the same Lisp form.  For
 example:
 
 @example
 '(substring "$1" $2 $3);L
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 extracts the part of the string in column 1 between the character
 positions specified in the integers in column 2 and 3 and it is easier
 to read than the equivalent:
 
 @example
 '(substring $1 (string-to-number $2) (string-to-number $3))
 @end example
 
 @node Durations and time values
 @subsection Durations and time values
 
 @cindex duration, computing
 @cindex time, computing
 @vindex org-table-duration-custom-format
 
 If you want to compute time values use the @samp{T}, @samp{t}, or @samp{U} flag,
 either in Calc formulas or Elisp formulas:
 
 @example
 |  Task 1 |   Task 2 |    Total |
 |---------+----------+----------|
 |    2:12 |     1:47 | 03:59:00 |
 |    2:12 |     1:47 |    03:59 |
 | 3:02:20 | -2:07:00 |     0.92 |
 #+TBLFM: @@2$3=$1+$2;T::@@3$3=$1+$2;U::@@4$3=$1+$2;t
 @end example
 
 Input duration values must be of the form @samp{HH:MM[:SS]}, where seconds
 are optional.  With the @samp{T} flag, computed durations are displayed as
 @samp{HH:MM:SS} (see the first formula above).  With the @samp{U} flag, seconds
 are omitted so that the result is only @samp{HH:MM} (see second formula
 above).  Zero-padding of the hours field depends upon the value of the
 variable @code{org-table-duration-hour-zero-padding}.
 
 With the @samp{t} flag, computed durations are displayed according to the
 value of the option @code{org-table-duration-custom-format}, which defaults
 to @code{hours} and displays the result as a fraction of hours (see the
 third formula in the example above).
 
 Negative duration values can be manipulated as well, and integers are
 considered as seconds in addition and subtraction.
 
 @node Field and range formulas
 @subsection Field and range formulas
 
 @cindex field formula
 @cindex range formula
 @cindex formula, for individual table field
 @cindex formula, for range of fields
 
 To assign a formula to a particular field, type it directly into the
 field, preceded by @samp{:=}, for example @samp{vsum(@@II..III)}.  When you press
 @kbd{@key{TAB}} or @kbd{@key{RET}} or @kbd{C-c C-c} with point
 still in the field, the formula is stored as the formula for this
 field, evaluated, and the current field is replaced with the result.
 
 @cindex @samp{TBLFM}, keyword
 Formulas are stored in a special @samp{TBLFM} keyword located directly
 below the table.  If you type the equation in the fourth field of the
 third data line in the table, the formula looks like @samp{@@3$4=$1+$2}.
 When inserting/deleting/swapping column and rows with the appropriate
 commands, @emph{absolute references} (but not relative ones) in stored
 formulas are modified in order to still reference the same field.  To
 avoid this from happening, in particular in range references, anchor
 ranges at the table borders (using @samp{@@<}, @samp{@@>}, @samp{$<}, @samp{$>}), or at
 hlines using the @samp{@@I} notation.  Automatic adaptation of field
 references does not happen if you edit the table structure with normal
 editing commands---you must fix the formulas yourself.
 
 Instead of typing an equation into the field, you may also use the
 following command
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-u C-c =} (@code{org-table-eval-formula})
 @kindex C-u C-c =
 @findex org-table-eval-formula
 Install a new formula for the current field.  The command prompts
 for a formula with default taken from the @samp{TBLFM} keyword,
 applies it to the current field, and stores it.
 @end table
 
 The left-hand side of a formula can also be a special expression in
 order to assign the formula to a number of different fields.  There is
 no keyboard shortcut to enter such range formulas.  To add them, use
 the formula editor (see @ref{Editing and debugging formulas}) or edit
 the @samp{TBLFM} keyword directly.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{$2=}
 Column formula, valid for the entire column.  This is so common that
 Org treats these formulas in a special way, see @ref{Column formulas}.
 
 @item @samp{@@3=}
 Row formula, applies to all fields in the specified row.  @samp{@@>=}
 means the last row.
 
 @item @samp{@@1$2..@@4$3=}
 Range formula, applies to all fields in the given rectangular range.
 This can also be used to assign a formula to some but not all fields
 in a row.
 
 @item @samp{$NAME=}
 Named field, see @ref{Advanced features}.
 @end table
 
 @node Column formulas
 @subsection Column formulas
 
 @cindex column formula
 @cindex formula, for table column
 
 When you assign a formula to a simple column reference like @samp{$3=}, the
 same formula is used in all fields of that column, with the following
 very convenient exceptions: (i) If the table contains horizontal
 separator hlines with rows above and below, everything before the
 first such hline is considered part of the table @emph{header} and is not
 modified by column formulas.  Therefore a header is mandatory when you
 use column formulas and want to add hlines to group rows, like for
 example to separate a total row at the bottom from the summand rows
 above.  (ii) Fields that already get a value from a field/range
 formula are left alone by column formulas.  These conditions make
 column formulas very easy to use.
 
 To assign a formula to a column, type it directly into any field in
 the column, preceded by an equal sign, like @samp{=$1+$2}.  When you press
 @kbd{@key{TAB}} or @kbd{@key{RET}} or @kbd{C-c C-c} with point
 still in the field, the formula is stored as the formula for the
 current column, evaluated and the current field replaced with the
 result.  If the field contains only @samp{=}, the previously stored formula
 for this column is used.  For each column, Org only remembers the most
 recently used formula.  In the @samp{TBLFM} keyword, column formulas look
 like @samp{$4=$1+$2}.  The left-hand side of a column formula can not be
 the name of column, it must be the numeric column reference or @samp{$>}.
 
 Instead of typing an equation into the field, you may also use the
 following command:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c =} (@code{org-table-eval-formula})
 @kindex C-c =
 @findex org-table-eval-formula
 Install a new formula for the current column and replace current
 field with the result of the formula.  The command prompts for
 a formula, with default taken from the @samp{TBLFM} keyword, applies it
 to the current field and stores it.  With a numeric prefix argument,
 e.g., @kbd{C-5 C-c =}, the command applies it to that many
 consecutive fields in the current column.
 @end table
 
 @node Lookup functions
 @subsection Lookup functions
 
 @cindex lookup functions in tables
 @cindex table lookup functions
 
 Org has three predefined Emacs Lisp functions for lookups in tables.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{(org-lookup-first VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE)}
 @findex org-lookup-first
 Searches for the first element @var{S} in list
 @var{S-LIST} for which
 @lisp
 (PREDICATE VAL S)
 @end lisp
 is non-@code{nil}; returns the value from the corresponding position in
 list @var{R-LIST}.  The default @var{PREDICATE} is
 @code{equal}.  Note that the parameters @var{VAL} and @var{S}
 are passed to @var{PREDICATE} in the same order as the
 corresponding parameters are in the call to @code{org-lookup-first},
 where @var{VAL} precedes @var{S-LIST}.  If
 @var{R-LIST} is @code{nil}, the matching element @var{S} of
 @var{S-LIST} is returned.
 
 @item @samp{(org-lookup-last VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE)}
 @findex org-lookup-last
 Similar to @code{org-lookup-first} above, but searches for the @emph{last}
 element for which @var{PREDICATE} is non-@code{nil}.
 
 @item @samp{(org-lookup-all VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE)}
 @findex org-lookup-all
 Similar to @code{org-lookup-first}, but searches for @emph{all} elements for
 which @var{PREDICATE} is non-@code{nil}, and returns @emph{all}
 corresponding values.  This function can not be used by itself in
 a formula, because it returns a list of values.  However, powerful
 lookups can be built when this function is combined with other Emacs
 Lisp functions.
 @end table
 
 If the ranges used in these functions contain empty fields, the @samp{E}
 mode for the formula should usually be specified: otherwise empty
 fields are not included in @var{S-LIST} and/or @var{R-LIST}
 which can, for example, result in an incorrect mapping from an element
 of @var{S-LIST} to the corresponding element of
 @var{R-LIST}.
 
 These three functions can be used to implement associative arrays,
 count matching cells, rank results, group data, etc.  For practical
 examples see @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/org-tutorials/org-lookups.html, this tutorial on Worg}.
 
 @node Editing and debugging formulas
 @subsection Editing and debugging formulas
 
 @cindex formula editing
 @cindex editing, of table formulas
 
 @vindex org-table-use-standard-references
 You can edit individual formulas in the minibuffer or directly in the
 field.  Org can also prepare a special buffer with all active formulas
 of a table.  When offering a formula for editing, Org converts
 references to the standard format (like @samp{B3} or @samp{D&}) if possible.  If
 you prefer to only work with the internal format (like @samp{@@3$2} or
 @samp{$4}), configure the variable @code{org-table-use-standard-references}.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c =} or @kbd{C-u C-c =} (@code{org-table-eval-formula})
 @kindex C-c =
 @kindex C-u C-c =
 @findex org-table-eval-formula
 Edit the formula associated with the current column/field in the
 minibuffer.  See @ref{Column formulas}, and @ref{Field and range formulas}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-u C-c =} (@code{org-table-eval-formula})
 @kindex C-u C-u C-c =
 @findex org-table-eval-formula
 Re-insert the active formula (either a field formula, or a column
 formula) into the current field, so that you can edit it directly in
 the field.  The advantage over editing in the minibuffer is that you
 can use the command @kbd{C-c ?}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c ?} (@code{org-table-field-info})
 @kindex C-c ?
 @findex org-table-field-info
 While editing a formula in a table field, highlight the field(s)
 referenced by the reference at point position in the formula.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c @}} (@code{org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays})
 @kindex C-c @}
 @findex org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays
 Toggle the display of row and column numbers for a table, using
 overlays.  These are updated each time the table is aligned; you can
 force it with @kbd{C-c C-c}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c @{} (@code{org-table-toggle-formula-debugger})
 @kindex C-c @{
 @findex org-table-toggle-formula-debugger
 Toggle the formula debugger on and off.  See below.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c '} (@code{org-table-edit-formulas})
 @kindex C-c '
 @findex org-table-edit-formulas
 Edit all formulas for the current table in a special buffer, where
 the formulas are displayed one per line.  If the current field has
 an active formula, point in the formula editor marks it.  While
 inside the special buffer, Org automatically highlights any field or
 range reference at point position.  You may edit, remove and add
 formulas, and use the following commands:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c} or @kbd{C-x C-s} (@code{org-table-fedit-finish})
 @kindex C-x C-s
 @kindex C-c C-c
 @findex org-table-fedit-finish
 Exit the formula editor and store the modified formulas.  With
 @kbd{C-u} prefix, also apply the new formulas to the
 entire table.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-q} (@code{org-table-fedit-abort})
 @kindex C-c C-q
 @findex org-table-fedit-abort
 Exit the formula editor without installing changes.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{org-table-fedit-toggle-ref-type})
 @kindex C-c C-r
 @findex org-table-fedit-toggle-ref-type
 Toggle all references in the formula editor between standard (like
 @samp{B3}) and internal (like @samp{@@3$2}).
 
 @item @kbd{@key{TAB}} (@code{org-table-fedit-lisp-indent})
 @kindex TAB
 @findex org-table-fedit-lisp-indent
 Pretty-print or indent Lisp formula at point.  When in a line
 containing a Lisp formula, format the formula according to Emacs
 Lisp rules.  Another @kbd{@key{TAB}} collapses the formula back
 again.  In the open formula, @kbd{@key{TAB}} re-indents just like
 in Emacs Lisp mode.
 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} (@code{lisp-complete-symbol})
 @kindex M-TAB
 @findex lisp-complete-symbol
 Complete Lisp symbols, just like in Emacs Lisp mode.
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{UP}}, @kbd{S-@key{DOWN}}, @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}}, @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}}
 @kindex S-UP
 @kindex S-DOWN
 @kindex S-LEFT
 @kindex S-RIGHT
 @findex org-table-fedit-ref-up
 @findex org-table-fedit-ref-down
 @findex org-table-fedit-ref-left
 @findex org-table-fedit-ref-right
 Shift the reference at point.  For example, if the reference is
 @samp{B3} and you press @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}}, it becomes @samp{C3}.  This also
 works for relative references and for hline references.
 
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{UP}} (@code{org-table-fedit-line-up})
 @kindex M-S-UP
 @findex org-table-fedit-line-up
 Move the test line for column formulas up in the Org buffer.
 
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{DOWN}} (@code{org-table-fedit-line-down})
 @kindex M-S-DOWN
 @findex org-table-fedit-line-down
 Move the test line for column formulas down in the Org buffer.
 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{UP}} (@code{org-table-fedit-scroll-up})
 @kindex M-UP
 @findex org-table-fedit-scroll-up
 Scroll up the window displaying the table.
 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{DOWN}} (@code{org-table-fedit-scroll-down})
 @kindex M-DOWN
 @findex org-table-fedit-scroll-down
 Scroll down the window displaying the table.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c @}}
 @kindex C-c @}
 @findex org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays
 Turn the coordinate grid in the table on and off.
 @end table
 @end table
 
 Making a table field blank does not remove the formula associated with
 the field, because that is stored in a different line---the @samp{TBLFM}
 keyword line.  During the next recalculation, the field will be filled
 again.  To remove a formula from a field, you have to give an empty
 reply when prompted for the formula, or to edit the @samp{TBLFM} keyword.
 
 @kindex C-c C-c
 You may edit the @samp{TBLFM} keyword directly and re-apply the changed
 equations with @kbd{C-c C-c} in that line or with the normal
 recalculation commands in the table.
 
 @anchor{Using multiple @samp{TBLFM} lines}
 @subsubheading Using multiple @samp{TBLFM} lines
 
 @cindex multiple formula lines
 @cindex @samp{TBLFM} keywords, multiple
 @cindex @samp{TBLFM}, switching
 
 @kindex C-c C-c
 You may apply the formula temporarily.  This is useful when you want
 to switch the formula applied to the table.  Place multiple @samp{TBLFM}
 keywords right after the table, and then press @kbd{C-c C-c} on
 the formula to apply.  Here is an example:
 
 @example
 | x | y |
 |---+---|
 | 1 |   |
 | 2 |   |
 #+TBLFM: $2=$1*1
 #+TBLFM: $2=$1*2
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 Pressing @kbd{C-c C-c} in the line of @samp{#+TBLFM: $2=$1*2} yields:
 
 @example
 | x | y |
 |---+---|
 | 1 | 2 |
 | 2 | 4 |
 #+TBLFM: $2=$1*1
 #+TBLFM: $2=$1*2
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 If you recalculate this table, with @kbd{C-u C-c *}, for example,
 you get the following result from applying only the first @samp{TBLFM}
 keyword.
 
 @example
 | x | y |
 |---+---|
 | 1 | 1 |
 | 2 | 2 |
 #+TBLFM: $2=$1*1
 #+TBLFM: $2=$1*2
 @end example
 
 @anchor{Debugging formulas}
 @subsubheading Debugging formulas
 
 @cindex formula debugging
 @cindex debugging, of table formulas
 
 When the evaluation of a formula leads to an error, the field content
 becomes the string @samp{#ERROR}.  If you want to see what is going on
 during variable substitution and calculation in order to find a bug,
 turn on formula debugging in the Tbl menu and repeat the calculation,
 for example by pressing @kbd{C-u C-u C-c = @key{RET}} in a field.
 Detailed information are displayed.
 
 @node Updating the table
 @subsection Updating the table
 
 @cindex recomputing table fields
 @cindex updating, table
 
 Recalculation of a table is normally not automatic, but needs to be
 triggered by a command.  To make recalculation at least
 semi-automatic, see @ref{Advanced features}.
 
 In order to recalculate a line of a table or the entire table, use the
 following commands:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c *} (@code{org-table-recalculate})
 @kindex C-c *
 @findex org-table-recalculate
 Recalculate the current row by first applying the stored column
 formulas from left to right, and all field/range formulas in the
 current row.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-c *} or @kbd{C-u C-c C-c}
 @kindex C-u C-c *
 @kindex C-u C-c C-c
 Recompute the entire table, line by line.  Any lines before the
 first hline are left alone, assuming that these are part of the
 table header.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-u C-c *} or @kbd{C-u C-u C-c C-c} (@code{org-table-iterate})
 @kindex C-u C-u C-c *
 @kindex C-u C-u C-c C-c
 @findex org-table-iterate
 Iterate the table by recomputing it until no further changes occur.
 This may be necessary if some computed fields use the value of other
 fields that are computed @emph{later} in the calculation sequence.
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-table-recalculate-buffer-tables}
 @findex org-table-recalculate-buffer-tables
 Recompute all tables in the current buffer.
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-table-iterate-buffer-tables}
 @findex org-table-iterate-buffer-tables
 Iterate all tables in the current buffer, in order to converge
 table-to-table dependencies.
 @end table
 
 @node Advanced features
 @subsection Advanced features
 
 If you want the recalculation of fields to happen automatically, or if
 you want to be able to assign @emph{names}@footnote{ Such names must start with
 an alphabetic character and use only alphanumeric/underscore
 characters.} to fields and columns, you need to reserve the first
 column of the table for special marking characters.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-#} (@code{org-table-rotate-recalc-marks})
 @kindex C-#
 @findex org-table-rotate-recalc-marks
 Rotate the calculation mark in first column through the states @samp{#},
 @samp{*}, @samp{!}, @samp{$}.  When there is an active region, change all marks in
 the region.
 @end table
 
 Here is an example of a table that collects exam results of students
 and makes use of these features:
 
 @example
 |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
 |   | Student | Prob 1 | Prob 2 | Prob 3 | Total | Note |
 |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
 | ! |         |     P1 |     P2 |     P3 |   Tot |      |
 | # | Maximum |     10 |     15 |     25 |    50 | 10.0 |
 | ^ |         |     m1 |     m2 |     m3 |    mt |      |
 |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
 | # | Peter   |     10 |      8 |     23 |    41 |  8.2 |
 | # | Sam     |      2 |      4 |      3 |     9 |  1.8 |
 |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
 |   | Average |        |        |        |  25.0 |      |
 | ^ |         |        |        |        |    at |      |
 | $ | max=50  |        |        |        |       |      |
 |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
 #+TBLFM: $6=vsum($P1..$P3)::$7=10*$Tot/$max;%.1f::$at=vmean(@@-II..@@-I);%.1f
 @end example
 
 @quotation Important
 Please note that for these special tables, recalculating the table
 with @kbd{C-u C-c *} only affects rows that are marked @samp{#} or
 @samp{*}, and fields that have a formula assigned to the field itself.  The
 column formulas are not applied in rows with empty first field.
 
 @end quotation
 
 @cindex marking characters, tables
 The marking characters have the following meaning:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{!}
 The fields in this line define names for the columns, so that you
 may refer to a column as @samp{$Tot} instead of @samp{$6}.
 
 @item @samp{^}
 This row defines names for the fields @emph{above} the row.  With such
 a definition, any formula in the table may use @samp{$m1} to refer to the
 value @samp{10}.  Also, if you assign a formula to a names field, it is
 stored as @samp{$name = ...}.
 
 @item @samp{_}
 Similar to @samp{^}, but defines names for the fields in the row @emph{below}.
 
 @item @samp{$}
 Fields in this row can define @emph{parameters} for formulas.  For
 example, if a field in a @samp{$} row contains @samp{max=50}, then formulas in
 this table can refer to the value 50 using @samp{$max}.  Parameters work
 exactly like constants, only that they can be defined on a per-table
 basis.
 
 @item @samp{#}
 Fields in this row are automatically recalculated when pressing
 @kbd{@key{TAB}} or @kbd{@key{RET}} or @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} in this row.
 Also, this row is selected for a global recalculation with
 @kbd{C-u C-c *}.  Unmarked lines are left alone by this
 command.
 
 @item @samp{*}
 Selects this line for global recalculation with @kbd{C-u C-c *}, but not for automatic recalculation.  Use this when automatic
 recalculation slows down editing too much.
 
 @item @samp{/}
 Do not export this line.  Useful for lines that contain the
 narrowing @samp{<N>} markers or column group markers.
 @end table
 
 Finally, just to whet your appetite for what can be done with the
 fantastic Calc package, here is a table that computes the Taylor
 series of degree n at location x for a couple of functions.
 
 @example
 |---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
 |   | Func        | n | x   | Result                               |
 |---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
 | # | exp(x)      | 1 | x   | 1 + x                                |
 | # | exp(x)      | 2 | x   | 1 + x + x^2 / 2                      |
 | # | exp(x)      | 3 | x   | 1 + x + x^2 / 2 + x^3 / 6            |
 | # | x^2+sqrt(x) | 2 | x=0 | x*(0.5 / 0) + x^2 (2 - 0.25 / 0) / 2 |
 | # | x^2+sqrt(x) | 2 | x=1 | 2 + 2.5 x - 2.5 + 0.875 (x - 1)^2    |
 | * | tan(x)      | 3 | x   | 0.0175 x + 1.77e-6 x^3               |
 |---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
 #+TBLFM: $5=taylor($2,$4,$3);n3
 @end example
 
 @node Org Plot
 @section Org Plot
 
 @cindex graph, in tables
 @cindex plot tables using Gnuplot
 
 Org Plot can produce graphs of information stored in Org tables,
 either graphically or in ASCII art.
 
 @anchor{Graphical plots using Gnuplot}
 @subheading Graphical plots using Gnuplot
 
 @cindex @samp{PLOT}, keyword
 Org Plot can produce 2D and 3D graphs of information stored in Org
 tables using @uref{https://www.gnuplot.info/, Gnuplot} and @uref{http://cars9.uchicago.edu/~ravel/software/gnuplot-mode.html, Gnuplot mode}.  To see this in action, ensure
 that you have both Gnuplot and Gnuplot mode installed on your system,
 then call @kbd{C-c " g} or @kbd{M-x org-plot/gnuplot} on the
 following table.
 
 @example
 #+PLOT: title:"Citas" ind:1 deps:(3) type:2d with:histograms set:"yrange [0:]"
 | Sede      | Max cites | H-index |
 |-----------+-----------+---------|
 | Chile     |    257.72 |   21.39 |
 | Leeds     |    165.77 |   19.68 |
 | Sao Paolo |     71.00 |   11.50 |
 | Stockholm |    134.19 |   14.33 |
 | Morelia   |    257.56 |   17.67 |
 @end example
 
 Org Plot supports a range of plot types, and provides the ability to add more.
 For example, a radar plot can be generated like so:
 @example
 #+PLOT: title:"An evaluation of plaintext document formats" transpose:yes type:radar min:0 max:4
 | Format            | Fine-grained-control | Initial Effort | Syntax simplicity | Editor Support | Integrations | Ease-of-referencing | Versatility |
 |-------------------+----------------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+--------------+---------------------+-------------|
 | Word              |                    2 |              4 |                 4 |              2 |            3 |                   2 |           2 |
 | LaTeX             |                    4 |              1 |                 1 |              3 |            2 |                   4 |           3 |
 | Org Mode          |                    4 |              2 |               3.5 |              1 |            4 |                   4 |           4 |
 | Markdown          |                    1 |              3 |                 3 |              4 |            3 |                   3 |           1 |
 | Markdown + Pandoc |                  2.5 |            2.5 |               2.5 |              3 |            3 |                   3 |           2 |
 @end example
 
 Notice that Org Plot is smart enough to apply the table's headers as
 labels.  Further control over the labels, type, content, and
 appearance of plots can be exercised through the @samp{PLOT} keyword
 preceding a table.  See below for a complete list of Org Plot options.
 For more information and examples see the @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/org-tutorials/org-plot.html, Org Plot tutorial}.
 
 @anchor{Plot options}
 @subsubheading Plot options
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{set}
 Specify any Gnuplot option to be set when graphing.
 
 @item @samp{title}
 Specify the title of the plot.
 
 @item @samp{ind}
 Specify which column of the table to use as the @samp{x} axis.
 
 @item @samp{deps}
 Specify the columns to graph as a Lisp style list, surrounded by
 parentheses and separated by spaces for example @samp{dep:(3 4)} to graph
 the third and fourth columns.  Defaults to graphing all other
 columns aside from the @samp{ind} column.
 
 @item transpose
 When @samp{y}, @samp{yes}, or @samp{t} attempt to transpose the table data before
 plotting.  Also recognizes the shorthand option @samp{trans}.
 
 @item @samp{type}
 Specify the type of the plot, by default one of  @samp{2d}, @samp{3d}, @samp{radar}, or @samp{grid}.
 Available types can be customized with @code{org-plot/preset-plot-types}.
 
 @item @samp{with}
 Specify a @samp{with} option to be inserted for every column being
 plotted, e.g., @samp{lines}, @samp{points}, @samp{boxes}, @samp{impulses}.  Defaults to
 @samp{lines}.
 
 @item @samp{file}
 If you want to plot to a file, specify
 @samp{"path/to/desired/output-file"}.
 
 @item @samp{labels}
 List of labels to be used for the @samp{deps}.  Defaults to the column
 headers if they exist.
 
 @item @samp{line}
 Specify an entire line to be inserted in the Gnuplot script.
 
 @item @samp{map}
 When plotting @samp{3d} or @samp{grid} types, set this to @samp{t} to graph a flat
 mapping rather than a @samp{3d} slope.
 
 @item min
 Provides a minimum axis value that may be used by a plot type.
 Implicitly assumes the @samp{y} axis is being referred to.  Can
 explicitly provide a value for a either the @samp{x} or @samp{y} axis with
 @samp{xmin} and @samp{ymin}.
 
 @item max
 Provides a maximum axis value that may be used by a plot type.
 Implicitly assumes the @samp{y} axis is being referred to.  Can
 explicitly provide a value for a either the @samp{x} or @samp{y} axis with
 @samp{xmax} and @samp{ymax}.
 
 @item ticks
 Provides a desired number of axis ticks to display, that may be used
 by a plot type.  If none is given a plot type that requires ticks
 will use @code{org--plot/sensible-tick-num} to try to determine a good
 value.
 
 @item @samp{timefmt}
 Specify format of Org mode timestamps as they will be parsed by
 Gnuplot.  Defaults to @samp{%Y-%m-%d-%H:%M:%S}.
 
 @item @samp{script}
 If you want total control, you can specify a script file---place the
 file name between double-quotes---which will be used to plot.
 Before plotting, every instance of @samp{$datafile} in the specified
 script will be replaced with the path to the generated data file.
 Note: even if you set this option, you may still want to specify the
 plot type, as that can impact the content of the data file.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{ASCII bar plots}
 @subheading ASCII bar plots
 
 While point is on a column, typing @kbd{C-c `` a} or @kbd{M-x orgtbl-ascii-plot} create a new column containing an ASCII-art bars
 plot.  The plot is implemented through a regular column formula.  When
 the source column changes, the bar plot may be updated by refreshing
 the table, for example typing @kbd{C-u C-c *}.
 
 @example
 | Sede          | Max cites |              |
 |---------------+-----------+--------------|
 | Chile         |    257.72 | WWWWWWWWWWWW |
 | Leeds         |    165.77 | WWWWWWWh     |
 | Sao Paolo     |     71.00 | WWW;         |
 | Stockholm     |    134.19 | WWWWWW:      |
 | Morelia       |    257.56 | WWWWWWWWWWWH |
 | Rochefourchat |      0.00 |              |
 #+TBLFM: $3='(orgtbl-ascii-draw $2 0.0 257.72 12)
 @end example
 
 The formula is an Elisp call.
 
 @defun orgtbl-ascii-draw value min max &optional width
 Draw an ASCII bar in a table.
 
 @var{VALUE} is the value to plot.
 
 @var{MIN} is the value displayed as an empty bar.  @var{MAX}
 is the value filling all the @var{WIDTH}.  Sources values outside
 this range are displayed as @samp{too small} or @samp{too large}.
 
 @var{WIDTH} is the number of characters of the bar plot.  It
 defaults to @samp{12}.
 @end defun
 
 @node Hyperlinks
 @chapter Hyperlinks
 
 @cindex hyperlinks
 
 Like HTML, Org provides support for links inside a file, external
 links to other files, Usenet articles, emails, and much more.
 
 @menu
 * Link Format::                  How links in Org are formatted.
 * Internal Links::               Links to other places in the current file.
 * Radio Targets::                Make targets trigger links in plain text.
 * External Links::               URL-like links to the world.
 * Handling Links::               Creating, inserting and following.
 * Using Links Outside Org::      Linking from my C source code?
 * Link Abbreviations::           Shortcuts for writing complex links.
 * Search Options::               Linking to a specific location.
 * Custom Searches::              When the default search is not enough.
 @end menu
 
 @node Link Format
 @section Link Format
 
 @cindex link format
 @cindex format, of links
 
 @cindex angle bracket links
 @cindex plain links
 Org recognizes plain URIs, possibly wrapped within angle
 brackets@footnote{Plain URIs are recognized only for a well-defined set of
 schemes.  See @ref{External Links}.  Unlike URI syntax, they cannot contain
 parenthesis or white spaces, either.  URIs within angle brackets have
 no such limitation.}, and activate them as clickable links.
 
 @cindex bracket links
 The general link format, however, looks like this:
 
 @example
 [[LINK][DESCRIPTION]]
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 or alternatively
 
 @example
 [[LINK]]
 @end example
 
 
 @cindex escape syntax, for links
 @cindex backslashes, in links
 Some @samp{\}, @samp{[} and @samp{]} characters in the @var{LINK} part need to
 be ``escaped'', i.e., preceded by another @samp{\} character.  More
 specifically, the following characters, and only them, must be
 escaped:
 
 @enumerate
 @item
 all @samp{[} and @samp{]} characters,
 @item
 every @samp{\} character preceding either @samp{]} or @samp{[},
 @item
 every @samp{\} character at the end of the link.
 @end enumerate
 
 @findex org-link-escape
 Functions inserting links (see @ref{Handling Links}) properly escape
 ambiguous characters.  You only need to bother about the rules above
 when inserting directly, or yanking, a URI within square brackets.
 When in doubt, you may use the function @code{org-link-escape}, which turns
 a link string into its escaped form.
 
 Once a link in the buffer is complete, with all brackets present, Org
 changes the display so that @samp{DESCRIPTION} is displayed instead of
 @samp{[[LINK][DESCRIPTION]]} and @samp{LINK} is displayed instead of @samp{[[LINK]]}.
 Links are highlighted in the @code{org-link} face, which, by default, is an
 underlined face.
 
 You can directly edit the visible part of a link.  This can be either
 the @var{LINK} part, if there is no description, or the
 @var{DESCRIPTION} part otherwise.  To also edit the invisible
 @var{LINK} part, use @kbd{C-c C-l} with point on the link
 (see @ref{Handling Links}).
 
 If you place point at the beginning or just behind the end of the
 displayed text and press @kbd{@key{BS}}, you remove
 the---invisible---bracket at that location@footnote{ More accurately, the
 precise behavior depends on how point arrived there---see
 @ref{Invisible Text,Invisible Text,,elisp,}.}.  This makes the link
 incomplete and the internals are again displayed as plain text.
 Inserting the missing bracket hides the link internals again.  To show
 the internal structure of all links, use the menu: Org @arrow{}
 Hyperlinks @arrow{} Literal links.
 
 @node Internal Links
 @section Internal Links
 
 @cindex internal links
 @cindex links, internal
 
 A link that does not look like a URL---i.e., does not start with
 a known scheme or a file name---refers to the current document.  You
 can follow it with @kbd{C-c C-o} when point is on the link, or
 with a mouse click (see @ref{Handling Links}).
 
 @cindex @samp{CUSTOM_ID}, property
 Org provides several refinements to internal navigation within
 a document.  Most notably, a construct like @samp{[[#my-custom-id]]}
 specifically targets the entry with the @samp{CUSTOM_ID} property set to
 @samp{my-custom-id}.  Also, an internal link looking like @samp{[[*Some
 section]]} points to a headline with the name @samp{Some section}@footnote{To insert a link targeting a headline, in-buffer completion
 can be used.  Just type a star followed by a few optional letters into
 the buffer and press @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}.  All headlines in the current
 buffer are offered as completions.}.
 
 @cindex targets, for links
 When the link does not belong to any of the cases above, Org looks for
 a @emph{dedicated target}: the same string in double angular brackets, like
 @samp{<<My Target>>}.
 
 @cindex @samp{NAME}, keyword
 If no dedicated target exists, the link tries to match the exact name
 of an element within the buffer.  Naming is done, unsurprisingly, with
 the @samp{NAME} keyword, which has to be put in the line before the element
 it refers to, as in the following example
 
 @example
 #+NAME: My Target
 | a  | table      |
 |----+------------|
 | of | four cells |
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline
 Ultimately, if none of the above succeeds, Org searches for a headline
 that is exactly the link text but may also include a TODO keyword and
 tags, or initiates a plain text search, according to the value of
 @code{org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline}.
 
 Note that you must make sure custom IDs, dedicated targets, and names
 are unique throughout the document.  Org provides a linter to assist
 you in the process, if needed.  See @ref{Org Syntax}.
 
 During export, internal links are used to mark objects and assign them
 a number.  Marked objects are then referenced by links pointing to
 them.  In particular, links without a description appear as the number
 assigned to the marked object@footnote{ When targeting a @samp{NAME} keyword,
 the @samp{CAPTION} keyword is mandatory in order to get proper numbering
 (see @ref{Captions}).}.  In the following excerpt from an Org buffer
 
 @example
 1. one item
 2. <<target>>another item
 Here we refer to item [[target]].
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 The last sentence will appear as @samp{Here we refer to item 2} when
 exported.
 
 In non-Org files, the search looks for the words in the link text.  In
 the above example the search would be for @samp{target}.
 
 Following a link pushes a mark onto Org's own mark ring.  You can
 return to the previous position with @kbd{C-c &}.  Using this
 command several times in direct succession goes back to positions
 recorded earlier.
 
 @node Radio Targets
 @section Radio Targets
 
 @cindex radio targets
 @cindex targets, radio
 @cindex links, radio targets
 
 Org can automatically turn any occurrences of certain target names in
 normal text into a link.  So without explicitly creating a link, the
 text connects to the target radioing its position.  Radio targets are
 enclosed by triple angular brackets.  For example, a target @samp{<<<My
 Target>>>} causes each occurrence of @samp{my target} in normal text to
 become activated as a link.  The Org file is scanned automatically for
 radio targets only when the file is first loaded into Emacs.  To
 update the target list during editing, press @kbd{C-c C-c} with
 point on or at a target.
 
 @node External Links
 @section External Links
 
 @cindex links, external
 @cindex external links
 @cindex attachment links
 @cindex BBDB links
 @cindex Elisp links
 @cindex file links
 @cindex Gnus links
 @cindex Help links
 @cindex IRC links
 @cindex Info links
 @cindex MH-E links
 @cindex Rmail links
 @cindex shell links
 @cindex URL links
 @cindex Usenet links
 
 Org supports links to files, websites, Usenet and email messages, BBDB
 database entries and links to both IRC conversations and their logs.
 External links are URL-like locators.  They start with a short
 identifying string followed by a colon.  There can be no space after
 the colon.
 
 Here is the full set of built-in link types:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{file}
 File links.  File name may be remote, absolute, or relative.
 
 Additionally, you can specify a line number, or a text search.
 In Org files, you may link to a headline name, a custom ID, or a
 code reference instead.
 
 As a special case, ``file'' prefix may be omitted if the file name
 is complete, e.g., it starts with @samp{./}, or @samp{/}.
 
 @item @samp{attachment}
 Same as file links but for files and folders attached to the current
 node (see @ref{Attachments}).  Attachment links are intended to behave
 exactly as file links but for files relative to the attachment
 directory.
 
 @item @samp{bbdb}
 Link to a BBDB record, with possible regexp completion.
 
 @item @samp{docview}
 Link to a document opened with DocView mode.  You may specify a page
 number.
 
 @item @samp{doi}
 Link to an electronic resource, through its handle.
 
 @item @samp{elisp}
 Execute an Elisp command upon activation.
 
 @item @samp{gnus}, @samp{rmail}, @samp{mhe}
 Link to messages or folders from a given Emacs' MUA@.
 
 @item @samp{help}
 Display documentation of a symbol in @samp{*Help*} buffer.
 
 @item @samp{http}, @samp{https}
 Web links.
 
 @item @samp{id}
 Link to a specific headline by its ID property, in an Org file.
 
 @item @samp{info}
 Link to an Info manual, or to a specific node.
 
 @item @samp{irc}
 Link to an IRC channel.
 
 @item @samp{mailto}
 Link to message composition.
 
 @item @samp{news}
 Usenet links.
 
 @item @samp{shell}
 Execute a shell command upon activation.
 @end table
 
 The following table illustrates the link types above, along with their
 options:
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @headitem Link Type
 @tab Example
 @item http
 @tab @samp{http://staff.science.uva.nl/c.dominik/}
 @item https
 @tab @samp{https://orgmode.org/}
 @item doi
 @tab @samp{doi:10.1000/182}
 @item file
 @tab @samp{file:/home/dominik/images/jupiter.jpg}
 @item 
 @tab @samp{/home/dominik/images/jupiter.jpg} (same as above)
 @item 
 @tab @samp{file:papers/last.pdf}
 @item 
 @tab @samp{./papers/last.pdf} (same as above)
 @item 
 @tab @samp{file:/ssh:me@@some.where:papers/last.pdf} (remote)
 @item 
 @tab @samp{/ssh:me@@some.where:papers/last.pdf} (same as above)
 @item 
 @tab @samp{file:sometextfile::NNN} (jump to line number)
 @item 
 @tab @samp{file:projects.org}
 @item 
 @tab @samp{file:projects.org::some words} (text search)@footnote{The actual behavior of the search depends on the value of the
 variable @code{org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline}.  If its value is
 @code{nil}, then a fuzzy text search is done.  If it is @code{t}, then only the
 exact headline is matched, ignoring spaces and statistic cookies.  If
 the value is @code{query-to-create}, then an exact headline is searched; if
 it is not found, then the user is queried to create it.}
 @item 
 @tab @samp{file:projects.org::*task title} (headline search)
 @item 
 @tab @samp{file:projects.org::#custom-id} (headline search)
 @item attachment
 @tab @samp{attachment:projects.org}
 @item 
 @tab @samp{attachment:projects.org::some words} (text search)
 @item docview
 @tab @samp{docview:papers/last.pdf::NNN}
 @item id
 @tab @samp{id:B7423F4D-2E8A-471B-8810-C40F074717E9}
 @item news
 @tab @samp{news:comp.emacs}
 @item mailto
 @tab @samp{mailto:adent@@galaxy.net}
 @item mhe
 @tab @samp{mhe:folder} (folder link)
 @item 
 @tab @samp{mhe:folder#id} (message link)
 @item rmail
 @tab @samp{rmail:folder} (folder link)
 @item 
 @tab @samp{rmail:folder#id} (message link)
 @item gnus
 @tab @samp{gnus:group} (group link)
 @item 
 @tab @samp{gnus:group#id} (article link)
 @item bbdb
 @tab @samp{bbdb:R.*Stallman} (record with regexp)
 @item irc
 @tab @samp{irc:/irc.com/#emacs/bob}
 @item help
 @tab @samp{help:org-store-link}
 @item info
 @tab @samp{info:org#External links}
 @item shell
 @tab @samp{shell:ls *.org}
 @item elisp
 @tab @samp{elisp:(find-file "Elisp.org")} (Elisp form to evaluate)
 @item 
 @tab @samp{elisp:org-agenda} (interactive Elisp command)
 @end multitable
 
 @cindex VM links
 @cindex Wanderlust links
 On top of these built-in link types, additional ones are available
 through the @samp{org-contrib} repository (see @ref{Installation}).  For
 example, these links to VM or Wanderlust messages are available when
 you load the corresponding libraries from the @samp{org-contrib}
 repository:
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{vm:folder}
 @tab VM folder link
 @item @samp{vm:folder#id}
 @tab VM message link
 @item @samp{vm://myself@@some.where.org/folder#id}
 @tab VM on remote machine
 @item @samp{vm-imap:account:folder}
 @tab VM IMAP folder link
 @item @samp{vm-imap:account:folder#id}
 @tab VM IMAP message link
 @item @samp{wl:folder}
 @tab Wanderlust folder link
 @item @samp{wl:folder#id}
 @tab Wanderlust message link
 @end multitable
 
 For information on customizing Org to add new link types, see @ref{Adding Hyperlink Types}.
 
 A link should be enclosed in double brackets and may contain
 descriptive text to be displayed instead of the URL (see @ref{Link Format}), for example:
 
 @example
 [[https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/][GNU Emacs]]
 @end example
 
 
 If the description is a file name or URL that points to an image, HTML
 export (see @ref{HTML Export}) inlines the image as a clickable button.  If
 there is no description at all and the link points to an image, that
 image is inlined into the exported HTML file.
 
 @cindex square brackets, around links
 @cindex angular brackets, around links
 @cindex plain text external links
 Org also recognizes external links amid normal text and activates them
 as links.  If spaces must be part of the link (for example in
 @samp{bbdb:R.*Stallman}), or if you need to remove ambiguities about the
 end of the link, enclose the link in square or angular brackets.
 
 @node Handling Links
 @section Handling Links
 
 @cindex links, handling
 
 Org provides methods to create a link in the correct syntax, to insert
 it into an Org file, and to follow the link.
 
 @findex org-store-link
 @cindex storing links
 The main function is @code{org-store-link}, called with @kbd{M-x org-store-link}.  Because of its importance, we suggest to bind it
 to a widely available key (see @ref{Activation}).  It stores a link to the
 current location.  The link is stored for later insertion into an Org
 buffer---see below.  The kind of link that is created depends on the
 current buffer:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @emph{Org mode buffers}
 For Org files, if there is a @samp{<<target>>} at point, the link points
 to the target.  Otherwise it points to the current headline, which
 is also the description.
 
 @vindex org-id-link-to-org-use-id
 @cindex @samp{CUSTOM_ID}, property
 @cindex @samp{ID}, property
 If the headline has a @samp{CUSTOM_ID} property, store a link to this
 custom ID@.  In addition or alternatively, depending on the value of
 @code{org-id-link-to-org-use-id}, create and/or use a globally unique
 @samp{ID} property for the link@footnote{ The Org Id library must first be
 loaded, either through @code{org-customize}, by enabling @code{id} in
 @code{org-modules}, or by adding @samp{(require 'org-id)} in your Emacs init
 file.}.  So using this command in Org buffers potentially creates
 two links: a human-readable link from the custom ID, and one that is
 globally unique and works even if the entry is moved from file to
 file.  The @samp{ID} property can be either a UUID (default) or a
 timestamp, depending on @code{org-id-method}.  Later, when inserting the
 link, you need to decide which one to use.
 
 @item @emph{Email/News clients: VM, Rmail, Wanderlust, MH-E, Gnus}
 @vindex org-link-email-description-format
 Pretty much all Emacs mail clients are supported.  The link points
 to the current article, or, in some Gnus buffers, to the group.  The
 description is constructed according to the variable
 @code{org-link-email-description-format}.  By default, it refers to the
 addressee and the subject.
 
 @item @emph{Web browsers: W3M and EWW}
 Here the link is the current URL, with the page title as the
 description.
 
 @item @emph{Contacts: BBDB}
 Links created in a BBDB buffer point to the current entry.
 
 @item @emph{Chat: IRC}
 @vindex org-irc-links-to-logs
 For IRC links, if the variable @code{org-irc-link-to-logs} is non-@code{nil},
 create a @samp{file} style link to the relevant point in the logs for the
 current conversation.  Otherwise store an @samp{irc} style link to the
 user/channel/server under the point.
 
 @item @emph{Other files}
 For any other file, the link points to the file, with a search
 string (see @ref{Search Options}) pointing to the contents
 of the current line.  If there is an active region, the selected
 words form the basis of the search string.  You can write custom Lisp
 functions to select the search string and perform the search for
 particular file types (see @ref{Custom Searches}).
 
 You can also define dedicated links to other files.  See @ref{Adding Hyperlink Types}.
 
 @item @emph{Agenda view}
 When point is in an agenda view, the created link points to the
 entry referenced by the current line.
 @end table
 
 From an Org buffer, the following commands create, navigate or, more
 generally, act on links.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-l} (@code{org-insert-link})
 @kindex C-c C-l
 @findex org-insert-link
 @cindex link completion
 @cindex completion, of links
 @cindex inserting links
 @vindex org-link-keep-stored-after-insertion
 Insert a link@footnote{Note that you do not have to use this command to insert
 a link.  Links in Org are plain text, and you can type or paste them
 straight into the buffer.  By using this command, the links are
 automatically enclosed in double brackets, and you will be asked for
 the optional descriptive text.}.  This prompts for a link to be inserted into
 the buffer.  You can just type a link, using text for an internal
 link, or one of the link type prefixes mentioned in the examples
 above.  The link is inserted into the buffer, along with
 a descriptive text@footnote{After insertion of a stored link, the link will be removed
 from the list of stored links.  To keep it in the list for later use,
 use a triple @kbd{C-u} prefix argument to @kbd{C-c C-l}, or
 configure the option @code{org-link-keep-stored-after-insertion}.}.  If some text was selected at this time,
 it becomes the default description.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @emph{Inserting stored links}
 All links stored during the current session are part of the
 history for this prompt, so you can access them with @kbd{@key{UP}}
 and @kbd{@key{DOWN}} (or @kbd{M-p}, @kbd{M-n}).
 
 @item @emph{Completion support}
 Completion with @kbd{@key{TAB}} helps you to insert valid link
 prefixes like @samp{http} or @samp{ftp}, including the prefixes defined
 through link abbreviations (see @ref{Link Abbreviations}).  If you
 press @kbd{@key{RET}} after inserting only the prefix, Org offers
 specific completion support for some link types@footnote{ This works if
 a function has been defined in the @code{:complete} property of a link
 in @code{org-link-parameters}.}.  For example, if you type @kbd{f i l e @key{RET}}---alternative access: @kbd{C-u C-c C-l}, see
 below---Org offers file name completion, and after @kbd{b b d b @key{RET}} you can complete contact names.
 @end table
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-c C-l}
 @cindex file name completion
 @cindex completion, of file names
 @kindex C-u C-c C-l
 When @kbd{C-c C-l} is called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix
 argument, insert a link to a file.  You may use file name completion
 to select the name of the file.  The path to the file is inserted
 relative to the directory of the current Org file, if the linked
 file is in the current directory or in a sub-directory of it, or if
 the path is written relative to the current directory using @samp{../}.
 Otherwise an absolute path is used, if possible with @samp{~/} for your
 home directory.  You can force an absolute path with two
 @kbd{C-u} prefixes.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-l} (with point on existing link)
 @cindex following links
 When point is on an existing link, @kbd{C-c C-l} allows you to
 edit the link and description parts of the link.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-o} (@code{org-open-at-point})
 @kindex C-c C-o
 @findex org-open-at-point
 @vindex org-file-apps
 Open link at point.  This launches a web browser for URL (using
 @code{browse-url-at-point}), run VM/MH-E/Wanderlust/Rmail/Gnus/BBDB for
 the corresponding links, and execute the command in a shell link.
 When point is on an internal link, this command runs the
 corresponding search.  When point is on the tags part of a headline,
 it creates the corresponding tags view (see @ref{Matching tags and properties}).  If point is on a timestamp, it compiles the agenda for
 that date.  Furthermore, it visits text and remote files in @samp{file}
 links with Emacs and select a suitable application for local
 non-text files.  Classification of files is based on file extension
 only.  See option @code{org-file-apps}.  If you want to override the
 default application and visit the file with Emacs, use
 a @kbd{C-u} prefix.  If you want to avoid opening in Emacs, use
 a @kbd{C-u C-u} prefix.
 
 @vindex org-link-frame-setup
 If point is on a headline, but not on a link, offer all links in the
 headline and entry text.  If you want to setup the frame
 configuration for following links, customize @code{org-link-frame-setup}.
 
 @item @kbd{@key{RET}}
 @vindex org-return-follows-link
 @kindex RET
 When @code{org-return-follows-link} is set, @kbd{@key{RET}} also follows
 the link at point.
 
 @item @kbd{mouse-2} or @kbd{mouse-1}
 @kindex mouse-2
 @kindex mouse-1
 On links, @kbd{mouse-1} and @kbd{mouse-2} opens the link
 just as @kbd{C-c C-o} does.
 
 @item @kbd{mouse-3}
 @vindex org-link-use-indirect-buffer-for-internals
 @kindex mouse-3
 Like @kbd{mouse-2}, but force file links to be opened with
 Emacs, and internal links to be displayed in another window@footnote{ See
 the variable @code{org-link-use-indirect-buffer-for-internals}.}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c %} (@code{org-mark-ring-push})
 @kindex C-c %
 @findex org-mark-ring-push
 @cindex mark ring
 Push the current position onto the Org mark ring, to be able to
 return easily.  Commands following an internal link do this
 automatically.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c &} (@code{org-mark-ring-goto})
 @kindex C-c &
 @findex org-mark-ring-goto
 @cindex links, returning to
 Jump back to a recorded position.  A position is recorded by the
 commands following internal links, and by @kbd{C-c %}.  Using
 this command several times in direct succession moves through a ring
 of previously recorded positions.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-n} (@code{org-next-link})
 @itemx @kbd{C-c C-x C-p} (@code{org-previous-link})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-p
 @findex org-previous-link
 @kindex C-c C-x C-n
 @findex org-next-link
 @cindex links, finding next/previous
 Move forward/backward to the next link in the buffer.  At the limit
 of the buffer, the search fails once, and then wraps around.  The
 key bindings for this are really too long; you might want to bind
 this also to @kbd{M-n} and @kbd{M-p}.
 
 @lisp
 (with-eval-after-load 'org
   (define-key org-mode-map (kbd "M-n") #'org-next-link)
   (define-key org-mode-map (kbd "M-p") #'org-previous-link))
 @end lisp
 @end table
 
 @node Using Links Outside Org
 @section Using Links Outside Org
 
 @findex org-insert-link-global
 @findex org-open-at-point-global
 You can insert and follow links that have Org syntax not only in Org,
 but in any Emacs buffer.  For this, Org provides two functions:
 @code{org-insert-link-global} and @code{org-open-at-point-global}.
 
 You might want to bind them to globally available keys.  See
 @ref{Activation} for some advice.
 
 @node Link Abbreviations
 @section Link Abbreviations
 
 @cindex link abbreviations
 @cindex abbreviation, links
 
 Long URL can be cumbersome to type, and often many similar links are
 needed in a document.  For this you can use link abbreviations.  An
 abbreviated link looks like this
 
 @example
 [[linkword:tag][description]]
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 @vindex org-link-abbrev-alist
 where the tag is optional.  The @emph{linkword} must be a word, starting
 with a letter, followed by letters, numbers, @samp{-}, and @samp{_}.
 Abbreviations are resolved according to the information in the
 variable @code{org-link-abbrev-alist} that relates the linkwords to
 replacement text.  Here is an example:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-link-abbrev-alist
       '(("bugzilla"        . "http://10.1.2.9/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=")
         ("Nu Html Checker" . "https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=%h")
         ("duckduckgo"      . "https://duckduckgo.com/?q=%s")
         ("omap"            . "https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=%s&polygon=1")
         ("ads"             . "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/search/q=%20author%3A\"%s\"")))
 @end lisp
 
 If the replacement text contains the string @samp{%s}, it is replaced with
 the tag.  Using @samp{%h} instead of @samp{%s} percent-encodes the tag (see the
 example above, where we need to encode the URL parameter).  Using
 @samp{%(my-function)} passes the tag to a custom Lisp function, and replace
 it by the resulting string.
 
 If the replacement text do not contain any specifier, it is simply
 appended to the string in order to create the link.
 
 Instead of a string, you may also specify a Lisp function to create
 the link.  Such a function will be called with the tag as the only
 argument.
 
 With the above setting, you could link to a specific bug with
 @samp{[[bugzilla:129]]}, search the web for @samp{OrgMode} with @samp{[[duckduckgo:OrgMode]]},
 show the map location of the Free Software Foundation @samp{[[gmap:51
 Franklin Street, Boston]]} or of Carsten office @samp{[[omap:Science Park 904,
 Amsterdam, The Netherlands]]} and find out what the Org author is doing
 besides Emacs hacking with @samp{[[ads:Dominik,C]]}.
 
 If you need special abbreviations just for a single Org buffer, you
 can define them in the file with
 
 @cindex @samp{LINK}, keyword
 @example
 #+LINK: bugzilla  https://10.1.2.9/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=
 #+LINK: duckduckgo https://duckduckgo.com/?q=%s
 #+LINK: "Nu Html Checker" https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=%h
 @end example
 
 The abbreviations containing spaces must be quoted.
 
 In-buffer completion (see @ref{Completion}) can be used after @samp{[} to
 complete link abbreviations.  You may also define a Lisp function that
 implements special (e.g., completion) support for inserting such a
 link with @kbd{C-c C-l}.  Such a function should not accept any
 arguments, and should return the full link with a prefix.  You can set
 the link completion function like this:
 
 @lisp
 (org-link-set-parameter "type" :complete #'some-completion-function)
 @end lisp
 
 @node Search Options
 @section Search Options in File Links
 
 @cindex search option in file links
 @cindex file links, searching
 @cindex attachment links, searching
 
 File links can contain additional information to make Emacs jump to a
 particular location in the file when following a link.  This can be a
 line number or a search option after a double colon@footnote{ For backward
 compatibility, line numbers can also follow a single colon.}.  For
 example, when the command @code{org-store-link} creates a link (see
 @ref{Handling Links}) to a file, it encodes the words in the current
 line as a search string that can be used to find this line back later
 when following the link with @kbd{C-c C-o}.
 
 Note that all search options apply for Attachment links in the same
 way that they apply for File links.
 
 Here is the syntax of the different ways to attach a search to a file
 link, together with explanations for each:
 
 @example
 [[file:~/code/main.c::255]]
 [[file:~/xx.org::My Target]]
 [[file:~/xx.org::*My Target]]
 [[file:~/xx.org::#my-custom-id]]
 [[file:~/xx.org::/regexp/]]
 [[attachment:main.c::255]]
 @end example
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{255}
 Jump to line 255.
 
 @item @samp{My Target}
 Search for a link target @samp{<<My Target>>}, or do a text search for
 @samp{my target}, similar to the search in internal links, see @ref{Internal Links}.  In HTML export (see @ref{HTML Export}), such a file link becomes
 a HTML reference to the corresponding named anchor in the linked
 file.
 
 @item @samp{*My Target}
 In an Org file, restrict search to headlines.
 
 @item @samp{#my-custom-id}
 Link to a heading with a @samp{CUSTOM_ID} property
 
 @item @samp{/REGEXP/}
 Do a regular expression search for @var{REGEXP} (see @ref{Regular Expressions}).  This uses the Emacs command @code{occur} to list all
 matches in a separate window.  If the target file is in Org mode,
 @code{org-occur} is used to create a sparse tree with the matches.
 @end table
 
 As a degenerate case, a file link with an empty file name can be used
 to search the current file.  For example, @samp{[[file:::find me]]} does
 a search for @samp{find me} in the current file, just as @samp{[[find me]]}
 would.
 
 @node Custom Searches
 @section Custom Searches
 
 @cindex custom search strings
 @cindex search strings, custom
 
 The default mechanism for creating search strings and for doing the
 actual search related to a file link may not work correctly in all
 cases.  For example, Bib@TeX{} database files have many entries like
 @code{year="1993"} which would not result in good search strings, because
 the only unique identification for a Bib@TeX{} entry is the citation key.
 
 @vindex org-create-file-search-functions
 @vindex org-execute-file-search-functions
 If you come across such a problem, you can write custom functions to
 set the right search string for a particular file type, and to do the
 search for the string in the file.  Using @code{add-hook}, these functions
 need to be added to the hook variables
 @code{org-create-file-search-functions} and
 @code{org-execute-file-search-functions}.  See the docstring for these
 variables for more information.  Org actually uses this mechanism for
 Bib@TeX{} database files, and you can use the corresponding code as an
 implementation example.  See the file @samp{ol-bibtex.el}.
 
 @node TODO Items
 @chapter TODO Items
 
 @cindex TODO items
 
 Org mode does not maintain TODO lists as separate documents@footnote{ Of
 course, you can make a document that contains only long lists of TODO
 items, but this is not required.}.  Instead, TODO items are an
 integral part of the notes file, because TODO items usually come up
 while taking notes!  With Org mode, simply mark any entry in a tree as
 being a TODO item.  In this way, information is not duplicated, and
 the entire context from which the TODO item emerged is always present.
 
 Of course, this technique for managing TODO items scatters them
 throughout your notes file.  Org mode compensates for this by
 providing methods to give you an overview of all the things that you
 have to do.
 
 @menu
 * TODO Basics::                  Marking and displaying TODO entries.
 * TODO Extensions::              Workflow and assignments.
 * Progress Logging::             Dates and notes for progress.
 * Priorities::                   Some things are more important than others.
 * Breaking Down Tasks::          Splitting a task into manageable pieces.
 * Checkboxes::                   Tick-off lists.
 @end menu
 
 @node TODO Basics
 @section Basic TODO Functionality
 
 Any headline becomes a TODO item when it starts with the word @samp{TODO},
 for example:
 
 @example
 *** TODO Write letter to Sam Fortune
 @end example
 
 
 The most important commands to work with TODO entries are:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-t} (@code{org-todo})
 @kindex C-c C-t
 @cindex cycling, of TODO states
 Rotate the TODO state of the current item among
 
 @example
 ,-> (unmarked) -> TODO -> DONE --.
 '--------------------------------'
 @end example
 
 If TODO keywords have fast access keys (see @ref{Fast access to TODO states}), prompt for a TODO keyword through the fast selection
 interface; this is the default behavior when
 @code{org-use-fast-todo-selection} is non-@code{nil}.
 
 The same state changing can also be done ``remotely'' from the agenda
 buffer with the @kbd{t} command key (see @ref{Agenda Commands}).
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}} @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}}
 @kindex S-RIGHT
 @kindex S-LEFT
 @vindex org-treat-S-cursor-todo-selection-as-state-change
 Select the following/preceding TODO state, similar to cycling.
 Useful mostly if more than two TODO states are possible (see
 @ref{TODO Extensions}).  See also @ref{Conflicts}, for a discussion of the interaction with
 shift-selection.  See also the variable
 @code{org-treat-S-cursor-todo-selection-as-state-change}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c / t} (@code{org-show-todo-tree})
 @kindex C-c / t
 @cindex sparse tree, for TODO
 @vindex org-todo-keywords
 @findex org-show-todo-tree
 View TODO items in a @emph{sparse tree} (see @ref{Sparse Trees}).  Folds the
 entire buffer, but shows all TODO items---with not-DONE state---and
 the headings hierarchy above them.  With a prefix argument, or by
 using @kbd{C-c / T}, search for a specific TODO@.  You are
 prompted for the keyword, and you can also give a list of keywords
 like @samp{KWD1|KWD2|...} to list entries that match any one of these
 keywords.  With a numeric prefix argument N, show the tree for the
 Nth keyword in the variable @code{org-todo-keywords}.  With two prefix
 arguments, find all TODO states, both un-done and done.
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-agenda t} (@code{org-todo-list})
 @kindex t @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 Show the global TODO list.  Collects the TODO items (with not-DONE
 states) from all agenda files (see @ref{Agenda Views}) into a single
 buffer.  The new buffer is in Org Agenda mode, which provides
 commands to examine and manipulate the TODO entries from the new
 buffer (see @ref{Agenda Commands}).  See @ref{Global TODO list}, for more information.
 
 @item @kbd{S-M-@key{RET}} (@code{org-insert-todo-heading})
 @kindex S-M-RET
 @findex org-insert-todo-heading
 Insert a new TODO entry below the current one.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-todo-state-tags-triggers
 Changing a TODO state can also trigger tag changes.  See the docstring
 of the option @code{org-todo-state-tags-triggers} for details.
 
 @node TODO Extensions
 @section Extended Use of TODO Keywords
 
 @cindex extended TODO keywords
 
 @vindex org-todo-keywords
 By default, marked TODO entries have one of only two states: TODO and
 DONE@.  Org mode allows you to classify TODO items in more complex ways
 with @emph{TODO keywords} (stored in @code{org-todo-keywords}).  With special
 setup, the TODO keyword system can work differently in different
 files.
 
 Note that @emph{tags} are another way to classify headlines in general and
 TODO items in particular (see @ref{Tags}).
 
 @menu
 * Workflow states::              From TODO to DONE in steps.
 * TODO types::                   I do this, Fred does the rest.
 * Multiple sets in one file::    Mixing it all, still finding your way.
 * Fast access to TODO states::   Single letter selection of state.
 * Per-file keywords::            Different files, different requirements.
 * Faces for TODO keywords::      Highlighting states.
 * TODO dependencies::            When one task needs to wait for others.
 @end menu
 
 @node Workflow states
 @subsection TODO keywords as workflow states
 
 @cindex TODO workflow
 @cindex workflow states as TODO keywords
 
 You can use TODO keywords to indicate different, possibly @emph{sequential}
 states in the process of working on an item, for example@footnote{ Changing
 the variable @code{org-todo-keywords} only becomes effective after
 restarting Org mode in a buffer.}:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-todo-keywords
       '((sequence "TODO" "FEEDBACK" "VERIFY" "|" "DONE" "DELEGATED")))
 @end lisp
 
 The vertical bar separates the TODO keywords (states that @emph{need
 action}) from the DONE states (which need @emph{no further action}).  If
 you do not provide the separator bar, the last state is used as the
 DONE state.
 
 @cindex completion, of TODO keywords
 With this setup, the command @kbd{C-c C-t} cycles an entry from
 @samp{TODO} to @samp{FEEDBACK}, then to @samp{VERIFY}, and finally to @samp{DONE} and
 @samp{DELEGATED}.  You may also use a numeric prefix argument to quickly
 select a specific state.  For example @kbd{C-3 C-c C-t} changes
 the state immediately to @samp{VERIFY}.  Or you can use @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}}
 and @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}} to go forward and backward through the states.
 If you define many keywords, you can use in-buffer completion (see
 @ref{Completion}) or a special one-key selection scheme (see @ref{Fast access to TODO states}) to insert these words into the buffer.
 Changing a TODO state can be logged with a timestamp, see @ref{Tracking TODO state changes}, for more information.
 
 @node TODO types
 @subsection TODO keywords as types
 
 @cindex TODO types
 @cindex names as TODO keywords
 @cindex types as TODO keywords
 
 The second possibility is to use TODO keywords to indicate different
 @emph{types} of action items.  For example, you might want to indicate that
 items are for ``work'' or ``home''.  Or, when you work with several people
 on a single project, you might want to assign action items directly to
 persons, by using their names as TODO keywords.  This type of
 functionality is actually much better served by using tags (see
 @ref{Tags}), so the TODO implementation is kept just for backward
 compatibility.
 
 Using TODO types, it would be set up like this:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-todo-keywords '((type "Fred" "Sara" "Lucy" "|" "DONE")))
 @end lisp
 
 In this case, different keywords do not indicate states, but rather
 different types.  So the normal work flow would be to assign a task to
 a person, and later to mark it DONE@.  Org mode supports this style by
 adapting the workings of the command @kbd{C-c C-t}@footnote{ This is
 also true for the @kbd{t} command in the agenda buffer.}.  When
 used several times in succession, it still cycles through all names,
 in order to first select the right type for a task.  But when you
 return to the item after some time and execute @kbd{C-c C-t}
 again, it will switch from any name directly to @samp{DONE}.  Use prefix
 arguments or completion to quickly select a specific name.  You can
 also review the items of a specific TODO type in a sparse tree by
 using a numeric prefix to @kbd{C-c / t}.  For example, to see all
 things Lucy has to do, you would use @kbd{C-3 C-c / t}.  To
 collect Lucy's items from all agenda files into a single buffer, you
 would use the numeric prefix argument as well when creating the global
 TODO list: @kbd{C-3 M-x org-agenda t}.
 
 @node Multiple sets in one file
 @subsection Multiple keyword sets in one file
 
 @cindex TODO keyword sets
 
 Sometimes you may want to use different sets of TODO keywords in
 parallel.  For example, you may want to have the basic TODO/DONE, but
 also a workflow for bug fixing, and a separate state indicating that
 an item has been canceled---so it is not DONE, but also does not
 require action.  Your setup would then look like this:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-todo-keywords
       '((sequence "TODO" "|" "DONE")
         (sequence "REPORT" "BUG" "KNOWNCAUSE" "|" "FIXED")
         (sequence "|" "CANCELED")))
 @end lisp
 
 The keywords should all be different, this helps Org mode keep track
 of which subsequence should be used for a given entry.  In this setup,
 @kbd{C-c C-t} only operates within a sub-sequence, so it switches
 from @samp{DONE} to (nothing) to @samp{TODO}, and from @samp{FIXED} to (nothing) to
 @samp{REPORT}.  Therefore you need a mechanism to initially select the
 correct sequence.  In addition to typing a keyword or using completion
 (see @ref{Completion}), you may also apply the following commands:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-u C-u C-c C-t}
 @itemx @kbd{C-S-@key{RIGHT}}
 @itemx @kbd{C-S-@key{LEFT}}
 @kindex C-S-RIGHT
 @kindex C-S-LEFT
 @kindex C-u C-u C-c C-t
 These keys jump from one TODO sub-sequence to the next.  In the
 above example, @kbd{C-u C-u C-c C-t} or @kbd{C-S-@key{RIGHT}}
 would jump from @samp{TODO} or @samp{DONE} to @samp{REPORT}, and any of the words
 in the second row to @samp{CANCELED}.  Note that the @kbd{C-S-} key
 binding conflict with shift-selection (see @ref{Conflicts}).
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}}
 @itemx @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}}
 @kindex S-RIGHT
 @kindex S-LEFT
 @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}} and @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}} walk through @emph{all} keywords
 from all sub-sequences, so for example @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}} would
 switch from @samp{DONE} to @samp{REPORT} in the example above.  For
 a discussion of the interaction with shift-selection, see @ref{Conflicts}.
 @end table
 
 @node Fast access to TODO states
 @subsection Fast access to TODO states
 
 If you would like to quickly change an entry to an arbitrary TODO
 state instead of cycling through the states, you can set up keys for
 single-letter access to the states.  This is done by adding the
 selection character after each keyword, in parentheses@footnote{ All
 characters are allowed except @samp{@@}, @samp{^} and @samp{!}, which have a special
 meaning here.}.  For example:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-todo-keywords
       '((sequence "TODO(t)" "|" "DONE(d)")
         (sequence "REPORT(r)" "BUG(b)" "KNOWNCAUSE(k)" "|" "FIXED(f)")
         (sequence "|" "CANCELED(c)")))
 @end lisp
 
 @vindex org-fast-tag-selection-include-todo
 If you then press @kbd{C-c C-t} followed by the selection key,
 the entry is switched to this state.  @kbd{@key{SPC}} can be used to
 remove any TODO keyword from an entry@footnote{Check also the variable @code{org-fast-tag-selection-include-todo},
 it allows you to change the TODO state through the tags interface (see
 @ref{Setting Tags}), in case you like to mingle the two concepts.  Note
 that this means you need to come up with unique keys across both sets
 of keywords.}.
 
 @node Per-file keywords
 @subsection Setting up keywords for individual files
 
 @cindex keyword options
 @cindex per-file keywords
 @cindex @samp{TODO}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{TYP_TODO}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{SEQ_TODO}, keyword
 
 It can be very useful to use different aspects of the TODO mechanism
 in different files.  For file-local settings, you need to add special
 lines to the file which set the keywords and interpretation for that
 file only.  For example, to set one of the two examples discussed
 above, you need one of the following lines, starting in column zero
 anywhere in the file:
 
 @example
 #+TODO: TODO FEEDBACK VERIFY | DONE CANCELED
 @end example
 
 
 You may also write @samp{#+SEQ_TODO} to be explicit about the
 interpretation, but it means the same as @samp{#+TODO}, or
 
 @example
 #+TYP_TODO: Fred Sara Lucy Mike | DONE
 @end example
 
 
 A setup for using several sets in parallel would be:
 
 @example
 #+TODO: TODO(t) | DONE(d)
 #+TODO: REPORT(r) BUG(b) KNOWNCAUSE(k) | FIXED(f)
 #+TODO: | CANCELED(c)
 @end example
 
 @cindex completion, of option keywords
 @kindex M-TAB
 To make sure you are using the correct keyword, type @samp{#+} into the
 buffer and then use @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} to complete it (see @ref{Completion}).
 
 @cindex DONE, final TODO keyword
 Remember that the keywords after the vertical bar---or the last
 keyword if no bar is there---must always mean that the item is DONE,
 although you may use a different word.  After changing one of these
 lines, use @kbd{C-c C-c} with point still in the line to make the
 changes known to Org mode@footnote{ Org mode parses these lines only when
 Org mode is activated after visiting a file. @kbd{C-c C-c} with
 point in a line starting with @samp{#+} is simply restarting Org mode for
 the current buffer.}.
 
 @node Faces for TODO keywords
 @subsection Faces for TODO keywords
 
 @cindex faces, for TODO keywords
 
 @vindex org-todo, face
 @vindex org-done, face
 @vindex org-todo-keyword-faces
 Org mode highlights TODO keywords with special faces: @code{org-todo} for
 keywords indicating that an item still has to be acted upon, and
 @code{org-done} for keywords indicating that an item is finished.  If you
 are using more than two different states, you might want to use
 special faces for some of them.  This can be done using the variable
 @code{org-todo-keyword-faces}.  For example:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-todo-keyword-faces
       '(("TODO" . org-warning) ("STARTED" . "yellow")
         ("CANCELED" . (:foreground "blue" :weight bold))))
 @end lisp
 
 @vindex org-faces-easy-properties
 While using a list with face properties as shown for @samp{CANCELED}
 @emph{should} work, this does not always seem to be the case.  If
 necessary, define a special face and use that.  A string is
 interpreted as a color.  The variable @code{org-faces-easy-properties}
 determines if that color is interpreted as a foreground or
 a background color.
 
 @node TODO dependencies
 @subsection TODO dependencies
 
 @cindex TODO dependencies
 @cindex dependencies, of TODO states
 
 @vindex org-enforce-todo-dependencies
 @cindex @samp{ORDERED}, property
 The structure of Org files---hierarchy and lists---makes it easy to
 define TODO dependencies.  Usually, a parent TODO task should not be
 marked as done until all TODO subtasks, or children tasks, are marked
 as done.  Sometimes there is a logical sequence to (sub)tasks, so that
 one subtask cannot be acted upon before all siblings above it have
 been marked as done.  If you customize the variable
 @code{org-enforce-todo-dependencies}, Org blocks entries from changing
 state to DONE while they have TODO children that are not DONE@.
 Furthermore, if an entry has a property @samp{ORDERED}, each of its TODO
 children is blocked until all earlier siblings are marked as done.
 Here is an example:
 
 @example
 * TODO Blocked until (two) is done
 ** DONE one
 ** TODO two
 
 * Parent
 :PROPERTIES:
 :ORDERED:  t
 :END:
 ** TODO a
 ** TODO b, needs to wait for (a)
 ** TODO c, needs to wait for (a) and (b)
 @end example
 
 @cindex TODO dependencies, @samp{NOBLOCKING}
 @cindex @samp{NOBLOCKING}, property
 You can ensure an entry is never blocked by using the @samp{NOBLOCKING}
 property (see @ref{Properties and Columns}):
 
 @example
 * This entry is never blocked
 :PROPERTIES:
 :NOBLOCKING: t
 :END:
 @end example
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x o} (@code{org-toggle-ordered-property})
 @kindex C-c C-x o
 @findex org-toggle-ordered-property
 @vindex org-track-ordered-property-with-tag
 Toggle the @samp{ORDERED} property of the current entry.  A property is
 used for this behavior because this should be local to the current
 entry, not inherited from entries above like a tag (see @ref{Tags}).
 However, if you would like to @emph{track} the value of this property
 with a tag for better visibility, customize the variable
 @code{org-track-ordered-property-with-tag}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-u C-u C-c C-t}
 @kindex C-u C-u C-u C-u C-c C-t
 Change TODO state, regardless of any state blocking.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks
 If you set the variable @code{org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks}, TODO entries
 that cannot be marked as done because of unmarked children are shown
 in a dimmed font or even made invisible in agenda views (see @ref{Agenda Views}).
 
 @cindex checkboxes and TODO dependencies
 @vindex org-enforce-todo-dependencies
 You can also block changes of TODO states by using checkboxes (see
 @ref{Checkboxes}).  If you set the variable
 @code{org-enforce-todo-checkbox-dependencies}, an entry that has unchecked
 checkboxes is blocked from switching to DONE@.
 
 If you need more complex dependency structures, for example
 dependencies between entries in different trees or files, check out
 the module @samp{org-depend.el} in the @samp{org-contrib} repository.
 
 @node Progress Logging
 @section Progress Logging
 
 @cindex progress logging
 @cindex logging, of progress
 
 To record a timestamp and a note when changing a TODO state, call the
 command @code{org-todo} with a prefix argument.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-u C-c C-t} (@code{org-todo})
 @kindex C-u C-c C-t
 Prompt for a note and record a the time of the TODO state change.
 The note is inserted as a list item below the headline, but can also
 be placed into a drawer, see @ref{Tracking TODO state changes}.
 @end table
 
 If you want to be more systematic, Org mode can automatically record a
 timestamp and optionally a note when you mark a TODO item as DONE, or
 even each time you change the state of a TODO item.  This system is
 highly configurable, settings can be on a per-keyword basis and can be
 localized to a file or even a subtree.  For information on how to
 clock working time for a task, see @ref{Clocking Work Time}.
 
 @menu
 * Closing items::                When was this entry marked as done?
 * Tracking TODO state changes::  When did the status change?
 * Tracking your habits::         How consistent have you been?
 @end menu
 
 @node Closing items
 @subsection Closing items
 
 The most basic automatic logging is to keep track of @emph{when} a certain
 TODO item was marked as done.  This can be achieved with@footnote{ The
 corresponding in-buffer setting is: @samp{#+STARTUP: logdone}.}
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-log-done 'time)
 @end lisp
 
 @vindex org-closed-keep-when-no-todo
 @noindent
 Then each time you turn an entry from a TODO (not-done) state into any
 of the DONE states, a line @samp{CLOSED: [timestamp]} is inserted just
 after the headline.  If you turn the entry back into a TODO item
 through further state cycling, that line is removed again.  If you
 turn the entry back to a non-TODO state (by pressing @kbd{C-c C-t @key{SPC}} for example), that line is also removed, unless you set
 @code{org-closed-keep-when-no-todo} to non-@code{nil}.  If you want to record a
 note along with the timestamp, use@footnote{ The corresponding in-buffer
 setting is: @samp{#+STARTUP: lognotedone}.}
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-log-done 'note)
 @end lisp
 
 @noindent
 You are then prompted for a note, and that note is stored below the
 entry with a @samp{Closing Note} heading.
 
 @node Tracking TODO state changes
 @subsection Tracking TODO state changes
 
 @cindex drawer, for state change recording
 
 @vindex org-log-states-order-reversed
 @vindex org-log-into-drawer
 @cindex @samp{LOG_INTO_DRAWER}, property
 You might want to automatically keep track of when a state change
 occurred and maybe take a note about this change.  You can either
 record just a timestamp, or a time-stamped note.  These records are
 inserted after the headline as an itemized list, newest first@footnote{ See
 the variable @code{org-log-states-order-reversed}.}.  When taking a lot of
 notes, you might want to get the notes out of the way into a drawer
 (see @ref{Drawers}).  Customize the variable @code{org-log-into-drawer} to
 get this behavior---the recommended drawer for this is called
 @samp{LOGBOOK}@footnote{ Note that the @samp{LOGBOOK} drawer is unfolded when
 pressing @kbd{@key{SPC}} in the agenda to show an entry---use
 @kbd{C-u @key{SPC}} to keep it folded here.}.  You can also overrule
 the setting of this variable for a subtree by setting a
 @samp{LOG_INTO_DRAWER} property.
 
 Since it is normally too much to record a note for every state, Org
 mode expects configuration on a per-keyword basis for this.  This is
 achieved by adding special markers @samp{!} (for a timestamp) or @samp{@@} (for
 a note with timestamp) in parentheses after each keyword.  For
 example, with the setting
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-todo-keywords
       '((sequence "TODO(t)" "WAIT(w@@/!)" "|" "DONE(d!)" "CANCELED(c@@)")))
 @end lisp
 
 @vindex org-log-done
 You not only define global TODO keywords and fast access keys, but
 also request that a time is recorded when the entry is set to @samp{DONE},
 and that a note is recorded when switching to @samp{WAIT} or
 @samp{CANCELED}@footnote{It is possible that Org mode records two timestamps when you
 are using both @code{org-log-done} and state change logging.  However, it
 never prompts for two notes: if you have configured both, the state
 change recording note takes precedence and cancel the closing note.}.  The setting for @samp{WAIT} is even more special: the
 @samp{!} after the slash means that in addition to the note taken when
 entering the state, a timestamp should be recorded when @emph{leaving} the
 @samp{WAIT} state, if and only if the @emph{target} state does not configure
 logging for entering it.  So it has no effect when switching from
 @samp{WAIT} to @samp{DONE}, because @samp{DONE} is configured to record a timestamp
 only.  But when switching from @samp{WAIT} back to @samp{TODO}, the @samp{/!} in the
 @samp{WAIT} setting now triggers a timestamp even though @samp{TODO} has no
 logging configured.
 
 You can use the exact same syntax for setting logging preferences local
 to a buffer:
 
 @example
 #+TODO: TODO(t) WAIT(w@@/!) | DONE(d!) CANCELED(c@@)
 @end example
 
 
 To record a timestamp without a note for TODO keywords configured with
 @samp{@@}, just type @kbd{C-c C-c} to enter a blank note when prompted.
 
 @cindex @samp{LOGGING}, property
 In order to define logging settings that are local to a subtree or
 a single item, define a @samp{LOGGING} property in this entry.  Any
 non-empty @samp{LOGGING} property resets all logging settings to @code{nil}.
 You may then turn on logging for this specific tree using @samp{STARTUP}
 keywords like @samp{lognotedone} or @samp{logrepeat}, as well as adding state
 specific settings like @samp{TODO(!)}.  For example:
 
 @example
 * TODO Log each state with only a time
   :PROPERTIES:
   :LOGGING: TODO(!) WAIT(!) DONE(!) CANCELED(!)
   :END:
 * TODO Only log when switching to WAIT, and when repeating
   :PROPERTIES:
   :LOGGING: WAIT(@@) logrepeat
   :END:
 * TODO No logging at all
   :PROPERTIES:
   :LOGGING: nil
   :END:
 @end example
 
 @node Tracking your habits
 @subsection Tracking your habits
 
 @cindex habits
 @cindex @samp{STYLE}, property
 
 Org has the ability to track the consistency of a special category of
 TODO, called ``habits.''  To use habits, you have to enable the @code{habit}
 module by customizing the variable @code{org-modules}.
 
 A habit has the following properties:
 
 @enumerate
 @item
 The habit is a TODO item, with a TODO keyword representing an open
 state.
 
 @item
 The property @samp{STYLE} is set to the value @samp{habit} (see @ref{Properties and Columns}).
 
 @item
 The TODO has a scheduled date, usually with a @samp{.+} style repeat
 interval.  A @samp{++} style may be appropriate for habits with time
 constraints, e.g., must be done on weekends, or a @samp{+} style for an
 unusual habit that can have a backlog, e.g., weekly reports.
 
 @item
 The TODO may also have minimum and maximum ranges specified by
 using the syntax @samp{.+2d/3d}, which says that you want to do the task
 at least every three days, but at most every two days.
 
 @item
 State logging for the DONE state is enabled (see @ref{Tracking TODO state changes}), in order for historical data to be represented in
 the consistency graph.  If it is not enabled it is not an error,
 but the consistency graphs are largely meaningless.
 @end enumerate
 
 To give you an idea of what the above rules look like in action, here's an
 actual habit with some history:
 
 @example
 ** TODO Shave
    SCHEDULED: <2009-10-17 Sat .+2d/4d>
    :PROPERTIES:
    :STYLE:    habit
    :LAST_REPEAT: [2009-10-19 Mon 00:36]
    :END:
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-15 Thu]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-12 Mon]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-10 Sat]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-04 Sun]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-02 Fri]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-29 Tue]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-25 Fri]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-19 Sat]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-16 Wed]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-12 Sat]
 @end example
 
 What this habit says is: I want to shave at most every 2 days---given
 by the @samp{SCHEDULED} date and repeat interval---and at least every
 4 days.  If today is the 15th, then the habit first appears in the
 agenda (see @ref{Agenda Views}) on Oct 17, after the minimum of 2 days has
 elapsed, and will appear overdue on Oct 19, after four days have
 elapsed.
 
 What's really useful about habits is that they are displayed along
 with a consistency graph, to show how consistent you've been at
 getting that task done in the past.  This graph shows every day that
 the task was done over the past three weeks, with colors for each day.
 The colors used are:
 
 @table @asis
 @item Blue
 If the task was not to be done yet on that day.
 @item Green
 If the task could have been done on that day.
 @item Yellow
 If the task was going to be overdue the next day.
 @item Red
 If the task was overdue on that day.
 @end table
 
 In addition to coloring each day, the day is also marked with an
 asterisk if the task was actually done that day, and an exclamation
 mark to show where the current day falls in the graph.
 
 There are several configuration variables that can be used to change
 the way habits are displayed in the agenda.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{org-habit-graph-column}
 @vindex org-habit-graph-column
 The buffer column at which the consistency graph should be drawn.
 This overwrites any text in that column, so it is a good idea to
 keep your habits' titles brief and to the point.
 
 @item @code{org-habit-preceding-days}
 @vindex org-habit-preceding-days
 The amount of history, in days before today, to appear in
 consistency graphs.
 
 @item @code{org-habit-following-days}
 @vindex org-habit-following-days
 The number of days after today that appear in consistency graphs.
 
 @item @code{org-habit-show-habits-only-for-today}
 @vindex org-habit-show-habits-only-for-today
 If non-@code{nil}, only show habits in today's agenda view.  The default
 value is @code{t}.  Pressing @kbd{C-u K} in the agenda toggles this
 variable.
 @end table
 
 Lastly, pressing @kbd{K} in the agenda buffer causes habits to
 temporarily be disabled and do not appear at all.  Press @kbd{K}
 again to bring them back.  They are also subject to tag filtering, if
 you have habits which should only be done in certain contexts, for
 example.
 
 @node Priorities
 @section Priorities
 
 @cindex priorities
 @cindex priority cookie
 
 If you use Org mode extensively, you may end up with enough TODO items
 that it starts to make sense to prioritize them.  Prioritizing can be
 done by placing a @emph{priority cookie} into the headline of a TODO item
 right after the TODO keyword, like this:
 
 @example
 *** TODO [#A] Write letter to Sam Fortune
 @end example
 
 
 @vindex org-priority-faces
 By default, Org mode supports three priorities: @samp{A}, @samp{B}, and @samp{C}.
 @samp{A} is the highest priority.  An entry without a cookie is treated as
 equivalent if it had priority @samp{B}.  Priorities make a difference only
 for sorting in the agenda (see @ref{Weekly/daily agenda}).  Outside the
 agenda, they have no inherent meaning to Org mode.  The cookies are
 displayed with the face defined by the variable @code{org-priority-faces},
 which can be customized.
 
 You can also use numeric values for priorities, such as
 
 @example
 *** TODO [#1] Write letter to Sam Fortune
 @end example
 
 
 When using numeric priorities, you need to set @code{org-priority-highest},
 @code{org-priority-lowest} and @code{org-priority-default} to integers, which
 must all be strictly inferior to 65.
 
 Priorities can be attached to any outline node; they do not need to be
 TODO items.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c ,} (@code{org-priority})
 @kindex C-c ,
 @findex org-priority
 Set the priority of the current headline.  The command prompts for
 a priority character @samp{A}, @samp{B} or @samp{C}.  When you press @kbd{@key{SPC}}
 instead, the priority cookie, if one is set, is removed from the
 headline.  The priorities can also be changed ``remotely'' from the
 agenda buffer with the @kbd{,} command (see @ref{Agenda Commands}).
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{UP}} (@code{org-priority-up})
 @itemx @kbd{S-@key{DOWN}} (@code{org-priority-down})
 @kindex S-UP
 @kindex S-DOWN
 @findex org-priority-up
 @findex org-priority-down
 @vindex org-priority-start-cycle-with-default
 Increase/decrease the priority of the current headline@footnote{ See also
 the option @code{org-priority-start-cycle-with-default}.}.  Note that
 these keys are also used to modify timestamps (see @ref{Creating Timestamps}).  See also @ref{Conflicts},
 for a discussion of the interaction with shift-selection.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-priority-highest
 @vindex org-priority-lowest
 @vindex org-priority-default
 You can change the range of allowed priorities by setting the
 variables @code{org-priority-highest}, @code{org-priority-lowest}, and
 @code{org-priority-default}.  For an individual buffer, you may set these
 values (highest, lowest, default) like this (please make sure that the
 highest priority is earlier in the alphabet than the lowest priority):
 
 @cindex @samp{PRIORITIES}, keyword
 @example
 #+PRIORITIES: A C B
 @end example
 
 
 Or, using numeric values:
 
 @example
 #+PRIORITIES: 1 10 5
 @end example
 
 @node Breaking Down Tasks
 @section Breaking Down Tasks into Subtasks
 
 @cindex tasks, breaking down
 @cindex statistics, for TODO items
 
 @vindex org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels
 It is often advisable to break down large tasks into smaller,
 manageable subtasks.  You can do this by creating an outline tree
 below a TODO item, with detailed subtasks on the tree@footnote{ To keep
 subtasks out of the global TODO list, see the option
 @code{org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels}.}.  To keep an overview of the
 fraction of subtasks that have already been marked as done, insert
 either @samp{[/]} or @samp{[%]} anywhere in the headline.  These cookies are
 updated each time the TODO status of a child changes, or when pressing
 @kbd{C-c C-c} on the cookie.  For example:
 
 @example
 * Organize Party [33%]
 ** TODO Call people [1/2]
 *** TODO Peter
 *** DONE Sarah
 ** TODO Buy food
 ** DONE Talk to neighbor
 @end example
 
 @cindex @samp{COOKIE_DATA}, property
 If a heading has both checkboxes and TODO children below it, the
 meaning of the statistics cookie become ambiguous.  Set the property
 @samp{COOKIE_DATA} to either @samp{checkbox} or @samp{todo} to resolve this issue.
 
 @vindex org-hierarchical-todo-statistics
 If you would like to have the statistics cookie count any TODO entries
 in the subtree (not just direct children), configure the variable
 @code{org-hierarchical-todo-statistics}.  To do this for a single subtree,
 include the word @samp{recursive} into the value of the @samp{COOKIE_DATA}
 property.
 
 @example
 * Parent capturing statistics [2/20]
   :PROPERTIES:
   :COOKIE_DATA: todo recursive
   :END:
 @end example
 
 If you would like a TODO entry to automatically change to DONE when
 all children are done, you can use the following setup:
 
 @lisp
 (defun org-summary-todo (n-done n-not-done)
   "Switch entry to DONE when all subentries are done, to TODO otherwise."
   (let (org-log-done org-log-states)   ; turn off logging
     (org-todo (if (= n-not-done 0) "DONE" "TODO"))))
 
 (add-hook 'org-after-todo-statistics-hook #'org-summary-todo)
 @end lisp
 
 Another possibility is the use of checkboxes to identify (a hierarchy
 of) a large number of subtasks (see @ref{Checkboxes}).
 
 @node Checkboxes
 @section Checkboxes
 
 @cindex checkboxes
 
 @vindex org-list-automatic-rules
 Every item in a plain list@footnote{With the exception of description lists.  But you can allow it
 by modifying @code{org-list-automatic-rules} accordingly.} (see @ref{Plain Lists}) can be made into
 a checkbox by starting it with the string @samp{[ ]}.  This feature is
 similar to TODO items (see @ref{TODO Items}), but is more lightweight.
 Checkboxes are not included into the global TODO list, so they are
 often great to split a task into a number of simple steps.  Or you can
 use them in a shopping list.
 
 Here is an example of a checkbox list.
 
 @example
 * TODO Organize party [2/4]
   - [-] call people [1/3]
     - [ ] Peter
     - [X] Sarah
     - [ ] Sam
   - [X] order food
   - [ ] think about what music to play
   - [X] talk to the neighbors
 @end example
 
 Checkboxes work hierarchically, so if a checkbox item has children
 that are checkboxes, toggling one of the children checkboxes makes the
 parent checkbox reflect if none, some, or all of the children are
 checked.
 
 @cindex statistics, for checkboxes
 @cindex checkbox statistics
 @cindex @samp{COOKIE_DATA}, property
 @vindex org-hierarchical-checkbox-statistics
 The @samp{[2/4]} and @samp{[1/3]} in the first and second line are cookies
 indicating how many checkboxes present in this entry have been checked
 off, and the total number of checkboxes present.  This can give you an
 idea on how many checkboxes remain, even without opening a folded
 entry.  The cookies can be placed into a headline or into (the first
 line of) a plain list item.  Each cookie covers checkboxes of direct
 children structurally below the headline/item on which the cookie
 appears@footnote{ Set the variable @code{org-hierarchical-checkbox-statistics}
 if you want such cookies to count all checkboxes below the cookie, not
 just those belonging to direct children.}.  You have to insert the
 cookie yourself by typing either @samp{[/]} or @samp{[%]}.  With @samp{[/]} you get
 an @samp{n out of m} result, as in the examples above.  With @samp{[%]} you get
 information about the percentage of checkboxes checked (in the above
 example, this would be @samp{[50%]} and @samp{[33%]}, respectively).  In a
 headline, a cookie can count either checkboxes below the heading or
 TODO states of children, and it displays whatever was changed last.
 Set the property @samp{COOKIE_DATA} to either @samp{checkbox} or @samp{todo} to
 resolve this issue.
 
 @cindex blocking, of checkboxes
 @cindex checkbox blocking
 @cindex @samp{ORDERED}, property
 If the current outline node has an @samp{ORDERED} property, checkboxes must
 be checked off in sequence, and an error is thrown if you try to check
 off a box while there are unchecked boxes above it.
 
 The following commands work with checkboxes:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c} (@code{org-toggle-checkbox})
 @kindex C-c C-c
 @findex org-toggle-checkbox
 Toggle checkbox status or---with prefix argument---checkbox presence
 at point.  With a single prefix argument, add an empty checkbox or
 remove the current one@footnote{ @kbd{C-u C-c C-c} on the @emph{first}
 item of a list with no checkbox adds checkboxes to the rest of the
 list.}.  With a double prefix argument, set it to @samp{[-]}, which is
 considered to be an intermediate state.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-b} (@code{org-toggle-checkbox})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-b
 Toggle checkbox status or---with prefix argument---checkbox presence
 at point.  With double prefix argument, set it to @samp{[-]}, which is
 considered to be an intermediate state.
 
 @itemize
 @item
 If there is an active region, toggle the first checkbox in the
 region and set all remaining boxes to the same status as the
 first.  With a prefix argument, add or remove the checkbox for all
 items in the region.
 
 @item
 If point is in a headline, toggle checkboxes in the region between
 this headline and the next---so @emph{not} the entire subtree.
 
 @item
 If there is no active region, just toggle the checkbox at point.
 @end itemize
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-r} (@code{org-toggle-radio-button})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-r
 @findex org-toggle-radio-button
 @cindex radio button, checkbox as
 Toggle checkbox status by using the checkbox of the item at point as
 a radio button: when the checkbox is turned on, all other checkboxes
 on the same level will be turned off.  With a universal prefix
 argument, toggle the presence of the checkbox.  With a double prefix
 argument, set it to @samp{[-]}.
 
 @findex org-list-checkbox-radio-mode
 @kbd{C-c C-c} can be told to consider checkboxes as radio buttons by
 setting @samp{#+ATTR_ORG: :radio t} right before the list or by calling
 @kbd{M-x org-list-checkbox-radio-mode} to activate this minor mode.
 
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{RET}} (@code{org-insert-todo-heading})
 @kindex M-S-RET
 @findex org-insert-todo-heading
 Insert a new item with a checkbox.  This works only if point is
 already in a plain list item (see @ref{Plain Lists}).
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x o} (@code{org-toggle-ordered-property})
 @kindex C-c C-x o
 @findex org-toggle-ordered-property
 @vindex org-track-ordered-property-with-tag
 Toggle the @samp{ORDERED} property of the entry, to toggle if checkboxes
 must be checked off in sequence.  A property is used for this
 behavior because this should be local to the current entry, not
 inherited like a tag.  However, if you would like to @emph{track} the
 value of this property with a tag for better visibility, customize
 @code{org-track-ordered-property-with-tag}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c #} (@code{org-update-statistics-cookies})
 @kindex C-c #
 @findex org-update-statistics-cookies
 Update the statistics cookie in the current outline entry.  When
 called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix, update the entire file.
 Checkbox statistic cookies are updated automatically if you toggle
 checkboxes with @kbd{C-c C-c} and make new ones with
 @kbd{M-S-@key{RET}}.  TODO statistics cookies update when changing
 TODO states.  If you delete boxes/entries or add/change them by
 hand, use this command to get things back into sync.
 @end table
 
 @node Tags
 @chapter Tags
 
 @cindex tags
 @cindex headline tagging
 @cindex matching, tags
 @cindex sparse tree, tag based
 
 An excellent way to implement labels and contexts for
 cross-correlating information is to assign @emph{tags} to headlines.  Org
 mode has extensive support for tags.
 
 @vindex org-tag-faces
 Every headline can contain a list of tags; they occur at the end of
 the headline.  Tags are normal words containing letters, numbers, @samp{_},
 and @samp{@@}.  Tags must be preceded and followed by a single colon, e.g.,
 @samp{:work:}.  Several tags can be specified, as in @samp{:work:urgent:}.  Tags
 by default are in bold face with the same color as the headline.  You
 may specify special faces for specific tags using the variable
 @code{org-tag-faces}, in much the same way as you can for TODO keywords
 (see @ref{Faces for TODO keywords}).
 
 @menu
 * Tag Inheritance::              Tags use the tree structure of an outline.
 * Setting Tags::                 How to assign tags to a headline.
 * Tag Hierarchy::                Create a hierarchy of tags.
 * Tag Searches::                 Searching for combinations of tags.
 @end menu
 
 @node Tag Inheritance
 @section Tag Inheritance
 
 @cindex tag inheritance
 @cindex inheritance, of tags
 @cindex sublevels, inclusion into tags match
 
 @emph{Tags} make use of the hierarchical structure of outline trees.  If
 a heading has a certain tag, all subheadings inherit the tag as well.
 For example, in the list
 
 @example
 * Meeting with the French group      :work:
 ** Summary by Frank                  :boss:notes:
 *** TODO Prepare slides for him      :action:
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 the final heading has the tags @samp{work}, @samp{boss}, @samp{notes}, and @samp{action}
 even though the final heading is not explicitly marked with those
 tags.  You can also set tags that all entries in a file should inherit
 just as if these tags were defined in a hypothetical level zero that
 surrounds the entire file.  Use a line like this@footnote{ As with all
 these in-buffer settings, pressing @kbd{C-c C-c} activates any
 changes in the line.}
 
 @cindex @samp{FILETAGS}, keyword
 @example
 #+FILETAGS: :Peter:Boss:Secret:
 @end example
 
 
 @vindex org-use-tag-inheritance
 @vindex org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance
 To limit tag inheritance to specific tags, or to turn it off entirely,
 use the variables @code{org-use-tag-inheritance} and
 @code{org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance}.
 
 @vindex org-tags-match-list-sublevels
 When a headline matches during a tags search while tag inheritance is
 turned on, all the sublevels in the same tree---for a simple match
 form---match as well@footnote{ This is only true if the search does not
 involve more complex tests including properties (see @ref{Property Searches}).}.  The list of matches may then become very long.  If you
 only want to see the first tags match in a subtree, configure the
 variable @code{org-tags-match-list-sublevels} (not recommended).
 
 @vindex org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance
 Tag inheritance is relevant when the agenda search tries to match
 a tag, either in the @code{tags} or @code{tags-todo} agenda types.  In other
 agenda types, @code{org-use-tag-inheritance} has no effect.  Still, you may
 want to have your tags correctly set in the agenda, so that tag
 filtering works fine, with inherited tags.  Set
 @code{org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance} to control this: the default value
 includes all agenda types, but setting this to @code{nil} can really speed
 up agenda generation.
 
 @node Setting Tags
 @section Setting Tags
 
 @cindex setting tags
 @cindex tags, setting
 
 @kindex M-TAB
 Tags can simply be typed into the buffer at the end of a headline.
 After a colon, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} offers completion on tags.  There is
 also a special command for inserting tags:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-q} (@code{org-set-tags-command})
 @kindex C-c C-q
 @findex org-set-tags-command
 @cindex completion, of tags
 @vindex org-tags-column
 Enter new tags for the current headline.  Org mode either offers
 completion or a special single-key interface for setting tags, see
 below.  After pressing @kbd{@key{RET}}, the tags are inserted and
 aligned to @code{org-tags-column}.  When called with a @kbd{C-u}
 prefix, all tags in the current buffer are aligned to that column,
 just to make things look nice.  Tags are automatically realigned
 after promotion, demotion, and TODO state changes (see @ref{TODO Basics}).
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c} (@code{org-set-tags-command})
 @kindex C-c C-c
 When point is in a headline, this does the same as @kbd{C-c C-q}.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-complete-tags-always-offer-all-agenda-tags
 @vindex org-tag-alist
 @cindex @samp{TAGS}, keyword
 Org supports tag insertion based on a @emph{list of tags}.  By default this
 list is constructed dynamically, containing all tags currently used in
 the buffer@footnote{ To extend this default list to all tags used in all
 agenda files (see @ref{Agenda Views}), customize the variable
 @code{org-complete-tags-always-offer-all-agenda-tags}.}.  You may also
 globally specify a hard list of tags with the variable
 @code{org-tag-alist}.  Finally you can set the default tags for a given
 file using the @samp{TAGS} keyword, like
 
 @example
 #+TAGS: @@work @@home @@tennisclub
 #+TAGS: laptop car pc sailboat
 @end example
 
 If you have globally defined your preferred set of tags using the
 variable @code{org-tag-alist}, but would like to use a dynamic tag list in
 a specific file, add an empty @samp{TAGS} keyword to that file:
 
 @example
 #+TAGS:
 @end example
 
 
 @vindex org-tag-persistent-alist
 If you have a preferred set of tags that you would like to use in
 every file, in addition to those defined on a per-file basis by @samp{TAGS}
 keyword, then you may specify a list of tags with the variable
 @code{org-tag-persistent-alist}.  You may turn this off on a per-file basis
 by adding a @samp{STARTUP} keyword to that file:
 
 @example
 #+STARTUP: noptag
 @end example
 
 
 By default Org mode uses the standard minibuffer completion facilities
 for entering tags.  However, it also implements another, quicker, tag
 selection method called @emph{fast tag selection}.  This allows you to
 select and deselect tags with just a single key press.  For this to
 work well you should assign unique letters to most of your commonly
 used tags.  You can do this globally by configuring the variable
 @code{org-tag-alist} in your Emacs init file.  For example, you may find
 the need to tag many items in different files with @samp{@@home}.  In this
 case you can set something like:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-tag-alist '(("@@work" . ?w) ("@@home" . ?h) ("laptop" . ?l)))
 @end lisp
 
 If the tag is only relevant to the file you are working on, then you
 can instead set the @samp{TAGS} keyword as:
 
 @example
 #+TAGS: @@work(w)  @@home(h)  @@tennisclub(t)  laptop(l)  pc(p)
 @end example
 
 
 The tags interface shows the available tags in a splash window.  If
 you want to start a new line after a specific tag, insert @samp{\n} into
 the tag list
 
 @example
 #+TAGS: @@work(w) @@home(h) @@tennisclub(t) \n laptop(l) pc(p)
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 or write them in two lines:
 
 @example
 #+TAGS: @@work(w)  @@home(h)  @@tennisclub(t)
 #+TAGS: laptop(l)  pc(p)
 @end example
 
 You can also group together tags that are mutually exclusive by using
 braces, as in:
 
 @example
 #+TAGS: @{ @@work(w)  @@home(h)  @@tennisclub(t) @}  laptop(l)  pc(p)
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 you indicate that at most one of @samp{@@work}, @samp{@@home}, and @samp{@@tennisclub}
 should be selected.  Multiple such groups are allowed.
 
 Do not forget to press @kbd{C-c C-c} with point in one of these
 lines to activate any changes.
 
 To set these mutually exclusive groups in the variable
 @code{org-tags-alist}, you must use the dummy tags @code{:startgroup} and
 @code{:endgroup} instead of the braces.  Similarly, you can use @code{:newline}
 to indicate a line break.  The previous example would be set globally
 by the following configuration:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-tag-alist '((:startgroup . nil)
                       ("@@work" . ?w) ("@@home" . ?h)
                       ("@@tennisclub" . ?t)
                       (:endgroup . nil)
                       ("laptop" . ?l) ("pc" . ?p)))
 @end lisp
 
 If at least one tag has a selection key then pressing @kbd{C-c C-c} automatically presents you with a special interface, listing
 inherited tags, the tags of the current headline, and a list of all
 valid tags with corresponding keys@footnote{ Keys are automatically
 assigned to tags that have no configured keys.}.
 
 Pressing keys assigned to tags adds or removes them from the list of
 tags in the current line.  Selecting a tag in a group of mutually
 exclusive tags turns off any other tag from that group.
 
 In this interface, you can also use the following special keys:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{@key{TAB}}
 @kindex TAB
 Enter a tag in the minibuffer, even if the tag is not in the
 predefined list.  You can complete on all tags present in the buffer
 and globally pre-defined tags from @code{org-tag-alist} and
 @code{org-tag-persistent-alist}.  You can also add several tags: just
 separate them with a comma.
 
 @item @kbd{@key{SPC}}
 @kindex SPC
 Clear all tags for this line.
 
 @item @kbd{@key{RET}}
 @kindex RET
 Accept the modified set.
 
 @item @kbd{C-g}
 @kindex C-g
 Abort without installing changes.
 
 @item @kbd{q}
 @kindex q
 If @kbd{q} is not assigned to a tag, it aborts like
 @kbd{C-g}.
 
 @item @kbd{!}
 @kindex !
 Turn off groups of mutually exclusive tags.  Use this to (as an
 exception) assign several tags from such a group.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c}
 @kindex C-c C-c
 Toggle auto-exit after the next change (see below).  If you are
 using expert mode, the first @kbd{C-c} displays the selection
 window.
 @end table
 
 This method lets you assign tags to a headline with very few keys.
 With the above setup, you could clear the current tags and set
 @samp{@@home}, @samp{laptop} and @samp{pc} tags with just the following keys:
 @kbd{C-c C-c @key{SPC} h l p @key{RET}}.  Switching from @samp{@@home} to @samp{@@work}
 would be done with @kbd{C-c C-c w @key{RET}} or alternatively with
 @kbd{C-c C-c C-c w}.  Adding the non-predefined tag @samp{sarah} could
 be done with @kbd{C-c C-c @key{TAB} s a r a h @key{RET}}.
 
 @vindex org-fast-tag-selection-single-key
 If you find that most of the time you need only a single key press to
 modify your list of tags, set the variable
 @code{org-fast-tag-selection-single-key}.  Then you no longer have to press
 @kbd{@key{RET}} to exit fast tag selection---it exits after the first
 change.  If you then occasionally need more keys, press @kbd{C-c}
 to turn off auto-exit for the current tag selection process (in
 effect: start selection with @kbd{C-c C-c C-c} instead of
 @kbd{C-c C-c}).  If you set the variable to the value @code{expert},
 the special window is not even shown for single-key tag selection, it
 comes up only when you press an extra @kbd{C-c}.
 
 @node Tag Hierarchy
 @section Tag Hierarchy
 
 @cindex group tags
 @cindex tags, groups
 @cindex tags hierarchy
 
 Tags can be defined in hierarchies.  A tag can be defined as a @emph{group
 tag} for a set of other tags.  The group tag can be seen as the
 ``broader term'' for its set of tags.  Defining multiple group tags and
 nesting them creates a tag hierarchy.
 
 One use-case is to create a taxonomy of terms (tags) that can be used
 to classify nodes in a document or set of documents.
 
 When you search for a group tag, it return matches for all members in
 the group and its subgroups.  In an agenda view, filtering by a group
 tag displays or hide headlines tagged with at least one of the members
 of the group or any of its subgroups.  This makes tag searches and
 filters even more flexible.
 
 You can set group tags by using brackets and inserting a colon between
 the group tag and its related tags---beware that all whitespaces are
 mandatory so that Org can parse this line correctly:
 
 @example
 #+TAGS: [ GTD : Control Persp ]
 @end example
 
 
 In this example, @samp{GTD} is the group tag and it is related to two other
 tags: @samp{Control}, @samp{Persp}.  Defining @samp{Control} and @samp{Persp} as group
 tags creates a hierarchy of tags:
 
 @example
 #+TAGS: [ Control : Context Task ]
 #+TAGS: [ Persp : Vision Goal AOF Project ]
 @end example
 
 That can conceptually be seen as a hierarchy of tags:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 @samp{GTD}
 @itemize
 @item
 @samp{Persp}
 @itemize
 @item
 @samp{Vision}
 @item
 @samp{Goal}
 @item
 @samp{AOF}
 @item
 @samp{Project}
 @end itemize
 @item
 @samp{Control}
 @itemize
 @item
 @samp{Context}
 @item
 @samp{Task}
 @end itemize
 @end itemize
 @end itemize
 
 You can use the @code{:startgrouptag}, @code{:grouptags} and @code{:endgrouptag}
 keyword directly when setting @code{org-tag-alist} directly:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-tag-alist '((:startgrouptag)
                       ("GTD")
                       (:grouptags)
                       ("Control")
                       ("Persp")
                       (:endgrouptag)
                       (:startgrouptag)
                       ("Control")
                       (:grouptags)
                       ("Context")
                       ("Task")
                       (:endgrouptag)))
 @end lisp
 
 The tags in a group can be mutually exclusive if using the same group
 syntax as is used for grouping mutually exclusive tags together; using
 curly brackets.
 
 @example
 #+TAGS: @{ Context : @@Home @@Work @@Call @}
 @end example
 
 
 When setting @code{org-tag-alist} you can use @code{:startgroup} and @code{:endgroup}
 instead of @code{:startgrouptag} and @code{:endgrouptag} to make the tags
 mutually exclusive.
 
 Furthermore, the members of a group tag can also be regular
 expressions, creating the possibility of a more dynamic and rule-based
 tag structure (see @ref{Regular Expressions}).  The regular expressions in
 the group must be specified within curly brackets.  Here is an
 expanded example:
 
 @example
 #+TAGS: [ Vision : @{V@@.+@} ]
 #+TAGS: [ Goal : @{G@@.+@} ]
 #+TAGS: [ AOF : @{AOF@@.+@} ]
 #+TAGS: [ Project : @{P@@.+@} ]
 @end example
 
 Searching for the tag @samp{Project} now lists all tags also including
 regular expression matches for @samp{P@@.+}, and similarly for tag searches
 on @samp{Vision}, @samp{Goal} and @samp{AOF}.  For example, this would work well for
 a project tagged with a common project-identifier, e.g.,
 @samp{P@@2014_OrgTags}.
 
 @kindex C-c C-x q
 @findex org-toggle-tags-groups
 @vindex org-group-tags
 If you want to ignore group tags temporarily, toggle group tags
 support with @code{org-toggle-tags-groups}, bound to @kbd{C-c C-x q}.
 If you want to disable tag groups completely, set @code{org-group-tags} to
 @code{nil}.
 
 @node Tag Searches
 @section Tag Searches
 
 @cindex tag searches
 @cindex searching for tags
 
 Once a system of tags has been set up, it can be used to collect
 related information into special lists.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c / m} or @kbd{C-c \} (@code{org-match-sparse-tree})
 @kindex C-c / m
 @kindex C-c \
 @findex org-match-sparse-tree
 Create a sparse tree with all headlines matching a tags search.
 With a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, ignore headlines that are not
 a TODO line.
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-agenda m} (@code{org-tags-view})
 @kindex m @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 @findex org-tags-view
 Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files.  See
 @ref{Matching tags and properties}.
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-agenda M} (@code{org-tags-view})
 @kindex M @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 @vindex org-tags-match-list-sublevels
 Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files, but check
 only TODO items and force checking subitems (see the option
 @code{org-tags-match-list-sublevels}).
 @end table
 
 These commands all prompt for a match string which allows basic
 Boolean logic like @samp{+boss+urgent-project1}, to find entries with tags
 @samp{boss} and @samp{urgent}, but not @samp{project1}, or @samp{Kathy|Sally} to find
 entries which are tagged, like @samp{Kathy} or @samp{Sally}.  The full syntax of
 the search string is rich and allows also matching against TODO
 keywords, entry levels and properties.  For a complete description
 with many examples, see @ref{Matching tags and properties}.
 
 @node Properties and Columns
 @chapter Properties and Columns
 
 @cindex properties
 
 A property is a key-value pair associated with an entry.  Properties
 can be set so they are associated with a single entry, with every
 entry in a tree, or with the whole buffer.
 
 There are two main applications for properties in Org mode.  First,
 properties are like tags, but with a value.  Imagine maintaining
 a file where you document bugs and plan releases for a piece of
 software.  Instead of using tags like @samp{release_1}, @samp{release_2}, you
 can use a property, say @samp{Release}, that in different subtrees has
 different values, such as @samp{1.0} or @samp{2.0}.  Second, you can use
 properties to implement (very basic) database capabilities in an Org
 buffer.  Imagine keeping track of your music CDs, where properties
 could be things such as the album, artist, date of release, number of
 tracks, and so on.
 
 Properties can be conveniently edited and viewed in column view (see
 @ref{Column View}).
 
 @menu
 * Property Syntax::              How properties are spelled out.
 * Special Properties::           Access to other Org mode features.
 * Property Searches::            Matching property values.
 * Property Inheritance::         Passing values down a tree.
 * Column View::                  Tabular viewing and editing.
 @end menu
 
 @node Property Syntax
 @section Property Syntax
 
 @cindex property syntax
 @cindex drawer, for properties
 
 Properties are key--value pairs.  When they are associated with
 a single entry or with a tree they need to be inserted into a special
 drawer (see @ref{Drawers}) with the name @samp{PROPERTIES}, which has to be
 located right below a headline, and its planning line (see @ref{Deadlines and Scheduling}) when applicable.  Each property is specified on
 a single line, with the key---surrounded by colons---first, and the
 value after it.  Keys are case-insensitive.  Here is an example:
 
 @example
 * CD collection
 ** Classic
 *** Goldberg Variations
     :PROPERTIES:
     :Title:     Goldberg Variations
     :Composer:  J.S. Bach
     :Artist:    Glenn Gould
     :Publisher: Deutsche Grammophon
     :NDisks:    1
     :END:
 @end example
 
 Depending on the value of @code{org-use-property-inheritance}, a property
 set this way is associated either with a single entry, or with the
 subtree defined by the entry, see @ref{Property Inheritance}.
 
 You may define the allowed values for a particular property @samp{Xyz} by
 setting a property @samp{Xyz_ALL}.  This special property is @emph{inherited},
 so if you set it in a level 1 entry, it applies to the entire tree.
 When allowed values are defined, setting the corresponding property
 becomes easier and is less prone to typing errors.  For the example
 with the CD collection, we can pre-define publishers and the number of
 disks in a box like this:
 
 @example
 * CD collection
   :PROPERTIES:
   :NDisks_ALL:  1 2 3 4
   :Publisher_ALL: "Deutsche Grammophon" Philips EMI
   :END:
 @end example
 
 Properties can be inserted on buffer level.  That means they apply
 before the first headline and can be inherited by all entries in a
 file.  Property blocks defined before first headline needs to be
 located at the top of the buffer, allowing only comments above.
 
 Properties can also be defined using lines like:
 
 @cindex @samp{_ALL} suffix, in properties
 @cindex @samp{PROPERTY}, keyword
 @example
 #+PROPERTY: NDisks_ALL 1 2 3 4
 @end example
 
 
 @cindex @samp{+} suffix, in properties
 If you want to add to the value of an existing property, append a @samp{+}
 to the property name.  The following results in the property @samp{var}
 having the value @samp{foo=1 bar=2}.
 
 @example
 #+PROPERTY: var  foo=1
 #+PROPERTY: var+ bar=2
 @end example
 
 It is also possible to add to the values of inherited properties.  The
 following results in the @samp{Genres} property having the value @samp{Classic
 Baroque} under the @samp{Goldberg Variations} subtree.
 
 @example
 * CD collection
 ** Classic
     :PROPERTIES:
     :Genres: Classic
     :END:
 *** Goldberg Variations
     :PROPERTIES:
     :Title:     Goldberg Variations
     :Composer:  J.S. Bach
     :Artist:    Glenn Gould
     :Publisher: Deutsche Grammophon
     :NDisks:    1
     :Genres+:   Baroque
     :END:
 @end example
 
 Note that a property can only have one entry per drawer.
 
 @vindex org-global-properties
 Property values set with the global variable @code{org-global-properties}
 can be inherited by all entries in all Org files.
 
 The following commands help to work with properties:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} (@code{pcomplete})
 @kindex M-TAB
 @findex pcomplete
 After an initial colon in a line, complete property keys.  All keys
 used in the current file are offered as possible completions.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x p} (@code{org-set-property})
 @kindex C-c C-x p
 @findex org-set-property
 Set a property.  This prompts for a property name and a value.  If
 necessary, the property drawer is created as well.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u M-x org-insert-drawer}
 @findex org-insert-drawer
 Insert a property drawer into the current entry.  The drawer is
 inserted early in the entry, but after the lines with planning
 information like deadlines.  If before first headline the drawer is
 inserted at the top of the drawer after any potential comments.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c} (@code{org-property-action})
 @kindex C-c C-c
 @findex org-property-action
 With point in a property drawer, this executes property commands.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c s} (@code{org-set-property})
 @kindex C-c C-c s
 @findex org-set-property
 Set a property in the current entry.  Both the property and the
 value can be inserted using completion.
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}} (@code{org-property-next-allowed-values})
 @itemx @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}} (@code{org-property-previous-allowed-value})
 @kindex S-RIGHT
 @kindex S-LEFT
 Switch property at point to the next/previous allowed value.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c d} (@code{org-delete-property})
 @kindex C-c C-c d
 @findex org-delete-property
 Remove a property from the current entry.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c D} (@code{org-delete-property-globally})
 @kindex C-c C-c D
 @findex org-delete-property-globally
 Globally remove a property, from all entries in the current file.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c c} (@code{org-compute-property-at-point})
 @kindex C-c C-c c
 @findex org-compute-property-at-point
 Compute the property at point, using the operator and scope from the
 nearest column format definition.
 @end table
 
 @node Special Properties
 @section Special Properties
 
 @cindex properties, special
 
 Special properties provide an alternative access method to Org mode
 features, like the TODO state or the priority of an entry, discussed
 in the previous chapters.  This interface exists so that you can
 include these states in a column view (see @ref{Column View}), or to use
 them in queries.  The following property names are special and should
 not be used as keys in the properties drawer:
 
 @cindex @samp{ALLTAGS}, special property
 @cindex @samp{BLOCKED}, special property
 @cindex @samp{CLOCKSUM}, special property
 @cindex @samp{CLOCKSUM_T}, special property
 @cindex @samp{CLOSED}, special property
 @cindex @samp{DEADLINE}, special property
 @cindex @samp{FILE}, special property
 @cindex @samp{ITEM}, special property
 @cindex @samp{PRIORITY}, special property
 @cindex @samp{SCHEDULED}, special property
 @cindex @samp{TAGS}, special property
 @cindex @samp{TIMESTAMP}, special property
 @cindex @samp{TIMESTAMP_IA}, special property
 @cindex @samp{TODO}, special property
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{ALLTAGS}
 @tab All tags, including inherited ones.
 @item @samp{BLOCKED}
 @tab @code{t} if task is currently blocked by children or siblings.
 @item @samp{CATEGORY}
 @tab The category of an entry.
 @item @samp{CLOCKSUM}
 @tab The sum of CLOCK intervals in the subtree.  @code{org-clock-sum}
 @item 
 @tab must be run first to compute the values in the current buffer.
 @item @samp{CLOCKSUM_T}
 @tab The sum of CLOCK intervals in the subtree for today.
 @item 
 @tab @code{org-clock-sum-today} must be run first to compute the
 @item 
 @tab values in the current buffer.
 @item @samp{CLOSED}
 @tab When was this entry closed?
 @item @samp{DEADLINE}
 @tab The deadline timestamp.
 @item @samp{FILE}
 @tab The filename the entry is located in.
 @item @samp{ITEM}
 @tab The headline of the entry.
 @item @samp{PRIORITY}
 @tab The priority of the entry, a string with a single letter.
 @item @samp{SCHEDULED}
 @tab The scheduling timestamp.
 @item @samp{TAGS}
 @tab The tags defined directly in the headline.
 @item @samp{TIMESTAMP}
 @tab The first keyword-less timestamp in the entry.
 @item @samp{TIMESTAMP_IA}
 @tab The first inactive timestamp in the entry.
 @item @samp{TODO}
 @tab The TODO keyword of the entry.
 @end multitable
 
 @node Property Searches
 @section Property Searches
 
 @cindex properties, searching
 @cindex searching, of properties
 
 To create sparse trees and special lists with selection based on
 properties, the same commands are used as for tag searches (see @ref{Tag Searches}).
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c / m} or @kbd{C-c \} (@code{org-match-sparse-tree})
 @kindex C-c / m
 @kindex C-c \
 @findex org-match-sparse-tree
 Create a sparse tree with all matching entries.  With
 a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, ignore headlines that are not
 a TODO line.
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-agenda m} (@code{org-tags-view})
 @kindex m @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 @findex org-tags-view
 Create a global list of tag/property matches from all agenda files.
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-agenda M} (@code{org-tags-view})
 @kindex M @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 @vindex org-tags-match-list-sublevels
 Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files, but check
 only TODO items and force checking of subitems (see the option
 @code{org-tags-match-list-sublevels}).
 @end table
 
 The syntax for the search string is described in @ref{Matching tags and properties}.
 
 There is also a special command for creating sparse trees based on a
 single property:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c / p}
 @kindex C-c / p
 Create a sparse tree based on the value of a property.  This first
 prompts for the name of a property, and then for a value.  A sparse
 tree is created with all entries that define this property with the
 given value.  If you enclose the value in curly braces, it is
 interpreted as a regular expression and matched against the property
 values (see @ref{Regular Expressions}).
 @end table
 
 @node Property Inheritance
 @section Property Inheritance
 
 @cindex properties, inheritance
 @cindex inheritance, of properties
 
 @vindex org-use-property-inheritance
 The outline structure of Org documents lends itself to an inheritance
 model of properties: if the parent in a tree has a certain property,
 the children can inherit this property.  Org mode does not turn this
 on by default, because it can slow down property searches
 significantly and is often not needed.  However, if you find
 inheritance useful, you can turn it on by setting the variable
 @code{org-use-property-inheritance}.  It may be set to @code{t} to make all
 properties inherited from the parent, to a list of properties that
 should be inherited, or to a regular expression that matches inherited
 properties.  If a property has the value @code{nil}, this is interpreted as
 an explicit un-define of the property, so that inheritance search
 stops at this value and returns @code{nil}.
 
 Org mode has a few properties for which inheritance is hard-coded, at
 least for the special applications for which they are used:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{COLUMNS}
 @cindex @samp{COLUMNS}, property
 The @samp{COLUMNS} property defines the format of column view (see
 @ref{Column View}).  It is inherited in the sense that the level where
 a @samp{COLUMNS} property is defined is used as the starting point for
 a column view table, independently of the location in the subtree
 from where columns view is turned on.
 
 @item @code{CATEGORY}
 @cindex @samp{CATEGORY}, property
 For agenda view, a category set through a @samp{CATEGORY} property
 applies to the entire subtree.
 
 @item @code{ARCHIVE}
 @cindex @samp{ARCHIVE}, property
 For archiving, the @samp{ARCHIVE} property may define the archive
 location for the entire subtree (see @ref{Moving subtrees}).
 
 @item @code{LOGGING}
 @cindex @samp{LOGGING}, property
 The @samp{LOGGING} property may define logging settings for an entry or
 a subtree (see @ref{Tracking TODO state changes}).
 @end table
 
 @node Column View
 @section Column View
 
 A great way to view and edit properties in an outline tree is @emph{column
 view}.  In column view, each outline node is turned into a table row.
 Columns in this table provide access to properties of the entries.
 Org mode implements columns by overlaying a tabular structure over the
 headline of each item.  While the headlines have been turned into
 a table row, you can still change the visibility of the outline tree.
 For example, you get a compact table by switching to ``contents''
 view---@kbd{S-@key{TAB}} @kbd{S-@key{TAB}}, or simply @kbd{c}
 while column view is active---but you can still open, read, and edit
 the entry below each headline.  Or, you can switch to column view
 after executing a sparse tree command and in this way get a table only
 for the selected items.  Column view also works in agenda buffers (see
 @ref{Agenda Views}) where queries have collected selected items, possibly
 from a number of files.
 
 @menu
 * Defining columns::             The COLUMNS format property.
 * Using column view::            How to create and use column view.
 * Capturing column view::        A dynamic block for column view.
 @end menu
 
 @node Defining columns
 @subsection Defining columns
 
 @cindex column view, for properties
 @cindex properties, column view
 
 Setting up a column view first requires defining the columns.  This is
 done by defining a column format line.
 
 @menu
 * Scope of column definitions::  Where defined, where valid?
 * Column attributes::            Appearance and content of a column.
 @end menu
 
 @node Scope of column definitions
 @subsubsection Scope of column definitions
 
 To specify a format that only applies to a specific tree, add
 a @samp{COLUMNS} property to the top node of that tree, for example:
 
 @example
 ** Top node for columns view
    :PROPERTIES:
    :COLUMNS: %25ITEM %TAGS %PRIORITY %TODO
    :END:
 @end example
 
 A @samp{COLUMNS} property within a property drawer before first headline
 will apply to the entire file.  As an addition to property drawers,
 keywords can also be defined for an entire file using a line like:
 
 @cindex @samp{COLUMNS}, keyword
 @example
 #+COLUMNS: %25ITEM %TAGS %PRIORITY %TODO
 @end example
 
 
 If a @samp{COLUMNS} property is present in an entry, it defines columns for
 the entry itself, and for the entire subtree below it.  Since the
 column definition is part of the hierarchical structure of the
 document, you can define columns on level 1 that are general enough
 for all sublevels, and more specific columns further down, when you
 edit a deeper part of the tree.
 
 @node Column attributes
 @subsubsection Column attributes
 
 A column definition sets the attributes of a column.  The general
 definition looks like this:
 
 @example
 %[WIDTH]PROPERTY[(TITLE)][@{SUMMARY-TYPE@}]
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 Except for the percent sign and the property name, all items are
 optional.  The individual parts have the following meaning:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @var{WIDTH}
 An integer specifying the width of the column in characters.  If
 omitted, the width is determined automatically.
 
 @item @var{PROPERTY}
 The property that should be edited in this column.  Special
 properties representing meta data are allowed here as well (see
 @ref{Special Properties}).
 
 @item @var{TITLE}
 The header text for the column.  If omitted, the property name is
 used.
 
 @item @var{SUMMARY-TYPE}
 The summary type.  If specified, the column values for parent nodes
 are computed from the children@footnote{ If more than one summary type
 applies to the same property, the parent values are computed
 according to the first of them.}.
 
 Supported summary types are:
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{+}
 @tab Sum numbers in this column.
 @item @samp{+;%.1f}
 @tab Like @samp{+}, but format result with @samp{%.1f}.
 @item @samp{$}
 @tab Currency, short for @samp{+;%.2f}.
 @item @samp{min}
 @tab Smallest number in column.
 @item @samp{max}
 @tab Largest number.
 @item @samp{mean}
 @tab Arithmetic mean of numbers.
 @item @samp{X}
 @tab Checkbox status, @samp{[X]} if all children are @samp{[X]}.
 @item @samp{X/}
 @tab Checkbox status, @samp{[n/m]}.
 @item @samp{X%}
 @tab Checkbox status, @samp{[n%]}.
 @item @samp{:}
 @tab Sum times, HH:MM, plain numbers are minutes.
 @item @samp{:min}
 @tab Smallest time value in column.
 @item @samp{:max}
 @tab Largest time value.
 @item @samp{:mean}
 @tab Arithmetic mean of time values.
 @item @samp{@@min}
 @tab Minimum age@footnote{An age can be defined as a duration, using units defined in
 @code{org-duration-units}, e.g., @samp{3d 1h}.  If any value in the column is as
 such, the summary is also expressed as a duration.} (in days/hours/mins/seconds).
 @item @samp{@@max}
 @tab Maximum age (in days/hours/mins/seconds).
 @item @samp{@@mean}
 @tab Arithmetic mean of ages (in days/hours/mins/seconds).
 @item @samp{est+}
 @tab Add low-high estimates.
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-columns-summary-types
 You can also define custom summary types by setting
 @code{org-columns-summary-types}.
 @end table
 
 The @samp{est+} summary type requires further explanation.  It is used for
 combining estimates, expressed as low-high ranges.  For example,
 instead of estimating a particular task will take 5 days, you might
 estimate it as 5--6 days if you're fairly confident you know how much
 work is required, or 1--10 days if you do not really know what needs
 to be done.  Both ranges average at 5.5 days, but the first represents
 a more predictable delivery.
 
 When combining a set of such estimates, simply adding the lows and
 highs produces an unrealistically wide result.  Instead, @samp{est+} adds
 the statistical mean and variance of the subtasks, generating a final
 estimate from the sum.  For example, suppose you had ten tasks, each
 of which was estimated at 0.5 to 2 days of work.  Straight addition
 produces an estimate of 5 to 20 days, representing what to expect if
 everything goes either extremely well or extremely poorly.  In
 contrast, @samp{est+} estimates the full job more realistically, at 10--15
 days.
 
 Here is an example for a complete columns definition, along with
 allowed values@footnote{ Please note that the @samp{COLUMNS} definition must be
 on a single line; it is wrapped here only because of formatting
 constraints.}.
 
 @example
 :COLUMNS:  %25ITEM %9Approved(Approved?)@{X@} %Owner %11Status \
                    %10Time_Estimate@{:@} %CLOCKSUM %CLOCKSUM_T
 :Owner_ALL:    Tammy Mark Karl Lisa Don
 :Status_ALL:   "In progress" "Not started yet" "Finished" ""
 :Approved_ALL: "[ ]" "[X]"
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 The first column, @samp{%25ITEM}, means the first 25 characters of the item
 itself, i.e., of the headline.  You probably always should start the
 column definition with the @samp{ITEM} specifier.  The other specifiers
 create columns @samp{Owner} with a list of names as allowed values, for
 @samp{Status} with four different possible values, and for a checkbox field
 @samp{Approved}.  When no width is given after the @samp{%} character, the
 column is exactly as wide as it needs to be in order to fully display
 all values.  The @samp{Approved} column does have a modified title
 (@samp{Approved?}, with a question mark).  Summaries are created for the
 @samp{Time_Estimate} column by adding time duration expressions like HH:MM,
 and for the @samp{Approved} column, by providing an @samp{[X]} status if all
 children have been checked.  The @samp{CLOCKSUM} and @samp{CLOCKSUM_T} columns
 are special, they lists the sums of CLOCK intervals in the subtree,
 either for all clocks or just for today.
 
 @node Using column view
 @subsection Using column view
 
 
 
 @anchor{Turning column view on or off}
 @subsubheading Turning column view on or off
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-c} (@code{org-columns})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-c
 @vindex org-columns
 @vindex org-columns-default-format
 Turn on column view.  If point is before the first headline in the
 file, column view is turned on for the entire file, using the
 @samp{#+COLUMNS} definition.  If point is somewhere inside the outline,
 this command searches the hierarchy, up from point, for a @samp{COLUMNS}
 property that defines a format.  When one is found, the column view
 table is established for the tree starting at the entry that
 contains the @samp{COLUMNS} property.  If no such property is found, the
 format is taken from the @samp{#+COLUMNS} line or from the variable
 @code{org-columns-default-format}, and column view is established for the
 current entry and its subtree.
 
 @item @kbd{r} or @kbd{g} on a columns view line (@code{org-columns-redo})
 @kindex r
 @kindex g
 @findex org-columns-redo
 Recreate the column view, to include recent changes made in the
 buffer.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c} or @kbd{q} on a columns view line (@code{org-columns-quit})
 @kindex q
 @kindex C-c C-c
 @findex org-columns-quit
 Exit column view.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Editing values}
 @subsubheading Editing values
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{@key{LEFT}}, @kbd{@key{RIGHT}}, @kbd{@key{UP}}, @kbd{@key{DOWN}}
 Move through the column view from field to field.
 
 @item @kbd{1..9,0}
 @kindex 1..9,0
 Directly select the Nth allowed value, @kbd{0} selects the
 10th value.
 
 @item @kbd{n} or @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}} (@code{org-columns-next-allowed-value})
 @itemx @kbd{p} or @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}} (@code{org-columns-previous-allowed-value})
 @kindex n
 @kindex S-RIGHT
 @kindex p
 @kindex S-LEFT
 @findex org-columns-next-allowed-value
 @findex org-columns-previous-allowed-value
 Switch to the next/previous allowed value of the field.  For this,
 you have to have specified allowed values for a property.
 
 @item @kbd{e} (@code{org-columns-edit-value})
 @kindex e
 @findex org-columns-edit-value
 Edit the property at point.  For the special properties, this
 invokes the same interface that you normally use to change that
 property.  For example, the tag completion or fast selection
 interface pops up when editing a @samp{TAGS} property.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c} (@code{org-columns-toggle-or-columns-quit})
 @kindex C-c C-c
 @findex org-columns-toggle-or-columns-quit
 When there is a checkbox at point, toggle it.  Else exit column
 view.
 
 @item @kbd{v} (@code{org-columns-show-value})
 @kindex v
 @findex org-columns-show-value
 View the full value of this property.  This is useful if the width
 of the column is smaller than that of the value.
 
 @item @kbd{a} (@code{org-columns-edit-allowed})
 @kindex a
 @findex org-columns-edit-allowed
 Edit the list of allowed values for this property.  If the list is
 found in the hierarchy, the modified values is stored there.  If no
 list is found, the new value is stored in the first entry that is
 part of the current column view.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Modifying column view on-the-fly}
 @subsubheading Modifying column view on-the-fly
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{<} (@code{org-columns-narrow})
 @itemx @kbd{>} (@code{org-columns-widen})
 @kindex <
 @kindex >
 @findex org-columns-narrow
 @findex org-columns-widen
 Make the column narrower/wider by one character.
 
 @item @kbd{S-M-@key{RIGHT}} (@code{org-columns-new})
 @kindex S-M-RIGHT
 @findex org-columns-new
 Insert a new column, to the left of the current column.
 
 @item @kbd{S-M-@key{LEFT}} (@code{org-columns-delete})
 @kindex S-M-LEFT
 @findex org-columns-delete
 Delete the current column.
 @end table
 
 @node Capturing column view
 @subsection Capturing column view
 
 Since column view is just an overlay over a buffer, it cannot be
 exported or printed directly.  If you want to capture a column view,
 use a @samp{columnview} dynamic block (see @ref{Dynamic Blocks}).  The frame of
 this block looks like this:
 
 @cindex @samp{BEGIN columnview}
 @example
 * The column view
 #+BEGIN: columnview :hlines 1 :id "label"
 
 #+END:
 @end example
 
 This dynamic block has the following parameters:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{:id}
 This is the most important parameter.  Column view is a feature that
 is often localized to a certain (sub)tree, and the capture block
 might be at a different location in the file.  To identify the tree
 whose view to capture, you can use four values:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{local}
 Use the tree in which the capture block is located.
 
 @item @samp{global}
 Make a global view, including all headings in the file.
 
 @item @samp{file:FILENAME}
 Run column view at the top of the @var{FILENAME} file.
 
 @item @samp{LABEL}
 @cindex @samp{ID}, property
 Call column view in the tree that has an @samp{ID} property with the
 value @var{LABEL}.  You can use @kbd{M-x org-id-copy} to
 create a globally unique ID for the current entry and copy it to
 the kill-ring.
 @end table
 
 @item @samp{:match}
 When set to a string, use this as a tags/property match filter to
 select only a subset of the headlines in the scope set by the @code{:id}
 parameter.
 @end table
 
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{:hlines}
 When @code{t}, insert an hline after every line.  When a number N, insert
 an hline before each headline with level @code{<= N}.
 
 @item @samp{:vlines}
 When non-@code{nil}, force column groups to get vertical lines.
 
 @item @samp{:maxlevel}
 When set to a number, do not capture entries below this level.
 
 @item @samp{:skip-empty-rows}
 When non-@code{nil}, skip rows where the only non-empty specifier of
 the column view is @samp{ITEM}.
 
 @item @samp{:exclude-tags}
 List of tags to exclude from column view table: entries with these
 tags will be excluded from the column view.
 
 @item @samp{:indent}
 When non-@code{nil}, indent each @samp{ITEM} field according to its level.
 
 @item @samp{:format}
 Specify a column attribute (see @ref{Column attributes}) for the dynamic
 block.
 @end table
 
 The following commands insert or update the dynamic block:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{org-columns-insert-dblock}
 @kindex C-c C-x x
 @findex org-columns-insert-dblock
 Insert a dynamic block capturing a column view.  Prompt for the
 scope or ID of the view.
 
 This command can be invoked by calling
 @code{org-dynamic-block-insert-dblock} (@kbd{C-c C-x x}) and
 selecting ``columnview'' (see @ref{Dynamic Blocks}).
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c} @kbd{C-c C-x C-u} (@code{org-dblock-update})
 @kindex C-c C-c
 @kindex C-c C-x C-u
 @findex org-dblock-update
 Update dynamic block at point.  point needs to be in the @samp{#+BEGIN}
 line of the dynamic block.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-c C-x C-u} (@code{org-update-all-dblocks})
 @kindex C-u C-c C-x C-u
 Update all dynamic blocks (see @ref{Dynamic Blocks}).  This is useful if
 you have several clock table blocks, column-capturing blocks or
 other dynamic blocks in a buffer.
 @end table
 
 You can add formulas to the column view table and you may add plotting
 instructions in front of the table---these survive an update of the
 block.  If there is a @samp{TBLFM} keyword after the table, the table is
 recalculated automatically after an update.
 
 An alternative way to capture and process property values into a table
 is provided by Eric Schulte's @samp{org-collector.el}, which is a package
 in @samp{org-contrib}@footnote{ Contributed packages are not part of Emacs, but
 are distributed with the main distribution of Org---visit
 @uref{https://orgmode.org}.}.  It provides a general API to collect
 properties from entries in a certain scope, and arbitrary Lisp
 expressions to process these values before inserting them into a table
 or a dynamic block.
 
 @node Dates and Times
 @chapter Dates and Times
 
 @cindex dates
 @cindex times
 @cindex timestamp
 @cindex date stamp
 
 To assist project planning, TODO items can be labeled with a date
 and/or a time.  The specially formatted string carrying the date and
 time information is called a @emph{timestamp} in Org mode.  This may be
 a little confusing because timestamp is often used as indicating when
 something was created or last changed.  However, in Org mode this term
 is used in a much wider sense.
 
 @menu
 * Timestamps::                   Assigning a time to a tree entry.
 * Creating Timestamps::          Commands to insert timestamps.
 * Deadlines and Scheduling::     Planning your work.
 * Clocking Work Time::           Tracking how long you spend on a task.
 * Effort Estimates::             Planning work effort in advance.
 * Timers::                       Notes with a running timer.
 @end menu
 
 @node Timestamps
 @section Timestamps
 
 @cindex timestamps
 @cindex ranges, time
 @cindex date stamps
 @cindex deadlines
 @cindex scheduling
 
 A timestamp is a specification of a date (possibly with a time or
 a range of times) in a special format, either @samp{<2003-09-16 Tue>} or
 @samp{<2003-09-16 Tue 09:39>} or @samp{<2003-09-16 Tue 12:00-12:30>}@footnote{The Org date format is inspired by the standard ISO 8601
 date/time format.  To use an alternative format, see @ref{Custom time format}.  The day name is optional when you type the date yourself.
 However, any date inserted or modified by Org adds that day name, for
 reading convenience.}.
 A timestamp can appear anywhere in the headline or body of an Org tree
 entry.  Its presence causes entries to be shown on specific dates in
 the agenda (see @ref{Weekly/daily agenda}).  We distinguish:
 
 @table @asis
 @item Plain timestamp; Event; Appointment
 @cindex timestamp
 @cindex appointment
 A simple timestamp just assigns a date/time to an item.  This is
 just like writing down an appointment or event in a paper agenda.
 In the agenda display, the headline of an entry associated with
 a plain timestamp is shown exactly on that date.
 
 @example
 * Meet Peter at the movies
   <2006-11-01 Wed 19:15>
 * Discussion on climate change
   <2006-11-02 Thu 20:00-22:00>
 @end example
 
 @item Timestamp with repeater interval
 @cindex timestamp, with repeater interval
 A timestamp may contain a @emph{repeater interval}, indicating that it
 applies not only on the given date, but again and again after
 a certain interval of N hours (h), days (d), weeks (w), months (m),
 or years (y).  The following shows up in the agenda every Wednesday:
 
 @example
 * Pick up Sam at school
   <2007-05-16 Wed 12:30 +1w>
 @end example
 
 @item Diary-style expression entries
 @cindex diary style timestamps
 @cindex sexp timestamps
 
 @findex org-date
 @findex org-anniversary
 @findex org-cyclic
 @findex org-block
 
 For more complex date specifications, Org mode supports using the
 special expression diary entries implemented in the Emacs Calendar
 package@footnote{When working with the standard diary expression functions, you
 need to be very careful with the order of the arguments.  That order
 depends evilly on the variable @code{calendar-date-style}.  For example, to
 specify a date December 1, 2005, the call might look like
 @samp{(diary-date 12 1 2005)} or @samp{(diary-date 1 12 2005)} or @samp{(diary-date
 2005 12 1)}, depending on the settings.  This has been the source of
 much confusion.  Org mode users can resort to special versions of
 these functions, namely @code{org-date}, @code{org-anniversary}, @code{org-cyclic, and
 ~org-block}.  These work just like the corresponding @code{diary-}
 functions, but with stable ISO order of arguments (year, month, day)
 wherever applicable, independent of the value of
 @code{calendar-date-style}.}.  For example, with optional time:
 
 @example
 * 22:00-23:00 The nerd meeting on every 2nd Thursday of the month
   <%%(diary-float t 4 2)>
 @end example
 
 @item Time/Date range
 @cindex timerange
 @cindex date range
 Two timestamps connected by @samp{--} denote a range.  The headline is
 shown on the first and last day of the range, and on any dates that
 are displayed and fall in the range.  Here is an example:
 
 @example
 ** Meeting in Amsterdam
    <2004-08-23 Mon>--<2004-08-26 Thu>
 @end example
 
 @item Inactive timestamp
 @cindex timestamp, inactive
 @cindex inactive timestamp
 Just like a plain timestamp, but with square brackets instead of
 angular ones.  These timestamps are inactive in the sense that they
 do @emph{not} trigger an entry to show up in the agenda.
 
 @example
 * Gillian comes late for the fifth time
   [2006-11-01 Wed]
 @end example
 @end table
 
 @node Creating Timestamps
 @section Creating Timestamps
 
 For Org mode to recognize timestamps, they need to be in the specific
 format.  All commands listed below produce timestamps in the correct
 format.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c .} (@code{org-time-stamp})
 @kindex C-c .
 @findex org-time-stamp
 Prompt for a date and insert a corresponding timestamp.  When point
 is at an existing timestamp in the buffer, the command is used to
 modify this timestamp instead of inserting a new one.  When this
 command is used twice in succession, a time range is inserted.
 
 @kindex C-u C-c .
 @vindex org-time-stamp-rounding-minutes
 When called with a prefix argument, use the alternative format which
 contains date and time.  The default time can be rounded to
 multiples of 5 minutes.  See the option
 @code{org-time-stamp-rounding-minutes}.
 
 @kindex C-u C-u C-c .
 With two prefix arguments, insert an active timestamp with the
 current time without prompting.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c !} (@code{org-time-stamp-inactive})
 @kindex C-c !
 @kindex C-u C-c !
 @kindex C-u C-u C-c !
 @findex org-time-stamp-inactive
 Like @kbd{C-c .}, but insert an inactive timestamp that does
 not cause an agenda entry.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c}
 @kindex C-c C-c
 Normalize timestamp, insert or fix day name if missing or wrong.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c <} (@code{org-date-from-calendar})
 @kindex C-c <
 @findex org-date-from-calendar
 Insert a timestamp corresponding to point date in the calendar.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c >} (@code{org-goto-calendar})
 @kindex C-c >
 @findex org-goto-calendar
 Access the Emacs calendar for the current date.  If there is
 a timestamp in the current line, go to the corresponding date
 instead.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-o} (@code{org-open-at-point})
 @kindex C-c C-o
 @findex org-open-at-point
 Access the agenda for the date given by the timestamp or -range at
 point (see @ref{Weekly/daily agenda}).
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}} (@code{org-timestamp-down-day})
 @itemx @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}} (@code{org-timestamp-up-day})
 @kindex S-LEFT
 @kindex S-RIGHT
 @findex org-timestamp-down-day
 @findex org-timestamp-up-day
 Change date at point by one day.  These key bindings conflict with
 shift-selection and related modes (see @ref{Conflicts}).
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{UP}} (@code{org-timestamp-up})
 @itemx @kbd{S-@key{DOWN}} (@code{org-timestamp-down})
 @kindex S-UP
 @kindex S-DOWN
 On the beginning or enclosing bracket of a timestamp, change its
 type.  Within a timestamp, change the item under point.  Point can
 be on a year, month, day, hour or minute.  When the timestamp
 contains a time range like @samp{15:30-16:30}, modifying the first time
 also shifts the second, shifting the time block with constant
 length.  To change the length, modify the second time.  Note that if
 point is in a headline and not at a timestamp, these same keys
 modify the priority of an item (see @ref{Priorities}).  The key bindings
 also conflict with shift-selection and related modes (see @ref{Conflicts}).
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-y} (@code{org-evaluate-time-range})
 @kindex C-c C-y
 @findex org-evaluate-time-range
 @cindex evaluate time range
 Evaluate a time range by computing the difference between start and
 end.  With a prefix argument, insert result after the time range (in
 a table: into the following column).
 @end table
 
 @menu
 * The date/time prompt::         How Org mode helps you enter dates and times.
 * Custom time format::           Making dates look different.
 @end menu
 
 @node The date/time prompt
 @subsection The date/time prompt
 
 @cindex date, reading in minibuffer
 @cindex time, reading in minibuffer
 
 @vindex org-read-date-prefer-future
 When Org mode prompts for a date/time, the default is shown in default
 date/time format, and the prompt therefore seems to ask for a specific
 format.  But it in fact accepts date/time information in a variety of
 formats.  Generally, the information should start at the beginning of
 the string.  Org mode finds whatever information is in there and
 derives anything you have not specified from the @emph{default date and
 time}.  The default is usually the current date and time, but when
 modifying an existing timestamp, or when entering the second stamp of
 a range, it is taken from the stamp in the buffer.  When filling in
 information, Org mode assumes that most of the time you want to enter
 a date in the future: if you omit the month/year and the given
 day/month is @emph{before} today, it assumes that you mean a future
 date@footnote{See the variable @code{org-read-date-prefer-future}.  You may set
 that variable to the symbol @code{time} to even make a time before now
 shift the date to tomorrow.}.  If the date has been automatically shifted into the
 future, the time prompt shows this with @samp{(=>F)}.
 
 For example, let's assume that today is @strong{June 13, 2006}.  Here is how
 various inputs are interpreted, the items filled in by Org mode are in
 @strong{bold}.
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{3-2-5}
 @tab @result{} 2003-02-05
 @item @samp{2/5/3}
 @tab @result{} 2003-02-05
 @item @samp{14}
 @tab @result{} @strong{2006}-@strong{06}-14
 @item @samp{12}
 @tab @result{} @strong{2006}-@strong{07}-12
 @item @samp{2/5}
 @tab @result{} @strong{2007}-02-05
 @item @samp{Fri}
 @tab @result{} nearest Friday (default date or later)
 @item @samp{sep 15}
 @tab @result{} @strong{2006}-09-15
 @item @samp{feb 15}
 @tab @result{} @strong{2007}-02-15
 @item @samp{sep 12 9}
 @tab @result{} 2009-09-12
 @item @samp{12:45}
 @tab @result{} @strong{2006}-@strong{06}-@strong{13} 12:45
 @item @samp{22 sept 0:34}
 @tab @result{} @strong{2006}-09-22 0:34
 @item @samp{w4}
 @tab @result{} ISO week for of the current year @strong{2006}
 @item @samp{2012 w4 fri}
 @tab @result{} Friday of ISO week 4 in 2012
 @item @samp{2012-w04-5}
 @tab @result{} Same as above
 @end multitable
 
 Furthermore you can specify a relative date by giving, as the @emph{first}
 thing in the input: a plus/minus sign, a number and a letter---@samp{h},
 @samp{d}, @samp{w}, @samp{m} or @samp{y}---to indicate a change in hours, days, weeks,
 months, or years.  With @samp{h} the date is relative to the current time,
 with the other letters and a single plus or minus, the date is
 relative to today at 00:00.  With a double plus or minus, it is
 relative to the default date.  If instead of a single letter, you use
 the abbreviation of day name, the date is the Nth such day, e.g.:
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{+0}
 @tab @result{} today
 @item @samp{.}
 @tab @result{} today
 @item @samp{+2h}
 @tab @result{} two hours from now
 @item @samp{+4d}
 @tab @result{} four days from today
 @item @samp{+4}
 @tab @result{} same as +4d
 @item @samp{+2w}
 @tab @result{} two weeks from today
 @item @samp{++5}
 @tab @result{} five days from default date
 @item @samp{+2tue}
 @tab @result{} second Tuesday from now
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex parse-time-months
 @vindex parse-time-weekdays
 The function understands English month and weekday abbreviations.  If
 you want to use un-abbreviated names and/or other languages, configure
 the variables @code{parse-time-months} and @code{parse-time-weekdays}.
 
 @vindex org-read-date-force-compatible-dates
 Not all dates can be represented in a given Emacs implementation.  By
 default Org mode forces dates into the compatibility range 1970--2037
 which works on all Emacs implementations.  If you want to use dates
 outside of this range, read the docstring of the variable
 @code{org-read-date-force-compatible-dates}.
 
 You can specify a time range by giving start and end times or by
 giving a start time and a duration (in HH:MM format).  Use one or two
 dash(es) as the separator in the former case and use @samp{+} as the
 separator in the latter case, e.g.:
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{11am-1:15pm}
 @tab @result{} 11:00-13:15
 @item @samp{11h-13h15}
 @tab @result{} same as above
 @item @samp{11am--1:15pm}
 @tab @result{} same as above
 @item @samp{11am+2:15}
 @tab @result{} same as above
 @end multitable
 
 @cindex calendar, for selecting date
 @vindex org-popup-calendar-for-date-prompt
 Parallel to the minibuffer prompt, a calendar is popped up@footnote{ If you
 do not need/want the calendar, configure the variable
 @code{org-popup-calendar-for-date-prompt}.}.  When you exit the date
 prompt, either by clicking on a date in the calendar, or by pressing
 @kbd{@key{RET}}, the date selected in the calendar is combined with the
 information entered at the prompt.  You can control the calendar fully
 from the minibuffer:
 
 @kindex <
 @kindex >
 @kindex M-v
 @kindex C-v
 @kindex mouse-1
 @kindex S-RIGHT
 @kindex S-LEFT
 @kindex S-DOWN
 @kindex S-UP
 @kindex M-S-RIGHT
 @kindex M-S-LEFT
 @kindex RET
 @kindex .
 @kindex C-.
 @multitable @columnfractions 0.25 0.55
 @item @kbd{@key{RET}}
 @tab Choose date at point in calendar.
 @item @kbd{mouse-1}
 @tab Select date by clicking on it.
 @item @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}}
 @tab One day forward.
 @item @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}}
 @tab One day backward.
 @item @kbd{S-@key{DOWN}}
 @tab One week forward.
 @item @kbd{S-@key{UP}}
 @tab One week backward.
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{RIGHT}}
 @tab One month forward.
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{LEFT}}
 @tab One month backward.
 @item @kbd{>}
 @tab Scroll calendar forward by one month.
 @item @kbd{<}
 @tab Scroll calendar backward by one month.
 @item @kbd{M-v}
 @tab Scroll calendar forward by 3 months.
 @item @kbd{C-v}
 @tab Scroll calendar backward by 3 months.
 @item @kbd{C-.}
 @tab Select today's date@footnote{You can also use the calendar command @kbd{.} to jump to
 today's date, but if you are inserting an hour specification for your
 timestamp, @kbd{.} will then insert a dot after the hour.  By contrast,
 @kbd{C-.} will always jump to today's date.}
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-read-date-display-live
 The actions of the date/time prompt may seem complex, but I assure you
 they will grow on you, and you will start getting annoyed by pretty
 much any other way of entering a date/time out there.  To help you
 understand what is going on, the current interpretation of your input
 is displayed live in the minibuffer@footnote{ If you find this distracting,
 turn off the display with @code{org-read-date-display-live}.}.
 
 @node Custom time format
 @subsection Custom time format
 
 @cindex custom date/time format
 @cindex time format, custom
 @cindex date format, custom
 
 @vindex org-display-custom-times
 @vindex org-time-stamp-custom-formats
 Org mode uses the standard ISO notation for dates and times as it is
 defined in ISO 8601.  If you cannot get used to this and require
 another representation of date and time to keep you happy, you can get
 it by customizing the variables @code{org-display-custom-times} and
 @code{org-time-stamp-custom-formats}.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-t} (@code{org-toggle-time-stamp-overlays})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-t
 @findex org-toggle-time-stamp-overlays
 Toggle the display of custom formats for dates and times.
 @end table
 
 Org mode needs the default format for scanning, so the custom
 date/time format does not @emph{replace} the default format.  Instead, it
 is put @emph{over} the default format using text properties.  This has the
 following consequences:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 You cannot place point onto a timestamp anymore, only before or
 after.
 
 @item
 The @kbd{S-@key{UP}} and @kbd{S-@key{DOWN}} keys can no longer be used
 to adjust each component of a timestamp.  If point is at the
 beginning of the stamp, @kbd{S-@key{UP}} and @kbd{S-@key{DOWN}} change
 the stamp by one day, just like @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}}
 @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}}.  At the end of the stamp, change the time by one
 minute.
 
 @item
 If the timestamp contains a range of clock times or a repeater,
 these are not overlaid, but remain in the buffer as they were.
 
 @item
 When you delete a timestamp character-by-character, it only
 disappears from the buffer after @emph{all} (invisible) characters
 belonging to the ISO timestamp have been removed.
 
 @item
 If the custom timestamp format is longer than the default and you
 are using dates in tables, table alignment will be messed up.  If
 the custom format is shorter, things do work as expected.
 @end itemize
 
 @node Deadlines and Scheduling
 @section Deadlines and Scheduling
 
 A timestamp may be preceded by special keywords to facilitate
 planning.  Both the timestamp and the keyword have to be positioned
 immediately after the task they refer to.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{DEADLINE}
 @cindex @samp{DEADLINE} marker
 Meaning: the task---most likely a TODO item, though not
 necessarily---is supposed to be finished on that date.
 
 @vindex org-deadline-warning-days
 On the deadline date, the task is listed in the agenda.  In
 addition, the agenda for @emph{today} carries a warning about the
 approaching or missed deadline, starting @code{org-deadline-warning-days}
 before the due date, and continuing until the entry is marked as
 done.  An example:
 
 @example
 *** TODO write article about the Earth for the Guide
     DEADLINE: <2004-02-29 Sun>
     The editor in charge is [[bbdb:Ford Prefect]]
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-agenda-skip-deadline-prewarning-if-scheduled
 You can specify a different lead time for warnings for a specific
 deadlines using the following syntax.  Here is an example with
 a warning period of 5 days @samp{DEADLINE: <2004-02-29 Sun -5d>}.  This
 warning is deactivated if the task gets scheduled and you set
 @code{org-agenda-skip-deadline-prewarning-if-scheduled} to @code{t}.
 
 @item @samp{SCHEDULED}
 @cindex @samp{SCHEDULED} marker
 Meaning: you are planning to start working on that task on the given
 date.
 
 @vindex org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-done
 The headline is listed under the given date@footnote{It will still be listed on that date after it has been marked
 as done.  If you do not like this, set the variable
 @code{org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-done}.}.  In addition,
 a reminder that the scheduled date has passed is present in the
 compilation for @emph{today}, until the entry is marked as done, i.e.,
 the task is automatically forwarded until completed.
 
 @example
 *** TODO Call Trillian for a date on New Years Eve.
     SCHEDULED: <2004-12-25 Sat>
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-scheduled-delay-days
 @vindex org-agenda-skip-scheduled-delay-if-deadline
 If you want to @emph{delay} the display of this task in the agenda, use
 @samp{SCHEDULED: <2004-12-25 Sat -2d>}: the task is still scheduled on
 the 25th but will appear two days later.  In case the task contains
 a repeater, the delay is considered to affect all occurrences; if
 you want the delay to only affect the first scheduled occurrence of
 the task, use @samp{--2d} instead.  See @code{org-scheduled-delay-days} and
 @code{org-agenda-skip-scheduled-delay-if-deadline} for details on how to
 control this globally or per agenda.
 
 @quotation Important
 Scheduling an item in Org mode should @emph{not} be understood in the
 same way that we understand @emph{scheduling a meeting}.  Setting a date
 for a meeting is just a simple appointment, you should mark this
 entry with a simple plain timestamp, to get this item shown on the
 date where it applies.  This is a frequent misunderstanding by Org
 users.  In Org mode, @emph{scheduling} means setting a date when you want
 to start working on an action item.
 
 @end quotation
 @end table
 
 You may use timestamps with repeaters in scheduling and deadline
 entries.  Org mode issues early and late warnings based on the
 assumption that the timestamp represents the @emph{nearest instance} of the
 repeater.  However, the use of diary expression entries like
 
 @example
 <%%(diary-float t 42)>
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 in scheduling and deadline timestamps is limited.  Org mode does not
 know enough about the internals of each function to issue early and
 late warnings.  However, it shows the item on each day where the
 expression entry matches.
 
 @menu
 * Inserting deadline/schedule::  Planning items.
 * Repeated tasks::               Items that show up again and again.
 @end menu
 
 @node Inserting deadline/schedule
 @subsection Inserting deadlines or schedules
 
 The following commands allow you to quickly insert a deadline or to
 schedule an item:@footnote{The @samp{SCHEDULED} and @samp{DEADLINE} dates are inserted on the line
 right below the headline.  Do not put any text between this line and
 the headline.}
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-d} (@code{org-deadline})
 @kindex C-c C-d
 @findex org-deadline
 @vindex org-log-redeadline
 Insert @samp{DEADLINE} keyword along with a stamp.  The insertion happens
 in the line directly following the headline.  Remove any @samp{CLOSED}
 timestamp .  When called with a prefix argument, also remove any
 existing deadline from the entry.  Depending on the variable
 @code{org-log-redeadline}, take a note when changing an existing
 deadline@footnote{ Note the corresponding @samp{STARTUP} options
 @samp{logredeadline}, @samp{lognoteredeadline}, and @samp{nologredeadline}.}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-s} (@code{org-schedule})
 @kindex C-c C-s
 @findex org-schedule
 @vindex org-log-reschedule
 Insert @samp{SCHEDULED} keyword along with a stamp.  The insertion
 happens in the line directly following the headline.  Remove any
 @samp{CLOSED} timestamp.  When called with a prefix argument, also remove
 the scheduling date from the entry.  Depending on the variable
 @code{org-log-reschedule}, take a note when changing an existing
 scheduling time@footnote{ Note the corresponding @samp{STARTUP} options
 @samp{logreschedule}, @samp{lognotereschedule}, and @samp{nologreschedule}.}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c / d} (@code{org-check-deadlines})
 @kindex C-c / d
 @findex org-check-deadlines
 @cindex sparse tree, for deadlines
 @vindex org-deadline-warning-days
 Create a sparse tree with all deadlines that are either past-due, or
 which will become due within @code{org-deadline-warning-days}.  With
 @kbd{C-u} prefix, show all deadlines in the file.  With
 a numeric prefix, check that many days.  For example, @kbd{C-1 C-c / d} shows all deadlines due tomorrow.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c / b} (@code{org-check-before-date})
 @kindex C-c / b
 @findex org-check-before-date
 Sparse tree for deadlines and scheduled items before a given date.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c / a} (@code{org-check-after-date})
 @kindex C-c / a
 @findex org-check-after-date
 Sparse tree for deadlines and scheduled items after a given date.
 @end table
 
 Note that @code{org-schedule} and @code{org-deadline} supports setting the date
 by indicating a relative time e.g., @samp{+1d} sets the date to the next
 day after today, and @samp{--1w} sets the date to the previous week before
 any current timestamp.
 
 @node Repeated tasks
 @subsection Repeated tasks
 
 @cindex tasks, repeated
 @cindex repeated tasks
 
 Some tasks need to be repeated again and again.  Org mode helps to
 organize such tasks using a so-called repeater in a @samp{DEADLINE},
 @samp{SCHEDULED}, or plain timestamps@footnote{Org does not repeat inactive timestamps, however.  See
 @ref{Timestamps}.}.  In the following example:
 
 @example
 ** TODO Pay the rent
    DEADLINE: <2005-10-01 Sat +1m>
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 the @samp{+1m} is a repeater; the intended interpretation is that the task
 has a deadline on @samp{<2005-10-01>} and repeats itself every (one) month
 starting from that time.  You can use yearly, monthly, weekly, daily
 and hourly repeat cookies by using the @samp{y}, @samp{m}, @samp{w}, @samp{d} and @samp{h}
 letters.  If you need both a repeater and a special warning period in
 a deadline entry, the repeater should come first and the warning
 period last
 
 @example
 DEADLINE: <2005-10-01 Sat +1m -3d>
 @end example
 
 
 @vindex org-todo-repeat-to-state
 Deadlines and scheduled items produce entries in the agenda when they
 are over-due, so it is important to be able to mark such an entry as
 done once you have done so.  When you mark a @samp{DEADLINE} or a
 @samp{SCHEDULED} with the TODO keyword @samp{DONE}, it no longer produces
 entries in the agenda.  The problem with this is, however, is that
 then also the @emph{next} instance of the repeated entry will not be
 active.  Org mode deals with this in the following way: when you try
 to mark such an entry as done, using @kbd{C-c C-t}, it shifts the
 base date of the repeating timestamp by the repeater interval, and
 immediately sets the entry state back to TODO@footnote{ In fact, the target
 state is taken from, in this sequence, the @samp{REPEAT_TO_STATE} property,
 the variable @code{org-todo-repeat-to-state} if it is a string, the
 previous TODO state if @code{org-todo-repeat-to-state} is @code{t}, or the first
 state of the TODO state sequence.}.  In the example above, setting the
 state to @samp{DONE} would actually switch the date like this:
 
 @example
 ** TODO Pay the rent
    DEADLINE: <2005-11-01 Tue +1m>
 @end example
 
 To mark a task with a repeater as DONE, use @kbd{C-- 1 C-c C-t},
 i.e., @code{org-todo} with a numeric prefix argument of @samp{-1}.
 
 @vindex org-log-repeat
 A timestamp@footnote{You can change this using the option @code{org-log-repeat}, or the
 @samp{STARTUP} options @samp{logrepeat}, @samp{lognoterepeat}, and @samp{nologrepeat}.
 With @samp{lognoterepeat}, you will also be prompted for a note.} is added under the deadline, to keep a record that
 you actually acted on the previous instance of this deadline.
 
 As a consequence of shifting the base date, this entry is no longer
 visible in the agenda when checking past dates, but all future
 instances will be visible.
 
 With the @samp{+1m} cookie, the date shift is always exactly one month.  So
 if you have not paid the rent for three months, marking this entry
 DONE still keeps it as an overdue deadline.  Depending on the task,
 this may not be the best way to handle it.  For example, if you forgot
 to call your father for 3 weeks, it does not make sense to call him
 3 times in a single day to make up for it.  Finally, there are tasks,
 like changing batteries, which should always repeat a certain time
 @emph{after} the last time you did it.  For these tasks, Org mode has
 special repeaters @samp{++} and @samp{.+}.  For example:
 
 @example
 ** TODO Call Father
    DEADLINE: <2008-02-10 Sun ++1w>
    Marking this DONE shifts the date by at least one week, but also
    by as many weeks as it takes to get this date into the future.
    However, it stays on a Sunday, even if you called and marked it
    done on Saturday.
 
 ** TODO Empty kitchen trash
    DEADLINE: <2008-02-08 Fri 20:00 ++1d>
    Marking this DONE shifts the date by at least one day, and also
    by as many days as it takes to get the timestamp into the future.
    Since there is a time in the timestamp, the next deadline in the
    future will be on today's date if you complete the task before
    20:00.
 
 ** TODO Check the batteries in the smoke detectors
    DEADLINE: <2005-11-01 Tue .+1m>
    Marking this DONE shifts the date to one month after today.
 
 ** TODO Wash my hands
    DEADLINE: <2019-04-05 08:00 Fri .+1h>
    Marking this DONE shifts the date to exactly one hour from now.
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-deadline-is-shown
 You may have both scheduling and deadline information for a specific
 task.  If the repeater is set for the scheduling information only, you
 probably want the repeater to be ignored after the deadline.  If so,
 set the variable @code{org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-deadline-is-shown} to
 @code{repeated-after-deadline}.  However, any scheduling information
 without a repeater is no longer relevant once the task is done, and
 thus, removed upon repeating the task.  If you want both scheduling
 and deadline information to repeat after the same interval, set the
 same repeater for both timestamps.
 
 An alternative to using a repeater is to create a number of copies of
 a task subtree, with dates shifted in each copy.  The command
 @kbd{C-c C-x c} was created for this purpose; it is described in
 @ref{Structure Editing}.
 
 @node Clocking Work Time
 @section Clocking Work Time
 
 @cindex clocking time
 @cindex time clocking
 
 Org mode allows you to clock the time you spend on specific tasks in
 a project.  When you start working on an item, you can start the
 clock.  When you stop working on that task, or when you mark the task
 done, the clock is stopped and the corresponding time interval is
 recorded.  It also computes the total time spent on each
 subtree@footnote{Clocking only works if all headings are indented with less
 than 30 stars.  This is a hard-coded limitation of @code{lmax} in
 @code{org-clock-sum}.} of a project.  And it remembers a history or tasks
 recently clocked, so that you can jump quickly between a number of
 tasks absorbing your time.
 
 To save the clock history across Emacs sessions, use:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-clock-persist 'history)
 (org-clock-persistence-insinuate)
 @end lisp
 
 @vindex org-clock-persist
 When you clock into a new task after resuming Emacs, the incomplete
 clock@footnote{ To resume the clock under the assumption that you have
 worked on this task while outside Emacs, use @samp{(setq org-clock-persist
 t)}.} is retrieved (see @ref{Resolving idle time (1)}) and you are prompted
 about what to do with it.
 
 @menu
 * Clocking commands::            Starting and stopping a clock.
 * The clock table::              Detailed reports.
 * Resolving idle time::          Resolving time when you've been idle.
 @end menu
 
 @node Clocking commands
 @subsection Clocking commands
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-i} (@code{org-clock-in})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-i
 @findex org-clock-in
 @vindex org-clock-into-drawer
 @vindex org-clock-continuously
 @cindex @samp{LOG_INTO_DRAWER}, property
 Start the clock on the current item (clock-in).  This inserts the
 @samp{CLOCK} keyword together with a timestamp.  If this is not the first
 clocking of this item, the multiple @samp{CLOCK} lines are wrapped into
 a @samp{LOGBOOK} drawer (see also the variable @code{org-clock-into-drawer}).
 You can also overrule the setting of this variable for a subtree by
 setting a @samp{CLOCK_INTO_DRAWER} or @samp{LOG_INTO_DRAWER} property.  When
 called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, select the task from
 a list of recently clocked tasks.  With two @kbd{C-u C-u}
 prefixes, clock into the task at point and mark it as the default
 task; the default task is always be available with letter
 @kbd{d} when selecting a clocking task.  With three @kbd{C-u C-u C-u} prefixes, force continuous clocking by starting the
 clock when the last clock stopped.
 
 @cindex @samp{CLOCK_MODELINE_TOTAL}, property
 @cindex @samp{LAST_REPEAT}, property
 @vindex org-clock-mode-line-total
 @vindex org-clock-in-prepare-hook
 While the clock is running, Org shows the current clocking time in
 the mode line, along with the title of the task.  The clock time
 shown is all time ever clocked for this task and its children.  If
 the task has an effort estimate (see @ref{Effort Estimates}), the
 mode line displays the current clocking time against it@footnote{ To add
 an effort estimate ``on the fly'', hook a function doing this to
 @code{org-clock-in-prepare-hook}.}.  If the task is a repeating one (see
 @ref{Repeated tasks}), show only the time since the last reset of the
 task@footnote{ The last reset of the task is recorded by the
 @samp{LAST_REPEAT} property.}.  You can exercise more control over show
 time with the @samp{CLOCK_MODELINE_TOTAL} property.  It may have the
 values @samp{current} to show only the current clocking instance, @samp{today}
 to show all time clocked on this tasks today---see also the variable
 @code{org-extend-today-until}, @code{all} to include all time, or @code{auto} which
 is the default@footnote{ See also the variable
 @code{org-clock-mode-line-total}.}.  Clicking with @kbd{mouse-1}
 onto the mode line entry pops up a menu with clocking options.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-o} (@code{org-clock-out})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-o
 @findex org-clock-out
 @vindex org-log-note-clock-out
 Stop the clock (clock-out).  This inserts another timestamp at the
 same location where the clock was last started.  It also directly
 computes the resulting time in inserts it after the time range as
 @samp{=>HH:MM}.  See the variable @code{org-log-note-clock-out} for the
 possibility to record an additional note together with the clock-out
 timestamp@footnote{ The corresponding in-buffer setting is: @samp{#+STARTUP:
   lognoteclock-out}.}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-x} (@code{org-clock-in-last})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-x
 @findex org-clock-in-last
 @vindex org-clock-continuously
 Re-clock the last clocked task.  With one @kbd{C-u} prefix
 argument, select the task from the clock history.  With two
 @kbd{C-u} prefixes, force continuous clocking by starting the
 clock when the last clock stopped.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-e} (@code{org-clock-modify-effort-estimate})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-e
 @findex org-clock-modify-effort-estimate
 Update the effort estimate for the current clock task.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c} or @kbd{C-c C-y} (@code{org-evaluate-time-range})
 @kindex C-c C-c
 @kindex C-c C-y
 @findex org-evaluate-time-range
 Recompute the time interval after changing one of the timestamps.
 This is only necessary if you edit the timestamps directly.  If you
 change them with @kbd{S-<cursor>} keys, the update is
 automatic.
 
 @item @kbd{C-S-@key{UP}} (@code{org-clock-timestamps-up})
 @itemx @kbd{C-S-@key{DOWN}} (@code{org-clock-timestamps-down})
 @kindex C-S-UP
 @findex org-clock-timestamps-up
 @kindex C-S-DOWN
 @findex org-clock-timestamps-down
 On CLOCK log lines, increase/decrease both timestamps so that the
 clock duration keeps the same value.
 
 @item @kbd{S-M-@key{UP}} (@code{org-timestamp-up})
 @itemx @kbd{S-M-@key{DOWN}} (@code{org-timestamp-down})
 @kindex S-M-UP
 @findex org-clock-timestamp-up
 @kindex S-M-DOWN
 @findex org-clock-timestamp-down
 On @samp{CLOCK} log lines, increase/decrease the timestamp at point and
 the one of the previous, or the next, clock timestamp by the same
 duration.  For example, if you hit @kbd{S-M-@key{UP}} to increase
 a clocked-out timestamp by five minutes, then the clocked-in
 timestamp of the next clock is increased by five minutes.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-t} (@code{org-todo})
 @kindex C-c C-t
 @findex org-todo
 Changing the TODO state of an item to DONE automatically stops the
 clock if it is running in this same item.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-q} (@code{org-clock-cancel})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-q
 @findex org-clock-cancel
 Cancel the current clock.  This is useful if a clock was started by
 mistake, or if you ended up working on something else.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-j} (@code{org-clock-goto})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-j
 @findex or-clock-goto
 Jump to the headline of the currently clocked in task.  With
 a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, select the target task from a list
 of recently clocked tasks.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-d} (@code{org-clock-display})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-d
 @findex org-clock-display
 @vindex org-remove-highlights-with-change
 Display time summaries for each subtree in the current buffer.  This
 puts overlays at the end of each headline, showing the total time
 recorded under that heading, including the time of any subheadings.
 You can use visibility cycling to study the tree, but the overlays
 disappear when you change the buffer (see variable
 @code{org-remove-highlights-with-change}) or press @kbd{C-c C-c}.
 @end table
 
 The @kbd{l} key may be used in the agenda (see @ref{Weekly/daily agenda}) to show which tasks have been worked on or closed during
 a day.
 
 @strong{Important:} note that both @code{org-clock-out} and @code{org-clock-in-last}
 can have a global keybinding and do not modify the window disposition.
 
 @node The clock table
 @subsection The clock table
 
 @cindex clocktable, dynamic block
 @cindex report, of clocked time
 
 Org mode can produce quite complex reports based on the time clocking
 information.  Such a report is called a @emph{clock table}, because it is
 formatted as one or several Org tables.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{org-clock-report}
 @kindex C-c C-x x
 @findex org-clock-report
 Insert or update a clock table.  When called with a prefix argument,
 jump to the first clock table in the current document and update it.
 The clock table includes archived trees.
 
 This command can be invoked by calling
 @code{org-dynamic-block-insert-dblock} (@kbd{C-c C-x x}) and
 selecting ``clocktable'' (see @ref{Dynamic Blocks}).
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c} or @kbd{C-c C-x C-u} (@code{org-dblock-update})
 @kindex C-c C-c
 @kindex C-c C-x C-u
 @findex org-dblock-update
 Update dynamic block at point.  Point needs to be in the @samp{BEGIN}
 line of the dynamic block.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-c C-x C-u}
 @kindex C-u C-c C-x C-u
 Update all dynamic blocks (see @ref{Dynamic Blocks}).  This is useful if
 you have several clock table blocks in a buffer.
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}}
 @itemx @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}} (@code{org-clocktable-try-shift})
 @kindex S-LEFT
 @kindex S-RIGHT
 @findex org-clocktable-try-shift
 Shift the current @samp{:block} interval and update the table.  Point
 needs to be in the @samp{#+BEGIN: clocktable} line for this command.  If
 @samp{:block} is @samp{today}, it is shifted to @samp{today-1}, etc.
 @end table
 
 Here is an example of the frame for a clock table as it is inserted
 into the buffer by @code{org-clock-report}:
 
 @cindex @samp{BEGIN clocktable}
 @example
 #+BEGIN: clocktable :maxlevel 2 :emphasize nil :scope file
 #+END:
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-clocktable-defaults
 The @samp{#+BEGIN} line contains options to define the scope, structure,
 and formatting of the report.  Defaults for all these options can be
 configured in the variable @code{org-clocktable-defaults}.
 
 First there are options that determine which clock entries are to
 be selected:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{:maxlevel}
 Maximum level depth to which times are listed in the table.  Clocks
 at deeper levels are summed into the upper level.
 
 @item @samp{:scope}
 The scope to consider.  This can be any of the following:
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{nil}
 @tab the current buffer or narrowed region
 @item @samp{file}
 @tab the full current buffer
 @item @samp{subtree}
 @tab the subtree where the clocktable is located
 @item @samp{treeN}
 @tab the surrounding level N tree, for example @samp{tree3}
 @item @samp{tree}
 @tab the surrounding level 1 tree
 @item @samp{agenda}
 @tab all agenda files
 @item @samp{("file" ...)}
 @tab scan these files
 @item @samp{FUNCTION}
 @tab scan files returned by calling @var{FUNCTION} with no argument
 @item @samp{file-with-archives}
 @tab current file and its archives
 @item @samp{agenda-with-archives}
 @tab all agenda files, including archives
 @end multitable
 
 @item @samp{:block}
 The time block to consider.  This block is specified either
 absolutely, or relative to the current time and may be any of these
 formats:
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{2007-12-31}
 @tab New year eve 2007
 @item @samp{2007-12}
 @tab December 2007
 @item @samp{2007-W50}
 @tab ISO-week 50 in 2007
 @item @samp{2007-Q2}
 @tab 2nd quarter in 2007
 @item @samp{2007}
 @tab the year 2007
 @item @samp{today}, @samp{yesterday}, @samp{today-N}
 @tab a relative day
 @item @samp{thisweek}, @samp{lastweek}, @samp{thisweek-N}
 @tab a relative week
 @item @samp{thismonth}, @samp{lastmonth}, @samp{thismonth-N}
 @tab a relative month
 @item @samp{thisyear}, @samp{lastyear}, @samp{thisyear-N}
 @tab a relative year
 @item @samp{untilnow}@footnote{ When using @code{:step}, @code{untilnow} starts from the beginning of 2003, not the beginning of time.}
 @tab all clocked time ever
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-clock-display-default-range
 When this option is not set, Org falls back to the value in
 @code{org-clock-display-default-range}, which defaults to the current
 year.
 
 Use @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}} or @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}} to shift the time
 interval.
 
 @item @samp{:tstart}
 A time string specifying when to start considering times.  Relative
 times like @samp{"<-2w>"} can also be used.  See @ref{Matching tags and properties} for relative time syntax.
 
 @item @samp{:tend}
 A time string specifying when to stop considering times.  Relative
 times like @samp{"<now>"} can also be used.  See @ref{Matching tags and properties} for relative time syntax.
 
 @item @samp{:wstart}
 The starting day of the week.  The default is 1 for Monday.
 
 @item @samp{:mstart}
 The starting day of the month.  The default is 1 for the first.
 
 @item @samp{:step}
 Set to @samp{day}, @samp{week}, @samp{semimonth}, @samp{month}, @samp{quarter}, or @samp{year} to split the
 table into chunks.  To use this, either @samp{:block}, or @samp{:tstart} and
 @samp{:tend} are required.
 
 @item @samp{:stepskip0}
 When non-@code{nil}, do not show steps that have zero time.
 
 @item @samp{:fileskip0}
 When non-@code{nil}, do not show table sections from files which did not
 contribute.
 
 @item @samp{:match}
 A tags match to select entries that should contribute.  See
 @ref{Matching tags and properties} for the match syntax.
 @end table
 
 @findex org-clocktable-write-default
 Then there are options that determine the formatting of the table.
 There options are interpreted by the function
 @code{org-clocktable-write-default}, but you can specify your own function
 using the @samp{:formatter} parameter.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{:emphasize}
 When non-@code{nil}, emphasize level one and level two items.
 
 @item @samp{:lang}
 Language@footnote{ Language terms can be set through the variable
 @code{org-clock-clocktable-language-setup}.} to use for descriptive cells
 like ``Task''.
 
 @item @samp{:link}
 Link the item headlines in the table to their origins.
 
 @item @samp{:narrow}
 An integer to limit the width of the headline column in the Org
 table.  If you write it like @samp{50!}, then the headline is also
 shortened in export.
 
 @item @samp{:indent}
 Indent each headline field according to its level.
 
 @item @samp{:filetitle}
 Show title in the file column if the file has a @samp{#+title}.
 
 @item @samp{:hidefiles}
 Hide the file column when multiple files are used to produce the
 table.
 
 @item @samp{:tcolumns}
 Number of columns to be used for times.  If this is smaller than
 @samp{:maxlevel}, lower levels are lumped into one column.
 
 @item @samp{:level}
 Should a level number column be included?
 
 @item @samp{:sort}
 A cons cell containing the column to sort and a sorting type.  E.g.,
 @samp{:sort (1 . ?a)} sorts the first column alphabetically.
 
 @item @samp{:compact}
 Abbreviation for @samp{:level nil :indent t :narrow 40! :tcolumns 1}.
 All are overwritten except if there is an explicit @samp{:narrow}.
 
 @item @samp{:timestamp}
 A timestamp for the entry, when available.  Look for @samp{SCHEDULED},
 @samp{DEADLINE}, @samp{TIMESTAMP} and @samp{TIMESTAMP_IA} special properties (see
 @ref{Special Properties}), in this order.
 
 @item @samp{:tags}
 When this flag is non-@code{nil}, show the headline's tags.
 
 @item @samp{:properties}
 List of properties shown in the table.  Each property gets its own
 column.
 
 @item @samp{:inherit-props}
 When this flag is non-@code{nil}, the values for @samp{:properties} are
 inherited.
 
 @item @samp{:formula}
 Content of a @samp{TBLFM} keyword to be added and evaluated.  As
 a special case, @samp{:formula %} adds a column with % time.  If you do
 not specify a formula here, any existing formula below the clock
 table survives updates and is evaluated.
 
 @item @samp{:formatter}
 A function to format clock data and insert it into the buffer.
 @end table
 
 To get a clock summary of the current level 1 tree, for the current
 day, you could write:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN: clocktable :maxlevel 2 :block today :scope tree1 :link t
 #+END:
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 To use a specific time range you could write@footnote{ Note that all
 parameters must be specified in a single line---the line is broken
 here only to fit it into the manual.}
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN: clocktable :tstart "<2006-08-10 Thu 10:00>"
                     :tend "<2006-08-10 Thu 12:00>"
 #+END:
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 A range starting a week ago and ending right now could be written as
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN: clocktable :tstart "<-1w>" :tend "<now>"
 #+END:
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 A summary of the current subtree with % times would be
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN: clocktable :scope subtree :link t :formula %
 #+END:
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 A horizontally compact representation of everything clocked during
 last week would be
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN: clocktable :scope agenda :block lastweek :compact t
 #+END:
 @end example
 
 @node Resolving idle time
 @subsection Resolving idle time and continuous clocking
 
 
 
 @anchor{Resolving idle time (1)}
 @subsubheading Resolving idle time
 
 @cindex resolve idle time
 @cindex idle, resolve, dangling
 
 If you clock in on a work item, and then walk away from your
 computer---perhaps to take a phone call---you often need to
 ``resolve'' the time you were away by either subtracting it from the
 current clock, or applying it to another one.
 
 @vindex org-clock-idle-time
 @vindex org-clock-x11idle-program-name
 By customizing the variable @code{org-clock-idle-time} to some integer,
 such as 10 or 15, Emacs can alert you when you get back to your
 computer after being idle for that many minutes@footnote{On computers using macOS, idleness is based on actual user
 idleness, not just Emacs' idle time.  For X11, you can install a
 utility program @samp{x11idle.c}, available in the @samp{org-contrib/}
 repository, or install the xprintidle package and set it to the
 variable @code{org-clock-x11idle-program-name} if you are running Debian,
 to get the same general treatment of idleness.  On other systems, idle
 time refers to Emacs idle time only.}, and ask what
 you want to do with the idle time.  There will be a question waiting
 for you when you get back, indicating how much idle time has passed
 constantly updated with the current amount, as well as a set of
 choices to correct the discrepancy:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{k}
 @kindex k
 To keep some or all of the minutes and stay clocked in, press
 @kbd{k}.  Org asks how many of the minutes to keep.  Press
 @kbd{@key{RET}} to keep them all, effectively changing nothing, or
 enter a number to keep that many minutes.
 
 @item @kbd{K}
 @kindex K
 If you use the shift key and press @kbd{K}, it keeps however
 many minutes you request and then immediately clock out of that
 task.  If you keep all of the minutes, this is the same as just
 clocking out of the current task.
 
 @item @kbd{s}
 @kindex s
 To keep none of the minutes, use @kbd{s} to subtract all the
 away time from the clock, and then check back in from the moment you
 returned.
 
 @item @kbd{S}
 @kindex S
 To keep none of the minutes and just clock out at the start of the
 away time, use the shift key and press @kbd{S}.  Remember that
 using shift always leave you clocked out, no matter which option you
 choose.
 
 @item @kbd{C}
 @kindex C
 To cancel the clock altogether, use @kbd{C}.  Note that if
 instead of canceling you subtract the away time, and the resulting
 clock amount is less than a minute, the clock is still canceled
 rather than cluttering up the log with an empty entry.
 @end table
 
 What if you subtracted those away minutes from the current clock, and
 now want to apply them to a new clock?  Simply clock in to any task
 immediately after the subtraction.  Org will notice that you have
 subtracted time ``on the books'', so to speak, and will ask if you want
 to apply those minutes to the next task you clock in on.
 
 There is one other instance when this clock resolution magic occurs.
 Say you were clocked in and hacking away, and suddenly your cat chased
 a mouse who scared a hamster that crashed into your UPS's power
 button!  You suddenly lose all your buffers, but thanks to auto-save
 you still have your recent Org mode changes, including your last clock
 in.
 
 If you restart Emacs and clock into any task, Org will notice that you
 have a dangling clock which was never clocked out from your last
 session.  Using that clock's starting time as the beginning of the
 unaccounted-for period, Org will ask how you want to resolve that
 time.  The logic and behavior is identical to dealing with away time
 due to idleness; it is just happening due to a recovery event rather
 than a set amount of idle time.
 
 You can also check all the files visited by your Org agenda for
 dangling clocks at any time using @kbd{M-x org-resolve-clocks @key{RET}} (or @kbd{C-c C-x C-z}).
 
 @anchor{Continuous clocking}
 @subsubheading Continuous clocking
 
 @cindex continuous clocking
 
 @vindex org-clock-continuously
 You may want to start clocking from the time when you clocked out the
 previous task.  To enable this systematically, set
 @code{org-clock-continuously} to non-@code{nil}.  Each time you clock in, Org
 retrieves the clock-out time of the last clocked entry for this
 session, and start the new clock from there.
 
 If you only want this from time to time, use three universal prefix
 arguments with @code{org-clock-in} and two @kbd{C-u C-u} with
 @code{org-clock-in-last}.
 
 @anchor{Clocking out automatically after some idle time}
 @subsubheading Clocking out automatically after some idle time
 
 @cindex auto clocking out after idle time
 
 @vindex org-clock-auto-clockout-timer
 When you often forget to clock out before being idle and you don't
 want to manually set the clocking time to take into account, you can
 set @code{org-clock-auto-clockout-timer} to a number of seconds and add
 @samp{(org-clock-auto-clockout-insinuate)} to your @samp{.emacs} file.
 
 When the clock is running and Emacs is idle for more than this number
 of seconds, the clock will be clocked out automatically.
 
 Use @samp{M-x org-clock-toggle-auto-clockout RET} to temporarily turn this
 on or off.
 
 @node Effort Estimates
 @section Effort Estimates
 
 @cindex effort estimates
 @cindex @samp{EFFORT}, property
 @vindex org-effort-property
 
 If you want to plan your work in a very detailed way, or if you need
 to produce offers with quotations of the estimated work effort, you
 may want to assign effort estimates to entries.  If you are also
 clocking your work, you may later want to compare the planned effort
 with the actual working time, a great way to improve planning
 estimates.
 
 Effort estimates are stored in a special property @samp{EFFORT}.  Multiple
 formats are supported, such as @samp{3:12}, @samp{1:23:45}, or @samp{1d3h5min}; see
 the file @samp{org-duration.el} for more detailed information about the
 format.
 
 You can set the effort for an entry with the following commands:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x e}  (@code{org-set-effort})
 @kindex C-c C-x e
 @findex org-set-effort
 Set the effort estimate for the current entry.  With a prefix
 argument, set it to the next allowed value---see below.  This
 command is also accessible from the agenda with the @kbd{e}
 key.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-e} (@code{org-clock-modify-effort-estimate})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-e
 @findex org-clock-modify-effort-estimate
 Modify the effort estimate of the item currently being clocked.
 @end table
 
 Clearly the best way to work with effort estimates is through column
 view (see @ref{Column View}).  You should start by setting up discrete
 values for effort estimates, and a @samp{COLUMNS} format that displays
 these values together with clock sums---if you want to clock your
 time.  For a specific buffer you can use:
 
 @example
 #+PROPERTY: Effort_ALL 0 0:10 0:30 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00
 #+COLUMNS: %40ITEM(Task) %17Effort(Estimated Effort)@{:@} %CLOCKSUM
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 @vindex org-global-properties
 @vindex org-columns-default-format
 or, even better, you can set up these values globally by customizing
 the variables @code{org-global-properties} and
 @code{org-columns-default-format}.  In particular if you want to use this
 setup also in the agenda, a global setup may be advised.
 
 The way to assign estimates to individual items is then to switch to
 column mode, and to use @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}} and @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}} to
 change the value.  The values you enter are immediately summed up in
 the hierarchy.  In the column next to it, any clocked time is
 displayed.
 
 @vindex org-agenda-columns-add-appointments-to-effort-sum
 If you switch to column view in the daily/weekly agenda, the effort
 column summarizes the estimated work effort for each day@footnote{ Please
 note the pitfalls of summing hierarchical data in a flat list (see
 @ref{Agenda Column View}).}, and you can use this to find
 space in your schedule.  To get an overview of the entire part of the
 day that is committed, you can set the option
 @code{org-agenda-columns-add-appointments-to-effort-sum}.  The appointments
 on a day that take place over a specified time interval are then also
 added to the load estimate of the day.
 
 Effort estimates can be used in secondary agenda filtering that is
 triggered with the @kbd{/} key in the agenda (see @ref{Agenda Commands}).  If you have these estimates defined consistently,
 two or three key presses narrow down the list to stuff that fits into
 an available time slot.
 
 @node Timers
 @section Taking Notes with a Relative Timer
 
 @cindex relative timer
 @cindex countdown timer
 
 Org provides two types of timers.  There is a relative timer that
 counts up, which can be useful when taking notes during, for example,
 a meeting or a video viewing.  There is also a countdown timer.
 
 The relative and countdown are started with separate commands.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x 0} (@code{org-timer-start})
 @kindex C-c C-x 0
 @findex org-timer-start
 Start or reset the relative timer.  By default, the timer is set
 to 0.  When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix, prompt the user for
 a starting offset.  The prompt will default to a timer string at
 point (if any), providing a convenient way to restart taking notes
 after a break in the process.  When called with a double prefix
 argument @kbd{C-u C-u}, change all timer strings in the active
 region by a certain amount.  This can be used to fix timer strings
 if the timer was not started at exactly the right moment.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x ;} (@code{org-timer-set-timer})
 @kindex C-c C-x ;
 @findex org-timer-set-timer
 @vindex org-timer-default-timer
 Start a countdown timer.  The user is prompted for a duration.
 @code{org-timer-default-timer} sets the default countdown value.  Giving
 a numeric prefix argument overrides this default value.  This
 command is available as @kbd{;} in agenda buffers.
 @end table
 
 Once started, relative and countdown timers are controlled with the
 same commands.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x .} (@code{org-timer})
 @kindex C-c C-x .
 @findex org-timer
 Insert a relative time into the buffer.  The first time you use
 this, the timer starts.  Using a prefix argument restarts it.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x -} (@code{org-timer-item})
 @kindex C-c C-x -
 @findex org-timer-item
 Insert a description list item with the current relative time.  With
 a prefix argument, first reset the timer to 0.
 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{RET}} (@code{org-insert-heading})
 @kindex M-RET
 @findex org-insert-heading
 Once the timer list is started, you can also use @kbd{M-@key{RET}} to
 insert new timer items.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x ,} (@code{org-timer-pause-or-continue})
 @kindex C-c C-x ,
 @findex org-timer-pause-or-continue
 Pause the timer, or continue it if it is already paused.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x _} (@code{org-timer-stop})
 @kindex C-c C-x _
 @findex org-timer-stop
 Stop the timer.  After this, you can only start a new timer, not
 continue the old one.  This command also removes the timer from the
 mode line.
 @end table
 
 @node Refiling and Archiving
 @chapter Refiling and Archiving
 
 @cindex refiling notes
 @cindex copying notes
 @cindex archiving
 
 Once information is in the system, it may need to be moved around.
 Org provides Refile, Copy and Archive commands for this.  Refile and
 Copy helps with moving and copying outlines.  Archiving helps to keep
 the system compact and fast.
 
 @menu
 * Refile and Copy::              Moving/copying a tree from one place to another.
 * Archiving::                    What to do with finished products.
 @end menu
 
 @node Refile and Copy
 @section Refile and Copy
 
 @cindex refiling notes
 @cindex copying notes
 
 When reviewing the captured data, you may want to refile or to copy
 some of the entries into a different list, for example into a project.
 Cutting, finding the right location, and then pasting the note is
 cumbersome.  To simplify this process, you can use the following
 special command:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-w} (@code{org-refile})
 @kindex C-c C-w
 @findex org-refile
 @vindex org-reverse-note-order
 @vindex org-refile-targets
 @vindex org-refile-use-outline-path
 @vindex org-outline-path-complete-in-steps
 @vindex org-refile-allow-creating-parent-nodes
 @vindex org-log-refile
 Refile the entry or region at point.  This command offers possible
 locations for refiling the entry and lets you select one with
 completion.  The item (or all items in the region) is filed below
 the target heading as a subitem.  Depending on
 @code{org-reverse-note-order}, it is either the first or last subitem.
 
 By default, all level 1 headlines in the current buffer are
 considered to be targets, but you can have more complex definitions
 across a number of files.  See the variable @code{org-refile-targets} for
 details.  If you would like to select a location via a
 file-path-like completion along the outline path, see the variables
 @code{org-refile-use-outline-path} and
 @code{org-outline-path-complete-in-steps}.  If you would like to be able
 to create new nodes as new parents for refiling on the fly, check
 the variable @code{org-refile-allow-creating-parent-nodes}.  When the
 variable @code{org-log-refile}@footnote{ Note the corresponding @samp{STARTUP}
 options @samp{logrefile}, @samp{lognoterefile}, and @samp{nologrefile}.} is set, a
 timestamp or a note is recorded whenever an entry is refiled.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-c C-w}
 @kindex C-u C-c C-w
 Use the refile interface to jump to a heading.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-u C-c C-w} (@code{org-refile-goto-last-stored})
 @kindex C-u C-u C-c C-w
 @findex org-refile-goto-last-stored
 Jump to the location where @code{org-refile} last moved a tree to.
 
 @item @kbd{C-2 C-c C-w}
 @kindex C-2 C-c C-w
 Refile as the child of the item currently being clocked.
 
 @item @kbd{C-3 C-c C-w}
 @kindex C-3 C-c C-w
 @vindex org-refile-keep
 Refile and keep the entry in place.  Also see @code{org-refile-keep} to
 make this the default behavior, and beware that this may result in
 duplicated @samp{ID} properties.
 
 @item @kbd{C-0 C-c C-w} or @kbd{C-u C-u C-u C-c C-w} (@code{org-refile-cache-clear})
 @kindex C-u C-u C-u C-c C-w
 @kindex C-0 C-c C-w
 @findex org-refile-cache-clear
 @vindex org-refile-use-cache
 Clear the target cache.  Caching of refile targets can be turned on
 by setting @code{org-refile-use-cache}.  To make the command see new
 possible targets, you have to clear the cache with this command.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c M-w} (@code{org-refile-copy})
 @kindex C-c M-w
 @findex org-refile-copy
 Copying works like refiling, except that the original note is not
 deleted.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-M-w} (@code{org-refile-reverse})
 @kindex C-c C-M-w
 @findex org-refile-reverse
 Works like refiling, except that it temporarily toggles how the
 value of @code{org-reverse-note-order} applies to the current buffer.  So
 if @code{org-refile} would append the entry as the last entry under the
 target header, @code{org-refile-reverse} will prepend it as the first
 entry, and vice-versa.
 @end table
 
 @node Archiving
 @section Archiving
 
 @cindex archiving
 
 When a project represented by a (sub)tree is finished, you may want to
 move the tree out of the way and to stop it from contributing to the
 agenda.  Archiving is important to keep your working files compact and
 global searches like the construction of agenda views fast.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-a} (@code{org-archive-subtree-default})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-a
 @findex org-archive-subtree-default
 @vindex org-archive-default-command
 Archive the current entry using the command specified in the
 variable @code{org-archive-default-command}.
 @end table
 
 @menu
 * Moving subtrees::              Moving a tree to an archive file.
 * Internal archiving::           Switch off a tree but keep it in the file.
 @end menu
 
 @node Moving subtrees
 @subsection Moving a tree to an archive file
 
 @cindex external archiving
 
 The most common archiving action is to move a project tree to another
 file, the archive file.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-s} or short @kbd{C-c $} (@code{org-archive-subtree})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-s
 @kindex C-c $
 @findex org-archive-subtree
 @vindex org-archive-location
 Archive the subtree starting at point position to the location given
 by @code{org-archive-location}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-c C-x C-s}
 @kindex C-u C-c C-x C-s
 Check if any direct children of the current headline could be moved
 to the archive.  To do this, check each subtree for open TODO
 entries.  If none is found, the command offers to move it to the
 archive location.  If point is @emph{not} on a headline when this command
 is invoked, check level 1 trees.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-u C-c C-x C-s}
 @kindex C-u C-u C-c C-x C-s
 As above, but check subtree for timestamps instead of TODO entries.
 The command offers to archive the subtree if it @emph{does} contain
 a timestamp, and that timestamp is in the past.
 @end table
 
 @cindex archive locations
 The default archive location is a file in the same directory as the
 current file, with the name derived by appending @samp{_archive} to the
 current file name.  You can also choose what heading to file archived
 items under, with the possibility to add them to a datetree in a file.
 For information and examples on how to specify the file and the
 heading, see the documentation string of the variable
 @code{org-archive-location}.
 
 There is also an in-buffer option for setting this variable, for
 example:
 
 @cindex @samp{ARCHIVE}, keyword
 @example
 #+ARCHIVE: %s_done::
 @end example
 
 
 @cindex ARCHIVE, property
 If you would like to have a special archive location for a single
 entry or a (sub)tree, give the entry an @samp{ARCHIVE} property with the
 location as the value (see @ref{Properties and Columns}).
 
 @vindex org-archive-save-context-info
 When a subtree is moved, it receives a number of special properties
 that record context information like the file from where the entry
 came, its outline path the archiving time etc.  Configure the variable
 @code{org-archive-save-context-info} to adjust the amount of information
 added.
 
 @vindex org-archive-subtree-save-file-p
 When @code{org-archive-subtree-save-file-p} is non-@code{nil}, save the target
 archive buffer.
 
 @node Internal archiving
 @subsection Internal archiving
 
 @cindex @samp{ARCHIVE}, tag
 If you want to just switch off---for agenda views---certain subtrees
 without moving them to a different file, you can use the @samp{ARCHIVE}
 tag.
 
 A headline that is marked with the @samp{ARCHIVE} tag (see @ref{Tags}) stays at
 its location in the outline tree, but behaves in the following way:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 @vindex org-cycle-open-archived-trees
 It does not open when you attempt to do so with a visibility cycling
 command (see @ref{Visibility Cycling}).  You can force cycling archived
 subtrees with @kbd{C-c C-@key{TAB}}, or by setting the option
 @code{org-cycle-open-archived-trees}.  Also normal outline commands, like
 @code{org-show-all}, open archived subtrees.
 
 @item
 @vindex org-sparse-tree-open-archived-trees
 During sparse tree construction (see @ref{Sparse Trees}), matches in
 archived subtrees are not exposed, unless you configure the option
 @code{org-sparse-tree-open-archived-trees}.
 
 @item
 @vindex org-agenda-skip-archived-trees
 During agenda view construction (see @ref{Agenda Views}), the content of
 archived trees is ignored unless you configure the option
 @code{org-agenda-skip-archived-trees}, in which case these trees are
 always included.  In the agenda you can press @kbd{v a} to get
 archives temporarily included.
 
 @item
 @vindex org-export-with-archived-trees
 Archived trees are not exported (see @ref{Exporting}), only the headline
 is.  Configure the details using the variable
 @code{org-export-with-archived-trees}.
 
 @item
 @vindex org-columns-skip-archived-trees
 Archived trees are excluded from column view unless the variable
 @code{org-columns-skip-archived-trees} is configured to @code{nil}.
 @end itemize
 
 The following commands help manage the @samp{ARCHIVE} tag:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x a} (@code{org-toggle-archive-tag})
 @kindex C-c C-x a
 @findex org-toggle-archive-tag
 Toggle the archive tag for the current headline.  When the tag is
 set, the headline changes to a shadowed face, and the subtree below
 it is hidden.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-c C-x a}
 @kindex C-u C-c C-x a
 Check if any direct children of the current headline should be
 archived.  To do this, check each subtree for open TODO entries.  If
 none is found, the command offers to set the @samp{ARCHIVE} tag for the
 child.  If point is @emph{not} on a headline when this command is
 invoked, check the level 1 trees.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-@key{TAB}} (@code{org-cycle-force-archived})
 @kindex C-c C-TAB
 Cycle a tree even if it is tagged with @samp{ARCHIVE}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x A} (@code{org-archive-to-archive-sibling})
 @kindex C-c C-x A
 @findex org-archive-to-archive-sibling
 Move the current entry to the @emph{Archive Sibling}.  This is a sibling
 of the entry with the heading @samp{Archive} and the archive tag.  The
 entry becomes a child of that sibling and in this way retains a lot
 of its original context, including inherited tags and approximate
 position in the outline.
 @end table
 
 @node Capture and Attachments
 @chapter Capture and Attachments
 
 @cindex capture
 @cindex attachments
 @cindex RSS feeds
 @cindex Atom feeds
 @cindex protocols, for external access
 
 An important part of any organization system is the ability to quickly
 capture new ideas and tasks, and to associate reference material with
 them.  Org does this using a process called @emph{capture}.  It also can
 store files related to a task (@emph{attachments}) in a special directory.
 Finally, it can parse RSS feeds for information.  To learn how to let
 external programs (for example a web browser) trigger Org to capture
 material, see @ref{Protocols}.
 
 @menu
 * Capture::                      Capturing new stuff.
 * Attachments::                  Attach files to outlines.
 * RSS Feeds::                    Getting input from RSS feeds.
 @end menu
 
 @node Capture
 @section Capture
 
 @cindex capture
 
 Capture lets you quickly store notes with little interruption of your
 work flow.  Org's method for capturing new items is heavily inspired
 by John Wiegley's excellent Remember package.
 
 @menu
 * Setting up capture::           Where notes will be stored.
 * Using capture::                Commands to invoke and terminate capture.
 * Capture templates::            Define the outline of different note types.
 @end menu
 
 @node Setting up capture
 @subsection Setting up capture
 
 The following customization sets a default target file for notes.
 
 @vindex org-default-notes-file
 @lisp
 (setq org-default-notes-file (concat org-directory "/notes.org"))
 @end lisp
 
 You may also define a global key for capturing new material (see
 @ref{Activation}).
 
 @node Using capture
 @subsection Using capture
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{M-x org-capture} (@code{org-capture})
 @findex org-capture
 Display the capture templates menu.  If you have templates defined
 (see @ref{Capture templates}), it offers these templates for selection or
 use a new Org outline node as the default template.  It inserts the
 template into the target file and switch to an indirect buffer
 narrowed to this new node.  You may then insert the information you
 want.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c} (@code{org-capture-finalize})
 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Capture buffer)}
 @findex org-capture-finalize
 Once you have finished entering information into the capture buffer,
 @kbd{C-c C-c} returns you to the window configuration before
 the capture process, so that you can resume your work without
 further distraction.  When called with a prefix argument, finalize
 and then jump to the captured item.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-w} (@code{org-capture-refile})
 @kindex C-c C-w @r{(Capture buffer)}
 @findex org-capture-refile
 Finalize the capture process by refiling the note to a different
 place (see @ref{Refile and Copy}).  Please realize that this is a normal
 refiling command that will be executed---so point position at the
 moment you run this command is important.  If you have inserted
 a tree with a parent and children, first move point back to the
 parent.  Any prefix argument given to this command is passed on to
 the @code{org-refile} command.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-k} (@code{org-capture-kill})
 @kindex C-c C-k @r{(Capture buffer)}
 @findex org-capture-kill
 Abort the capture process and return to the previous state.
 @end table
 
 @kindex k c @r{(Agenda)}
 You can also call @code{org-capture} in a special way from the agenda,
 using the @kbd{k c} key combination.  With this access, any
 timestamps inserted by the selected capture template defaults to the
 date at point in the agenda, rather than to the current date.
 
 To find the locations of the last stored capture, use @code{org-capture}
 with prefix commands:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-u M-x org-capture}
 Visit the target location of a capture template.  You get to select
 the template in the usual way.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-u M-x org-capture}
 Visit the last stored capture item in its buffer.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-capture-bookmark
 @vindex org-capture-last-stored
 You can also jump to the bookmark @code{org-capture-last-stored}, which is
 automatically created unless you set @code{org-capture-bookmark} to @code{nil}.
 
 To insert the capture at point in an Org buffer, call @code{org-capture}
 with a @kbd{C-0} prefix argument.
 
 @node Capture templates
 @subsection Capture templates
 
 @cindex templates, for Capture
 
 You can use templates for different types of capture items, and for
 different target locations.  The easiest way to create such templates
 is through the customize interface.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C}
 @kindex C @r{(Capture menu}
 @vindex org-capture-templates
 Customize the variable @code{org-capture-templates}.
 @end table
 
 Before we give the formal description of template definitions, let's
 look at an example.  Say you would like to use one template to create
 general TODO entries, and you want to put these entries under the
 heading @samp{Tasks} in your file @samp{~/org/gtd.org}.  Also, a date tree in
 the file @samp{journal.org} should capture journal entries.  A possible
 configuration would look like:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-capture-templates
       '(("t" "Todo" entry (file+headline "~/org/gtd.org" "Tasks")
          "* TODO %?\n  %i\n  %a")
         ("j" "Journal" entry (file+datetree "~/org/journal.org")
          "* %?\nEntered on %U\n  %i\n  %a")))
 @end lisp
 
 If you then press @kbd{t} from the capture menu, Org will prepare
 the template for you like this:
 
 @example
 * TODO
   [[file:LINK TO WHERE YOU INITIATED CAPTURE]]
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 During expansion of the template, @samp{%a} has been replaced by a link to
 the location from where you called the capture command.  This can be
 extremely useful for deriving tasks from emails, for example.  You
 fill in the task definition, press @kbd{C-c C-c} and Org returns
 you to the same place where you started the capture process.
 
 To define special keys to capture to a particular template without
 going through the interactive template selection, you can create your
 key binding like this:
 
 @lisp
 (define-key global-map (kbd "C-c x")
   (lambda () (interactive) (org-capture nil "x")))
 @end lisp
 
 @menu
 * Template elements::            What is needed for a complete template entry.
 * Template expansion::           Filling in information about time and context.
 * Templates in contexts::        Only show a template in a specific context.
 @end menu
 
 @node Template elements
 @subsubsection Template elements
 
 Now lets look at the elements of a template definition.  Each entry in
 @code{org-capture-templates} is a list with the following items:
 
 @table @asis
 @item keys
 The keys that selects the template, as a string, characters only,
 for example @samp{"a"}, for a template to be selected with a single key,
 or @samp{"bt"} for selection with two keys.  When using several keys,
 keys using the same prefix key must be sequential in the list and
 preceded by a 2-element entry explaining the prefix key, for
 example:
 
 @lisp
 ("b" "Templates for marking stuff to buy")
 @end lisp
 
 If you do not define a template for the @kbd{C} key, this key
 opens the Customize buffer for this complex variable.
 
 @item description
 A short string describing the template, shown during selection.
 
 @item type
 The type of entry, a symbol.  Valid values are:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{entry}
 An Org mode node, with a headline.  Will be filed as the child of
 the target entry or as a top-level entry.  The target file should
 be an Org file.
 
 @item @code{item}
 A plain list item, placed in the first plain list at the target
 location.  Again the target file should be an Org file.
 
 @item @code{checkitem}
 A checkbox item.  This only differs from the plain list item by
 the default template.
 
 @item @code{table-line}
 A new line in the first table at the target location.  Where
 exactly the line will be inserted depends on the properties
 @code{:prepend} and @code{:table-line-pos} (see below).
 
 @item @code{plain}
 Text to be inserted as it is.
 @end table
 
 @item target
 @vindex org-default-notes-file
 @vindex org-directory
 @cindex date tree
 Specification of where the captured item should be placed.  In Org
 files, targets usually define a node.  Entries will become children
 of this node.  Other types will be added to the table or list in the
 body of this node.  Most target specifications contain a file name.
 If that file name is the empty string, it defaults to
 @code{org-default-notes-file}.  A file can also be given as a variable or
 as a function called with no argument.  When an absolute path is not
 specified for a target, it is taken as relative to @code{org-directory}.
 
 Valid values are:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{(file "path/to/file")}
 Text will be placed at the beginning or end of that file.
 
 @item @samp{(id "id of existing org entry")}
 Filing as child of this entry, or in the body of the entry.
 
 @item @samp{(file+headline "filename" "node headline")}
 Fast configuration if the target heading is unique in the file.
 
 @item @samp{(file+olp "filename" "Level 1 heading" "Level 2" ...)}
 For non-unique headings, the full path is safer.
 
 @item @samp{(file+regexp "filename" "regexp to find location")}
 Use a regular expression to position point.
 
 @item @samp{(file+olp+datetree "filename" [ "Level 1 heading" ...])}
 This target@footnote{Org used to offer four different targets for date/week tree
 capture.  Now, Org automatically translates these to use
 @code{file+olp+datetree}, applying the @code{:time-prompt} and @code{:tree-type}
 properties.  Please rewrite your date/week-tree targets using
 @code{file+olp+datetree} since the older targets are now deprecated.} creates a heading in a date tree@footnote{A date tree is an outline structure with years on the highest
 level, months or ISO weeks as sublevels and then dates on the lowest
 level.
 
 @example
 * 2022
 ** 2022-10 October
 *** 2022-10-07 Friday
 *** 2022-10-08 Saturday
 @end example
 
 Tags are allowed in the tree structure.} for
 today's date.  If the optional outline path is given, the tree
 will be built under the node it is pointing to, instead of at top
 level.  Check out the @code{:time-prompt} and @code{:tree-type} properties
 below for additional options.
 
 @item @samp{(file+function "filename" function-finding-location)}
 A function to find the right location in the file.
 
 @item @samp{(clock)}
 File to the entry that is currently being clocked.
 
 @item @samp{(function function-finding-location)}
 Most general way: write your own function which both visits the
 file and moves point to the right location.
 @end table
 
 @item template
 The template for creating the capture item.  If you leave this
 empty, an appropriate default template will be used.  Otherwise this
 is a string with escape codes, which will be replaced depending on
 time and context of the capture call.  You may also get this
 template string from a file@footnote{ When the file name is not absolute,
 Org assumes it is relative to @code{org-directory}.}, or dynamically,
 from a function using either syntax:
 
 @example
 (file "/path/to/template-file")
 (function FUNCTION-RETURNING-THE-TEMPLATE)
 @end example
 
 @item properties
 The rest of the entry is a property list of additional options.
 Recognized properties are:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{:prepend}
 Normally new captured information will be appended at the target
 location (last child, last table line, last list item, @dots{}).
 Setting this property changes that.
 
 @item @code{:immediate-finish}
 When set, do not offer to edit the information, just file it away
 immediately.  This makes sense if the template only needs
 information that can be added automatically.
 
 @item @code{:jump-to-captured}
 When set, jump to the captured entry when finished.
 
 @item @code{:empty-lines}
 Set this to the number of lines to insert before and after the new
 item.  Default 0, and the only other common value is 1.
 
 @item @code{:empty-lines-after}
 Set this to the number of lines that should be inserted after the
 new item.  Overrides @code{:empty-lines} for the number of lines
 inserted after.
 
 @item @code{:empty-lines-before}
 Set this to the number of lines that should be inserted before the
 new item.  Overrides @code{:empty-lines} for the number lines inserted
 before.
 
 @item @code{:clock-in}
 Start the clock in this item.
 
 @item @code{:clock-keep}
 Keep the clock running when filing the captured entry.
 
 @item @code{:clock-resume}
 If starting the capture interrupted a clock, restart that clock
 when finished with the capture.  Note that @code{:clock-keep} has
 precedence over @code{:clock-resume}.  When setting both to non-@code{nil},
 the current clock will run and the previous one will not be
 resumed.
 
 @item @code{:time-prompt}
 Prompt for a date/time to be used for date/week trees and when
 filling the template.  Without this property, capture uses the
 current date and time.  Even if this property has not been set,
 you can force the same behavior by calling @code{org-capture} with
 a @kbd{C-1} prefix argument.
 
 @item @code{:tree-type}
 Use @code{week} to make a week tree instead of the month-day tree,
 i.e., place the headings for each day under a heading with the
 current ISO week.  Use @code{month} to group entries by month
 only.  Default is to group entries by day.
 
 @item @code{:unnarrowed}
 Do not narrow the target buffer, simply show the full buffer.
 Default is to narrow it so that you only see the new material.
 
 @item @code{:table-line-pos}
 Specification of the location in the table where the new line
 should be inserted.  It should be a string like @samp{II-3} meaning
 that the new line should become the third line before the second
 horizontal separator line.
 
 @item @code{:kill-buffer}
 If the target file was not yet visited when capture was invoked,
 kill the buffer again after capture is completed.
 
 @item @code{:no-save}
 Do not save the target file after finishing the capture.
 
 @item @code{:refile-targets}
 Temporarily set @code{org-refile-targets} to the
 value of this property.
 
 @item @code{:hook}
 A nullary function or list of nullary functions run before
 @code{org-capture-mode-hook} when the template is selected.
 @end table
 @table @asis
 @item @code{:prepare-finalize}
 A nullary function or list of nullary functions run before
 @code{org-capture-prepare-finalize-hook} when the template is selected.
 
 @item @code{:before-finalize}
 A nullary function or list of nullary functions run before
 @code{org-capture-before-finalize-hook} when the template is selected.
 
 @item @code{:after-finalize}
 A nullary function or list of nullary functions run before
 @code{org-capture-after-finalize-hook} when the template is selected.
 @end table
 @end table
 
 @node Template expansion
 @subsubsection Template expansion
 
 In the template itself, special ``%-escapes''@footnote{ If you need one of
 these sequences literally, escape the @samp{%} with a backslash.} allow
 dynamic insertion of content.  The templates are expanded in the order
 given here:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{%[FILE]}
 Insert the contents of the file given by @var{FILE}.
 
 @item @samp{%(EXP)}
 Evaluate Elisp expression @var{EXP} and replace it with the
 result.  The @var{EXP} form must return a string.  Only
 placeholders pre-existing within the template, or introduced with
 @samp{%[file]}, are expanded this way.  Since this happens after
 expanding non-interactive ``%-escapes'', those can be used to fill the
 expression.
 
 @item @samp{%<FORMAT>}
 The result of format-time-string on the @var{FORMAT}
 specification.
 
 @item @samp{%t}
 Timestamp, date only.
 
 @item @samp{%T}
 Timestamp, with date and time.
 
 @item @samp{%u}, @samp{%U}
 Like @samp{%t}, @samp{%T} above, but inactive timestamps.
 
 @item @samp{%i}
 Initial content, the region when capture is called while the region
 is active.  If there is text before @samp{%i} on the same line, such as
 indentation, and @samp{%i} is not inside a @samp{%(exp)} form, that prefix is
 added before every line in the inserted text.
 
 @item @samp{%a}
 Annotation, normally the link created with @code{org-store-link}.
 
 @item @samp{%A}
 Like @samp{%a}, but prompt for the description part.
 
 @item @samp{%l}
 Like @samp{%a}, but only insert the literal link.
 
 @item @samp{%L}
 Like @samp{%l}, but without brackets (the link content itself).
 
 @item @samp{%c}
 Current kill ring head.
 
 @item @samp{%x}
 Content of the X clipboard.
 
 @item @samp{%k}
 Title of the currently clocked task.
 
 @item @samp{%K}
 Link to the currently clocked task.
 
 @item @samp{%n}
 User name (taken from @code{user-full-name}).
 
 @item @samp{%f}
 File visited by current buffer when org-capture was called.
 
 @item @samp{%F}
 Full path of the file or directory visited by current buffer.
 
 @item @samp{%:keyword}
 Specific information for certain link types, see below.
 
 @item @samp{%^g}
 Prompt for tags, with completion on tags in target file.
 
 @item @samp{%^G}
 Prompt for tags, with completion all tags in all agenda files.
 
 @item @samp{%^t}
 Like @samp{%t}, but prompt for date.  Similarly @samp{%^T}, @samp{%^u}, @samp{%^U}.  You
 may define a prompt like @samp{%^@{Birthday@}t}.
 
 @item @samp{%^C}
 Interactive selection of which kill or clip to use.
 
 @item @samp{%^L}
 Like @samp{%^C}, but insert as link.
 
 @item @samp{%^@{PROP@}p}
 Prompt the user for a value for property @var{PROP}.  You may
 specify a default value with @samp{%^@{PROP|default@}}.
 
 @item @samp{%^@{PROMPT@}}
 Prompt the user for a string and replace this sequence with it.  You
 may specify a default value and a completion table with
 @samp{%^@{prompt|default|completion2|completion3...@}}.  The arrow keys
 access a prompt-specific history.
 
 @item @samp{%\N}
 Insert the text entered at the @var{N}th @samp{%^@{PROMPT@}}, where
 @var{N} is a number, starting from 1.
 
 @item @samp{%?}
 After completing the template, position point here.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-store-link-props
 For specific link types, the following keywords are defined@footnote{ If
 you define your own link types (see @ref{Adding Hyperlink Types}), any
 property you store with @code{org-store-link-props} can be accessed in
 capture templates in a similar way.}:
 
 @vindex org-link-from-user-regexp
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @headitem Link type
 @tab Available keywords
 @item bbdb
 @tab @samp{%:name}, @samp{%:company}
 @item irc
 @tab @samp{%:server}, @samp{%:port}, @samp{%:nick}
 @item mh, rmail
 @tab @samp{%:type}, @samp{%:subject}, @samp{%:message-id}
 @item 
 @tab @samp{%:from}, @samp{%:fromname}, @samp{%:fromaddress}
 @item 
 @tab @samp{%:to}, @samp{%:toname}, @samp{%:toaddress}
 @item 
 @tab @samp{%:date} (message date header field)
 @item 
 @tab @samp{%:date-timestamp} (date as active timestamp)
 @item 
 @tab @samp{%:date-timestamp-inactive} (date as inactive timestamp)
 @item 
 @tab @samp{%:fromto} (either ``to NAME'' or ``from NAME'')@footnote{This is always the other, not the user.  See the variable
 @code{org-link-from-user-regexp}.}
 @item gnus
 @tab @samp{%:group}, for messages also all email fields
 @item w3, w3m
 @tab @samp{%:url}
 @item info
 @tab @samp{%:file}, @samp{%:node}
 @item calendar
 @tab @samp{%:date}
 @item org-protocol
 @tab @samp{%:link}, @samp{%:description}, @samp{%:annotation}
 @end multitable
 
 @node Templates in contexts
 @subsubsection Templates in contexts
 
 @vindex org-capture-templates-contexts
 To control whether a capture template should be accessible from
 a specific context, you can customize
 @code{org-capture-templates-contexts}.  Let's say, for example, that you
 have a capture template ``p'' for storing Gnus emails containing
 patches.  Then you would configure this option like this:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-capture-templates-contexts
       '(("p" ((in-mode . "message-mode")))))
 @end lisp
 
 You can also tell that the command key @kbd{p} should refer to
 another template.  In that case, add this command key like this:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-capture-templates-contexts
       '(("p" "q" ((in-mode . "message-mode")))))
 @end lisp
 
 See the docstring of the variable for more information.
 
 @node Attachments
 @section Attachments
 
 @cindex attachments
 
 It is often useful to associate reference material with an outline
 node.  Small chunks of plain text can simply be stored in the subtree
 of a project.  Hyperlinks (see @ref{Hyperlinks}) can establish associations
 with files that live elsewhere on a local, or even remote, computer,
 like emails or source code files belonging to a project.
 
 Another method is @emph{attachments}, which are files located in a
 directory belonging to an outline node.  Org uses directories either
 named by a unique ID of each entry, or by a @samp{DIR} property.
 
 @menu
 * Attachment defaults and dispatcher:: How to access attachment commands
 * Attachment options::           Configuring the attachment system
 * Attachment links::             Hyperlink access to attachments
 * Automatic version-control with Git:: Everything safely stored away
 * Attach from Dired::            Using dired to select an attachment
 @end menu
 
 @node Attachment defaults and dispatcher
 @subsection Attachment defaults and dispatcher
 
 By default, Org attach uses ID properties when adding attachments to
 outline nodes.  This makes working with attachments fully automated.
 There is no decision needed for folder-name or location.  ID-based
 directories are by default located in the @samp{data/} directory, which
 lives in the same directory where your Org file lives@footnote{ If you move
 entries or Org files from one directory to another, you may want to
 configure @code{org-attach-id-dir} to contain an absolute path.}.
 
 When attachments are made using @code{org-attach} a default tag @samp{ATTACH} is
 added to the node that gets the attachments.
 
 For more control over the setup, see @ref{Attachment options}.
 
 The following commands deal with attachments:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-a} (@code{org-attach})
 @kindex C-c C-a
 @findex org-attach
 The dispatcher for commands related to the attachment system.  After
 these keys, a list of commands is displayed and you must press an
 additional key to select a command:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{a} (@code{org-attach-attach})
 @kindex C-c C-a a
 @findex org-attach-attach
 @vindex org-attach-method
 Select a file and move it into the task's attachment directory.
 The file is copied, moved, or linked, depending on
 @code{org-attach-method}.  Note that hard links are not supported on
 all systems.
 
 @item @kbd{c}/@kbd{m}/@kbd{l}
 @kindex C-c C-a c
 @kindex C-c C-a m
 @kindex C-c C-a l
 Attach a file using the copy/move/link method.  Note that hard
 links are not supported on all systems.
 
 @item @kbd{b} (@code{org-attach-buffer})
 @kindex C-c C-a b
 @findex org-attach-buffer
 Select a buffer and save it as a file in the task's attachment
 directory.
 
 @item @kbd{n} (@code{org-attach-new})
 @kindex C-c C-a n
 @findex org-attach-new
 Create a new attachment as an Emacs buffer.
 
 @item @kbd{z} (@code{org-attach-sync})
 @kindex C-c C-a z
 @findex org-attach-sync
 Synchronize the current task with its attachment directory, in
 case you added attachments yourself.
 
 @item @kbd{o} (@code{org-attach-open})
 @kindex C-c C-a o
 @findex org-attach-open
 @vindex org-file-apps
 Open current task's attachment.  If there is more than one, prompt
 for a file name first.  Opening follows the rules set by
 @code{org-file-apps}.  For more details, see the information on
 following hyperlinks (see @ref{Handling Links}).
 
 @item @kbd{O} (@code{org-attach-open-in-emacs})
 @kindex C-c C-a O
 @findex org-attach-open-in-emacs
 Also open the attachment, but force opening the file in Emacs.
 
 @item @kbd{f} (@code{org-attach-reveal})
 @kindex C-c C-a f
 @findex org-attach-reveal
 Open the current task's attachment directory.
 
 @item @kbd{F} (@code{org-attach-reveal-in-emacs})
 @kindex C-c C-a F
 @findex org-attach-reveal-in-emacs
 Also open the directory, but force using Dired in Emacs.
 
 @item @kbd{d} (@code{org-attach-delete-one})
 @kindex C-c C-a d
 Select and delete a single attachment.
 
 @item @kbd{D} (@code{org-attach-delete-all})
 @kindex C-c C-a D
 Delete all of a task's attachments.  A safer way is to open the
 directory in Dired and delete from there.
 
 @item @kbd{s} (@code{org-attach-set-directory})
 @kindex C-c C-a s
 @cindex @samp{DIR}, property
 Set a specific directory as the entry's attachment directory.
 This works by putting the directory path into the @samp{DIR}
 property.
 
 @item @kbd{S} (@code{org-attach-unset-directory})
 @kindex C-c C-a S
 @cindex @samp{DIR}, property
 Remove the attachment directory.  This command removes the @samp{DIR}
 property and asks the user to either move content inside that
 folder, if an @samp{ID} property is set, delete the content, or to
 leave the attachment directory as is but no longer attached to the
 outline node.
 @end table
 @end table
 
 @node Attachment options
 @subsection Attachment options
 
 There are a couple of options for attachments that are worth
 mentioning.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{org-attach-id-dir}
 @vindex org-attach-id-dir
 The directory where attachments are stored when @samp{ID} is used as
 method.
 
 @item @code{org-attach-dir-relative}
 @vindex org-attach-dir-relative
 When setting the @samp{DIR} property on a node using @kbd{C-c C-a s}
 (@code{org-attach-set-directory}), absolute links are entered by default.
 This option changes that to relative links.
 
 @item @code{org-attach-use-inheritance}
 @vindex org-attach-use-inheritance
 By default folders attached to an outline node are inherited from
 parents according to @code{org-use-property-inheritance}.  If one instead
 want to set inheritance specifically for Org attach that can be done
 using @code{org-attach-use-inheritance}.  Inheriting documents through
 the node hierarchy makes a lot of sense in most cases.  Especially
 when using attachment links (see @ref{Attachment links}).  The following
 example shows one use case for attachment inheritance:
 
 @example
 * Chapter A ...
   :PROPERTIES:
   :DIR: Chapter A/
   :END:
 ** Introduction
 Some text
 
 #+NAME: Image 1
 [[attachment:image 1.jpg]]
 @end example
 
 Without inheritance one would not be able to resolve the link to
 @samp{image 1.jpg}, since the link is inside a sub-heading to @samp{Chapter
   A}.
 
 Inheritance works the same way for both @samp{ID} and @samp{DIR} property.  If
 both properties are defined on the same headline then @samp{DIR} takes
 precedence.  This is also true if inheritance is enabled.  If @samp{DIR}
 is inherited from a parent node in the outline, that property still
 takes precedence over an @samp{ID} property defined on the node itself.
 
 @item @code{org-attach-method}
 @vindex org-attach-method
 When attaching files using the dispatcher @kbd{C-c C-a} it
 defaults to copying files.  The behavior can be changed by
 customizing @code{org-attach-method}.  Options are Copy, Move/Rename,
 Hard link or Symbolic link.
 
 @item @code{org-attach-preferred-new-method}
 @vindex org-attach-preferred-new-method
 This customization lets you choose the default way to attach to
 nodes without existing @samp{ID} and @samp{DIR} property.  It defaults to @code{id}
 but can also be set to @code{dir}, @code{ask} or @code{nil}.
 
 @item @code{org-attach-archive-delete}
 @vindex org-attach-archive-delete
 Configure this to determine if attachments should be deleted or not
 when a subtree that has attachments is archived.
 
 @item @code{org-attach-auto-tag}
 @vindex org-attach-auto-tag
 When attaching files to a heading it will be assigned a tag
 according to what is set here.
 
 @item @code{org-attach-id-to-path-function-list}
 @vindex org-attach-id-to-path-function-list
 When @samp{ID} is used for attachments, the ID is parsed into a part of a
 directory-path.  See @code{org-attach-id-uuid-folder-format} for the
 default function.  Define a new one and add it as first element in
 @code{org-attach-id-to-path-function-list} if you want the folder
 structure in any other way.  All functions in this list will be
 tried when resolving existing ID's into paths, to maintain backward
 compatibility with existing folders in your system.
 
 @item @code{org-attach-store-link-p}
 @vindex org-attach-store-link-p
 Stores a link to the file that is being attached.  The link is
 stored in @code{org-stored-links} for later insertion with @kbd{C-c C-l} (see @ref{Handling Links}).  Depending on what option is set in
 @code{org-attach-store-link-p}, the link is stored to either the original
 location as a file link, the attachment location as an attachment
 link or to the attachment location as a file link.
 
 @item @code{org-attach-commands}
 @vindex org-attach-commands
 List of all commands used in the attach dispatcher.
 
 @item @code{org-attach-expert}
 @vindex org-attach-expert
 Do not show the splash buffer with the attach dispatcher when
 @code{org-attach-expert} is set to non-@code{nil}.
 @end table
 
 See customization group @samp{Org Attach} if you want to change the
 default settings.
 
 @node Attachment links
 @subsection Attachment links
 
 Attached files and folders can be referenced using attachment links.
 This makes it easy to refer to the material added to an outline node.
 Especially if it was attached using the unique ID of the entry!
 
 @example
 * TODO Some task
   :PROPERTIES:
   :ID:       95d50008-c12e-479f-a4f2-cc0238205319
   :END:
 See attached document for more information: [[attachment:info.org]]
 @end example
 
 See @ref{External Links} for more information about these links.
 
 @node Automatic version-control with Git
 @subsection Automatic version-control with Git
 
 If the directory attached to an outline node is a Git repository, Org
 can be configured to automatically commit changes to that repository
 when it sees them.
 
 To make Org mode take care of versioning of attachments for you, add
 the following to your Emacs config:
 
 @lisp
 (require 'org-attach-git)
 @end lisp
 
 @node Attach from Dired
 @subsection Attach from Dired
 
 @cindex attach from Dired
 @findex org-attach-dired-to-subtree
 
 It is possible to attach files to a subtree from a Dired buffer.  To
 use this feature, have one window in Dired mode containing the file(s)
 to be attached and another window with point in the subtree that shall
 get the attachments.  In the Dired window, with point on a file,
 @kbd{M-x org-attach-dired-to-subtree} attaches the file to the
 subtree using the attachment method set by variable
 @code{org-attach-method}.  When files are marked in the Dired window then
 all marked files get attached.
 
 Add the following lines to the Emacs init file to have @kbd{C-c C-x a} attach files in Dired buffers.
 
 @lisp
 (add-hook 'dired-mode-hook
           (lambda ()
             (define-key dired-mode-map
               (kbd "C-c C-x a")
               #'org-attach-dired-to-subtree)))
 @end lisp
 
 The following code shows how to bind the previous command with
 a specific attachment method.
 
 @lisp
 (add-hook 'dired-mode-hook
           (lambda ()
             (define-key dired-mode-map (kbd "C-c C-x c")
               (lambda ()
                 (interactive)
                 (let ((org-attach-method 'cp))
                   (call-interactively #'org-attach-dired-to-subtree))))))
 @end lisp
 
 @node RSS Feeds
 @section RSS Feeds
 
 @cindex RSS feeds
 @cindex Atom feeds
 
 Org can add and change entries based on information found in RSS feeds
 and Atom feeds.  You could use this to make a task out of each new
 podcast in a podcast feed.  Or you could use a phone-based
 note-creating service on the web to import tasks into Org.  To access
 feeds, configure the variable @code{org-feed-alist}.  The docstring of this
 variable has detailed information.  With the following
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-feed-alist
       '(("Slashdot"
          "https://rss.slashdot.org/Slashdot/slashdot"
          "~/txt/org/feeds.org" "Slashdot Entries")))
 @end lisp
 
 @noindent
 new items from the feed provided by @samp{rss.slashdot.org} result in new
 entries in the file @samp{~/org/feeds.org} under the heading @samp{Slashdot
 Entries}, whenever the following command is used:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x g} (@code{org-feed-update-all})
 @kindex C-c C-x g
 Collect items from the feeds configured in @code{org-feed-alist} and act
 upon them.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x G} (@code{org-feed-goto-inbox})
 @kindex C-c C-x G
 Prompt for a feed name and go to the inbox configured for this feed.
 @end table
 
 Under the same headline, Org creates a drawer @samp{FEEDSTATUS} in which it
 stores information about the status of items in the feed, to avoid
 adding the same item several times.
 
 For more information, including how to read atom feeds, see
 @samp{org-feed.el} and the docstring of @code{org-feed-alist}.
 
 @node Agenda Views
 @chapter Agenda Views
 
 @cindex agenda views
 
 Due to the way Org works, TODO items, time-stamped items, and tagged
 headlines can be scattered throughout a file or even a number of
 files.  To get an overview of open action items, or of events that are
 important for a particular date, this information must be collected,
 sorted and displayed in an organized way.
 
 Org can select items based on various criteria and display them in
 a separate buffer.  Six different view types are provided:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 an @emph{agenda} that is like a calendar and shows information for
 specific dates,
 
 @item
 a @emph{TODO list} that covers all unfinished action items,
 
 @item
 a @emph{match view}, showings headlines based on the tags, properties,
 and TODO state associated with them,
 
 @item
 a @emph{text search view} that shows all entries from multiple files that
 contain specified keywords,
 
 @item
 a @emph{stuck projects view} showing projects that currently do not move
 along, and
 
 @item
 @emph{custom views} that are special searches and combinations of
 different views.
 @end itemize
 
 The extracted information is displayed in a special @emph{agenda buffer}.
 This buffer is read-only, but provides commands to visit the
 corresponding locations in the original Org files, and even to edit
 these files remotely.
 
 @vindex org-agenda-skip-comment-trees
 @vindex org-agenda-skip-archived-trees
 @cindex commented entries, in agenda views
 @cindex archived entries, in agenda views
 By default, the report ignores commented (see @ref{Comment Lines}) and
 archived (see @ref{Internal archiving}) entries.  You can override this by
 setting @code{org-agenda-skip-comment-trees} and
 @code{org-agenda-skip-archived-trees} to @code{nil}.
 
 @vindex org-agenda-window-setup
 @vindex org-agenda-restore-windows-after-quit
 Two variables control how the agenda buffer is displayed and whether
 the window configuration is restored when the agenda exits:
 @code{org-agenda-window-setup} and @code{org-agenda-restore-windows-after-quit}.
 
 @menu
 * Agenda Files::                 Files being searched for agenda information.
 * Agenda Dispatcher::            Keyboard access to agenda views.
 * Built-in Agenda Views::        What is available out of the box?
 * Presentation and Sorting::     How agenda items are prepared for display.
 * Agenda Commands::              Remote editing of Org trees.
 * Custom Agenda Views::          Defining special searches and views.
 * Exporting Agenda Views::       Writing a view to a file.
 * Agenda Column View::           Using column view for collected entries.
 @end menu
 
 @node Agenda Files
 @section Agenda Files
 
 @cindex agenda files
 @cindex files for agenda
 
 @vindex org-agenda-files
 The information to be shown is normally collected from all @emph{agenda
 files}, the files listed in the variable @code{org-agenda-files}@footnote{ If
 the value of that variable is not a list, but a single file name, then
 the list of agenda files in maintained in that external file.}.  If a
 directory is part of this list, all files with the extension @samp{.org} in
 this directory are part of the list.
 
 Thus, even if you only work with a single Org file, that file should
 be put into the list@footnote{ When using the dispatcher, pressing
 @kbd{<} before selecting a command actually limits the command to
 the current file, and ignores @code{org-agenda-files} until the next
 dispatcher command.}.  You can customize @code{org-agenda-files}, but the
 easiest way to maintain it is through the following commands
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c [} (@code{org-agenda-file-to-front})
 @kindex C-c [
 @findex org-agenda-file-to-front
 @cindex files, adding to agenda list
 Add current file to the list of agenda files.  The file is added to
 the front of the list.  If it was already in the list, it is moved
 to the front.  With a prefix argument, file is added/moved to the
 end.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c ]} (@code{org-remove-file})
 @kindex C-c ]
 @findex org-remove-file
 Remove current file from the list of agenda files.
 
 @item @kbd{C-'}
 @itemx @kbd{C-,} (@code{org-cycle-agenda-files})
 @kindex C-'
 @kindex C-,
 @findex org-cycle-agenda-files
 @cindex cycling, of agenda files
 Cycle through agenda file list, visiting one file after the other.
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-switchb}
 @findex org-switchb
 Command to use an Iswitchb-like interface to switch to and between
 Org buffers.
 @end table
 
 @noindent
 The Org menu contains the current list of files and can be used to
 visit any of them.
 
 If you would like to focus the agenda temporarily on a file not in
 this list, or on just one file in the list, or even on only a subtree
 in a file, then this can be done in different ways.  For a single
 agenda command, you may press @kbd{<} once or several times in
 the dispatcher (see @ref{Agenda Dispatcher}).  To restrict the agenda
 scope for an extended period, use the following commands:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x <} (@code{org-agenda-set-restriction-lock})
 @kindex C-c C-x <
 @findex org-agenda-set-restriction-lock
 Restrict the agenda to the current subtree.  If there already is
 a restriction at point, remove it.  When called with a universal
 prefix argument or with point before the first headline in a file,
 set the agenda scope to the entire file.  This restriction remains
 in effect until removed with @kbd{C-c C-x >}, or by typing
 either @kbd{<} or @kbd{>} in the agenda dispatcher.  If
 there is a window displaying an agenda view, the new restriction
 takes effect immediately.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x >} (@code{org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock})
 @kindex C-c C-x >
 @findex org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock
 Remove the restriction created by @kbd{C-c C-x <}.
 @end table
 
 When working with Speedbar, you can use the following commands in the
 Speedbar frame:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{<} (@code{org-speedbar-set-agenda-restriction})
 @findex org-speedbar-set-agenda-restriction
 Restrict the agenda to the item---either an Org file or a subtree in
 such a file---at point in the Speedbar frame.  If agenda is already
 restricted there, remove the restriction.  If there is a window
 displaying an agenda view, the new restriction takes effect
 immediately.
 
 @item @kbd{>} (@code{org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock})
 @findex org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock
 Remove the restriction.
 @end table
 
 @node Agenda Dispatcher
 @section The Agenda Dispatcher
 
 @cindex agenda dispatcher
 @cindex dispatching agenda commands
 
 The views are created through a dispatcher, accessible with @kbd{M-x org-agenda}, or, better, bound to a global key (see @ref{Activation}).
 It displays a menu from which an additional letter is required to
 execute a command.  The dispatcher offers the following default
 commands:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{a}
 Create the calendar-like agenda (see @ref{Weekly/daily agenda}).
 
 @item @kbd{t}
 @itemx @kbd{T}
 Create a list of all TODO items (see @ref{Global TODO list}).
 
 @item @kbd{m}
 @itemx @kbd{M}
 Create a list of headlines matching a given expression (see
 @ref{Matching tags and properties}).
 
 @item @kbd{s}
 @kindex s @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 Create a list of entries selected by a boolean expression of
 keywords and/or regular expressions that must or must not occur in
 the entry.
 
 @item @kbd{/}
 @kindex / @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 @vindex org-agenda-text-search-extra-files
 Search for a regular expression in all agenda files and additionally
 in the files listed in @code{org-agenda-text-search-extra-files}.  This
 uses the Emacs command @code{multi-occur}.  A prefix argument can be used
 to specify the number of context lines for each match, the default
 is 1.
 
 @item @kbd{#}
 Create a list of stuck projects (see @ref{Stuck projects}).
 
 @item @kbd{!}
 Configure the list of stuck projects (see @ref{Stuck projects}).
 
 @item @kbd{<}
 @kindex < @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 Restrict an agenda command to the current buffer@footnote{ For backward
 compatibility, you can also press @kbd{1} to restrict to the
 current buffer.}.  If narrowing is in effect restrict to the
 narrowed part of the buffer.  After pressing @kbd{<}, you still
 need to press the character selecting the command.
 
 @item @kbd{< <}
 @kindex < < @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 If there is an active region, restrict the following agenda command
 to the region.  Otherwise, restrict it to the current subtree@footnote{
 For backward compatibility, you can also press @kbd{0} to
 restrict to the current region/subtree.}.  After pressing @kbd{< <}, you still need to press the character selecting the command.
 
 @item @kbd{*}
 @kindex * @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 @vindex org-agenda-sticky
 @findex org-toggle-sticky-agenda
 Toggle sticky agenda views.  By default, Org maintains only a single
 agenda buffer and rebuilds it each time you change the view, to make
 sure everything is always up to date.  If you switch between views
 often and the build time bothers you, you can turn on sticky agenda
 buffers (make this the default by customizing the variable
 @code{org-agenda-sticky}).  With sticky agendas, the dispatcher only
 switches to the selected view, you need to update it by hand with
 @kbd{r} or @kbd{g}.  You can toggle sticky agenda view any
 time with @code{org-toggle-sticky-agenda}.
 @end table
 
 You can also define custom commands that are accessible through the
 dispatcher, just like the default commands.  This includes the
 possibility to create extended agenda buffers that contain several
 blocks together, for example the weekly agenda, the global TODO list
 and a number of special tags matches.  See @ref{Custom Agenda Views}.
 
 @node Built-in Agenda Views
 @section The Built-in Agenda Views
 
 In this section we describe the built-in views.
 
 @menu
 * Weekly/daily agenda::          The calendar page with current tasks.
 * Global TODO list::             All unfinished action items.
 * Matching tags and properties:: Structured information with fine-tuned search.
 * Search view::                  Find entries by searching for text.
 * Stuck projects::               Find projects you need to review.
 @end menu
 
 @node Weekly/daily agenda
 @subsection Weekly/daily agenda
 
 @cindex agenda
 @cindex weekly agenda
 @cindex daily agenda
 
 The purpose of the weekly/daily @emph{agenda} is to act like a page of
 a paper agenda, showing all the tasks for the current week or day.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{M-x org-agenda a} (@code{org-agenda-list})
 @kindex a @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 @findex org-agenda-list
 @cindex org-agenda, command
 Compile an agenda for the current week from a list of Org files.
 The agenda shows the entries for each day.  With a numeric prefix
 argument@footnote{For backward compatibility, the universal prefix argument
 @kbd{C-u} causes all TODO entries to be listed before the agenda.
 This feature is deprecated, use the dedicated TODO list, or a block
 agenda instead (see @ref{Block agenda}).}---like @kbd{C-u 2 1 M-x org-agenda a}---you may
 set the number of days to be displayed.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-agenda-span
 @vindex org-agenda-start-day
 @vindex org-agenda-start-on-weekday
 The default number of days displayed in the agenda is set by the
 variable @code{org-agenda-span}.  This variable can be set to any number of
 days you want to see by default in the agenda, or to a span name, such
 a @code{day}, @code{week}, @code{month} or @code{year}.  For weekly agendas, the default
 is to start on the previous Monday (see
 @code{org-agenda-start-on-weekday}).  You can also set the start date using
 a date shift: @samp{(setq org-agenda-start-day "+10d")} starts the agenda
 ten days from today in the future.
 
 Remote editing from the agenda buffer means, for example, that you can
 change the dates of deadlines and appointments from the agenda buffer.
 The commands available in the Agenda buffer are listed in @ref{Agenda Commands}.
 
 @anchor{Calendar/Diary integration}
 @subsubheading Calendar/Diary integration
 
 @cindex calendar integration
 @cindex diary integration
 
 Emacs contains the calendar and diary by Edward@tie{}M@.@tie{}Reingold.  The
 calendar displays a three-month calendar with holidays from different
 countries and cultures.  The diary allows you to keep track of
 anniversaries, lunar phases, sunrise/set, recurrent appointments
 (weekly, monthly) and more.  In this way, it is quite complementary to
 Org.  It can be very useful to combine output from Org with the diary.
 
 In order to include entries from the Emacs diary into Org mode's
 agenda, you only need to customize the variable
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-agenda-include-diary t)
 @end lisp
 
 @noindent
 After that, everything happens automatically.  All diary entries
 including holidays, anniversaries, etc., are included in the agenda
 buffer created by Org mode.  @kbd{@key{SPC}}, @kbd{@key{TAB}}, and
 @kbd{@key{RET}} can be used from the agenda buffer to jump to the diary
 file in order to edit existing diary entries.  The @kbd{i}
 command to insert new entries for the current date works in the agenda
 buffer, as well as the commands @kbd{S}, @kbd{M}, and
 @kbd{C} to display Sunrise/Sunset times, show lunar phases and to
 convert to other calendars, respectively.  @kbd{c} can be used to
 switch back and forth between calendar and agenda.
 
 If you are using the diary only for expression entries and holidays,
 it is faster to not use the above setting, but instead to copy or even
 move the entries into an Org file.  Org mode evaluates diary-style
 expression entries, and does it faster because there is no overhead
 for first creating the diary display.  Note that the expression
 entries must start at the left margin, no whitespace is allowed before
 them, as seen in the following segment of an Org file:@footnote{ The
 variable @code{org-anniversary} used in the example is just like
 @code{diary-anniversary}, but the argument order is always according to ISO
 and therefore independent of the value of @code{calendar-date-style}.}
 
 @example
 * Holidays
   :PROPERTIES:
   :CATEGORY: Holiday
   :END:
 %%(org-calendar-holiday)   ; special function for holiday names
 
 * Birthdays
   :PROPERTIES:
   :CATEGORY: Ann
   :END:
 %%(org-anniversary 1956  5 14) Arthur Dent is %d years old
 %%(org-anniversary 1869 10  2) Mahatma Gandhi would be %d years old
 @end example
 
 @anchor{Anniversaries from BBDB}
 @subsubheading Anniversaries from BBDB
 
 @cindex BBDB, anniversaries
 @cindex anniversaries, from BBDB
 
 @findex org-bbdb-anniversaries
 If you are using the Insidious Big Brother Database to store your
 contacts, you very likely prefer to store anniversaries in BBDB rather
 than in a separate Org or diary file.  Org supports this and can show
 BBDB anniversaries as part of the agenda.  All you need to do is to
 add the following to one of your agenda files:
 
 @example
 * Anniversaries
   :PROPERTIES:
   :CATEGORY: Anniv
   :END:
 %%(org-bbdb-anniversaries)
 @end example
 
 You can then go ahead and define anniversaries for a BBDB record.
 Basically, you need a field named @samp{anniversary} for the BBDB record
 which contains the date in the format @samp{YYYY-MM-DD} or @samp{MM-DD},
 followed by a space and the class of the anniversary (@samp{birthday},
 @samp{wedding}, or a format string).  If you omit the class, it defaults to
 @samp{birthday}.  Here are a few examples, the header for the file
 @samp{ol-bbdb.el} contains more detailed information.
 
 @example
 1973-06-22
 06-22
 1955-08-02 wedding
 2008-04-14 %s released version 6.01 of Org mode, %d years ago
 @end example
 
 After a change to BBDB, or for the first agenda display during an
 Emacs session, the agenda display suffers a short delay as Org updates
 its hash with anniversaries.  However, from then on things will be
 very fast, much faster in fact than a long list of
 @samp{%%(diary-anniversary)} entries in an Org or Diary file.
 
 @findex org-bbdb-anniversaries-future
 If you would like to see upcoming anniversaries with a bit of
 forewarning, you can use the following instead:
 
 @example
 * Anniversaries
   :PROPERTIES:
   :CATEGORY: Anniv
   :END:
 %%(org-bbdb-anniversaries-future 3)
 @end example
 
 That will give you three days' warning: on the anniversary date itself
 and the two days prior.  The argument is optional: if omitted, it
 defaults to 7.
 
 @anchor{Appointment reminders}
 @subsubheading Appointment reminders
 
 @cindex @file{appt.el}
 @cindex appointment reminders
 @cindex appointment
 @cindex reminders
 
 @cindex APPT_WARNTIME, keyword
 Org can interact with Emacs appointments notification facility.  To
 add the appointments of your agenda files, use the command
 @code{org-agenda-to-appt}.  This command lets you filter through the list
 of your appointments and add only those belonging to a specific
 category or matching a regular expression.  It also reads
 a @samp{APPT_WARNTIME} property which overrides the value of
 @code{appt-message-warning-time} for this appointment.  See the docstring
 for details.
 
 @node Global TODO list
 @subsection The global TODO list
 
 @cindex global TODO list
 @cindex TODO list, global
 
 The global TODO list contains all unfinished TODO items formatted and
 collected into a single place.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{M-x org-agenda t} (@code{org-todo-list})
 @kindex t @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 @findex org-todo-list
 Show the global TODO list.  This collects the TODO items from all
 agenda files (see @ref{Agenda Views}) into a single buffer.  By default,
 this lists items with a state that is not a DONE state.  The buffer
 is in Agenda mode, so there are commands to examine and manipulate
 the TODO entries directly from that buffer (see @ref{Agenda Commands}).
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-agenda T} (@code{org-todo-list})
 @kindex T @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 @findex org-todo-list
 @cindex TODO keyword matching
 @vindex org-todo-keywords
 Like the above, but allows selection of a specific TODO keyword.
 You can also do this by specifying a prefix argument to
 @kbd{t}.  You are prompted for a keyword, and you may also
 specify several keywords by separating them with @samp{|} as the boolean
 OR operator.  With a numeric prefix, the Nth keyword in
 @code{org-todo-keywords} is selected.
 
 @kindex r
 The @kbd{r} key in the agenda buffer regenerates it, and you
 can give a prefix argument to this command to change the selected
 TODO keyword, for example @kbd{3 r}.  If you often need
 a search for a specific keyword, define a custom command for it (see
 @ref{Agenda Dispatcher}).
 
 Matching specific TODO keywords can also be done as part of a tags
 search (see @ref{Tag Searches}).
 @end table
 
 Remote editing of TODO items means that you can change the state of
 a TODO entry with a single key press.  The commands available in the
 TODO list are described in @ref{Agenda Commands}.
 
 @cindex sublevels, inclusion into TODO list
 Normally the global TODO list simply shows all headlines with TODO
 keywords.  This list can become very long.  There are two ways to keep
 it more compact:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 @vindex org-agenda-todo-ignore-scheduled
 @vindex org-agenda-todo-ignore-deadlines
 @vindex org-agenda-todo-ignore-timestamp
 @vindex org-agenda-todo-ignore-with-date
 Some people view a TODO item that has been @emph{scheduled} for execution
 or have a @emph{deadline} (see @ref{Timestamps}) as no longer @emph{open}.
 Configure the variables @code{org-agenda-todo-ignore-scheduled} to
 exclude some or all scheduled items from the global TODO list,
 @code{org-agenda-todo-ignore-deadlines} to exclude some or all items with
 a deadline set, @code{org-agenda-todo-ignore-timestamp} to exclude some
 or all items with an active timestamp other than a DEADLINE or
 a SCHEDULED timestamp and/or @code{org-agenda-todo-ignore-with-date} to
 exclude items with at least one active timestamp.
 
 @item
 @vindex org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels
 TODO items may have sublevels to break up the task into subtasks.
 In such cases it may be enough to list only the highest level TODO
 headline and omit the sublevels from the global list.  Configure the
 variable @code{org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels} to get this behavior.
 @end itemize
 
 @node Matching tags and properties
 @subsection Matching tags and properties
 
 @cindex matching, of tags
 @cindex matching, of properties
 @cindex tags view
 @cindex match view
 
 If headlines in the agenda files are marked with @emph{tags} (see @ref{Tags}),
 or have properties (see @ref{Properties and Columns}), you can select
 headlines based on this metadata and collect them into an agenda
 buffer.  The match syntax described here also applies when creating
 sparse trees with @kbd{C-c / m}.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{M-x org-agenda m} (@code{org-tags-view})
 @kindex m @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 @findex org-tags-view
 Produce a list of all headlines that match a given set of tags.  The
 command prompts for a selection criterion, which is a boolean logic
 expression with tags, like @samp{+work+urgent-withboss} or @samp{work|home}
 (see @ref{Tags}).  If you often need a specific search, define a custom
 command for it (see @ref{Agenda Dispatcher}).
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-agenda M} (@code{org-tags-view})
 @kindex M @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 @findex org-tags-view
 @vindex org-tags-match-list-sublevels
 @vindex org-agenda-tags-todo-honor-ignore-options
 Like @kbd{m}, but only select headlines that are also TODO
 items and force checking subitems (see the variable
 @code{org-tags-match-list-sublevels}).  To exclude scheduled/deadline
 items, see the variable @code{org-agenda-tags-todo-honor-ignore-options}.
 Matching specific TODO keywords together with a tags match is also
 possible, see @ref{Tag Searches}.
 @end table
 
 The commands available in the tags list are described in @ref{Agenda Commands}.
 
 @cindex boolean logic, for agenda searches
 A search string can use Boolean operators @samp{&} for AND and @samp{|} for OR@.
 @samp{&} binds more strongly than @samp{|}.  Parentheses are currently not
 implemented.  Each element in the search is either a tag, a regular
 expression matching tags, or an expression like @samp{PROPERTY OPERATOR
 VALUE} with a comparison operator, accessing a property value.  Each
 element may be preceded by @samp{-} to select against it, and @samp{+} is
 syntactic sugar for positive selection.  The AND operator @samp{&} is
 optional when @samp{+} or @samp{-} is present.  Here are some examples, using
 only tags.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{+work-boss}
 Select headlines tagged @samp{work}, but discard those also tagged
 @samp{boss}.
 
 @item @samp{work|laptop}
 Selects lines tagged @samp{work} or @samp{laptop}.
 
 @item @samp{work|laptop+night}
 Like before, but require the @samp{laptop} lines to be tagged also
 @samp{night}.
 @end table
 
 @cindex regular expressions, with tags search
 Instead of a tag, you may also specify a regular expression enclosed
 in curly braces (see @ref{Regular Expressions}).  For example,
 @samp{work+@{^boss.*@}} matches headlines that contain the tag @samp{:work:} and
 any tag @emph{starting} with @samp{boss}.
 
 @cindex group tags, as regular expressions
 Group tags (see @ref{Tag Hierarchy}) are expanded as regular expressions.
 E.g., if @samp{work} is a group tag for the group @samp{:work:lab:conf:}, then
 searching for @samp{work} also searches for @samp{@{\(?:work\|lab\|conf\)@}} and
 searching for @samp{-work} searches for all headlines but those with one of
 the tags in the group (i.e., @samp{-@{\(?:work\|lab\|conf\)@}}).
 
 @cindex TODO keyword matching, with tags search
 @cindex level, for tags/property match
 @cindex category, for tags/property match
 @vindex org-odd-levels-only
 You may also test for properties (see @ref{Properties and Columns}) at the
 same time as matching tags.  The properties may be real properties, or
 special properties that represent other metadata (see @ref{Special Properties}).  For example, the property @samp{TODO} represents the TODO
 keyword of the entry.  Or, the property @samp{LEVEL} represents the level
 of an entry.  So searching @samp{+LEVEL=3+boss-TODO​="DONE"} lists all level
 three headlines that have the tag @samp{boss} and are @emph{not} marked with the
 TODO keyword @samp{DONE}.  In buffers with @code{org-odd-levels-only} set,
 @samp{LEVEL} does not count the number of stars, but @samp{LEVEL=2} corresponds
 to 3 stars etc.
 
 Here are more examples:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{work+TODO​="WAITING"}
 Select @samp{work}-tagged TODO lines with the specific TODO keyword
 @samp{WAITING}.
 
 @item @samp{work+TODO​="WAITING"|home+TODO​="WAITING"}
 Waiting tasks both at work and at home.
 @end table
 
 When matching properties, a number of different operators can be used
 to test the value of a property.  Here is a complex example:
 
 @example
 +work-boss+PRIORITY="A"+Coffee="unlimited"+Effort<2
          +With=@{Sarah\|Denny@}+SCHEDULED>="<2008-10-11>"
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 The type of comparison depends on how the comparison value is written:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 If the comparison value is a plain number, a numerical comparison is
 done, and the allowed operators are @samp{<}, @samp{=}, @samp{>}, @samp{<=}, @samp{>=}, and
 @samp{<>}.
 
 @item
 If the comparison value is enclosed in double-quotes, a string
 comparison is done, and the same operators are allowed.
 
 @item
 If the comparison value is enclosed in double-quotes @emph{and} angular
 brackets (like @samp{DEADLINE<​="<2008-12-24 18:30>"}), both values are
 assumed to be date/time specifications in the standard Org way, and
 the comparison is done accordingly.  Valid values also include
 @samp{"<now>"} for now (including time), @samp{"<today>"}, and @samp{"<tomorrow>"}
 for these days at 0:00 hours, i.e., without a time specification.
 You can also use strings like @samp{"<+5d>"} or @samp{"<-2m>"} with units @samp{d},
 @samp{w}, @samp{m}, and @samp{y} for day, week, month, and year, respectively.
 
 @item
 If the comparison value is enclosed in curly braces, a regexp match
 is performed, with @samp{=} meaning that the regexp matches the property
 value, and @samp{<>} meaning that it does not match.
 @end itemize
 
 So the search string in the example finds entries tagged @samp{work} but
 not @samp{boss}, which also have a priority value @samp{A}, a @samp{Coffee} property
 with the value @samp{unlimited}, an @samp{EFFORT} property that is numerically
 smaller than 2, a @samp{With} property that is matched by the regular
 expression @samp{Sarah\|Denny}, and that are scheduled on or after October
 11, 2008.
 
 You can configure Org mode to use property inheritance during
 a search, but beware that this can slow down searches considerably.
 See @ref{Property Inheritance}, for details.
 
 For backward compatibility, and also for typing speed, there is also
 a different way to test TODO states in a search.  For this, terminate
 the tags/property part of the search string (which may include several
 terms connected with @samp{|}) with a @samp{/} and then specify a Boolean
 expression just for TODO keywords.  The syntax is then similar to that
 for tags, but should be applied with care: for example, a positive
 selection on several TODO keywords cannot meaningfully be combined
 with boolean AND@.  However, @emph{negative selection} combined with AND can
 be meaningful.  To make sure that only lines are checked that actually
 have any TODO keyword (resulting in a speed-up), use @kbd{M-x org-agenda M}, or equivalently start the TODO part after the slash
 with @samp{!}.  Using @kbd{M-x org-agenda M} or @samp{/!} does not match
 TODO keywords in a DONE state.  Examples:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{work/WAITING}
 Same as @samp{work+TODO​="WAITING"}.
 
 @item @samp{work/!-WAITING-NEXT}
 Select @samp{work}-tagged TODO lines that are neither @samp{WAITING} nor
 @samp{NEXT}.
 
 @item @samp{work/!+WAITING|+NEXT}
 Select @samp{work}-tagged TODO lines that are either @samp{WAITING} or @samp{NEXT}.
 @end table
 
 @node Search view
 @subsection Search view
 
 @cindex search view
 @cindex text search
 @cindex searching, for text
 
 This agenda view is a general text search facility for Org mode
 entries.  It is particularly useful to find notes.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{M-x org-agenda s} (@code{org-search-view})
 @kindex s @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 @findex org-search-view
 This is a special search that lets you select entries by matching
 a substring or specific words using a boolean logic.
 @end table
 
 For example, the search string @samp{computer equipment} matches entries
 that contain @samp{computer equipment} as a substring, even if the two
 words are separated by more space or a line break.
 
 Search view can also search for specific keywords in the entry, using
 Boolean logic.  The search string @samp{+computer
 +wifi -ethernet -@{8\.11[bg]@}} matches note entries that contain the
 keywords @samp{computer} and @samp{wifi}, but not the keyword @samp{ethernet}, and
 which are also not matched by the regular expression @samp{8\.11[bg]},
 meaning to exclude both @samp{8.11b} and @samp{8.11g}.  The first @samp{+} is
 necessary to turn on boolean search, other @samp{+} characters are
 optional.  For more details, see the docstring of the command
 @code{org-search-view}.
 
 You can incrementally and conveniently adjust a boolean search from
 the agenda search view with the following keys
 
 @multitable @columnfractions 0.1 0.6
 @item @kbd{[}
 @tab Add a positive search word
 @item @kbd{]}
 @tab Add a negative search word
 @item @kbd{@{}
 @tab Add a positive regular expression
 @item @kbd{@}}
 @tab Add a negative regular expression
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-agenda-text-search-extra-files
 Note that in addition to the agenda files, this command also searches
 the files listed in @code{org-agenda-text-search-extra-files}.
 
 @node Stuck projects
 @subsection Stuck projects
 
 @pindex GTD, Getting Things Done
 
 If you are following a system like David Allen's GTD to organize your
 work, one of the ``duties'' you have is a regular review to make sure
 that all projects move along.  A @emph{stuck} project is a project that has
 no defined next actions, so it never shows up in the TODO lists Org
 mode produces.  During the review, you need to identify such projects
 and define next actions for them.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{M-x org-agenda #} (@code{org-agenda-list-stuck-projects})
 @kindex # @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 @findex org-agenda-list-stuck-projects
 List projects that are stuck.
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-agenda !}
 @kindex ! @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 @vindex org-stuck-projects
 Customize the variable @code{org-stuck-projects} to define what a stuck
 project is and how to find it.
 @end table
 
 You almost certainly need to configure this view before it works for
 you.  The built-in default assumes that all your projects are level-2
 headlines, and that a project is not stuck if it has at least one
 entry marked with a TODO keyword @samp{TODO} or @samp{NEXT} or @samp{NEXTACTION}.
 
 Let's assume that you, in your own way of using Org mode, identify
 projects with a tag @samp{:PROJECT:}, and that you use a TODO keyword
 @samp{MAYBE} to indicate a project that should not be considered yet.
 Let's further assume that the TODO keyword @samp{DONE} marks finished
 projects, and that @samp{NEXT} and @samp{TODO} indicate next actions.  The tag
 @samp{:@@shop:} indicates shopping and is a next action even without the
 NEXT tag.  Finally, if the project contains the special word @samp{IGNORE}
 anywhere, it should not be listed either.  In this case you would
 start by identifying eligible projects with a tags/TODO match (see
 @ref{Tag Searches}) @samp{+PROJECT/-MAYBE-DONE}, and then check for @samp{TODO},
 @samp{NEXT}, @samp{@@shop}, and @samp{IGNORE} in the subtree to identify projects that
 are not stuck.  The correct customization for this is:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-stuck-projects
       '("+PROJECT/-MAYBE-DONE" ("NEXT" "TODO") ("@@shop")
         "\\<IGNORE\\>"))
 @end lisp
 
 Note that if a project is identified as non-stuck, the subtree of this
 entry is searched for stuck projects.
 
 @node Presentation and Sorting
 @section Presentation and Sorting
 
 @cindex presentation, of agenda items
 
 @vindex org-agenda-prefix-format
 @vindex org-agenda-tags-column
 Before displaying items in an agenda view, Org mode visually prepares
 the items and sorts them.  Each item occupies a single line.  The line
 starts with a @emph{prefix} that contains the @emph{category} (see @ref{Categories})
 of the item and other important information.  You can customize in
 which column tags are displayed through @code{org-agenda-tags-column}.  You
 can also customize the prefix using the option
 @code{org-agenda-prefix-format}.  This prefix is followed by a cleaned-up
 version of the outline headline associated with the item.
 
 @menu
 * Categories::                   Not all tasks are equal.
 * Time-of-day specifications::   How the agenda knows the time.
 * Sorting of agenda items::      The order of things.
 * Filtering/limiting agenda items:: Dynamically narrow the agenda.
 @end menu
 
 @node Categories
 @subsection Categories
 
 @cindex category
 @cindex @samp{CATEGORY}, keyword
 
 The category is a broad label assigned to each agenda item.  By
 default, the category is simply derived from the file name, but you
 can also specify it with a special line in the buffer, like
 this:
 
 @example
 #+CATEGORY: Thesis
 @end example
 
 
 @cindex @samp{CATEGORY}, property
 If you would like to have a special category for a single entry or
 a (sub)tree, give the entry a @samp{CATEGORY} property with the special
 category you want to apply as the value.
 
 @vindex org-agenda-category-icon-alist
 The display in the agenda buffer looks best if the category is not
 longer than 10 characters.  You can set up icons for category by
 customizing the @code{org-agenda-category-icon-alist} variable.
 
 @node Time-of-day specifications
 @subsection Time-of-day specifications
 
 @cindex time-of-day specification
 
 Org mode checks each agenda item for a time-of-day specification.  The
 time can be part of the timestamp that triggered inclusion into the
 agenda, for example
 
 @example
 <2005-05-10 Tue 19:00>
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 Time ranges can be specified with two timestamps:
 
 @example
 <2005-05-10 Tue 20:30>--<2005-05-10 Tue 22:15>
 @end example
 
 
 @vindex org-agenda-search-headline-for-time
 In the headline of the entry itself, a time(range)---like @samp{12:45} or a
 @samp{8:30-1pm}---may also appear as plain text@footnote{ You can, however,
 disable this by setting @code{org-agenda-search-headline-for-time} variable
 to a @code{nil} value.}.
 
 If the agenda integrates the Emacs diary (see @ref{Weekly/daily agenda}),
 time specifications in diary entries are recognized as well.
 
 For agenda display, Org mode extracts the time and displays it in
 a standard 24 hour format as part of the prefix.  The example times in
 the previous paragraphs would end up in the agenda like this:
 
 @example
  8:30-13:00 Arthur Dent lies in front of the bulldozer
 12:45...... Ford Prefect arrives and takes Arthur to the pub
 19:00...... The Vogon reads his poem
 20:30-22:15 Marvin escorts the Hitchhikers to the bridge
 @end example
 
 @cindex time grid
 If the agenda is in single-day mode, or for the display of today, the
 timed entries are embedded in a time grid, like
 
 @example
  8:00...... ------------------
  8:30-13:00 Arthur Dent lies in front of the bulldozer
 10:00...... ------------------
 12:00...... ------------------
 12:45...... Ford Prefect arrives and takes Arthur to the pub
 14:00...... ------------------
 16:00...... ------------------
 18:00...... ------------------
 19:00...... The Vogon reads his poem
 20:00...... ------------------
 20:30-22:15 Marvin escorts the Hitchhikers to the bridge
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-agenda-use-time-grid
 @vindex org-agenda-time-grid
 The time grid can be turned on and off with the variable
 @code{org-agenda-use-time-grid}, and can be configured with
 @code{org-agenda-time-grid}.
 
 @node Sorting of agenda items
 @subsection Sorting of agenda items
 
 @cindex sorting, of agenda items
 @cindex priorities, of agenda items
 
 Before being inserted into a view, the items are sorted.  How this is
 done depends on the type of view.
 
 @itemize
 @item
 @vindex org-agenda-files
 For the daily/weekly agenda, the items for each day are sorted.  The
 default order is to first collect all items containing an explicit
 time-of-day specification.  These entries are shown at the beginning
 of the list, as a @emph{schedule} for the day.  After that, items remain
 grouped in categories, in the sequence given by @code{org-agenda-files}.
 Within each category, items are sorted by priority (see
 @ref{Priorities}), which is composed of the base priority (2000 for
 priority @samp{A}, 1000 for @samp{B}, and 0 for @samp{C}), plus additional
 increments for overdue scheduled or deadline items.
 
 @item
 For the TODO list, items remain in the order of categories, but
 within each category, sorting takes place according to priority (see
 @ref{Priorities}).  The priority used for sorting derives from the
 priority cookie, with additions depending on how close an item is to
 its due or scheduled date.
 
 @item
 For tags matches, items are not sorted at all, but just appear in
 the sequence in which they are found in the agenda files.
 @end itemize
 
 @vindex org-agenda-sorting-strategy
 Sorting can be customized using the variable
 @code{org-agenda-sorting-strategy}, and may also include criteria based on
 the estimated effort of an entry (see @ref{Effort Estimates}).
 
 @node Filtering/limiting agenda items
 @subsection Filtering/limiting agenda items
 
 @vindex org-agenda-category-filter-preset
 @vindex org-agenda-tag-filter-preset
 @vindex org-agenda-effort-filter-preset
 @vindex org-agenda-regexp-filter-preset
 Agenda built-in or custom commands are statically defined.  Agenda
 filters and limits allow to flexibly narrow down the list of agenda
 entries.
 
 @emph{Filters} only change the visibility of items, are very fast and are
 mostly used interactively@footnote{Custom agenda commands can preset a filter by binding one of
 the variables @code{org-agenda-tag-filter-preset},
 @code{org-agenda-category-filter-preset}, @code{org-agenda-effort-filter-preset}
 or @code{org-agenda-regexp-filter-preset} as an option.  This filter is
 then applied to the view and persists as a basic filter through
 refreshes and more secondary filtering.  The filter is a global
 property of the entire agenda view---in a block agenda, you should
 only set this in the global options section, not in the section of an
 individual block.}.  You can switch quickly between
 different filters without having to recreate the agenda.  @emph{Limits} on
 the other hand take effect before the agenda buffer is populated, so
 they are mostly useful when defined as local variables within custom
 agenda commands.
 
 @anchor{Filtering in the agenda}
 @subsubheading Filtering in the agenda
 
 @cindex agenda filtering
 @cindex filtering entries, in agenda
 @cindex tag filtering, in agenda
 @cindex category filtering, in agenda
 @cindex top headline filtering, in agenda
 @cindex effort filtering, in agenda
 @cindex query editing, in agenda
 
 The general filtering command is @code{org-agenda-filter}, bound to
 @kbd{/}.  Before we introduce it, we describe commands for
 individual filter types.  All filtering commands handle prefix
 arguments in the same way:  A single @kbd{C-u} prefix negates the
 filter, so it removes lines selected by the filter.  A double prefix
 adds the new filter condition to the one(s) already in place, so
 filter elements are accumulated.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{\} (@code{org-agenda-filter-by-tag})
 @findex org-agenda-filter-by-tag
 Filter the agenda view with respect to a tag.  You are prompted for
 a tag selection letter; @kbd{@key{SPC}} means any tag at all.
 Pressing @kbd{@key{TAB}} at that prompt offers completion to select a
 tag, including any tags that do not have a selection character.  The
 command then hides all entries that do not contain or inherit this
 tag.  Pressing @kbd{+} or @kbd{-} at the prompt switches
 between filtering for and against the next tag.  To clear the
 filter, press @kbd{\} twice (once to call the command again,
 and once at the prompt).
 
 @item @kbd{<} (@code{org-agenda-filter-by-category})
 @findex org-agenda-filter-by-category
 Filter by category of the line at point, and show only entries with
 this category.  When called with a prefix argument, hide all entries
 with the category at point.  To clear the filter, call this command
 again by pressing @kbd{<}.
 
 @item @kbd{=} (@code{org-agenda-filter-by-regexp})
 @findex org-agenda-filter-by-regexp
 Filter the agenda view by a regular expression: only show agenda
 entries matching the regular expression the user entered.  To clear
 the filter, call the command again by pressing @kbd{=}.
 
 @item @kbd{_} (@code{org-agenda-filter-by-effort})
 @findex org-agenda-filter-by-effort
 Filter the agenda view with respect to effort estimates, so select
 tasks that take the right amount of time.  You first need to set up
 a list of efforts globally, for example
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-global-properties
       '(("Effort_ALL". "0 0:10 0:30 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00")))
 @end lisp
 
 @vindex org-sort-agenda-noeffort-is-high
 You can then filter for an effort by first typing an operator, one
 of @kbd{<}, @kbd{>} and @kbd{=}, and then the
 one-digit index of an effort estimate in your array of allowed
 values, where @kbd{0} means the 10th value.  The filter then
 restricts to entries with effort smaller-or-equal, equal, or
 larger-or-equal than the selected value.  For application of the
 operator, entries without a defined effort are treated according to
 the value of @code{org-sort-agenda-noeffort-is-high}.  To clear the
 filter, press @kbd{_} twice (once to call the command again,
 and once at the first prompt).
 
 @item @kbd{^} (@code{org-agenda-filter-by-top-headline})
 @findex org-agenda-filter-by-top-headline
 Filter the current agenda view and only display items that fall
 under the same top-level headline as the current entry.  To clear
 the filter, call this command again by pressing @kbd{^}.
 
 @item @kbd{/} (@code{org-agenda-filter})
 @findex org-agenda-filter
 This is the unified interface to four of the five filter methods
 described above.  At the prompt, specify different filter elements
 in a single string, with full completion support.  For example,
 
 @example
 +work-John+<0:10-/plot/
 @end example
 
 
 selects entries with category @samp{work} and effort estimates below 10
 minutes, and deselects entries with tag @samp{John} or matching the
 regexp @samp{plot} (see @ref{Regular Expressions}).  You can leave @samp{+} out if
 that does not lead to ambiguities.  The sequence of elements is
 arbitrary.  The filter syntax assumes that there is no overlap
 between categories and tags.  Otherwise, tags take priority.  If you
 reply to the prompt with the empty string, all filtering is removed.
 If a filter is specified, it replaces all current filters.  But if
 you call the command with a double prefix argument, or if you add an
 additional @samp{+} (e.g., @samp{++work}) to the front of the string, the new
 filter elements are added to the active ones.  A single prefix
 argument applies the entire filter in a negative sense.
 
 @item @kbd{|} (@code{org-agenda-filter-remove-all})
 Remove all filters in the current agenda view.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Computed tag filtering}
 @subsubheading Computed tag filtering
 
 @vindex org-agenda-auto-exclude-function
 If the variable @code{org-agenda-auto-exclude-function} is set to
 a user-defined function, that function can select tags that should be
 used as a tag filter when requested.  The function will be called with
 lower-case versions of all tags represented in the current view.  The
 function should return @samp{"-tag"} if the filter should remove
 entries with that tag, @samp{"+tag"} if only entries with this tag should
 be kept, or @samp{nil} if that tag is irrelevant.  For example, let's say
 you use a @samp{Net} tag to identify tasks which need network access, an
 @samp{Errand} tag for errands in town, and a @samp{Call} tag for making phone
 calls.  You could auto-exclude these tags based on the availability of
 the Internet, and outside of business hours, with something like this:
 
 @lisp
 (defun my-auto-exclude-fn (tag)
   (when (cond ((string= tag "net")
                (/= 0 (call-process "/sbin/ping" nil nil nil
                                    "-c1" "-q" "-t1" "mail.gnu.org")))
               ((member tag '("errand" "call"))
                (let ((hr (nth 2 (decode-time))))
                  (or (< hr 8) (> hr 21)))))
     (concat "-" tag)))
 
 (setq org-agenda-auto-exclude-function #'my-auto-exclude-fn)
 @end lisp
 
 You can apply this self-adapting filter by using a triple prefix
 argument to @code{org-agenda-filter}, i.e.@tie{}press @kbd{C-u C-u C-u /},
 or by pressing @kbd{@key{RET}} in @code{org-agenda-filter-by-tag}.
 
 @anchor{Setting limits for the agenda}
 @subsubheading Setting limits for the agenda
 
 @cindex limits, in agenda
 
 Here is a list of options that you can set, either globally, or
 locally in your custom agenda views (see @ref{Custom Agenda Views}).
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{org-agenda-max-entries}
 @vindex org-agenda-max-entries
 Limit the number of entries.
 
 @item @code{org-agenda-max-effort}
 @vindex org-agenda-max-effort
 Limit the duration of accumulated efforts (as minutes).
 
 @item @code{org-agenda-max-todos}
 @vindex org-agenda-max-todos
 Limit the number of entries with TODO keywords.
 
 @item @code{org-agenda-max-tags}
 @vindex org-agenda-max-tags
 Limit the number of tagged entries.
 @end table
 
 When set to a positive integer, each option excludes entries from
 other categories: for example, @samp{(setq org-agenda-max-effort 100)}
 limits the agenda to 100 minutes of effort and exclude any entry that
 has no effort property.  If you want to include entries with no effort
 property, use a negative value for @code{org-agenda-max-effort}.  One
 useful setup is to use @code{org-agenda-max-entries} locally in a custom
 command.  For example, this custom command displays the next five
 entries with a @samp{NEXT} TODO keyword.
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
       '(("n" todo "NEXT"
          ((org-agenda-max-entries 5)))))
 @end lisp
 
 Once you mark one of these five entry as DONE, rebuilding the agenda
 will again the next five entries again, including the first entry that
 was excluded so far.
 
 You can also dynamically set temporary limits, which are lost when
 rebuilding the agenda:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{~} (@code{org-agenda-limit-interactively})
 @findex org-agenda-limit-interactively
 This prompts for the type of limit to apply and its value.
 @end table
 
 @node Agenda Commands
 @section Commands in the Agenda Buffer
 
 @cindex commands, in agenda buffer
 
 Entries in the agenda buffer are linked back to the Org file or diary
 file where they originate.  You are not allowed to edit the agenda
 buffer itself, but commands are provided to show and jump to the
 original entry location, and to edit the Org files ``remotely'' from the
 agenda buffer.  In this way, all information is stored only once,
 removing the risk that your agenda and note files may diverge.
 
 Some commands can be executed with mouse clicks on agenda lines.  For
 the other commands, point needs to be in the desired line.
 
 @anchor{Motion (1)}
 @subheading Motion
 
 @cindex motion commands in agenda
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{n} (@code{org-agenda-next-line})
 @kindex n
 @findex org-agenda-next-line
 Next line (same as @kbd{@key{DOWN}} and @kbd{C-n}).
 
 @item @kbd{p} (@code{org-agenda-previous-line})
 @kindex p
 @findex org-agenda-previous-line
 Previous line (same as @kbd{@key{UP}} and @kbd{C-p}).
 @end table
 
 @anchor{View/Go to Org file}
 @subheading View/Go to Org file
 
 @cindex view file commands in agenda
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{@key{SPC}} or @kbd{mouse-3} (@code{org-agenda-show-and-scroll-up})
 @kindex SPC
 @kindex mouse-3
 @findex org-agenda-show-and-scroll-up
 Display the original location of the item in another window.
 With a prefix argument, make sure that drawers stay folded.
 
 @item @kbd{L} (@code{org-agenda-recenter})
 @findex org-agenda-recenter
 Display original location and recenter that window.
 
 @item @kbd{@key{TAB}} or @kbd{mouse-2} (@code{org-agenda-goto})
 @kindex TAB
 @kindex mouse-2
 @findex org-agenda-goto
 Go to the original location of the item in another window.
 
 @item @kbd{@key{RET}} (@code{org-agenda-switch-to})
 @kindex RET
 @findex org-agenda-switch-to
 Go to the original location of the item and delete other windows.
 
 @item @kbd{F} (@code{org-agenda-follow-mode})
 @kindex F
 @findex org-agenda-follow-mode
 @vindex org-agenda-start-with-follow-mode
 Toggle Follow mode.  In Follow mode, as you move point through the
 agenda buffer, the other window always shows the corresponding
 location in the Org file.  The initial setting for this mode in new
 agenda buffers can be set with the variable
 @code{org-agenda-start-with-follow-mode}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x b} (@code{org-agenda-tree-to-indirect-buffer})
 @kindex C-c C-x b
 @findex org-agenda-tree-to-indirect-buffer
 Display the entire subtree of the current item in an indirect
 buffer.  With a numeric prefix argument N, go up to level N and then
 take that tree.  If N is negative, go up that many levels.  With
 a @kbd{C-u} prefix, do not remove the previously used indirect
 buffer.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-o} (@code{org-agenda-open-link})
 @kindex C-c C-o
 @findex org-agenda-open-link
 Follow a link in the entry.  This offers a selection of any links in
 the text belonging to the referenced Org node.  If there is only one
 link, follow it without a selection prompt.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Change display}
 @subheading Change display
 
 @cindex change agenda display
 @cindex display changing, in agenda
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{A}
 @kindex A
 Interactively select another agenda view and append it to the
 current view.
 
 @item @kbd{o}
 @kindex o
 Delete other windows.
 
 @item @kbd{v d} or short @kbd{d} (@code{org-agenda-day-view})
 @kindex v d
 @kindex d
 @findex org-agenda-day-view
 Switch to day view.  When switching to day view, this setting
 becomes the default for subsequent agenda refreshes.  A numeric
 prefix argument may be used to jump directly to a specific day of
 the year.  For example, @kbd{32 d} jumps to February 1st.  When
 setting day view, a year may be encoded in the prefix argument as
 well.  For example, @kbd{200712 d} jumps to January 12, 2007.
 If such a year specification has only one or two digits, it is
 expanded into one of the 30 next years or the last 69 years.
 
 @item @kbd{v w} or short @kbd{w} (@code{org-agenda-week-view})
 @kindex v w
 @kindex w
 @findex org-agenda-week-view
 Switch to week view.  When switching week view, this setting becomes
 the default for subsequent agenda refreshes.  A numeric prefix
 argument may be used to jump directly to a specific day of the ISO
 week.  For example @kbd{9 w} to ISO week number 9.  When
 setting week view, a year may be encoded in the prefix argument as
 well.  For example, @kbd{200712 w} jumps to week 12 in 2007.
 If such a year specification has only one or two digits, it is
 expanded into one of the 30 next years or the last 69 years.
 
 @item @kbd{v m} (@code{org-agenda-month-view})
 @kindex v m
 @findex org-agenda-month-view
 Switch to month view.  Because month views are slow to create, they
 do not become the default for subsequent agenda refreshes.
 A numeric prefix argument may be used to jump directly to a specific
 day of the month.  When setting month view, a year may be encoded in
 the prefix argument as well.  For example, @kbd{200712 m} jumps
 to December, 2007.  If such a year specification has only one or two
 digits, it is expanded into one of the 30 next years or the last 69
 years.
 
 @item @kbd{v y} (@code{org-agenda-year-view})
 @kindex v y
 @findex org-agenda-year-view
 Switch to year view.  Because year views are slow to create, they do
 not become the default for subsequent agenda refreshes.  A numeric
 prefix argument may be used to jump directly to a specific day of
 the year.
 
 @item @kbd{v @key{SPC}} (@code{org-agenda-reset-view})
 @kindex v SPC
 @findex org-agenda-reset-view
 @vindex org-agenda-span
 Reset the current view to @code{org-agenda-span}.
 
 @item @kbd{f} (@code{org-agenda-later})
 @kindex f
 @findex org-agenda-later
 Go forward in time to display the span following the current one.
 For example, if the display covers a week, switch to the following
 week.  With a prefix argument, repeat that many times.
 
 @item @kbd{b} (@code{org-agenda-earlier})
 @kindex b
 @findex org-agenda-earlier
 Go backward in time to display earlier dates.
 
 @item @kbd{.} (@code{org-agenda-goto-today})
 @kindex .
 @findex org-agenda-goto-today
 Go to today.
 
 @item @kbd{j} (@code{org-agenda-goto-date})
 @kindex j
 @findex org-agenda-goto-date
 Prompt for a date and go there.
 
 @item @kbd{J} (@code{org-agenda-clock-goto})
 @kindex J
 @findex org-agenda-clock-goto
 Go to the currently clocked-in task @emph{in the agenda buffer}.
 
 @item @kbd{D} (@code{org-agenda-toggle-diary})
 @kindex D
 @findex org-agenda-toggle-diary
 Toggle the inclusion of diary entries.  See @ref{Weekly/daily agenda}.
 
 @item @kbd{v l} or @kbd{v L} or short @kbd{l} (@code{org-agenda-log-mode})
 @kindex v l
 @kindex l
 @kindex v L
 @findex org-agenda-log-mode
 @vindex org-log-done
 @vindex org-agenda-log-mode-items
 Toggle Logbook mode.  In Logbook mode, entries that were marked as
 done while logging was on (see the variable @code{org-log-done}) are
 shown in the agenda, as are entries that have been clocked on that
 day.  You can configure the entry types that should be included in
 log mode using the variable @code{org-agenda-log-mode-items}.  When
 called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, show all possible
 logbook entries, including state changes.  When called with two
 prefix arguments @kbd{C-u C-u}, show only logging information,
 nothing else.  @kbd{v L} is equivalent to @kbd{C-u v l}.
 
 @item @kbd{v [} or short @kbd{[} (@code{org-agenda-manipulate-query-add})
 @kindex v [
 @kindex [
 @findex org-agenda-manipulate-query-add
 Include inactive timestamps into the current view.  Only for
 weekly/daily agenda.
 
 @item @kbd{v a} (@code{org-agenda-archives-mode})
 @kindex v a
 @findex org-agenda-archives-mode
 Toggle Archives mode.  In Archives mode, trees that are archived
 (see @ref{Internal archiving}) are also scanned when producing the
 agenda.  To exit archives mode, press @kbd{v a} again.
 
 @item @kbd{v A}
 @kindex v A
 Toggle Archives mode.  Include all archive files as well.
 
 @item @kbd{v R} or short @kbd{R} (@code{org-agenda-clockreport-mode})
 @kindex v R
 @kindex R
 @findex org-agenda-clockreport-mode
 @vindex org-agenda-start-with-clockreport-mode
 @vindex org-clock-report-include-clocking-task
 Toggle Clockreport mode.  In Clockreport mode, the daily/weekly
 agenda always shows a table with the clocked times for the time span
 and file scope covered by the current agenda view.  The initial
 setting for this mode in new agenda buffers can be set with the
 variable @code{org-agenda-start-with-clockreport-mode}.  By using a
 prefix argument when toggling this mode (i.e., @kbd{C-u R}),
 the clock table does not show contributions from entries that are
 hidden by agenda filtering@footnote{ Only tags filtering is respected
 here, effort filtering is ignored.}.  See also the variables
 @code{org-clock-report-include-clocking-task} and
 @code{org-agenda-clock-report-header}.
 
 @item @kbd{v c}
 @kindex v c
 @vindex org-agenda-clock-consistency-checks
 Show overlapping clock entries, clocking gaps, and other clocking
 problems in the current agenda range.  You can then visit clocking
 lines and fix them manually.  See the variable
 @code{org-agenda-clock-consistency-checks} for information on how to
 customize the definition of what constituted a clocking problem.  To
 return to normal agenda display, press @kbd{l} to exit Logbook
 mode.
 
 @item @kbd{v E} or short @kbd{E} (@code{org-agenda-entry-text-mode})
 @kindex v E
 @kindex E
 @findex org-agenda-entry-text-mode
 @vindex org-agenda-start-with-entry-text-mode
 @vindex org-agenda-entry-text-maxlines
 Toggle entry text mode.  In entry text mode, a number of lines from
 the Org outline node referenced by an agenda line are displayed
 below the line.  The maximum number of lines is given by the
 variable @code{org-agenda-entry-text-maxlines}.  Calling this command
 with a numeric prefix argument temporarily modifies that number to
 the prefix value.
 
 @item @kbd{G} (@code{org-agenda-toggle-time-grid})
 @kindex G
 @vindex org-agenda-use-time-grid
 @vindex org-agenda-time-grid
 Toggle the time grid on and off.  See also the variables
 @code{org-agenda-use-time-grid} and @code{org-agenda-time-grid}.
 
 @item @kbd{r} (@code{org-agenda-redo})
 @itemx @kbd{g}
 @kindex r
 @kindex g
 @findex org-agenda-redo
 Recreate the agenda buffer, for example to reflect the changes after
 modification of the timestamps of items with @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}} and
 @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}}.  When the buffer is the global TODO list,
 a prefix argument is interpreted to create a selective list for
 a specific TODO keyword.
 
 @item @kbd{C-x C-s} or short @kbd{s} (@code{org-save-all-org-buffers})
 @kindex C-x C-s
 @findex org-save-all-org-buffers
 @kindex s
 Save all Org buffers in the current Emacs session, and also the
 locations of IDs.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-c} (@code{org-agenda-columns})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-c
 @findex org-agenda-columns
 @vindex org-columns-default-format
 Invoke column view (see @ref{Column View}) in the agenda buffer.  The
 column view format is taken from the entry at point, or, if there is
 no entry at point, from the first entry in the agenda view.  So
 whatever the format for that entry would be in the original buffer
 (taken from a property, from a @samp{COLUMNS} keyword, or from the
 default variable @code{org-columns-default-format}) is used in the
 agenda.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x >} (@code{org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock})
 @kindex C-c C-x >
 @findex org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock
 Remove the restriction lock on the agenda, if it is currently
 restricted to a file or subtree (see @ref{Agenda Files}).
 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{UP}} (@code{org-agenda-drag-line-backward})
 @kindex M-UP
 @findex org-agenda-drag-line-backward
 Drag the line at point backward one line.  With a numeric prefix
 argument, drag backward by that many lines.
 
 Moving agenda lines does not persist after an agenda refresh and
 does not modify the contributing Org files.
 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{DOWN}} (@code{org-agenda-drag-line-forward})
 @kindex M-DOWN
 @findex org-agenda-drag-line-forward
 Drag the line at point forward one line.  With a numeric prefix
 argument, drag forward by that many lines.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Remote editing}
 @subheading Remote editing
 
 @cindex remote editing, from agenda
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{0--9}
 Digit argument.
 
 @item @kbd{C-_} (@code{org-agenda-undo})
 @kindex C-_
 @findex org-agenda-undo
 @cindex undoing remote-editing events
 @cindex remote editing, undo
 Undo a change due to a remote editing command.  The change is undone
 both in the agenda buffer and in the remote buffer.
 
 @item @kbd{t} (@code{org-agenda-todo})
 @kindex t
 @findex org-agenda-todo
 Change the TODO state of the item, both in the agenda and in the
 original Org file.  A prefix arg is passed through to the @code{org-todo}
 command, so for example a @kbd{C-u} prefix are will trigger
 taking a note to document the state change.
 
 @item @kbd{C-S-@key{RIGHT}} (@code{org-agenda-todo-nextset})
 @kindex C-S-RIGHT
 @findex org-agenda-todo-nextset
 Switch to the next set of TODO keywords.
 
 @item @kbd{C-S-@key{LEFT}}, @code{org-agenda-todo-previousset}
 @kindex C-S-LEFT
 Switch to the previous set of TODO keywords.
 
 @item @kbd{C-k} (@code{org-agenda-kill})
 @kindex C-k
 @findex org-agenda-kill
 @vindex org-agenda-confirm-kill
 Delete the current agenda item along with the entire subtree
 belonging to it in the original Org file.  If the text to be deleted
 remotely is longer than one line, the kill needs to be confirmed by
 the user.  See variable @code{org-agenda-confirm-kill}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-w} (@code{org-agenda-refile})
 @kindex C-c C-w
 @findex org-agenda-refile
 Refile the entry at point.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-a} or short @kbd{a} (@code{org-agenda-archive-default-with-confirmation})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-a
 @kindex a
 @findex org-agenda-archive-default-with-confirmation
 @vindex org-archive-default-command
 Archive the subtree corresponding to the entry at point using the
 default archiving command set in @code{org-archive-default-command}.
 When using the @kbd{a} key, confirmation is required.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x a} (@code{org-agenda-toggle-archive-tag})
 @kindex C-c C-x a
 @findex org-agenda-toggle-archive-tag
 Toggle the archive tag (see @ref{Internal archiving}) for the current
 headline.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x A} (@code{org-agenda-archive-to-archive-sibling})
 @kindex C-c C-x A
 @findex org-agenda-archive-to-archive-sibling
 Move the subtree corresponding to the current entry to its @emph{archive
 sibling}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-s} or short @kbd{$} (@code{org-agenda-archive})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-s
 @kindex $
 @findex org-agenda-archive
 Archive the subtree corresponding to the current headline.  This
 means the entry is moved to the configured archive location, most
 likely a different file.
 
 @item @kbd{T} (@code{org-agenda-show-tags})
 @kindex T
 @findex org-agenda-show-tags
 @vindex org-agenda-show-inherited-tags
 Show all tags associated with the current item.  This is useful if
 you have turned off @code{org-agenda-show-inherited-tags}, but still want
 to see all tags of a headline occasionally.
 
 @item @kbd{:} (@code{org-agenda-set-tags})
 @kindex :
 @findex org-agenda-set-tags
 Set tags for the current headline.  If there is an active region in
 the agenda, change a tag for all headings in the region.
 
 @item @kbd{,} (@code{org-agenda-priority})
 @kindex ,
 @findex org-agenda-priority
 Set the priority for the current item.  Org mode prompts for the
 priority character.  If you reply with @kbd{@key{SPC}}, the priority
 cookie is removed from the entry.
 
 @item @kbd{+} or @kbd{S-@key{UP}} (@code{org-agenda-priority-up})
 @kindex +
 @kindex S-UP
 @findex org-agenda-priority-up
 Increase the priority of the current item.  The priority is changed
 in the original buffer, but the agenda is not resorted.  Use the
 @kbd{r} key for this.
 
 @item @kbd{-} or @kbd{S-@key{DOWN}} (@code{org-agenda-priority-down})
 @kindex -
 @kindex S-DOWN
 @findex org-agenda-priority-down
 Decrease the priority of the current item.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x e} or short @kbd{e} (@code{org-agenda-set-effort})
 @kindex e
 @kindex C-c C-x e
 @findex org-agenda-set-effort
 Set the effort property for the current item.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-z} or short @kbd{z} (@code{org-agenda-add-note})
 @kindex z
 @kindex C-c C-z
 @findex org-agenda-add-note
 @vindex org-log-into-drawer
 Add a note to the entry.  This note is recorded, and then filed to
 the same location where state change notes are put.  Depending on
 @code{org-log-into-drawer}, this may be inside a drawer.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-a} (@code{org-attach})
 @kindex C-c C-a
 @findex org-attach
 Dispatcher for all command related to attachments.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-s} (@code{org-agenda-schedule})
 @kindex C-c C-s
 @findex org-agenda-schedule
 Schedule this item.  With a prefix argument, remove the
 scheduling timestamp
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-d} (@code{org-agenda-deadline})
 @kindex C-c C-d
 @findex org-agenda-deadline
 Set a deadline for this item.  With a prefix argument, remove the
 deadline.
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}} (@code{org-agenda-do-date-later})
 @kindex S-RIGHT
 @findex org-agenda-do-date-later
 Change the timestamp associated with the current line by one day
 into the future.  If the date is in the past, the first call to this
 command moves it to today.  With a numeric prefix argument, change
 it by that many days.  For example, @kbd{3 6 5 S-@key{RIGHT}} changes
 it by a year.  With a @kbd{C-u} prefix, change the time by one
 hour.  If you immediately repeat the command, it will continue to
 change hours even without the prefix argument.  With a double
 @kbd{C-u C-u} prefix, do the same for changing minutes.  The
 stamp is changed in the original Org file, but the change is not
 directly reflected in the agenda buffer.  Use @kbd{r} or
 @kbd{g} to update the buffer.
 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}} (@code{org-agenda-do-date-earlier})
 @kindex S-LEFT
 @findex org-agenda-do-date-earlier
 Change the timestamp associated with the current line by one day
 into the past.
 
 @item @kbd{>} (@code{org-agenda-date-prompt})
 @kindex >
 @findex org-agenda-date-prompt
 Change the timestamp associated with the current line.  The key
 @kbd{>} has been chosen, because it is the same as
 @kbd{S-.}  on my keyboard.
 
 @item @kbd{I} (@code{org-agenda-clock-in})
 @kindex I
 @findex org-agenda-clock-in
 Start the clock on the current item.  If a clock is running already,
 it is stopped first.
 
 @item @kbd{O} (@code{org-agenda-clock-out})
 @kindex O
 @findex org-agenda-clock-out
 Stop the previously started clock.
 
 @item @kbd{X} (@code{org-agenda-clock-cancel})
 @kindex X
 @findex org-agenda-clock-cancel
 Cancel the currently running clock.
 
 @item @kbd{J} (@code{org-agenda-clock-goto})
 @kindex J
 @findex org-agenda-clock-goto
 Jump to the running clock in another window.
 
 @item @kbd{k} (@code{org-agenda-capture})
 @kindex k
 @findex org-agenda-capture
 @cindex capturing, from agenda
 @vindex org-capture-use-agenda-date
 Like @code{org-capture}, but use the date at point as the default date
 for the capture template.  See @code{org-capture-use-agenda-date} to make
 this the default behavior of @code{org-capture}.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Bulk remote editing selected entries}
 @subheading Bulk remote editing selected entries
 
 @cindex remote editing, bulk, from agenda
 @vindex org-agenda-bulk-custom-functions
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{m} (@code{org-agenda-bulk-mark})
 @kindex m
 @findex org-agenda-bulk-mark
 
 Mark the entry at point for bulk action.  If there is an active
 region in the agenda, mark the entries in the region.  With numeric
 prefix argument, mark that many successive entries.
 
 @item @kbd{*} (@code{org-agenda-bulk-mark-all})
 @kindex *
 @findex org-agenda-bulk-mark-all
 
 Mark all visible agenda entries for bulk action.
 
 @item @kbd{u} (@code{org-agenda-bulk-unmark})
 @kindex u
 @findex org-agenda-bulk-unmark
 
 Unmark entry for bulk action.
 
 @item @kbd{U} (@code{org-agenda-bulk-remove-all-marks})
 @kindex U
 @findex org-agenda-bulk-remove-all-marks
 
 Unmark all marked entries for bulk action.
 
 @item @kbd{M-m} (@code{org-agenda-bulk-toggle})
 @kindex M-m
 @findex org-agenda-bulk-toggle
 
 Toggle mark of the entry at point for bulk action.
 
 @item @kbd{M-*} (@code{org-agenda-bulk-toggle-all})
 @kindex M-*
 @findex org-agenda-bulk-toggle-all
 
 Toggle mark of every entry for bulk action.
 
 @item @kbd{%} (@code{org-agenda-bulk-mark-regexp})
 @kindex %
 @findex org-agenda-bulk-mark-regexp
 
 Mark entries matching a regular expression for bulk action.
 
 @item @kbd{B} (@code{org-agenda-bulk-action})
 @kindex B
 @findex org-agenda-bulk-action
 @vindex org-agenda-bulk-persistent-marks
 
 Bulk action: act on all marked entries in the agenda.  This prompts
 for another key to select the action to be applied.  The prefix
 argument to @kbd{B} is passed through to the @kbd{s} and
 @kbd{d} commands, to bulk-remove these special timestamps.  By
 default, marks are removed after the bulk.  If you want them to
 persist, set @code{org-agenda-bulk-persistent-marks} to @code{t} or hit
 @kbd{p} at the prompt.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{p}
 Toggle persistent marks.
 
 @item @kbd{$}
 Archive all selected entries.
 
 @item @kbd{A}
 Archive entries by moving them to their respective archive
 siblings.
 
 @item @kbd{t}
 Change TODO state.  This prompts for a single TODO keyword and
 changes the state of all selected entries, bypassing blocking and
 suppressing logging notes---but not timestamps.
 
 @item @kbd{+}
 Add a tag to all selected entries.
 
 @item @kbd{-}
 Remove a tag from all selected entries.
 
 @item @kbd{s}
 Schedule all items to a new date.  To shift existing schedule
 dates by a fixed number of days, use something starting with
 double plus at the prompt, for example @samp{++8d} or @samp{++2w}.
 
 @item @kbd{d}
 Set deadline to a specific date.
 
 @item @kbd{r}
 Prompt for a single refile target and move all entries.  The
 entries are no longer in the agenda; refresh (@kbd{g}) to
 bring them back.
 
 @item @kbd{S}
 Reschedule randomly into the coming N days.  N is prompted for.
 With a prefix argument (@kbd{C-u B S}), scatter only across
 weekdays.
 
 @item @kbd{f}
 @vindex org-agenda-bulk-custom-functions
 Apply a function@footnote{ You can also create persistent custom
 functions through @code{org-agenda-bulk-custom-functions}.} to marked
 entries.  For example, the function below sets the @samp{CATEGORY}
 property of the entries to @samp{web}.
 
 @lisp
 (defun set-category ()
   (interactive "P")
   (let ((marker (or (org-get-at-bol 'org-hd-marker)
                     (org-agenda-error))))
     (org-with-point-at marker
       (org-back-to-heading t)
       (org-set-property "CATEGORY" "web"))))
 @end lisp
 @end table
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Calendar commands}
 @subheading Calendar commands
 
 @cindex calendar commands, from agenda
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{c} (@code{org-agenda-goto-calendar})
 @kindex c
 @findex org-agenda-goto-calendar
 Open the Emacs calendar and go to the date at point in the agenda.
 
 @item @kbd{c} (@code{org-calendar-goto-agenda})
 @kindex c
 @findex org-calendar-goto-agenda
 When in the calendar, compute and show the Org agenda for the date
 at point.
 
 @item @kbd{i} (@code{org-agenda-diary-entry})
 @kindex i
 @findex org-agenda-diary-entry
 
 @cindex diary entries, creating from agenda
 Insert a new entry into the diary, using the date at point and (for
 block entries) the date at the mark.  This adds to the Emacs diary
 file@footnote{ This file is parsed for the agenda when
 @code{org-agenda-include-diary} is set.}, in a way similar to the
 @kbd{i} command in the calendar.  The diary file pops up in
 another window, where you can add the entry.
 
 @vindex org-agenda-diary-file
 If you configure @code{org-agenda-diary-file} to point to an Org file,
 Org creates entries in that file instead.  Most entries are stored
 in a date-based outline tree that will later make it easy to archive
 appointments from previous months/years.  The tree is built under an
 entry with a @samp{DATE_TREE} property, or else with years as top-level
 entries.  Emacs prompts you for the entry text---if you specify it,
 the entry is created in @code{org-agenda-diary-file} without further
 interaction.  If you directly press @kbd{@key{RET}} at the prompt
 without typing text, the target file is shown in another window for
 you to finish the entry there.  See also the @kbd{k r} command.
 
 @item @kbd{M} (@code{org-agenda-phases-of-moon})
 @kindex M
 @findex org-agenda-phases-of-moon
 Show the phases of the moon for the three months around current
 date.
 
 @item @kbd{S} (@code{org-agenda-sunrise-sunset})
 @kindex S
 @findex org-agenda-sunrise-sunset
 Show sunrise and sunset times.  The geographical location must be
 set with calendar variables, see the documentation for the Emacs
 calendar.
 
 @item @kbd{C} (@code{org-agenda-convert-date})
 @kindex C
 @findex org-agenda-convert-date
 Convert the date at point into many other cultural and historic
 calendars.
 
 @item @kbd{H} (@code{org-agenda-holidays})
 @kindex H
 @findex org-agenda-holidays
 Show holidays for three months around point date.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Quit and exit}
 @subheading Quit and exit
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{q} (@code{org-agenda-quit})
 @kindex q
 @findex org-agenda-quit
 
 Quit agenda, remove the agenda buffer.
 
 @item @kbd{x} (@code{org-agenda-exit})
 @kindex x
 @findex org-agenda-exit
 
 @cindex agenda files, removing buffers
 Exit agenda, remove the agenda buffer and all buffers loaded by
 Emacs for the compilation of the agenda.  Buffers created by the
 user to visit Org files are not removed.
 @end table
 
 @node Custom Agenda Views
 @section Custom Agenda Views
 
 @cindex custom agenda views
 @cindex agenda views, custom
 
 Custom agenda commands serve two purposes: to store and quickly access
 frequently used TODO and tags searches, and to create special
 composite agenda buffers.  Custom agenda commands are accessible
 through the dispatcher (see @ref{Agenda Dispatcher}), just like the
 default commands.
 
 @menu
 * Storing searches::             Type once, use often.
 * Block agenda::                 All the stuff you need in a single buffer.
 * Setting options::              Changing the rules.
 @end menu
 
 @node Storing searches
 @subsection Storing searches
 
 The first application of custom searches is the definition of keyboard
 shortcuts for frequently used searches, either creating an agenda
 buffer, or a sparse tree (the latter covering of course only the
 current buffer).
 
 @kindex C @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 @vindex org-agenda-custom-commands
 @cindex agenda views, main example
 @cindex agenda, as an agenda views
 @cindex agenda*, as an agenda views
 @cindex tags, as an agenda view
 @cindex todo, as an agenda view
 @cindex tags-todo
 @cindex todo-tree
 @cindex occur-tree
 @cindex tags-tree
 Custom commands are configured in the variable
 @code{org-agenda-custom-commands}.  You can customize this variable, for
 example by pressing @kbd{C} from the agenda dispatcher (see @ref{Agenda Dispatcher}).  You can also directly set it with Emacs Lisp in
 the Emacs init file.  The following example contains all valid agenda
 views:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
       '(("x" agenda)
         ("y" agenda*)
         ("w" todo "WAITING")
         ("W" todo-tree "WAITING")
         ("u" tags "+boss-urgent")
         ("v" tags-todo "+boss-urgent")
         ("U" tags-tree "+boss-urgent")
         ("f" occur-tree "\\<FIXME\\>")
         ("h" . "HOME+Name tags searches") ;description for "h" prefix
         ("hl" tags "+home+Lisa")
         ("hp" tags "+home+Peter")
         ("hk" tags "+home+Kim")))
 @end lisp
 
 The initial string in each entry defines the keys you have to press
 after the dispatcher command in order to access the command.  Usually
 this is just a single character, but if you have many similar
 commands, you can also define two-letter combinations where the first
 character is the same in several combinations and serves as a prefix
 key@footnote{ You can provide a description for a prefix key by inserting a
 cons cell with the prefix and the description.}.  The second parameter
 is the search type, followed by the string or regular expression to be
 used for the matching.  The example above will therefore define:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{x}
 as a global search for agenda entries planned@footnote{@emph{Planned} means here that these entries have some planning
 information attached to them, like a time-stamp, a scheduled or
 a deadline string.  See @code{org-agenda-entry-types} on how to set what
 planning information is taken into account.} this week/day.
 
 @item @kbd{y}
 as the same search, but only for entries with an hour specification
 like @samp{[h]h:mm}---think of them as appointments.
 
 @item @kbd{w}
 as a global search for TODO entries with @samp{WAITING} as the TODO
 keyword.
 
 @item @kbd{W}
 as the same search, but only in the current buffer and displaying
 the results as a sparse tree.
 
 @item @kbd{u}
 as a global tags search for headlines tagged @samp{boss} but not
 @samp{urgent}.
 
 @item @kbd{v}
 The same search, but limiting it to headlines that are also TODO
 items.
 
 @item @kbd{U}
 as the same search, but only in the current buffer and displaying
 the result as a sparse tree.
 
 @item @kbd{f}
 to create a sparse tree (again, current buffer only) with all
 entries containing the word @samp{FIXME}.
 
 @item @kbd{h}
 as a prefix command for a @samp{HOME} tags search where you have to press
 an additional key (@kbd{l}, @kbd{p} or @kbd{k}) to
 select a name (Lisa, Peter, or Kim) as additional tag to match.
 @end table
 
 Note that @code{*-tree} agenda views need to be called from an Org buffer
 as they operate on the current buffer only.
 
 @node Block agenda
 @subsection Block agenda
 
 @cindex block agenda
 @cindex agenda, with block views
 
 Another possibility is the construction of agenda views that comprise
 the results of @emph{several} commands, each of which creates a block in
 the agenda buffer.  The available commands include @code{agenda} for the
 daily or weekly agenda (as created with @kbd{a}) , @code{alltodo} for
 the global TODO list (as constructed with @kbd{t}), @code{stuck} for
 the list of stuck projects (as obtained with @kbd{#}) and the
 matching commands discussed above: @code{todo}, @code{tags}, and @code{tags-todo}.
 
 Here are two examples:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
       '(("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks"
          ((agenda "")
           (tags-todo "home")
           (tags "garden")))
         ("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks"
          ((agenda "")
           (tags-todo "work")
           (tags "office")))))
 @end lisp
 
 @noindent
 This defines @kbd{h} to create a multi-block view for stuff you
 need to attend to at home.  The resulting agenda buffer contains your
 agenda for the current week, all TODO items that carry the tag @samp{home},
 and also all lines tagged with @samp{garden}.  Finally the command
 @kbd{o} provides a similar view for office tasks.
 
 @node Setting options
 @subsection Setting options for custom commands
 
 @cindex options, for custom agenda views
 
 @vindex org-agenda-custom-commands
 Org mode contains a number of variables regulating agenda construction
 and display.  The global variables define the behavior for all agenda
 commands, including the custom commands.  However, if you want to
 change some settings just for a single custom view, you can do so.
 Setting options requires inserting a list of variable names and values
 at the right spot in @code{org-agenda-custom-commands}.  For example:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
       '(("w" todo "WAITING"
          ((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-down))
           (org-agenda-prefix-format "  Mixed: ")))
         ("U" tags-tree "+boss-urgent"
          ((org-show-context-detail 'minimal)))
         ("N" search ""
          ((org-agenda-files '("~org/notes.org"))
           (org-agenda-text-search-extra-files nil)))))
 @end lisp
 
 @noindent
 Now the @kbd{w} command sorts the collected entries only by
 priority, and the prefix format is modified to just say @samp{Mixed:}
 instead of giving the category of the entry.  The sparse tags tree of
 @kbd{U} now turns out ultra-compact, because neither the headline
 hierarchy above the match, nor the headline following the match are
 shown.  The command @kbd{N} does a text search limited to only
 a single file.
 
 For command sets creating a block agenda, @code{org-agenda-custom-commands}
 has two separate spots for setting options.  You can add options that
 should be valid for just a single command in the set, and options that
 should be valid for all commands in the set.  The former are just
 added to the command entry; the latter must come after the list of
 command entries.  Going back to the block agenda example (see @ref{Block agenda}), let's change the sorting strategy for the @kbd{h}
 commands to @code{priority-down}, but let's sort the results for @samp{garden}
 tags query in the opposite order, @code{priority-up}.  This would look like
 this:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
       '(("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks"
          ((agenda)
           (tags-todo "home")
           (tags "garden"
                 ((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-up)))))
          ((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-down))))
         ("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks"
          ((agenda)
           (tags-todo "work")
           (tags "office")))))
 @end lisp
 
 As you see, the values and parentheses setting is a little complex.
 When in doubt, use the customize interface to set this variable---it
 fully supports its structure.  Just one caveat: when setting options
 in this interface, the @emph{values} are just Lisp expressions.  So if the
 value is a string, you need to add the double-quotes around the value
 yourself.
 
 @vindex org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts
 To control whether an agenda command should be accessible from
 a specific context, you can customize
 @code{org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts}.  Let's say for example that you
 have an agenda command @kbd{o} displaying a view that you only
 need when reading emails.  Then you would configure this option like
 this:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts
       '(("o" (in-mode . "message-mode"))))
 @end lisp
 
 You can also tell that the command key @kbd{o} should refer to
 another command key @kbd{r}.  In that case, add this command key
 like this:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts
       '(("o" "r" (in-mode . "message-mode"))))
 @end lisp
 
 See the docstring of the variable for more information.
 
 @node Exporting Agenda Views
 @section Exporting Agenda Views
 
 @cindex agenda views, exporting
 
 If you are away from your computer, it can be very useful to have a
 printed version of some agenda views to carry around.  Org mode can
 export custom agenda views as plain text, HTML@footnote{ For HTML you need
 to install Hrvoje Nikšić's @samp{htmlize.el} as an Emacs package from
 @uref{https://elpa.nongnu.org/, NonGNU ELPA} or from
 @uref{https://github.com/hniksic/emacs-htmlize, Hrvoje Nikšić's repository}.},
 Postscript, PDF@footnote{To create PDF output, the Ghostscript ps2pdf utility must be
 installed on the system.  Selecting a PDF file also creates the
 postscript file.}, and iCalendar files.  If you
 want to do this only occasionally, use the following command:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-x C-w} (@code{org-agenda-write})
 @kindex C-x C-w
 @findex org-agenda-write
 @cindex exporting agenda views
 @cindex agenda views, exporting
 
 @vindex org-agenda-exporter-settings
 Write the agenda view to a file.
 @end table
 
 If you need to export certain agenda views frequently, you can
 associate any custom agenda command with a list of output file
 names@footnote{ If you want to store standard views like the weekly agenda
 or the global TODO list as well, you need to define custom commands
 for them in order to be able to specify file names.}.  Here is an
 example that first defines custom commands for the agenda and the
 global TODO list, together with a number of files to which to export
 them.  Then we define two block agenda commands and specify file names
 for them as well.  File names can be relative to the current working
 directory, or absolute.
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
       '(("X" agenda "" nil ("agenda.html" "agenda.ps"))
         ("Y" alltodo "" nil ("todo.html" "todo.txt" "todo.ps"))
         ("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks"
          ((agenda "")
           (tags-todo "home")
           (tags "garden"))
          nil
          ("~/views/home.html"))
         ("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks"
          ((agenda)
           (tags-todo "work")
           (tags "office"))
          nil
          ("~/views/office.ps" "~/calendars/office.ics"))))
 @end lisp
 
 The extension of the file name determines the type of export.  If it
 is @samp{.html}, Org mode uses the htmlize package to convert the buffer to
 HTML and save it to this file name.  If the extension is @samp{.ps},
 @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces} is used to produce Postscript output.  If
 the extension is @samp{.ics}, iCalendar export is run export over all files
 that were used to construct the agenda, and limit the export to
 entries listed in the agenda.  Any other extension produces a plain
 ASCII file.
 
 The export files are @emph{not} created when you use one of those
 commands interactively because this might use too much overhead.
 Instead, there is a special command to produce @emph{all} specified
 files in one step:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{e} (@code{org-store-agenda-views})
 @kindex e @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 @findex org-store-agenda-views
 Export all agenda views that have export file names associated with
 them.
 @end table
 
 You can use the options section of the custom agenda commands to also
 set options for the export commands.  For example:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
       '(("X" agenda ""
          ((ps-number-of-columns 2)
           (ps-landscape-mode t)
           (org-agenda-prefix-format " [ ] ")
           (org-agenda-with-colors nil)
           (org-agenda-remove-tags t))
          ("theagenda.ps"))))
 @end lisp
 
 @noindent
 @vindex org-agenda-exporter-settings
 This command sets two options for the Postscript exporter, to make it
 print in two columns in landscape format---the resulting page can be
 cut in two and then used in a paper agenda.  The remaining settings
 modify the agenda prefix to omit category and scheduling information,
 and instead include a checkbox to check off items.  We also remove the
 tags to make the lines compact, and we do not want to use colors for
 the black-and-white printer.  Settings specified in
 @code{org-agenda-exporter-settings} also apply, e.g.,
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-agenda-exporter-settings
       '((ps-number-of-columns 2)
         (ps-landscape-mode t)
         (org-agenda-add-entry-text-maxlines 5)
         (htmlize-output-type 'css)))
 @end lisp
 
 @noindent
 but the settings in @code{org-agenda-custom-commands} take precedence.
 
 From the command line you may also use:
 
 @example
 emacs -eval (org-batch-store-agenda-views) -kill
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 or, if you need to modify some parameters@footnote{ Quoting depends on the
 system you use, please check the FAQ for examples.}
 
 @example
 emacs -eval '(org-batch-store-agenda-views                      \
               org-agenda-span (quote month)                     \
               org-agenda-start-day "2007-11-01"                 \
               org-agenda-include-diary nil                      \
               org-agenda-files (quote ("~/org/project.org")))'  \
       -kill
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 which creates the agenda views restricted to the file
 @samp{~/org/project.org}, without diary entries and with a 30-day extent.
 
 You can also extract agenda information in a way that allows further
 processing by other programs.  See @ref{Extracting Agenda Information}, for
 more information.
 
 @node Agenda Column View
 @section Using Column View in the Agenda
 
 @cindex column view, in agenda
 @cindex agenda, column view
 
 Column view (see @ref{Column View}) is normally used to view and edit
 properties embedded in the hierarchical structure of an Org file.  It
 can be quite useful to use column view also from the agenda, where
 entries are collected by certain criteria.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-c} (@code{org-agenda-columns})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-c
 @findex org-agenda-columns
 
 Turn on column view in the agenda.
 @end table
 
 To understand how to use this properly, it is important to realize
 that the entries in the agenda are no longer in their proper outline
 environment.  This causes the following issues:
 
 @enumerate
 @item
 @vindex org-columns-default-format-for-agenda
 @vindex org-columns-default-format
 Org needs to make a decision which columns format to use.  Since
 the entries in the agenda are collected from different files, and
 different files may have different columns formats, this is a
 non-trivial problem.  Org first checks if
 @code{org-overriding-columns-format} is currently set, and if so, takes
 the format from there.  You should set this variable only in the
 @emph{local settings section} of a custom agenda command (see @ref{Custom Agenda Views}) to make it valid for that specific agenda view.  If
 no such binding exists, it checks, in sequence,
 @code{org-columns-default-format-for-agenda}, the format associated with
 the first item in the agenda (through a property or a @samp{#+COLUMNS}
 setting in that buffer) and finally @code{org-columns-default-format}.
 
 @item
 @cindex @samp{CLOCKSUM}, special property
 If any of the columns has a summary type defined (see @ref{Column attributes}), turning on column view in the agenda visits all
 relevant agenda files and make sure that the computations of this
 property are up to date.  This is also true for the special
 @samp{CLOCKSUM} property.  Org then sums the values displayed in the
 agenda.  In the daily/weekly agenda, the sums cover a single day;
 in all other views they cover the entire block.
 
 It is important to realize that the agenda may show the same entry
 @emph{twice}---for example as scheduled and as a deadline---and it may
 show two entries from the same hierarchy (for example a @emph{parent}
 and its @emph{child}).  In these cases, the summation in the agenda
 leads to incorrect results because some values count double.
 
 @item
 When the column view in the agenda shows the @samp{CLOCKSUM} property,
 that is always the entire clocked time for this item.  So even in
 the daily/weekly agenda, the clocksum listed in column view may
 originate from times outside the current view.  This has the
 advantage that you can compare these values with a column listing
 the planned total effort for a task---one of the major
 applications for column view in the agenda.  If you want
 information about clocked time in the displayed period use clock
 table mode (press @kbd{R} in the agenda).
 
 @item
 @cindex @samp{CLOCKSUM_T}, special property
 When the column view in the agenda shows the @samp{CLOCKSUM_T} property,
 that is always today's clocked time for this item.  So even in the
 weekly agenda, the clocksum listed in column view only originates
 from today.  This lets you compare the time you spent on a task for
 today, with the time already spent---via @samp{CLOCKSUM}---and with
 the planned total effort for it.
 @end enumerate
 
 @node Markup for Rich Contents
 @chapter Markup for Rich Contents
 
 Org is primarily about organizing and searching through your
 plain-text notes.  However, it also provides a lightweight yet robust
 markup language for rich text formatting and more.  For instance, you
 may want to center or emphasize text.  Or you may need to insert
 a formula or image in your writing.  Org offers syntax for all of this
 and more.  Used in conjunction with the export framework (see
 @ref{Exporting}), you can author beautiful documents in Org---like the fine
 manual you are currently reading.
 
 @menu
 * Paragraphs::                   The basic unit of text.
 * Emphasis and Monospace::       Bold, italic, etc.
 * Subscripts and Superscripts::  Simple syntax for raising/lowering text.
 * Special Symbols::              Greek letters and other symbols.
 * Embedded @LaTeX{}::            LaTeX can be freely used inside Org documents.
 * Literal Examples::             Source code examples with special formatting.
 * Images::                       Display an image.
 * Captions::                     Describe tables, images...
 * Horizontal Rules::             Make a line.
 * Creating Footnotes::           Edit and read footnotes.
 @end menu
 
 @node Paragraphs
 @section Paragraphs
 
 @cindex paragraphs, markup rules
 Paragraphs are separated by at least one empty line.  If you need to
 enforce a line break within a paragraph, use @samp{\\} at the end of
 a line.
 
 @cindex line breaks, markup rules
 To preserve the line breaks, indentation and blank lines in a region,
 but otherwise use normal formatting, you can use this construct, which
 can also be used to format poetry.
 
 @cindex @samp{BEGIN_VERSE}
 @cindex verse blocks
 @example
 #+BEGIN_VERSE
  Great clouds overhead
  Tiny black birds rise and fall
  Snow covers Emacs
 
     ---AlexSchroeder
 #+END_VERSE
 @end example
 
 When quoting a passage from another document, it is customary to
 format this as a paragraph that is indented on both the left and the
 right margin.  You can include quotations in Org documents like this:
 
 @cindex @samp{BEGIN_QUOTE}
 @cindex quote blocks
 @example
 #+BEGIN_QUOTE
 Everything should be made as simple as possible,
 but not any simpler ---Albert Einstein
 #+END_QUOTE
 @end example
 
 If you would like to center some text, do it like this:
 
 @cindex @samp{BEGIN_CENTER}
 @cindex center blocks
 @example
 #+BEGIN_CENTER
 Everything should be made as simple as possible, \\
 but not any simpler
 #+END_CENTER
 @end example
 
 @node Emphasis and Monospace
 @section Emphasis and Monospace
 
 @cindex underlined text, markup rules
 @cindex bold text, markup rules
 @cindex italic text, markup rules
 @cindex verbatim text, markup rules
 @cindex code text, markup rules
 @cindex strike-through text, markup rules
 
 You can make words @samp{*bold*}, @samp{/italic/}, @samp{_underlined_}, @samp{=verbatim=}
 and @samp{~code~}, and, if you must, @samp{+strike-through+}.  Text in the code
 and verbatim string is not processed for Org specific syntax; it is
 exported verbatim.
 
 @vindex org-fontify-emphasized-text
 To turn off fontification for marked up text, you can set
 @code{org-fontify-emphasized-text} to @code{nil}.  To narrow down the list of
 available markup syntax, you can customize @code{org-emphasis-alist}.
 
 Sometimes, when marked text also contains the marker character itself,
 the result may be unsettling.  For example,
 
 @example
 /One may expect this whole sentence to be italicized, but the
 following ~user/?variable~ contains =/= character, which effectively
 stops emphasis there./
 @end example
 
 You can use zero width space to help Org sorting out the ambiguity.
 See @ref{Escape Character} for more details.
 
 @node Subscripts and Superscripts
 @section Subscripts and Superscripts
 
 @cindex subscript
 @cindex superscript
 
 @samp{^} and @samp{_} are used to indicate super- and subscripts.  To increase
 the readability of ASCII text, it is not necessary, but OK, to
 surround multi-character sub- and superscripts with curly braces.  For
 example
 
 @example
 The radius of the sun is R_sun = 6.96 x 10^8 m.  On the other hand,
 the radius of Alpha Centauri is R_@{Alpha Centauri@} = 1.28 x R_@{sun@}.
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-use-sub-superscripts
 If you write a text where the underscore is often used in a different
 context, Org's convention to always interpret these as subscripts can
 get in your way.  Configure the variable @code{org-use-sub-superscripts} to
 change this convention.  For example, when setting this variable to
 @code{@{@}}, @samp{a_b} is not interpreted as a subscript, but @samp{a_@{b@}} is.
 
 You can set @code{org-use-sub-superscripts} in a file using the export
 option @samp{^:} (see @ref{Export Settings}).  For example, @samp{#+OPTIONS: ^:@{@}}
 sets @code{org-use-sub-superscripts} to @code{@{@}} and limits super- and
 subscripts to the curly bracket notation.
 
 You can also toggle the visual display of super- and subscripts:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x \} (@code{org-toggle-pretty-entities})
 @kindex C-c C-x \
 @findex org-toggle-pretty-entities
 This command formats sub- and superscripts in a WYSIWYM way.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-pretty-entities
 @vindex org-pretty-entities-include-sub-superscripts
 Set both @code{org-pretty-entities} and
 @code{org-pretty-entities-include-sub-superscripts} to @code{t} to start with
 super- and subscripts @emph{visually} interpreted as specified by the
 option @code{org-use-sub-superscripts}.
 
 @node Special Symbols
 @section Special Symbols
 
 @cindex math symbols
 @cindex special symbols
 @cindex entities
 
 You can use @LaTeX{}-like syntax to insert special symbols---named
 entities---like @samp{\alpha} to indicate the Greek letter, or @samp{\to} to indicate
 an arrow.  Completion for these symbols is available, just type @samp{\}
 and maybe a few letters, and press @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} to see possible
 completions.  If you need such a symbol inside a word, terminate it
 with a pair of curly brackets.  For example
 
 @example
 Pro tip: Given a circle \Gamma of diameter d, the length of its
 circumference is \pi@{@}d.
 @end example
 
 @findex org-entities-help
 @vindex org-entities-user
 A large number of entities is provided, with names taken from both
 HTML and @LaTeX{}; you can comfortably browse the complete list from
 a dedicated buffer using the command @code{org-entities-help}.  It is also
 possible to provide your own special symbols in the variable
 @code{org-entities-user}.
 
 During export, these symbols are transformed into the native format of
 the exporter back-end.  Strings like @samp{\alpha} are exported as @samp{&alpha;} in
 the HTML output, and as @samp{\(\alpha\)} in the @LaTeX{} output.  Similarly, @samp{\nbsp}
 becomes @samp{&nbsp;} in HTML and @samp{~} in @LaTeX{}.
 
 @cindex special symbols, in-buffer display
 If you would like to see entities displayed as UTF-8 characters, use
 the following command@footnote{ You can turn this on by default by setting
 the variable @code{org-pretty-entities}, or on a per-file base with the
 @samp{STARTUP} option @samp{entitiespretty}.}:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x \} (@code{org-toggle-pretty-entities})
 @kindex C-c C-x \
 @findex org-toggle-pretty-entities
 
 Toggle display of entities as UTF-8 characters.  This does not
 change the buffer content which remains plain ASCII, but it overlays
 the UTF-8 character for display purposes only.
 @end table
 
 @cindex shy hyphen, special symbol
 @cindex dash, special symbol
 @cindex ellipsis, special symbol
 In addition to regular entities defined above, Org exports in a
 special way@footnote{ This behavior can be disabled with @samp{-} export setting
 (see @ref{Export Settings}).} the following commonly used character
 combinations: @samp{\-} is treated as a shy hyphen, @samp{--} and @samp{---} are
 converted into dashes, and @samp{...} becomes a compact set of dots.
 
 @node Embedded @LaTeX{}
 @section Embedded @LaTeX{}
 
 @cindex @TeX{} interpretation
 @cindex @LaTeX{} interpretation
 
 Plain ASCII is normally sufficient for almost all note taking.
 Exceptions include scientific notes, which often require mathematical
 symbols and the occasional formula.  @LaTeX{}@footnote{@LaTeX{} is a macro system based on Donald@tie{}E@.@tie{}Knuth's @TeX{}
 system.  Many of the features described here as ``@LaTeX{}'' are really
 from @TeX{}, but for simplicity I am blurring this distinction.} is widely used to
 typeset scientific documents.  Org mode supports embedding @LaTeX{} code
 into its files, because many academics are used to writing and reading
 @LaTeX{} source code, and because it can be readily processed to produce
 pretty output for a number of export back-ends.
 
 @menu
 * @LaTeX{} fragments::           Complex formulas made easy.
 * Previewing @LaTeX{} fragments:: What will this snippet look like?
 * CD@LaTeX{} mode::              Speed up entering of formulas.
 @end menu
 
 @node @LaTeX{} fragments
 @subsection @LaTeX{} fragments
 
 @cindex @LaTeX{} fragments
 
 @vindex org-format-latex-header
 Org mode can contain @LaTeX{} math fragments, and it supports ways to
 process these for several export back-ends.  When exporting to @LaTeX{},
 the code is left as it is.  When exporting to HTML, Org can use either
 @uref{https://www.mathjax.org, MathJax} (see @ref{Math formatting in HTML export}) or transcode the math
 into images (see @ref{Previewing @LaTeX{} fragments}).
 
 @LaTeX{} fragments do not need any special marking at all.  The following
 snippets are identified as @LaTeX{} source code:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 Environments of any kind@footnote{When MathJax is used, only the environments recognized by
 MathJax are processed.  When dvipng, dvisvgm, or ImageMagick suite is
 used to create images, any @LaTeX{} environment is handled.}.  The only requirement is that the
 @samp{\begin} statement appears on a new line, preceded by only
 whitespace.
 
 @item
 Text within the usual @LaTeX{} math delimiters.  To avoid conflicts
 with currency specifications, single @samp{$} characters are only
 recognized as math delimiters if the enclosed text contains at most
 two line breaks, is directly attached to the @samp{$} characters with no
 whitespace in between, and if the closing @samp{$} is followed by
 whitespace, punctuation or a dash.  For the other delimiters, there
 is no such restriction, so when in doubt, use @samp{\(...\)} as inline
 math delimiters.
 @end itemize
 
 @noindent
 For example:
 
 @example
 \begin@{equation@}                        % arbitrary environments,
 x=\sqrt@{b@}                              % even tables, figures
 \end@{equation@}                          % etc
 
 If $a^2=b$ and \( b=2 \), then the solution must be
 either $$ a=+\sqrt@{2@} $$ or \[ a=-\sqrt@{2@} \].
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-export-with-latex
 @LaTeX{} processing can be configured with the variable
 @code{org-export-with-latex}.  The default setting is @code{t} which means
 MathJax for HTML, and no processing for ASCII and @LaTeX{} back-ends.
 You can also set this variable on a per-file basis using one of these
 lines:
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{#+OPTIONS: tex:t}
 @tab Do the right thing automatically (MathJax)
 @item @samp{#+OPTIONS: tex:nil}
 @tab Do not process @LaTeX{} fragments at all
 @item @samp{#+OPTIONS: tex:verbatim}
 @tab Verbatim export, for jsMath or so
 @end multitable
 
 @node Previewing @LaTeX{} fragments
 @subsection Previewing @LaTeX{} fragments
 
 @cindex @LaTeX{} fragments, preview
 
 @vindex org-preview-latex-default-process
 If you have a working @LaTeX{} installation and @samp{dvipng}, @samp{dvisvgm} or
 @samp{convert} installed@footnote{These are respectively available at
 @uref{https://sourceforge.net/projects/dvipng/}, @uref{http://dvisvgm.bplaced.net/}
 and from the ImageMagick suite.  Choose the converter by setting the
 variable @code{org-preview-latex-default-process} accordingly.}, @LaTeX{} fragments can be processed to
 produce images of the typeset expressions to be used for inclusion
 while exporting to HTML (see @ref{@LaTeX{} fragments}), or for inline
 previewing within Org mode.
 
 @vindex org-format-latex-options
 @vindex org-format-latex-header
 You can customize the variables @code{org-format-latex-options} and
 @code{org-format-latex-header} to influence some aspects of the preview.
 In particular, the @code{:scale} (and for HTML export, @code{:html-scale})
 property of the former can be used to adjust the size of the preview
 images.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-l} (@code{org-latex-preview})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-l
 @findex org-latex-preview
 
 Produce a preview image of the @LaTeX{} fragment at point and overlay
 it over the source code.  If there is no fragment at point, process
 all fragments in the current entry---between two headlines.
 
 When called with a single prefix argument, clear all images in the
 current entry.  Two prefix arguments produce a preview image for all
 fragments in the buffer, while three of them clear all the images in
 that buffer.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-startup-with-latex-preview
 You can turn on the previewing of all @LaTeX{} fragments in a file with
 
 @example
 #+STARTUP: latexpreview
 @end example
 
 
 To disable it, simply use
 
 @example
 #+STARTUP: nolatexpreview
 @end example
 
 @node CD@LaTeX{} mode
 @subsection Using CD@LaTeX{} to enter math
 
 @cindex CD@LaTeX{}
 
 CD@LaTeX{} mode is a minor mode that is normally used in combination with
 a major @LaTeX{} mode like AUC@TeX{} in order to speed-up insertion of
 environments and math templates.  Inside Org mode, you can make use of
 some of the features of CD@LaTeX{} mode.  You need to install
 @samp{cdlatex.el} and @samp{texmathp.el} (the latter comes also with AUC@TeX{})
 from @uref{https://elpa.nongnu.org/, NonGNU ELPA} with the @uref{https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Package-Installation.html, Emacs packaging system} or alternatively from
 @uref{https://staff.fnwi.uva.nl/c.dominik/Tools/cdlatex/}.  Do not use
 CD@LaTeX{} mode itself under Org mode, but use the special version Org
 CD@LaTeX{} minor mode that comes as part of Org.  Turn it on for the
 current buffer with @kbd{M-x org-cdlatex-mode}, or for all Org
 files with
 
 @lisp
 (add-hook 'org-mode-hook #'turn-on-org-cdlatex)
 @end lisp
 
 When this mode is enabled, the following features are present (for
 more details see the documentation of CD@LaTeX{} mode):
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c @{}
 @kindex C-c @{
 
 Insert an environment template.
 
 @item @kbd{@key{TAB}}
 @kindex TAB
 
 The @kbd{@key{TAB}} key expands the template if point is inside a
 @LaTeX{} fragment@footnote{ Org mode has a method to test if point is inside
 such a fragment, see the documentation of the function
 @code{org-inside-LaTeX-fragment-p}.}.  For example, @kbd{@key{TAB}}
 expands @samp{fr} to @samp{\frac@{@}@{@}} and position point correctly inside the
 first brace.  Another @kbd{@key{TAB}} gets you into the second brace.
 
 Even outside fragments, @kbd{@key{TAB}} expands environment
 abbreviations at the beginning of a line.  For example, if you write
 @samp{equ} at the beginning of a line and press @kbd{@key{TAB}}, this
 abbreviation is expanded to an @samp{equation} environment.  To get
 a list of all abbreviations, type @kbd{M-x cdlatex-command-help}.
 
 @item @kbd{^}
 @itemx @kbd{_}
 @kindex _
 @kindex ^
 @vindex cdlatex-simplify-sub-super-scripts
 
 Pressing @kbd{_} and @kbd{^} inside a @LaTeX{} fragment
 inserts these characters together with a pair of braces.  If you use
 @kbd{@key{TAB}} to move out of the braces, and if the braces surround
 only a single character or macro, they are removed again (depending
 on the variable @code{cdlatex-simplify-sub-super-scripts}).
 
 @item @kbd{`}
 @kindex `
 
 Pressing the backquote followed by a character inserts math macros,
 also outside @LaTeX{} fragments.  If you wait more than 1.5 seconds
 after the backquote, a help window pops up.
 
 @item @kbd{'}
 @kindex '
 
 Pressing the single-quote followed by another character modifies the
 @LaTeX{} symbol before point with an accent or a font.  If you wait
 more than 1.5 seconds after the single-quote, a help window pops up.
 Character modification works only inside @LaTeX{} fragments; outside
 the quote is normal.
 @end table
 
 @node Literal Examples
 @section Literal Examples
 
 @cindex literal examples, markup rules
 @cindex code line references, markup rules
 
 You can include literal examples that should not be subjected to
 markup.  Such examples are typeset in monospace, so this is well
 suited for source code and similar examples.
 
 @cindex @samp{BEGIN_EXAMPLE}
 @cindex example block
 @example
 #+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
   Some example from a text file.
 #+END_EXAMPLE
 @end example
 
 @cindex comma escape, in literal examples
 There is one limitation, however.  You must insert a comma right
 before lines starting with either @samp{*}, @samp{,*}, @samp{#+} or @samp{,#+}, as those
 may be interpreted as outlines nodes or some other special syntax.
 Org transparently strips these additional commas whenever it accesses
 the contents of the block.
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
 ,* I am no real headline
 #+END_EXAMPLE
 @end example
 
 For simplicity when using small examples, you can also start the
 example lines with a colon followed by a space.  There may also be
 additional whitespace before the colon:
 
 @example
 Here is an example
    : Some example from a text file.
 @end example
 
 @cindex formatting source code, markup rules
 @vindex org-latex-src-block-backend
 If the example is source code from a programming language, or any
 other text that can be marked up by Font Lock in Emacs, you can ask
 for the example to look like the fontified Emacs buffer@footnote{This works automatically for the HTML backend (it requires
 version 1.34 of the @samp{htmlize.el} package, which you need to install).
 Fontified code chunks in @LaTeX{} can be achieved using either the
 @uref{https://www.ctan.org/pkg/listings, listings} @LaTeX{} package, @uref{https://www.ctan.org/pkg/minted, minted} @LaTeX{} package, or by using
 @uref{https://elpa.gnu.org/packages/engrave-faces.html, engrave-faces} .  Refer to @code{org-latex-src-block-backend} for details.}.  This
 is done with the code block, where you also need to specify the name
 of the major mode that should be used to fontify the example@footnote{Source code in code blocks may also be evaluated either
 interactively or on export.  See @ref{Working with Source Code} for more
 information on evaluating code blocks.},
 see @ref{Structure Templates} for shortcuts to easily insert code blocks.
 
 @cindex @samp{BEGIN_SRC}
 @cindex source block
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
   (defun org-xor (a b)
     "Exclusive or."
     (if a (not b) b))
  #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 Both in @samp{example} and in @samp{src} snippets, you can add a @samp{-n} switch to
 the end of the @samp{#+BEGIN} line, to get the lines of the example
 numbered.  The @samp{-n} takes an optional numeric argument specifying the
 starting line number of the block.  If you use a @samp{+n} switch, the
 numbering from the previous numbered snippet is continued in the
 current one.  The @samp{+n} switch can also take a numeric argument.  This
 adds the value of the argument to the last line of the previous block
 to determine the starting line number.
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp -n 20
   ;; This exports with line number 20.
   (message "This is line 21")
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp +n 10
   ;; This is listed as line 31.
   (message "This is line 32")
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 In literal examples, Org interprets strings like @samp{(ref:name)} as
 labels, and use them as targets for special hyperlinks like
 @samp{[[(name)]]}---i.e., the reference name enclosed in single parenthesis.
 In HTML, hovering the mouse over such a link remote-highlights the
 corresponding code line, which is kind of cool.
 
 You can also add a @samp{-r} switch which @emph{removes} the labels from the
 source code@footnote{ Adding @samp{-k} to @samp{-n -r} @emph{keeps} the labels in the
 source code while using line numbers for the links, which might be
 useful to explain those in an Org mode example code.}.  With the @samp{-n}
 switch, links to these references are labeled by the line numbers from
 the code listing.  Otherwise links use the labels with no parentheses.
 Here is an example:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp -n -r
   (save-excursion                 (ref:sc)
      (goto-char (point-min))      (ref:jump)
 #+END_SRC
 In line [[(sc)]] we remember the current position. [[(jump)][Line (jump)]]
 jumps to point-min.
 @end example
 
 @cindex indentation, in source blocks
 Source code and examples may be @emph{indented} in order to align nicely
 with the surrounding text, and in particular with plain list structure
 (see @ref{Plain Lists}).  By default, Org only retains the relative
 indentation between lines, e.g., when exporting the contents of the
 block.  However, you can use the @samp{-i} switch to also preserve the
 global indentation, if it does matter.  See @ref{Editing Source Code}.
 
 @vindex org-coderef-label-format
 If the syntax for the label format conflicts with the language syntax,
 use a @samp{-l} switch to change the format, for example
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC pascal -n -r -l "((%s))"
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 See also the variable @code{org-coderef-label-format}.
 
 HTML export also allows examples to be published as text areas (see
 @ref{Text areas in HTML export}).
 
 Because the @samp{#+BEGIN} @dots{} @samp{#+END} patterns need to be added so often,
 a shortcut is provided (see @ref{Structure Templates}).
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c '} (@code{org-edit-special})
 @kindex C-c '
 @findex org-edit-special
 Edit the source code example at point in its native mode.  This
 works by switching to a temporary buffer with the source code.  You
 need to exit by pressing @kbd{C-c '} again.  The edited version
 then replaces the old version in the Org buffer.  Fixed-width
 regions---where each line starts with a colon followed by a
 space---are edited using Artist mode@footnote{ You may select a different
 mode with the variable @code{org-edit-fixed-width-region-mode}.} to allow
 creating ASCII drawings easily.  Using this command in an empty line
 creates a new fixed-width region.
 @end table
 
 @cindex storing link, in a source code buffer
 Calling @code{org-store-link} (see @ref{Handling Links}) while editing a source
 code example in a temporary buffer created with @kbd{C-c '}
 prompts for a label.  Make sure that it is unique in the current
 buffer, and insert it with the proper formatting like @samp{(ref:label)} at
 the end of the current line.  Then the label is stored as a link
 @samp{(label)}, for retrieval with @kbd{C-c C-l}.
 
 @node Images
 @section Images
 
 @cindex inlining images
 @cindex images, markup rules
 An image is a link to an image file@footnote{ What Emacs considers to be an
 image depends on @code{image-file-name-extensions} and
 @code{image-file-name-regexps}.} that does not have a description part, for
 example
 
 @example
 ./img/cat.jpg
 @end example
 
 
 If you wish to define a caption for the image (see @ref{Captions}) and
 maybe a label for internal cross references (see @ref{Internal Links}),
 make sure that the link is on a line by itself and precede it with
 @samp{CAPTION} and @samp{NAME} keywords as follows:
 
 @example
 #+CAPTION: This is the caption for the next figure link (or table)
 #+NAME:   fig:SED-HR4049
 [[./img/a.jpg]]
 @end example
 
 Such images can be displayed within the buffer with the following
 command:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-v} (@code{org-toggle-inline-images})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-v
 @findex org-toggle-inline-images
 @vindex org-startup-with-inline-images
 Toggle the inline display of linked images.  When called with a
 prefix argument, also display images that do have a link
 description.  You can ask for inline images to be displayed at
 startup by configuring the variable
 @code{org-startup-with-inline-images}@footnote{ The variable
 @code{org-startup-with-inline-images} can be set within a buffer with the
 @samp{STARTUP} options @samp{inlineimages} and @samp{noinlineimages}.}.
 @end table
 
 
 @vindex org-image-actual-width
 @cindex @samp{ORG-IMAGE-ACTUAL-WIDTH}, property
 By default, Org mode displays inline images according to their
 actual width.  You can customize the displayed image width using
 @code{org-image-actual-width} variable (globally) or
 @samp{ORG-IMAGE-ACTUAL-WIDTH} property (subtree-level)@footnote{ The width can
 be customized in Emacs >= 24.1, built with imagemagick support.}.
 Their value can be the following:
 @itemize
 @item
 (default) Non-nil, use the actual width of images when inlining them.
 @item
 When set to a number, use imagemagick (when available) to set the
 image's width to this value.
 @item
 When set to a number in a list, try to get the width from any
 @samp{#+ATTR.*} keyword if it matches a width specification like:
 @example
 #+ATTR_HTML: :width 300px
 @end example
 and fall back on that number if none is found.
 @item
 When set to nil, try to get the width from an @samp{#+ATTR.*} keyword
 and fall back on the original width if none is found.
 @end itemize
 
 
 @vindex org-cycle-inline-images-display
 Inline images can also be displayed when cycling the folding state.
 When custom option @code{org-cycle-inline-images-display} is set, the
 visible inline images under subtree will be displayed automatically.
 
 @node Captions
 @section Captions
 
 @cindex captions, markup rules
 @cindex @samp{CAPTION}, keyword
 
 You can assign a caption to a specific part of a document by inserting
 a @samp{CAPTION} keyword immediately before it:
 
 @example
 #+CAPTION: This is the caption for the next table (or link)
 | ... | ... |
 |-----+-----|
 @end example
 
 Optionally, the caption can take the form:
 
 @example
 #+CAPTION[Short caption]: Longer caption.
 @end example
 
 
 Even though images and tables are prominent examples of captioned
 structures, the same caption mechanism can apply to many
 others---e.g., @LaTeX{} equations, source code blocks.  Depending on the
 export back-end, those may or may not be handled.
 
 @node Horizontal Rules
 @section Horizontal Rules
 
 @cindex horizontal rules, markup rules
 A line consisting of only dashes, and at least 5 of them, is exported
 as a horizontal line.
 
 @node Creating Footnotes
 @section Creating Footnotes
 
 @cindex footnotes
 
 A footnote is started by a footnote marker in square brackets in
 column 0, no indentation allowed.  It ends at the next footnote
 definition, headline, or after two consecutive empty lines.  The
 footnote reference is simply the marker in square brackets, inside
 text.  Markers always start with @samp{fn:}.  For example:
 
 @example
 The Org website[fn:1] now looks a lot better than it used to.
 ...
 [fn:55] The link is: https://orgmode.org
 @end example
 
 Org mode extends the number-based syntax to @emph{named} footnotes and
 optional inline definition.  Here are the valid references:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{[fn:NAME]}
 A named footnote reference, where @var{NAME} is a unique
 label word, or, for simplicity of automatic creation, a number.
 
 @item @samp{[fn:: This is the inline definition of this footnote]}
 An anonymous footnote where the definition is given directly at the
 reference point.
 
 @item @samp{[fn:NAME: a definition]}
 An inline definition of a footnote, which also specifies a name for
 the note.  Since Org allows multiple references to the same note,
 you can then use @samp{[fn:NAME]} to create additional references.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-footnote-auto-label
 Footnote labels can be created automatically, or you can create names
 yourself.  This is handled by the variable @code{org-footnote-auto-label}
 and its corresponding @samp{STARTUP} keywords.  See the docstring of that
 variable for details.
 
 The following command handles footnotes:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x f}
 The footnote action command.
 
 @kindex C-c C-x f
 When point is on a footnote reference, jump to the definition.  When
 it is at a definition, jump to the---first---reference.
 
 @vindex org-footnote-define-inline
 @vindex org-footnote-section
 Otherwise, create a new footnote.  Depending on the variable
 @code{org-footnote-define-inline}@footnote{ The corresponding in-buffer
 setting is: @samp{#+STARTUP: fninline} or @samp{#+STARTUP: nofninline}.}, the
 definition is placed right into the text as part of the reference,
 or separately into the location determined by the variable
 @code{org-footnote-section}.
 
 When this command is called with a prefix argument, a menu of
 additional options is offered:
 
 @multitable @columnfractions 0.1 0.9
 @item @kbd{s}
 @tab Sort the footnote definitions by reference sequence.
 @item @kbd{r}
 @tab Renumber the simple @samp{fn:N} footnotes.
 @item @kbd{S}
 @tab Short for first @kbd{r}, then @kbd{s} action.
 @item @kbd{n}
 @tab Rename all footnotes into a @samp{fn:1} @dots{} @samp{fn:n} sequence.
 @item @kbd{d}
 @tab Delete the footnote at point, including definition and references.
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-footnote-auto-adjust
 Depending on the variable @code{org-footnote-auto-adjust}@footnote{ The
 corresponding in-buffer options are @samp{#+STARTUP: fnadjust} and
 @samp{#+STARTUP: nofnadjust}.}, renumbering and sorting footnotes can be
 automatic after each insertion or deletion.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c}
 @kindex C-c C-c
 If point is on a footnote reference, jump to the definition.  If it
 is at the definition, jump back to the reference.  When called at
 a footnote location with a prefix argument, offer the same menu as
 @kbd{C-c C-x f}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-o} or @kbd{mouse-1/2}
 @kindex C-c C-o
 @kindex mouse-1
 @kindex mouse-2
 Footnote labels are also links to the corresponding definition or
 reference, and you can use the usual commands to follow these links.
 @end table
 
 @node Exporting
 @chapter Exporting
 
 @cindex exporting
 
 At some point you might want to print your notes, publish them on the
 web, or share them with people not using Org.  Org can convert and
 export documents to a variety of other formats while retaining as much
 structure (see @ref{Document Structure}) and markup (see @ref{Markup for Rich Contents}) as possible.
 
 @cindex export back-end
 The libraries responsible for translating Org files to other formats
 are called @emph{back-ends}.  Org ships with support for the following
 back-ends:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 @emph{ascii} (ASCII format)
 @item
 @emph{beamer} (@LaTeX{} Beamer format)
 @item
 @emph{html} (HTML format)
 @item
 @emph{icalendar} (iCalendar format)
 @item
 @emph{latex} (@LaTeX{} format)
 @item
 @emph{md} (Markdown format)
 @item
 @emph{odt} (OpenDocument Text format)
 @item
 @emph{org} (Org format)
 @item
 @emph{texinfo} (Texinfo format)
 @item
 @emph{man} (Man page format)
 @end itemize
 
 Users can install libraries for additional formats from the Emacs
 packaging system.  For easy discovery, these packages have a common
 naming scheme: @code{ox-NAME}, where @var{NAME} is a format.  For
 example, @code{ox-koma-letter} for @emph{koma-letter} back-end.  More libraries
 can be found in the @samp{org-contrib} repository (see @ref{Installation}).
 
 @vindex org-export-backends
 Org only loads back-ends for the following formats by default: ASCII,
 HTML, iCalendar, @LaTeX{}, and ODT@.  Additional back-ends can be loaded
 in either of two ways: by configuring the @code{org-export-backends}
 variable, or by requiring libraries in the Emacs init file.  For
 example, to load the Markdown back-end, add this to your Emacs config:
 
 @lisp
 (require 'ox-md)
 @end lisp
 
 @menu
 * The Export Dispatcher::        The main interface.
 * Export Settings::              Common export settings.
 * Table of Contents::            The if and where of the table of contents.
 * Include Files::                Include additional files into a document.
 * Macro Replacement::            Use macros to create templates.
 * Comment Lines::                What will not be exported.
 * ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export::   Exporting to flat files with encoding.
 * Beamer Export::                Producing presentations and slides.
 * HTML Export::                  Exporting to HTML.
 * @LaTeX{} Export::              Exporting to @LaTeX{} and processing to PDF.
 * Markdown Export::              Exporting to Markdown.
 * OpenDocument Text Export::     Exporting to OpenDocument Text.
 * Org Export::                   Exporting to Org.
 * Texinfo Export::               Exporting to Texinfo.
 * iCalendar Export::             Exporting to iCalendar.
 * Other Built-in Back-ends::     Exporting to a man page.
 * Advanced Export Configuration:: Fine-tuning the export output.
 * Export in Foreign Buffers::    Author tables and lists in Org syntax.
 @end menu
 
 @node The Export Dispatcher
 @section The Export Dispatcher
 
 @cindex dispatcher, for export commands
 @cindex export, dispatcher
 
 The export dispatcher is the main interface for Org's exports.
 A hierarchical menu presents the currently configured export formats.
 Options are shown as easy toggle switches on the same screen.
 
 @vindex org-export-dispatch-use-expert-ui
 Org also has a minimal prompt interface for the export dispatcher.
 When the variable @code{org-export-dispatch-use-expert-ui} is set to
 a non-@code{nil} value, Org prompts in the minibuffer.  To switch back to
 the hierarchical menu, press @kbd{?}.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e} (@code{org-export})
 @kindex C-c C-e
 @findex org-export
 
 Invokes the export dispatcher interface.  The options show default
 settings.  The @kbd{C-u} prefix argument preserves options from
 the previous export, including any subtree selections.
 @end table
 
 Org exports the entire buffer by default.  If the Org buffer has an
 active region, then Org exports just that region.
 
 Within the dispatcher interface, the following key combinations can
 further alter what is exported, and how.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-a}
 @kindex C-c C-e C-a
 
 Toggle asynchronous export.  Asynchronous export uses an external
 Emacs process with a specially configured initialization file to
 complete the exporting process in the background, without tying-up
 Emacs.  This is particularly useful when exporting long documents.
 
 Output from an asynchronous export is saved on the @emph{export stack}.
 To view this stack, call the export dispatcher with a double
 @kbd{C-u} prefix argument.  If already in the export dispatcher
 menu, @kbd{&} displays the stack.
 
 @vindex org-export-in-background
 You can make asynchronous export the default by setting
 @code{org-export-in-background}.
 
 @vindex org-export-async-init-file
 You can set the initialization file used by the background process
 by setting @code{org-export-async-init-file}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-b}
 @kindex C-c C-e C-b
 
 Toggle body-only export.  Useful for excluding headers and footers
 in the export.  Affects only those back-end formats that have
 sections like @samp{<head>...</head>} in HTML@.
 
 @item @kbd{C-s}
 @kindex C-c C-e C-s
 
 Toggle subtree export.  When turned on, Org exports only the
 subtree starting from point position at the time the export
 dispatcher was invoked.  Org uses the top heading of this subtree
 as the document's title.  If point is not on a heading, Org uses the
 nearest enclosing header.  If point is in the document preamble, Org
 signals an error and aborts export.
 
 @vindex org-export-initial-scope
 To make subtree export the default, customize the variable
 @code{org-export-initial-scope}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-v}
 @kindex C-c C-e C-v
 
 Toggle visible-only export.  This is useful for exporting only
 certain parts of an Org document by adjusting the visibility of
 particular headings.  See also @ref{Sparse Trees}.
 @end table
 
 @node Export Settings
 @section Export Settings
 
 @cindex options, for export
 @cindex Export, settings
 
 @cindex @samp{OPTIONS}, keyword
 Export options can be set: globally with variables; for an individual
 file by making variables buffer-local with in-buffer settings (see
 @ref{In-buffer Settings}); by setting individual keywords or
 specifying them in compact form with the @samp{OPTIONS} keyword; or for
 a tree by setting properties (see @ref{Properties and Columns}).  Options
 set at a specific level override options set at a more general level.
 
 @cindex @samp{SETUPFILE}, keyword
 In-buffer settings may appear anywhere in the file, either directly or
 indirectly through a file included using @samp{#+SETUPFILE: filename or
 URL} syntax.  Option keyword sets tailored to a particular back-end
 can be inserted from the export dispatcher (see @ref{The Export Dispatcher}) using the @samp{Insert template} command by pressing
 @kbd{#}.  To insert keywords individually, a good way to make
 sure the keyword is correct is to type @samp{#+} and then to use
 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}@footnote{Many desktops intercept @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} to switch windows.
 Use @kbd{C-M-i} or @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{TAB}} instead.} for completion.
 
 The export keywords available for every back-end, and their equivalent
 global variables, include:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{AUTHOR}
 @cindex @samp{AUTHOR}, keyword
 @vindex user-full-name
 The document author (@code{user-full-name}).
 
 @item @samp{CREATOR}
 @cindex @samp{CREATOR}, keyword
 @vindex org-expot-creator-string
 Entity responsible for output generation
 (@code{org-export-creator-string}).
 
 @item @samp{DATE}
 @cindex @samp{DATE}, keyword
 @vindex org-export-date-timestamp-format
 A date or a time-stamp@footnote{ The variable
 @code{org-export-date-timestamp-format} defines how this timestamp are
 exported.}.
 
 @item @samp{EMAIL}
 @cindex @samp{EMAIL}, keyword
 @vindex user-mail-address
 The email address (@code{user-mail-address}).
 
 @item @samp{LANGUAGE}
 @cindex @samp{LANGUAGE}, keyword
 @vindex org-export-default-language
 Language to use for translating certain strings
 (@code{org-export-default-language}).  With @samp{#+LANGUAGE: fr}, for
 example, Org translates @samp{Table of contents} to the French @samp{Table des
   matières}@footnote{For export to @LaTeX{} format---or @LaTeX{}-related formats such as
 Beamer---, the @samp{org-latex-package-alist} variable needs further
 configuration.  See @ref{@LaTeX{} specific export settings}.}.
 
 @item @samp{SELECT_TAGS}
 @cindex @samp{SELECT_TAGS}, keyword
 @vindex org-export-select-tags
 The default value is @samp{("export")}.  When a tree is tagged with
 @samp{export} (@code{org-export-select-tags}), Org selects that tree and its
 subtrees for export.  Org excludes trees with @samp{noexport} tags, see
 below.  When selectively exporting files with @samp{export} tags set, Org
 does not export any text that appears before the first headline.
 
 @item @samp{EXCLUDE_TAGS}
 @cindex @samp{EXCLUDE_TAGS}, keyword
 @vindex org-export-exclude-tags
 The default value is @samp{("noexport")}.  When a tree is tagged with
 @samp{noexport} (@code{org-export-exclude-tags}), Org excludes that tree and
 its subtrees from export.  Entries tagged with @samp{noexport} are
 unconditionally excluded from the export, even if they have an
 @samp{export} tag.  Even if a subtree is not exported, Org executes any
 code blocks contained there.
 
 @item @samp{TITLE}
 @cindex @samp{TITLE}, keyword
 @cindex document title
 Org displays this title.  For long titles, use multiple @samp{#+TITLE}
 lines.
 
 @item @samp{EXPORT_FILE_NAME}
 @cindex @samp{EXPORT_FILE_NAME}, keyword
 The name of the output file to be generated.  Otherwise, Org
 generates the file name based on the buffer name and the extension
 based on the back-end format.
 @end table
 
 The @samp{OPTIONS} keyword is a compact form.  To configure multiple
 options, use several @samp{OPTIONS} lines.  @samp{OPTIONS} recognizes the
 following arguments.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{'}
 @vindex org-export-with-smart-quotes
 Toggle smart quotes (@code{org-export-with-smart-quotes}).  Depending on
 the language used, when activated, Org treats pairs of double quotes
 as primary quotes, pairs of single quotes as secondary quotes, and
 single quote marks as apostrophes.
 
 @item @code{*}
 @vindex org-export-with-emphasize
 Toggle emphasized text (@code{org-export-with-emphasize}).
 
 @item @code{-}
 @vindex org-export-with-special-strings
 Toggle conversion of special strings
 (@code{org-export-with-special-strings}).
 
 @item @code{:}
 @vindex org-export-with-fixed-width
 Toggle fixed-width sections (@code{org-export-with-fixed-width}).
 
 @item @code{<}
 @vindex org-export-with-timestamps
 Toggle inclusion of time/date active/inactive stamps
 (@code{org-export-with-timestamps}).
 
 @item @code{\n}
 @vindex org-export-preserve-breaks
 Toggles whether to preserve line breaks
 (@code{org-export-preserve-breaks}).
 
 @item @code{^}
 @vindex org-export-with-sub-superscripts
 Toggle @TeX{}-like syntax for sub- and superscripts.  If you write
 @samp{^:@{@}}, @samp{a_@{b@}} is interpreted, but the simple @samp{a_b} is left as it
 is (@code{org-export-with-sub-superscripts}).
 
 @item @code{arch}
 @vindex org-export-with-archived-trees
 Configure how archived trees are exported.  When set to @code{headline},
 the export process skips the contents and processes only the
 headlines (@code{org-export-with-archived-trees}).
 
 @item @code{author}
 @vindex org-export-with-author
 Toggle inclusion of author name into exported file
 (@code{org-export-with-author}).
 
 @item @code{broken-links}
 @vindex org-export-with-broken-links
 Toggles if Org should continue exporting upon finding a broken
 internal link.  When set to @code{mark}, Org clearly marks the problem
 link in the output (@code{org-export-with-broken-links}).
 
 @item @code{c}
 @vindex org-export-with-clocks
 Toggle inclusion of @samp{CLOCK} keywords (@code{org-export-with-clocks}).
 
 @item @code{creator}
 @vindex org-export-with-creator
 Toggle inclusion of creator information in the exported file
 (@code{org-export-with-creator}).
 
 @item @code{d}
 @vindex org-export-with-drawers
 Toggles inclusion of drawers, or list of drawers to include, or list
 of drawers to exclude (@code{org-export-with-drawers}).
 
 @item @code{date}
 @vindex org-export-with-date
 Toggle inclusion of a date into exported file
 (@code{org-export-with-date}).
 
 @item @code{e}
 @vindex org-export-with-entities
 Toggle inclusion of entities (@code{org-export-with-entities}).
 
 @item @code{email}
 @vindex org-export-with-email
 Toggle inclusion of the author's e-mail into exported file
 (@code{org-export-with-email}).
 
 @item @code{f}
 @vindex org-export-with-footnotes
 Toggle the inclusion of footnotes (@code{org-export-with-footnotes}).
 
 @item @code{H}
 @vindex org-export-headline-levels
 Set the number of headline levels for export
 (@code{org-export-headline-levels}).  Below that level, headlines are
 treated differently.  In most back-ends, they become list items.
 
 @item @code{inline}
 @vindex org-export-with-inlinetasks
 Toggle inclusion of inlinetasks (@code{org-export-with-inlinetasks}).
 
 @item @code{num}
 @vindex org-export-with-section-numbers
 @cindex @samp{UNNUMBERED}, property
 Toggle section-numbers (@code{org-export-with-section-numbers}).  When
 set to number N, Org numbers only those headlines at level N or
 above.  Set @samp{UNNUMBERED} property to non-@code{nil} to disable numbering
 of heading and subheadings entirely.  Moreover, when the value is
 @samp{notoc} the headline, and all its children, do not appear in the
 table of contents either (see @ref{Table of Contents}).
 
 @item @code{p}
 @vindex org-export-with-planning
 Toggle export of planning information (@code{org-export-with-planning}).
 ``Planning information'' comes from lines located right after the
 headline and contain any combination of these cookies: @samp{SCHEDULED},
 @samp{DEADLINE}, or @samp{CLOSED}.
 
 @item @code{pri}
 @vindex org-export-with-priority
 Toggle inclusion of priority cookies
 (@code{org-export-with-priority}).
 
 @item @code{prop}
 @vindex org-export-with-properties
 Toggle inclusion of property drawers, or list the properties to
 include (@code{org-export-with-properties}).
 
 @item @code{stat}
 @vindex org-export-with-statistics-cookies
 Toggle inclusion of statistics cookies
 (@code{org-export-with-statistics-cookies}).
 
 @item @code{tags}
 @vindex org-export-with-tags
 Toggle inclusion of tags, may also be @code{not-in-toc}
 (@code{org-export-with-tags}).
 
 @item @code{tasks}
 @vindex org-export-with-tasks
 Toggle inclusion of tasks (TODO items); or @code{nil} to remove all
 tasks; or @code{todo} to remove done tasks; or list the keywords to keep
 (@code{org-export-with-tasks}).
 
 @item @code{tex}
 @vindex org-export-with-latex
 @code{nil} does not export; @code{t} exports; @code{verbatim} keeps everything in
 verbatim (@code{org-export-with-latex}).
 
 @item @code{timestamp}
 @vindex org-export-time-stamp-file
 Toggle inclusion of the creation time in the exported file
 (@code{org-export-time-stamp-file}).
 
 @item @code{title}
 @vindex org-export-with-title
 Toggle inclusion of title (@code{org-export-with-title}).
 
 @item @code{toc}
 @vindex org-export-with-toc
 Toggle inclusion of the table of contents, or set the level limit
 (@code{org-export-with-toc}).
 
 @item @code{todo}
 @vindex org-export-with-todo-keywords
 Toggle inclusion of TODO keywords into exported text
 (@code{org-export-with-todo-keywords}).
 
 @item @code{|}
 @vindex org-export-with-tables
 Toggle inclusion of tables (@code{org-export-with-tables}).
 @end table
 
 When exporting subtrees, special node properties can override the
 above keywords.  These properties have an @samp{EXPORT_} prefix.  For
 example, @samp{DATE} becomes, @samp{EXPORT_DATE} when used for a specific
 subtree.  Except for @samp{SETUPFILE}, all other keywords listed above
 have an @samp{EXPORT_} equivalent.
 
 @cindex @samp{BIND}, keyword
 @vindex org-export-allow-bind-keywords
 If @code{org-export-allow-bind-keywords} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs variables can
 become buffer-local during export by using the @samp{BIND} keyword.  Its
 syntax is @samp{#+BIND: variable value}.  This is particularly useful for
 in-buffer settings that cannot be changed using keywords.
 
 @node Table of Contents
 @section Table of Contents
 
 @cindex table of contents
 @cindex list of tables
 @cindex list of listings
 
 @cindex @samp{toc}, in @samp{OPTIONS} keyword
 @vindex org-export-with-toc
 The table of contents includes all headlines in the document.  Its
 depth is therefore the same as the headline levels in the file.  If
 you need to use a different depth, or turn it off entirely, set the
 @code{org-export-with-toc} variable accordingly.  You can achieve the same
 on a per file basis, using the following @samp{toc} item in @samp{OPTIONS}
 keyword:
 
 @example
 #+OPTIONS: toc:2          (only include two levels in TOC)
 #+OPTIONS: toc:nil        (no default TOC at all)
 @end example
 
 @cindex excluding entries from table of contents
 @cindex table of contents, exclude entries
 Org includes both numbered and unnumbered headlines in the table of
 contents@footnote{At the moment, some export back-ends do not obey this
 specification.  For example, @LaTeX{} export excludes every unnumbered
 headline from the table of contents.}.  If you need to exclude an unnumbered headline,
 along with all its children, set the @samp{UNNUMBERED} property to @samp{notoc}
 value.
 
 @example
 * Subtree not numbered, not in table of contents either
   :PROPERTIES:
   :UNNUMBERED: notoc
   :END:
 @end example
 
 @cindex @samp{TOC}, keyword
 Org normally inserts the table of contents directly before the first
 headline of the file.  To move the table of contents to a different
 location, first turn off the default with @code{org-export-with-toc}
 variable or with @samp{#+OPTIONS: toc:nil}.  Then insert @samp{#+TOC: headlines
 N} at the desired location(s).
 
 @example
 #+OPTIONS: toc:nil
 ...
 #+TOC: headlines 2
 @end example
 
 To adjust the table of contents depth for a specific section of the
 Org document, append an additional @samp{local} parameter.  This parameter
 becomes a relative depth for the current level.  The following example
 inserts a local table of contents, with direct children only.
 
 @example
 * Section
 #+TOC: headlines 1 local
 @end example
 
 Note that for this feature to work properly in @LaTeX{} export, the Org
 file requires the inclusion of the titletoc package.  Because of
 compatibility issues, titletoc has to be loaded @emph{before} hyperref.
 Customize the @code{org-latex-default-packages-alist} variable.
 
 The following example inserts a table of contents that links to the
 children of the specified target.
 
 @example
 * Target
   :PROPERTIES:
   :CUSTOM_ID: TargetSection
   :END:
 ** Heading A
 ** Heading B
 * Another section
 #+TOC: headlines 1 :target #TargetSection
 @end example
 
 The @samp{:target} attribute is supported in HTML, Markdown, ODT, and ASCII export.
 
 Use the @samp{TOC} keyword to generate list of tables---respectively, all
 listings---with captions.
 
 @example
 #+TOC: listings
 #+TOC: tables
 @end example
 
 @cindex @samp{ALT_TITLE}, property
 Normally Org uses the headline for its entry in the table of contents.
 But with @samp{ALT_TITLE} property, a different entry can be specified for
 the table of contents.
 
 @node Include Files
 @section Include Files
 
 @cindex include files, during export
 @cindex export, include files
 @cindex @samp{INCLUDE}, keyword
 
 During export, you can include the content of another file.  For
 example, to include your @samp{.emacs} file, you could use:
 
 @example
 #+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" src emacs-lisp
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 The first parameter is the file name to include.  The optional second
 parameter specifies the block type: @samp{example}, @samp{export} or @samp{src}.  The
 optional third parameter specifies the source code language to use for
 formatting the contents.  This is relevant to both @samp{export} and @samp{src}
 block types.
 
 If an included file is specified as having a markup language, Org
 neither checks for valid syntax nor changes the contents in any way.
 For example and source blocks, Org code-escapes the contents before
 inclusion.
 
 @cindex @samp{minlevel}, include
 If an included file is not specified as having any markup language,
 Org assumes it be in Org format and proceeds as usual with a few
 exceptions.  Org makes the footnote labels (see @ref{Creating Footnotes})
 in the included file local to that file.  The contents of the included
 file belong to the same structure---headline, item---containing the
 @samp{INCLUDE} keyword.  In particular, headlines within the file become
 children of the current section.  That behavior can be changed by
 providing an additional keyword parameter, @samp{:minlevel}.  It shifts the
 headlines in the included file to become the lowest level.  For
 example, this syntax makes the included file a sibling of the current
 top-level headline:
 
 @example
 #+INCLUDE: "~/my-book/chapter2.org" :minlevel 1
 @end example
 
 
 @cindex @samp{lines}, include
 Inclusion of only portions of files are specified using ranges
 parameter with @samp{:lines} keyword.  The line at the upper end of the
 range will not be included.  The start and/or the end of the range may
 be omitted to use the obvious defaults.
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{#+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" :lines "5-10"}
 @tab Include lines 5 to 10, 10 excluded
 @item @samp{#+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" :lines "-10"}
 @tab Include lines 1 to 10, 10 excluded
 @item @samp{#+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" :lines "10-"}
 @tab Include lines from 10 to EOF
 @end multitable
 
 Inclusions may specify a file-link to extract an object matched by
 @code{org-link-search}@footnote{Note that @code{org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline} is
 locally bound to non-@code{nil}.  Therefore, @code{org-link-search} only matches
 headlines and named elements.} (see @ref{Search Options}).  The
 ranges for @samp{:lines} keyword are relative to the requested element.
 Therefore,
 
 @example
 #+INCLUDE: "./paper.org::*conclusion" :lines 1-20
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 includes the first 20 lines of the headline named @samp{conclusion}.
 
 @cindex @samp{only-contents}, include
 To extract only the contents of the matched object, set
 @samp{:only-contents} property to non-@code{nil}.  This omits any planning lines
 or property drawers.  For example, to include the body of the heading
 with the custom ID @samp{theory}, you can use
 
 @example
 #+INCLUDE: "./paper.org::#theory" :only-contents t
 @end example
 
 
 The following command allows navigating to the included document:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c '} (@code{org-edit~special})
 @kindex C-c '
 @findex org-edit-special
 
 Visit the included file at point.
 @end table
 
 @node Macro Replacement
 @section Macro Replacement
 
 @cindex macro replacement, during export
 @cindex @samp{MACRO}, keyword
 
 @vindex org-export-global-macros
 Macros replace text snippets during export.  Macros are defined
 globally in @code{org-export-global-macros}, or document-wise with the
 following syntax:
 
 @example
 #+MACRO: name   replacement text; $1, $2 are arguments
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 which can be referenced using @samp{@{@{@{name(arg1, arg2)@}@}@}}@footnote{Since commas separate the arguments, commas within arguments
 have to be escaped with the backslash character.  So only those
 backslash characters before a comma need escaping with another
 backslash character.}.  For
 example
 
 @example
 #+MACRO: poem Rose is $1, violet's $2. Life's ordered: Org assists you.
 @{@{@{poem(red,blue)@}@}@}
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 becomes
 
 @example
 Rose is red, violet's blue.  Life's ordered: Org assists you.
 @end example
 
 
 As a special case, Org parses any replacement text starting with
 @samp{(eval} as an Emacs Lisp expression and evaluates it accordingly.
 Within such templates, arguments become strings.  Thus, the following
 macro
 
 @example
 #+MACRO: gnustamp (eval (concat "GNU/" (capitalize $1)))
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 turns @samp{@{@{@{gnustamp(linux)@}@}@}} into @samp{GNU/Linux} during export.
 
 Org recognizes macro references in following Org markup areas:
 paragraphs, headlines, verse blocks, tables cells and lists.  Org also
 recognizes macro references in keywords, such as @samp{CAPTION}, @samp{TITLE},
 @samp{AUTHOR}, @samp{DATE}, and for some back-end specific export options.
 
 Org comes with following pre-defined macros:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{@{@{@{keyword(NAME)@}@}@}}
 @itemx @samp{@{@{@{title@}@}@}}
 @itemx @samp{@{@{@{author@}@}@}}
 @itemx @samp{@{@{@{email@}@}@}}
 @cindex @samp{keyword}, macro
 @cindex @samp{title}, macro
 @cindex @samp{author}, macro
 @cindex @samp{email}, macro
 The @samp{keyword} macro collects all values from @var{NAME}
 keywords throughout the buffer, separated with white space.
 @samp{title}, @samp{author} and @samp{email} macros are shortcuts for,
 respectively, @samp{@{@{@{keyword(TITLE)@}@}@}}, @samp{@{@{@{keyword(AUTHOR)@}@}@}} and
 @samp{@{@{@{keyword(EMAIL)@}@}@}}.
 
 @item @samp{@{@{@{date@}@}@}}
 @itemx @samp{@{@{@{date(FORMAT)@}@}@}}
 @cindex @samp{date}, macro
 This macro refers to the @samp{DATE} keyword.  @var{FORMAT} is an
 optional argument to the @samp{date} macro that is used only if @samp{DATE} is
 a single timestamp.  @var{FORMAT} should be a format string
 understood by @code{format-time-string}.
 
 @item @samp{@{@{@{time(FORMAT)@}@}@}}
 @itemx @samp{@{@{@{modification-time(FORMAT, VC)@}@}@}}
 @cindex @samp{time}, macro
 @cindex @samp{modification-time}, macro
 These macros refer to the document's date and time of export and
 date and time of modification.  @var{FORMAT} is a string
 understood by @code{format-time-string}.  If the second argument to the
 @code{modification-time} macro is non-@code{nil}, Org uses @samp{vc.el} to retrieve
 the document's modification time from the version control system.
 Otherwise Org reads the file attributes.
 
 @item @samp{@{@{@{input-file@}@}@}}
 @cindex @samp{input-file}, macro
 This macro refers to the filename of the exported file.
 
 @item @samp{@{@{@{property(PROPERTY-NAME)@}@}@}}
 @itemx @samp{@{@{@{property(PROPERTY-NAME, SEARCH OPTION)@}@}@}}
 @cindex @samp{property}, macro
 This macro returns the value of property @var{PROPERTY-NAME} in
 the current entry.  If @var{SEARCH-OPTION} (see @ref{Search Options}) refers to a remote entry, use it instead.
 
 @item @samp{@{@{@{n@}@}@}}
 @itemx @samp{@{@{@{n(NAME)@}@}@}}
 @itemx @samp{@{@{@{n(NAME, ACTION)@}@}@}}
 @cindex @samp{n}, macro
 @cindex counter, macro
 This macro implements custom counters by returning the number of
 times the macro has been expanded so far while exporting the buffer.
 You can create more than one counter using different @var{NAME}
 values.  If @var{ACTION} is @samp{-}, previous value of the counter
 is held, i.e., the specified counter is not incremented.  If the
 value is a number, the specified counter is set to that value.  If
 it is any other non-empty string, the specified counter is reset
 to 1.  You may leave @var{NAME} empty to reset the default
 counter.
 @end table
 
 @cindex @samp{results}, macro
 Moreover, inline source blocks (see @ref{Structure of Code Blocks}) use the
 special @samp{results} macro to mark their output.  As such, you are
 advised against re-defining it, unless you know what you are doing.
 
 @vindex org-hide-macro-markers
 The surrounding brackets can be made invisible by setting
 @code{org-hide-macro-markers} to a non-@code{nil} value.
 
 Org expands macros at the very beginning of the export process.
 
 @node Comment Lines
 @section Comment Lines
 
 @cindex exporting, not
 
 @cindex comment lines
 Lines starting with zero or more whitespace characters followed by one
 @samp{#} and a whitespace are treated as comments and, as such, are not
 exported.
 
 @cindex @samp{BEGIN_COMMENT}
 @cindex comment block
 Likewise, regions surrounded by @samp{#+BEGIN_COMMENT} @dots{} @samp{#+END_COMMENT}
 are not exported.
 
 @cindex comment trees
 Finally, a @samp{COMMENT} keyword at the beginning of an entry, but after
 any other keyword or priority cookie, comments out the entire subtree.
 In this case, the subtree is not exported and no code block within it
 is executed either@footnote{ For a less drastic behavior, consider using a
 select tag (see @ref{Export Settings}) instead.}.  The command below
 helps changing the comment status of a headline.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c ;} (@code{org-toggle-comment})
 @kindex C-c ;
 @findex org-toggle-comment
 
 Toggle the @samp{COMMENT} keyword at the beginning of an entry.
 @end table
 
 @node ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export
 @section ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export
 
 @cindex ASCII export
 @cindex Latin-1 export
 @cindex UTF-8 export
 
 ASCII export produces an output file containing only plain ASCII
 characters.  This is the simplest and most direct text output.  It
 does not contain any Org markup.  Latin-1 and UTF-8 export use
 additional characters and symbols available in these encoding
 standards.  All three of these export formats offer the most basic of
 text output for maximum portability.
 
 @vindex org-ascii-text-width
 On export, Org fills and justifies text according to the text width
 set in @code{org-ascii-text-width}.
 
 @vindex org-ascii-links-to-notes
 Org exports links using a footnote-like style where the descriptive
 part is in the text and the link is in a note before the next heading.
 See the variable @code{org-ascii-links-to-notes} for details.
 
 @anchor{ASCII export commands}
 @subheading ASCII export commands
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e t a} (@code{org-ascii-export-to-ascii})
 @itemx @kbd{C-c C-e t l}
 @itemx @kbd{C-c C-e t u}
 @kindex C-c C-e t a
 @kindex C-c C-e t l
 @kindex C-c C-e t u
 @findex org-ascii-export-to-ascii
 
 Export as an ASCII file with a @samp{.txt} extension.  For @samp{myfile.org},
 Org exports to @samp{myfile.txt}, overwriting without warning.  For
 @samp{myfile.txt}, Org exports to @samp{myfile.txt.txt} in order to prevent
 data loss.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e t A} (@code{org-ascii-export-to-ascii})
 @itemx @kbd{C-c C-e t L}
 @itemx @kbd{C-c C-e t U}
 @kindex C-c C-e t A
 @kindex C-c C-e t L
 @kindex C-c C-e t U
 @findex org-ascii-export-as-ascii
 
 Export to a temporary buffer.  Does not create a file.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{ASCII specific export settings}
 @subheading ASCII specific export settings
 
 The ASCII export back-end has one extra keyword for customizing ASCII
 output.  Setting this keyword works similar to the general options
 (see @ref{Export Settings}).
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{SUBTITLE}
 @cindex @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
 The document subtitle.  For long subtitles, use multiple
 @samp{#+SUBTITLE} lines in the Org file.  Org prints them on one
 continuous line, wrapping into multiple lines if necessary.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Header and sectioning structure}
 @subheading Header and sectioning structure
 
 Org converts the first three outline levels into headlines for ASCII
 export.  The remaining levels are turned into lists.  To change this
 cut-off point where levels become lists, see @ref{Export Settings}.
 
 @anchor{Quoting ASCII text}
 @subheading Quoting ASCII text
 
 To insert text within the Org file by the ASCII back-end, use one the
 following constructs, inline, keyword, or export block:
 
 @cindex @samp{ASCII}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT ascii}
 @example
 Inline text @@@@ascii:and additional text@@@@ within a paragraph.
 
 #+ASCII: Some text
 
 #+BEGIN_EXPORT ascii
 Org exports text in this block only when using ASCII back-end.
 #+END_EXPORT
 @end example
 
 @anchor{ASCII specific attributes}
 @subheading ASCII specific attributes
 
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_ASCII}, keyword
 @cindex horizontal rules, in ASCII export
 
 ASCII back-end recognizes only one attribute, @samp{:width}, which
 specifies the width of a horizontal rule in number of characters.  The
 keyword and syntax for specifying widths is:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_ASCII: :width 10
 -----
 @end example
 
 @anchor{ASCII special blocks}
 @subheading ASCII special blocks
 
 @cindex special blocks, in ASCII export
 @cindex @samp{BEGIN_JUSTIFYLEFT}
 @cindex @samp{BEGIN_JUSTIFYRIGHT}
 
 Besides @samp{#+BEGIN_CENTER} blocks (see @ref{Paragraphs}), ASCII back-end has
 these two left and right justification blocks:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_JUSTIFYLEFT
 It's just a jump to the left...
 #+END_JUSTIFYLEFT
 
 #+BEGIN_JUSTIFYRIGHT
 ...and then a step to the right.
 #+END_JUSTIFYRIGHT
 @end example
 
 @node Beamer Export
 @section Beamer Export
 
 @cindex Beamer export
 
 Org uses Beamer export to convert an Org file tree structure into
 high-quality interactive slides for presentations.  Beamer is a @LaTeX{}
 document class for creating presentations in PDF, HTML, and other
 popular display formats.
 
 @menu
 * Beamer export commands::       For creating Beamer documents.
 * Beamer specific export settings:: For customizing Beamer export.
 * Frames and Blocks in Beamer::  For composing Beamer slides.
 * Beamer specific syntax::       For using in Org documents.
 * Editing support::              Editing support.
 * A Beamer example::             A complete presentation.
 @end menu
 
 @node Beamer export commands
 @subsection Beamer export commands
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e l b} (@code{org-beamer-export-to-latex})
 @kindex C-c C-e l b
 @findex org-beamer-export-to-latex
 
 Export as @LaTeX{} file with a @samp{.tex} extension.  For @samp{myfile.org}, Org
 exports to @samp{myfile.tex}, overwriting without warning.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e l B} (@code{org-beamer-export-as-latex})
 @kindex C-c C-e l B
 @findex org-beamer-export-as-latex
 
 Export to a temporary buffer.  Does not create a file.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e l P} (@code{org-beamer-export-to-pdf})
 @kindex C-c C-e l P
 @findex org-beamer-export-to-pdf
 
 Export as @LaTeX{} file and then convert it to PDF format.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e l O}
 @kindex C-c C-e l O
 
 Export as @LaTeX{} file, convert it to PDF format, and then open the
 PDF file.
 @end table
 
 @node Beamer specific export settings
 @subsection Beamer specific export settings
 
 Beamer export back-end has several additional keywords for customizing
 Beamer output.  These keywords work similar to the general options
 settings (see @ref{Export Settings}).
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{BEAMER_THEME}
 @cindex @samp{BEAMER_THEME}, keyword
 @vindex org-beamer-theme
 The Beamer layout theme (@code{org-beamer-theme}).  Use square brackets
 for options.  For example:
 
 @example
 #+BEAMER_THEME: Rochester [height=20pt]
 @end example
 
 @item @samp{BEAMER_FONT_THEME}
 @cindex @samp{BEAMER_FONT_THEME}, keyword
 The Beamer font theme.
 
 @item @samp{BEAMER_INNER_THEME}
 @cindex @samp{BEAMER_INNER_THEME}, keyword
 The Beamer inner theme.
 
 @item @samp{BEAMER_OUTER_THEME}
 @cindex @samp{BEAMER_OUTER_THEME}, keyword
 The Beamer outer theme.
 
 @item @samp{BEAMER_HEADER}
 @cindex @samp{BEAMER_HEADER}, keyword
 Arbitrary lines inserted in the preamble, just before the @samp{hyperref}
 settings.
 
 @item @samp{DESCRIPTION}
 @cindex @samp{DESCRIPTION}, keyword
 The document description.  For long descriptions, use multiple
 @samp{DESCRIPTION} keywords.  By default, @samp{hyperref} inserts
 @samp{DESCRIPTION} as metadata.  Use @code{org-latex-hyperref-template} to
 configure document metadata.  Use @code{org-latex-title-command} to
 configure typesetting of description as part of front matter.
 
 @item @samp{KEYWORDS}
 @cindex @samp{KEYWORDS}, keyword
 The keywords for defining the contents of the document.  Use
 multiple @samp{KEYWORDS} lines if necessary.  By default, @samp{hyperref}
 inserts @samp{KEYWORDS} as metadata.  Use @code{org-latex-hyperref-template}
 to configure document metadata.  Use @code{org-latex-title-command} to
 configure typesetting of keywords as part of front matter.
 
 @item @samp{SUBTITLE}
 @cindex @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
 Document's subtitle.  For typesetting, use
 @code{org-beamer-subtitle-format} string.  Use
 @code{org-latex-hyperref-template} to configure document metadata.  Use
 @code{org-latex-title-command} to configure typesetting of subtitle as
 part of front matter.
 @end table
 
 @node Frames and Blocks in Beamer
 @subsection Frames and Blocks in Beamer
 
 Org transforms heading levels into Beamer's sectioning elements,
 frames and blocks.  Any Org tree with a not-too-deep-level nesting
 should in principle be exportable as a Beamer presentation.
 
 @itemize
 @item
 @vindex org-beamer-frame-level
 Org headlines become Beamer frames when the heading level in Org is
 equal to @code{org-beamer-frame-level} or @samp{H} value in a @samp{OPTIONS} line
 (see @ref{Export Settings}).
 
 @cindex @samp{BEAMER_ENV}, property
 Org overrides headlines to frames conversion for the current tree of
 an Org file if it encounters the @samp{BEAMER_ENV} property set to
 @samp{frame} or @samp{fullframe}.  Org ignores whatever
 @code{org-beamer-frame-level} happens to be for that headline level in
 the Org tree.  In Beamer terminology, a full frame is a frame
 without its title.
 
 @item
 Org exports a Beamer frame's objects as block environments.  Org can
 enforce wrapping in special block types when @samp{BEAMER_ENV} property
 is set@footnote{If @samp{BEAMER_ENV} is set, Org export adds @samp{B_environment} tag
 to make it visible.  The tag serves as a visual aid and has no
 semantic relevance.}.  For valid values see
 @code{org-beamer-environments-default}.  To add more values, see
 @code{org-beamer-environments-extra}.
 @vindex org-beamer-environments-default
 @vindex org-beamer-environments-extra
 
 @item
 @cindex @samp{BEAMER_REF}, property
 If @samp{BEAMER_ENV} is set to @samp{appendix}, Org exports the entry as an
 appendix.  When set to @samp{note}, Org exports the entry as a note
 within the frame or between frames, depending on the entry's heading
 level.  When set to @samp{noteNH}, Org exports the entry as a note
 without its title.  When set to @samp{againframe}, Org exports the entry
 with @samp{\againframe} command, which makes setting the @samp{BEAMER_REF}
 property mandatory because @samp{\againframe} needs frame to resume.
 
 When @samp{ignoreheading} is set, Org export ignores the entry's headline
 but not its content.  This is useful for inserting content between
 frames.  It is also useful for properly closing a @samp{column}
 environment.
 
 @cindex @samp{BEAMER_ACT}, property
 @cindex @samp{BEAMER_OPT}, property
 When @samp{BEAMER_ACT} is set for a headline, Org export translates that
 headline as an overlay or action specification.  When enclosed in
 square brackets, Org export makes the overlay specification
 a default.  Use @samp{BEAMER_OPT} to set any options applicable to the
 current Beamer frame or block.  The Beamer export back-end wraps
 with appropriate angular or square brackets.  It also adds the
 @samp{fragile} option for any code that may require a verbatim block.
 
 @cindex @samp{BEAMER_COL}, property
 To create a column on the Beamer slide, use the @samp{BEAMER_COL}
 property for its headline in the Org file.  Set the value of
 @samp{BEAMER_COL} to a decimal number representing the fraction of the
 total text width.  Beamer export uses this value to set the column's
 width and fills the column with the contents of the Org entry.  If
 the Org entry has no specific environment defined, Beamer export
 ignores the heading.  If the Org entry has a defined environment,
 Beamer export uses the heading as title.  Behind the scenes, Beamer
 export automatically handles @LaTeX{} column separations for contiguous
 headlines.  To manually adjust them for any unique configurations
 needs, use the @samp{BEAMER_ENV} property.
 @end itemize
 
 @node Beamer specific syntax
 @subsection Beamer specific syntax
 
 Since Org's Beamer export back-end is an extension of the @LaTeX{}
 back-end, it recognizes other @LaTeX{} specific syntax---for example,
 @samp{#+LATEX:} or @samp{#+ATTR_LATEX:}.  See @ref{@LaTeX{} Export}, for details.
 
 Beamer export wraps the table of contents generated with @samp{toc:t}
 @samp{OPTION} keyword in a @samp{frame} environment.  Beamer export does not
 wrap the table of contents generated with @samp{TOC} keyword (see @ref{Table of Contents}).  Use square brackets for specifying options.
 
 @example
 #+TOC: headlines [currentsection]
 @end example
 
 
 Insert Beamer-specific code using the following constructs:
 
 @cindex @samp{BEAMER}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT beamer}
 @example
 #+BEAMER: \pause
 
 #+BEGIN_EXPORT beamer
   Only Beamer export back-end exports this.
 #+END_EXPORT
 
 Text @@@@beamer:some code@@@@ within a paragraph.
 @end example
 
 Inline constructs, such as the last one above, are useful for adding
 overlay specifications to objects with @code{bold}, @code{item}, @code{link},
 @code{radio-target} and @code{target} types.  Enclose the value in angular
 brackets and place the specification at the beginning of the object as
 shown in this example:
 
 @example
 A *@@@@beamer:<2->@@@@useful* feature
 @end example
 
 
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_BEAMER}, keyword
 Beamer export recognizes the @samp{ATTR_BEAMER} keyword with the following
 attributes from Beamer configurations: @samp{:environment} for changing
 local Beamer environment, @samp{:overlay} for specifying Beamer overlays in
 angular or square brackets, and @samp{:options} for inserting optional
 arguments.
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_BEAMER: :environment nonindentlist
 - item 1, not indented
 - item 2, not indented
 - item 3, not indented
 @end example
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_BEAMER: :overlay <+->
 - item 1
 - item 2
 @end example
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_BEAMER: :options [Lagrange]
 Let $G$ be a finite group, and let $H$ be
 a subgroup of $G$.  Then the order of $H$ divides the order of $G$.
 @end example
 
 @node Editing support
 @subsection Editing support
 
 Org Beamer mode is a special minor mode for faster editing of Beamer
 documents.
 
 @example
 #+STARTUP: beamer
 @end example
 
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-b} (@code{org-beamer-select-environment})
 @kindex C-c C-b
 @findex org-beamer-select-environment
 
 Org Beamer mode provides this key for quicker selections in Beamer
 normal environments, and for selecting the @samp{BEAMER_COL} property.
 @end table
 
 @node A Beamer example
 @subsection A Beamer example
 
 Here is an example of an Org document ready for Beamer export.
 
 @example
 #+TITLE: Example Presentation
 #+AUTHOR: Carsten Dominik
 #+OPTIONS: H:2 toc:t num:t
 #+LATEX_CLASS: beamer
 #+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [presentation]
 #+BEAMER_THEME: Madrid
 #+COLUMNS: %45ITEM %10BEAMER_ENV(Env) %10BEAMER_ACT(Act) %4BEAMER_COL(Col)
 
 * This is the first structural section
 
 ** Frame 1
 *** Thanks to Eric Fraga                                           :B_block:
     :PROPERTIES:
     :BEAMER_COL: 0.48
     :BEAMER_ENV: block
     :END:
     for the first viable Beamer setup in Org
 *** Thanks to everyone else                                        :B_block:
     :PROPERTIES:
     :BEAMER_COL: 0.48
     :BEAMER_ACT: <2->
     :BEAMER_ENV: block
     :END:
     for contributing to the discussion
 **** This will be formatted as a beamer note                       :B_note:
      :PROPERTIES:
      :BEAMER_env: note
      :END:
 ** Frame 2 (where we will not use columns)
 *** Request
     Please test this stuff!
 @end example
 
 @node HTML Export
 @section HTML Export
 
 @cindex HTML export
 
 Org mode contains an HTML exporter with extensive HTML formatting
 compatible with XHTML 1.0 strict standard.
 
 @menu
 * HTML export commands::         Invoking HTML export.
 * HTML specific export settings:: Settings for HTML export.
 * HTML doctypes::                Exporting various (X)HTML flavors.
 * HTML preamble and postamble::  Inserting preamble and postamble.
 * Quoting HTML tags::            Using direct HTML in Org files.
 * Headlines in HTML export::     Formatting headlines.
 * Links in HTML export::         Inserting and formatting links.
 * Tables in HTML export::        How to modify the formatting of tables.
 * Images in HTML export::        How to insert figures into HTML output.
 * Math formatting in HTML export:: Beautiful math also on the web.
 * Text areas in HTML export::    An alternate way to show an example.
 * CSS support::                  Changing the appearance of the output.
 * JavaScript support::           Info and folding in a web browser.
 @end menu
 
 @node HTML export commands
 @subsection HTML export commands
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e h h} (@code{org-html-export-to-html})
 @kindex C-c C-e h h
 @kindex C-c C-e h o
 @findex org-html-export-to-html
 
 Export as HTML file with a @samp{.html} extension.  For @samp{myfile.org}, Org
 exports to @samp{myfile.html}, overwriting without warning.  @kbd{C-c C-e h o} exports to HTML and opens it in a web browser.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e h H} (@code{org-html-export-as-html})
 @kindex C-c C-e h H
 @findex org-html-export-as-html
 
 Exports to a temporary buffer.  Does not create a file.
 @end table
 
 @node HTML specific export settings
 @subsection HTML specific export settings
 
 HTML export has a number of keywords, similar to the general options
 settings described in @ref{Export Settings}.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{DESCRIPTION}
 @cindex @samp{DESCRIPTION}, keyword
 This is the document's description, which the HTML exporter inserts
 it as a HTML meta tag in the HTML file.  For long descriptions, use
 multiple @samp{DESCRIPTION} lines.  The exporter takes care of wrapping
 the lines properly.
 
 The exporter includes a number of other meta tags, which can be customized
 by modifying @code{org-html-meta-tags}.
 
 @item @samp{HTML_DOCTYPE}
 @cindex @samp{HTML_DOCTYPE}, keyword
 @vindex org-html-doctype
 Specify the document type, for example: HTML5 (@code{org-html-doctype}).
 
 @item @samp{HTML_CONTAINER}
 @cindex @samp{HTML_CONTAINER}, keyword
 @vindex org-html-container-element
 Specify the HTML container, such as @samp{div}, for wrapping sections and
 elements (@code{org-html-container-element}).
 
 @item @samp{HTML_LINK_HOME}
 @cindex @samp{HTML_LINK_HOME}, keyword
 @vindex org-html-link-home
 The URL for home link (@code{org-html-link-home}).
 
 @item @samp{HTML_LINK_UP}
 @cindex @samp{HTML_LINK_UP}, keyword
 @vindex org-html-link-up
 The URL for the up link of exported HTML pages (@code{org-html-link-up}).
 
 @item @samp{HTML_MATHJAX}
 @cindex @samp{HTML_MATHJAX}, keyword
 @vindex org-html-mathjax-options
 Options for MathJax (@code{org-html-mathjax-options}).  MathJax is used
 to typeset @LaTeX{} math in HTML documents.  See @ref{Math formatting in HTML export}, for an example.
 
 @item @samp{HTML_HEAD}
 @cindex @samp{HTML_HEAD}, keyword
 @vindex org-html-head
 Arbitrary lines for appending to the HTML document's head
 (@code{org-html-head}).
 
 @item @samp{HTML_HEAD_EXTRA}
 @cindex @samp{HTML_HEAD_EXTRA}, keyword
 @vindex org-html-head-extra
 More arbitrary lines for appending to the HTML document's head
 (@code{org-html-head-extra}).
 
 @item @samp{KEYWORDS}
 @cindex @samp{KEYWORDS}, keyword
 Keywords to describe the document's content.  HTML exporter inserts
 these keywords as HTML meta tags.  For long keywords, use multiple
 @samp{KEYWORDS} lines.
 
 @item @samp{LATEX_HEADER}
 @cindex @samp{LATEX_HEADER}, keyword
 Arbitrary lines for appending to the preamble; HTML exporter appends
 when transcoding @LaTeX{} fragments to images (see @ref{Math formatting in HTML export}).
 
 @item @samp{SUBTITLE}
 @cindex @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
 The document's subtitle.  HTML exporter formats subtitle if document
 type is @samp{HTML5} and the CSS has a @samp{subtitle} class.
 @end table
 
 Some of these keywords are explained in more detail in the following
 sections of the manual.
 
 @node HTML doctypes
 @subsection HTML doctypes
 
 Org can export to various (X)HTML flavors.
 
 @vindex org-html-doctype
 @vindex org-html-doctype-alist
 Set the @code{org-html-doctype} variable for different (X)HTML variants.
 Depending on the variant, the HTML exporter adjusts the syntax of HTML
 conversion accordingly.  Org includes the following ready-made
 variants:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 @code{"html4-strict"}
 @item
 @code{"html4-transitional"}
 @item
 @code{"html4-frameset"}
 @item
 @code{"xhtml-strict"}
 @item
 @code{"xhtml-transitional"}
 @item
 @code{"xhtml-frameset"}
 @item
 @code{"xhtml-11"}
 @item
 @code{"html5"}
 @item
 @code{"xhtml5"}
 @end itemize
 
 @noindent
 See the variable @code{org-html-doctype-alist} for details.  The default is
 @code{"xhtml-strict"}.
 
 @vindex org-html-html5-fancy
 @cindex @samp{HTML5}, export new elements
 Org's HTML exporter does not by default enable new block elements
 introduced with the HTML5 standard.  To enable them, set
 @code{org-html-html5-fancy} to non-@code{nil}.  Or use an @samp{OPTIONS} line in the
 file to set @samp{html5-fancy}.
 
 HTML5 documents can now have arbitrary @samp{#+BEGIN} @dots{} @samp{#+END} blocks.
 For example:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_aside
   Lorem ipsum
 #+END_aside
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 exports to:
 
 @example
 <aside>
   <p>Lorem ipsum</p>
 </aside>
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 while this:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_HTML: :controls controls :width 350
 #+BEGIN_video
 #+HTML: <source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
 #+HTML: <source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg">
 Your browser does not support the video tag.
 #+END_video
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 exports to:
 
 @example
 <video controls="controls" width="350">
   <source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
   <source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg">
   <p>Your browser does not support the video tag.</p>
 </video>
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-html-html5-elements
 When special blocks do not have a corresponding HTML5 element, the
 HTML exporter reverts to standard translation (see
 @code{org-html-html5-elements}).  For example, @samp{#+BEGIN_lederhosen} exports
 to @code{<div class="lederhosen">}.
 
 Special blocks cannot have headlines.  For the HTML exporter to wrap
 the headline and its contents in @code{<section>} or @code{<article>} tags, set
 the @samp{HTML_CONTAINER} property for the headline.
 
 @node HTML preamble and postamble
 @subsection HTML preamble and postamble
 
 @vindex org-html-preamble
 @vindex org-html-postamble
 @vindex org-html-preamble-format
 @vindex org-html-postamble-format
 @vindex org-html-validation-link
 @vindex org-export-creator-string
 @vindex org-export-time-stamp-file
 
 The HTML exporter has delineations for preamble and postamble.  The
 default value for @code{org-html-preamble} is @code{t}, which makes the HTML
 exporter insert the preamble.  See the variable
 @code{org-html-preamble-format} for the format string.
 
 Set @code{org-html-preamble} to a string to override the default format
 string.  If set to a function, the HTML exporter expects the function
 to return a string upon execution.  The HTML exporter inserts this
 string in the preamble.  The HTML exporter does not insert a preamble
 if @code{org-html-preamble} is set @code{nil}.
 
 The above also applies to @code{org-html-postamble} and
 @code{org-html-postamble-format}.  In addition, @code{org-html-postamble} can be
 set to @code{auto} (its default value), which makes the HTML exporter build
 a postamble from looking up author's name, email address, creator's
 name, and date.
 
 @node Quoting HTML tags
 @subsection Quoting HTML tags
 
 The HTML export back-end transforms @samp{<} and @samp{>} to @samp{&lt;} and @samp{&gt;}.
 To include raw HTML code in the Org file so the HTML export back-end
 can insert that HTML code in the output, use this inline syntax:
 @samp{@@@@html:...@@@@}.  For example:
 
 @example
 @@@@html:<b>@@@@bold text@@@@html:</b>@@@@
 @end example
 
 
 @cindex @samp{HTML}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT html}
 For larger raw HTML code blocks, use these HTML export code blocks:
 
 @example
 #+HTML: Literal HTML code for export
 
 #+BEGIN_EXPORT html
   All lines between these markers are exported literally
 #+END_EXPORT
 @end example
 
 @node Headlines in HTML export
 @subsection Headlines in HTML export
 
 @cindex headlines, in HTML export
 
 Headlines are exported to @samp{<h1>}, @samp{<h2>}, etc.  Each headline gets the
 @samp{id} attribute from @samp{CUSTOM_ID} property, or a unique generated value,
 see @ref{Internal Links}.
 
 @vindex org-html-self-link-headlines
 When @code{org-html-self-link-headlines} is set to a non-@code{nil} value, the
 text of the headlines is also wrapped in @samp{<a>} tags.  These tags have
 a @samp{href} attribute making the headlines link to themselves.
 
 @node Links in HTML export
 @subsection Links in HTML export
 
 @cindex links, in HTML export
 @cindex internal links, in HTML export
 @cindex external links, in HTML export
 
 The HTML export back-end transforms Org's internal links (see
 @ref{Internal Links}) to equivalent HTML links in the output.  The back-end
 similarly handles Org's automatic links created by radio targets (see
 @ref{Radio Targets}) similarly.  For Org links to external files, the
 back-end transforms the links to @emph{relative} paths.
 
 @vindex org-html-link-org-files-as-html
 For Org links to other @samp{.org} files, the back-end automatically
 changes the file extension to @samp{.html} and makes file paths relative.
 If the @samp{.org} files have an equivalent @samp{.html} version at the same
 location, then the converted links should work without any further
 manual intervention.  However, to disable this automatic path
 translation, set @code{org-html-link-org-files-as-html} to @code{nil}.  When
 disabled, the HTML export back-end substitutes the ID-based links in
 the HTML output.  For more about linking files when publishing to
 a directory, see @ref{Publishing links}.
 
 Org files can also have special directives to the HTML export
 back-end.  For example, by using @samp{#+ATTR_HTML} lines to specify new
 format attributes to @code{<a>} or @code{<img>} tags.  This example shows
 changing the link's title and style:
 
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_HTML}, keyword
 @example
 #+ATTR_HTML: :title The Org mode website :style color:red;
 [[https://orgmode.org]]
 @end example
 
 @node Tables in HTML export
 @subsection Tables in HTML export
 
 @cindex tables, in HTML
 @vindex org-export-html-table-tag
 
 The HTML export back-end uses @code{org-html-table-default-attributes} when
 exporting Org tables to HTML@.  By default, the exporter does not draw
 frames and cell borders.  To change for this for a table, use the
 following lines before the table in the Org file:
 
 @cindex @samp{CAPTION}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_HTML}, keyword
 @example
 #+CAPTION: This is a table with lines around and between cells
 #+ATTR_HTML: :border 2 :rules all :frame border
 @end example
 
 The HTML export back-end preserves column groupings in Org tables (see
 @ref{Column Groups}) when exporting to HTML@.
 
 Additional options for customizing tables for HTML export.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{org-html-table-align-individual-fields}
 @vindex org-html-table-align-individual-fields
 Non-@code{nil} attaches style attributes for alignment to each table
 field.
 
 @item @code{org-html-table-caption-above}
 @vindex org-html-table-caption-above
 Non-@code{nil} places caption string at the beginning of the table.
 
 @item @code{org-html-table-data-tags}
 @vindex org-html-table-data-tags
 Opening and ending tags for table data fields.
 
 @item @code{org-html-table-default-attributes}
 @vindex org-html-table-default-attributes
 Default attributes and values for table tags.
 
 @item @code{org-html-table-header-tags}
 @vindex org-html-table-header-tags
 Opening and ending tags for table's header fields.
 
 @item @code{org-html-table-row-tags}
 @vindex org-html-table-row-tags
 Opening and ending tags for table rows.
 
 @item @code{org-html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column}
 @vindex org-html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column
 Non-@code{nil} formats column one in tables with header tags.
 @end table
 
 @node Images in HTML export
 @subsection Images in HTML export
 
 @cindex images, inline in HTML
 @cindex inlining images in HTML
 
 The HTML export back-end has features to convert Org image links to
 HTML inline images and HTML clickable image links.
 
 @vindex org-html-inline-images
 When the link in the Org file has no description, the HTML export
 back-end by default in-lines that image.  For example:
 @samp{[[file:myimg.jpg]]} is in-lined, while @samp{[[file:myimg.jpg][the image]]} links to the text,
 @samp{the image}.  For more details, see the variable
 @code{org-html-inline-images}.
 
 On the other hand, if the description part of the Org link is itself
 another link, such as @samp{file:} or @samp{http:} URL pointing to an image, the
 HTML export back-end in-lines this image and links to the main image.
 This Org syntax enables the back-end to link low-resolution thumbnail
 to the high-resolution version of the image, as shown in this example:
 
 @example
 [[file:highres.jpg][file:thumb.jpg]]
 @end example
 
 
 To change attributes of in-lined images, use @samp{#+ATTR_HTML} lines in
 the Org file.  This example shows realignment to right, and adds @code{alt}
 and @code{title} attributes in support of text viewers and modern web
 accessibility standards.
 
 @cindex @samp{CAPTION}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_HTML}, keyword
 @example
 #+CAPTION: A black cat stalking a spider
 #+ATTR_HTML: :alt cat/spider image :title Action! :align right
 [[./img/a.jpg]]
 @end example
 
 The HTML export back-end copies the @samp{http} links from the Org file
 as-is.
 
 @node Math formatting in HTML export
 @subsection Math formatting in HTML export
 
 @cindex MathJax
 @cindex dvipng
 @cindex dvisvgm
 @cindex ImageMagick
 
 @vindex org-html-mathjax-options~
 @LaTeX{} math snippets (see @ref{@LaTeX{} fragments}) can be displayed in two
 different ways on HTML pages.  The default is to use the
 @uref{https://www.mathjax.org, MathJax}, which should work out of the box
 with Org@footnote{ By default, Org loads MathJax from
 @uref{https://www.jsdelivr.com/, jsDelivr}, as recommended in
 @uref{https://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/web/start.html, Getting Started
 with MathJax Components}.}@footnote{Please note that exported formulas are part of an HTML
 document, and that signs such as @samp{<}, @samp{>}, or @samp{&} have special
 meanings.  See @uref{https://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/input/tex/html.html#tex-and-latex-in-html-documents, MathJax @TeX{} and @LaTeX{} in HTML documents}.}.  Some MathJax display options can
 be configured via @code{org-html-mathjax-options}, or in the buffer.  For
 example, with the following settings,
 
 @example
 #+HTML_MATHJAX: align: left indent: 5em tagside: left
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 equation labels are displayed on the left margin and equations are
 five em from the left margin.
 
 @vindex org-html-mathjax-template
 See the docstring of @code{org-html-mathjax-options} for all supported
 variables.  The MathJax template can be configure via
 @code{org-html-mathjax-template}.
 
 If you prefer, you can also request that @LaTeX{} fragments are processed
 into small images that will be inserted into the browser page.  Before
 the availability of MathJax, this was the default method for Org
 files.  This method requires that the dvipng program, dvisvgm or
 ImageMagick suite is available on your system.  You can still get this
 processing with
 
 @example
 #+OPTIONS: tex:dvipng
 @end example
 
 
 @example
 #+OPTIONS: tex:dvisvgm
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 or
 
 @example
 #+OPTIONS: tex:imagemagick
 @end example
 
 @node Text areas in HTML export
 @subsection Text areas in HTML export
 
 @cindex text areas, in HTML
 Before Org mode's Babel, one popular approach to publishing code in
 HTML was by using @samp{:textarea}.  The advantage of this approach was
 that copying and pasting was built into browsers with simple
 JavaScript commands.  Even editing before pasting was made simple.
 
 The HTML export back-end can create such text areas.  It requires an
 @samp{#+ATTR_HTML} line as shown in the example below with the @samp{:textarea}
 option.  This must be followed by either an example or a source code
 block.  Other Org block types do not honor the @samp{:textarea} option.
 
 By default, the HTML export back-end creates a text area 80 characters
 wide and height just enough to fit the content.  Override these
 defaults with @samp{:width} and @samp{:height} options on the @samp{#+ATTR_HTML}
 line.
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_HTML: :textarea t :width 40
 #+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
   (defun org-xor (a b)
      "Exclusive or."
      (if a (not b) b))
 #+END_EXAMPLE
 @end example
 
 @node CSS support
 @subsection CSS support
 
 @cindex CSS, for HTML export
 @cindex HTML export, CSS
 
 @vindex org-export-html-todo-kwd-class-prefix
 @vindex org-export-html-tag-class-prefix
 You can modify the CSS style definitions for the exported file.  The
 HTML exporter assigns the following special CSS classes@footnote{ If the
 classes on TODO keywords and tags lead to conflicts, use the variables
 @code{org-html-todo-kwd-class-prefix} and @code{org-html-tag-class-prefix} to
 make them unique.} to appropriate parts of the document---your style
 specifications may change these, in addition to any of the standard
 classes like for headlines, tables, etc.
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @code{p.author}
 @tab author information, including email
 @item @code{p.date}
 @tab publishing date
 @item @code{p.creator}
 @tab creator info, about org mode version
 @item @code{.title}
 @tab document title
 @item @code{.subtitle}
 @tab document subtitle
 @item @code{.todo}
 @tab TODO keywords, all not-done states
 @item @code{.done}
 @tab the DONE keywords, all states that count as done
 @item @code{.WAITING}
 @tab each TODO keyword also uses a class named after itself
 @item @code{.timestamp}
 @tab timestamp
 @item @code{.timestamp-kwd}
 @tab keyword associated with a timestamp, like @samp{SCHEDULED}
 @item @code{.timestamp-wrapper}
 @tab span around keyword plus timestamp
 @item @code{.tag}
 @tab tag in a headline
 @item @code{._HOME}
 @tab each tag uses itself as a class, ``@@'' replaced by ``_''
 @item @code{.target}
 @tab target for links
 @item @code{.linenr}
 @tab the line number in a code example
 @item @code{.code-highlighted}
 @tab for highlighting referenced code lines
 @item @code{div.outline-N}
 @tab div for outline level N (headline plus text)
 @item @code{div.outline-text-N}
 @tab extra div for text at outline level N
 @item @code{.section-number-N}
 @tab section number in headlines, different for each level
 @item @code{.figure-number}
 @tab label like ``Figure 1:''
 @item @code{.table-number}
 @tab label like ``Table 1:''
 @item @code{.listing-number}
 @tab label like ``Listing 1:''
 @item @code{div.figure}
 @tab how to format an in-lined image
 @item @code{pre.src}
 @tab formatted source code
 @item @code{pre.example}
 @tab normal example
 @item @code{p.verse}
 @tab verse paragraph
 @item @code{div.footnotes}
 @tab footnote section headline
 @item @code{p.footnote}
 @tab footnote definition paragraph, containing a footnote
 @item @code{.footref}
 @tab a footnote reference number (always a <sup>)
 @item @code{.footnum}
 @tab footnote number in footnote definition (always <sup>)
 @item @code{.org-svg}
 @tab default class for a linked @samp{.svg} image
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-html-style-default
 @vindex org-html-head
 @vindex org-html-head-extra
 @cindex @samp{HTML_INCLUDE_STYLE}, keyword
 The HTML export back-end includes a compact default style in each
 exported HTML file.  To override the default style with another style,
 use these keywords in the Org file.  They will replace the global
 defaults the HTML exporter uses.
 
 @cindex @samp{HTML_HEAD}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{HTML_HEAD_EXTRA}, keyword
 @example
 #+HTML_HEAD: <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style1.css" />
 #+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <link rel="alternate stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style2.css" />
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-html-head-include-default-style
 To just turn off the default style, customize
 @code{org-html-head-include-default-style} variable, or use this option
 line in the Org file.
 
 @cindex @samp{html-style}, @samp{OPTIONS} item
 @example
 #+OPTIONS: html-style:nil
 @end example
 
 
 For longer style definitions, either use several @samp{HTML_HEAD} and
 @samp{HTML_HEAD_EXTRA} keywords, or use @code{<style> ... </style>} blocks
 around them.  Both of these approaches can avoid referring to an
 external file.
 
 @cindex @samp{HTML_CONTAINER_CLASS}, property
 @cindex @samp{HTML_HEADLINE_CLASS}, property
 In order to add styles to a subtree, use the @samp{HTML_CONTAINER_CLASS}
 property to assign a class to the tree.  In order to specify CSS
 styles for a particular headline, you can use the ID specified in
 a @samp{CUSTOM_ID} property.  You can also assign a specific class to
 a headline with the @samp{HTML_HEADLINE_CLASS} property.
 
 Never change the @code{org-html-style-default} constant.  Instead use other
 simpler ways of customizing as described above.
 
 @node JavaScript support
 @subsection JavaScript supported display of web pages
 
 Sebastian Rose has written a JavaScript program especially designed to
 allow two different ways of viewing HTML files created with Org.  One
 is an @emph{Info}-like mode where each section is displayed separately and
 navigation can be done with the @kbd{n} and @kbd{p} keys, and some other
 keys as well, press @kbd{?} for an overview of the available keys.  The
 second one has a @emph{folding} view, much like Org provides inside Emacs.
 The script is available at @uref{https://orgmode.org/org-info.js} and the
 documentation at @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/code/org-info-js/}.  The
 script is hosted on @uref{https://orgmode.org}, but for reliability, prefer
 installing it on your own web server.
 
 To use this program, just add this line to the Org file:
 
 @cindex @samp{INFOJS_OPT}, keyword
 @example
 #+INFOJS_OPT: view:info toc:nil
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 The HTML header now has the code needed to automatically invoke the
 script.  For setting options, use the syntax from the above line for
 options described below:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{path:}
 The path to the script.  The default is to grab the script from
 @uref{https://orgmode.org/org-info.js}, but you might want to have a local
 copy and use a path like @samp{../scripts/org-info.js}.
 
 @item @samp{view:}
 Initial view when the website is first shown.  Possible values are:
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{info}
 @tab Info-like interface with one section per page
 @item @samp{overview}
 @tab Folding interface, initially showing only top-level
 @item @samp{content}
 @tab Folding interface, starting with all headlines visible
 @item @samp{showall}
 @tab Folding interface, all headlines and text visible
 @end multitable
 
 @item @samp{sdepth:}
 Maximum headline level still considered as an independent section
 for info and folding modes.  The default is taken from
 @code{org-export-headline-levels}, i.e., the @samp{H} switch in @samp{OPTIONS}.  If
 this is smaller than in @code{org-export-headline-levels}, each
 info/folding section can still contain child headlines.
 
 @item @samp{toc:}
 Should the table of contents @emph{initially} be visible?  Even when
 @samp{nil}, you can always get to the ``toc'' with @kbd{i}.
 
 @item @samp{tdepth:}
 The depth of the table of contents.  The defaults are taken from the
 variables @code{org-export-headline-levels} and @code{org-export-with-toc}.
 
 @item @samp{ftoc:}
 Does the CSS of the page specify a fixed position for the ``toc''?  If
 yes, the toc is displayed as a section.
 
 @item @samp{ltoc:}
 Should there be short contents (children) in each section?  Make
 this @samp{above} if the section should be above initial text.
 
 @item @samp{mouse:}
 Headings are highlighted when the mouse is over them.  Should be
 @samp{underline} (default) or a background color like @samp{#cccccc}.
 
 @item @samp{buttons:}
 Should view-toggle buttons be everywhere?  When @samp{nil} (the default),
 only one such button is present.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-infojs-options
 @vindex org-export-html-use-infojs
 You can choose default values for these options by customizing the
 variable @code{org-infojs-options}.  If you always want to apply the script
 to your pages, configure the variable @code{org-export-html-use-infojs}.
 
 @node @LaTeX{} Export
 @section @LaTeX{} Export
 
 @cindex @LaTeX{} export
 @cindex PDF export
 
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end can handle complex documents, incorporate
 standard or custom @LaTeX{} document classes, generate documents using
 alternate @LaTeX{} engines, and produce fully linked PDF files with
 indexes, bibliographies, and tables of contents, destined for
 interactive online viewing or high-quality print publication.
 
 While the details are covered in-depth in this section, here are some
 quick references to variables for the impatient: for engines, see
 @code{org-latex-compiler}; for build sequences, see
 @code{org-latex-pdf-process}; for packages, see
 @code{org-latex-default-packages-alist} and @code{org-latex-packages-alist}.
 
 An important note about the @LaTeX{} export back-end: it is sensitive to
 blank lines in the Org document.  That's because @LaTeX{} itself depends
 on blank lines to tell apart syntactical elements, such as paragraphs.
 
 @menu
 * @LaTeX{}/PDF export commands:: For producing @LaTeX{} and PDF documents.
 * @LaTeX{} specific export settings:: Unique to this @LaTeX{} back-end.
 * @LaTeX{} header and sectioning:: Setting up the export file structure.
 * Quoting @LaTeX{} code::        Incorporating literal @LaTeX{} code.
 * Tables in @LaTeX{} export::    Options for exporting tables to @LaTeX{}.
 * Images in @LaTeX{} export::    How to insert figures into @LaTeX{} output.
 * Plain lists in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to lists.
 * Source blocks in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to source code blocks.
 * Example blocks in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to example blocks.
 * Special blocks in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to special blocks.
 * Horizontal rules in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to horizontal rules.
 * Verse blocks in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to special blocks.
 * Quote blocks in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to quote blocks.
 @end menu
 
 @node @LaTeX{}/PDF export commands
 @subsection @LaTeX{}/PDF export commands
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e l l} (@code{org-latex-export-to-latex})
 @kindex C-c C-e l l
 @findex org-latex-export-to-latex~
 Export to a @LaTeX{} file with a @samp{.tex} extension.  For @samp{myfile.org},
 Org exports to @samp{myfile.tex}, overwriting without warning.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e l L} (@code{org-latex-export-as-latex})
 @kindex C-c C-e l L
 @findex org-latex-export-as-latex
 Export to a temporary buffer.  Do not create a file.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e l p} (@code{org-latex-export-to-pdf})
 @kindex C-c C-e l p
 @findex org-latex-export-to-pdf
 Export as @LaTeX{} file and convert it to PDF file.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e l o}
 @kindex C-c C-e l o
 Export as @LaTeX{} file and convert it to PDF, then open the PDF using
 the default viewer.
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-export-region-as-latex}
 Convert the region to @LaTeX{} under the assumption that it was in Org
 mode syntax before.  This is a global command that can be invoked in
 any buffer.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-latex-compiler
 @vindex org-latex-bibtex-compiler
 @vindex org-latex-default-packages-alist
 @cindex pdflatex
 @cindex xelatex
 @cindex lualatex
 @cindex @samp{LATEX_COMPILER}, keyword
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end can use any of these @LaTeX{} engines:
 @samp{pdflatex}, @samp{xelatex}, and @samp{lualatex}.  These engines compile @LaTeX{}
 files with different compilers, packages, and output options.  The
 @LaTeX{} export back-end finds the compiler version to use from
 @code{org-latex-compiler} variable or the @samp{#+LATEX_COMPILER} keyword in the
 Org file.  See the docstring for the
 @code{org-latex-default-packages-alist} for loading packages with certain
 compilers.  Also see @code{org-latex-bibtex-compiler} to set the
 bibliography compiler@footnote{This does not allow setting different bibliography compilers
 for different files.  However, ``smart'' @LaTeX{} compilation systems, such
 as latexmk, can select the correct bibliography compiler.}.
 
 @node @LaTeX{} specific export settings
 @subsection @LaTeX{} specific export settings
 
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end has several additional keywords for
 customizing @LaTeX{} output.  Setting these keywords works similar to the
 general options (see @ref{Export Settings}).
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{DESCRIPTION}
 @cindex @samp{DESCRIPTION}, keyword
 @vindex org-latex-hyperref-template
 @vindex org-latex-title-command
 The document's description.  The description along with author name,
 keywords, and related file metadata are inserted in the output file
 by the hyperref package.  See @code{org-latex-hyperref-template} for
 customizing metadata items.  See @code{org-latex-title-command} for
 typesetting description into the document's front matter.  Use
 multiple @samp{DESCRIPTION} keywords for long descriptions.
 
 @item @samp{LANGUAGE}
 @cindex @samp{LANGUAGE}, keyword
 @vindex org-latex-packages-alist
 @vindex org-latex-language-alist
 
 Language code of the primary document language.
 
 The list of language codes supported by Org is stored in the
 variable @code{org-latex-language-alist}.
 
 In order to be effective, the @samp{babel} or @samp{polyglossia}
 packages---according to the @LaTeX{} compiler used---must be loaded
 with the appropriate language as argument.  This can be accomplished
 by modifying the @code{org-latex-packages-alist} variable, e.g., with the
 following snippet (note that @samp{polyglossia} does not work with
 pdf@LaTeX{}):
 
 @lisp
 (add-to-list 'org-latex-packages-alist
              '("AUTO" "babel" t ("pdflatex" "xelatex" "lualatex")))
 (add-to-list 'org-latex-packages-alist
              '("AUTO" "polyglossia" t ("xelatex" "lualatex")))
 @end lisp
 
 @item @samp{LATEX_CLASS}
 @cindex @samp{LATEX_CLASS}, keyword
 @vindex org-latex-default-class
 @vindex org-latex-classes
 This is @LaTeX{} document class, such as @emph{article}, @emph{report}, @emph{book},
 and so on, which contain predefined preamble and headline level
 mapping that the @LaTeX{} export back-end needs.  The back-end reads
 the default class name from the @code{org-latex-default-class} variable.
 Org has @emph{article} as the default class.  A valid default class must
 be an element of @code{org-latex-classes}.
 
 @item @samp{LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS}
 @cindex @samp{LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS}, keyword
 Options the @LaTeX{} export back-end uses when calling the @LaTeX{}
 document class.
 
 @item @samp{LATEX_COMPILER}
 @cindex @samp{LATEX_COMPILER}, keyword
 @vindex org-latex-compiler
 The compiler, such as @samp{pdflatex}, @samp{xelatex}, @samp{lualatex}, for
 producing the PDF@.  See @code{org-latex-compiler}.
 
 @item @samp{LATEX_HEADER}
 @itemx @samp{LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA}
 @cindex @samp{LATEX_HEADER}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA}, keyword
 @vindex org-latex-classes
 Arbitrary lines to add to the document's preamble, before the
 hyperref settings.  See @code{org-latex-classes} for adjusting the
 structure and order of the @LaTeX{} headers.
 
 @item @samp{KEYWORDS}
 @cindex @samp{KEYWORDS}, keyword
 @vindex org-latex-hyperref-template
 @vindex org-latex-title-command
 The keywords for the document.  The description along with author
 name, keywords, and related file metadata are inserted in the output
 file by the hyperref package.  See @code{org-latex-hyperref-template} for
 customizing metadata items.  See @code{org-latex-title-command} for
 typesetting description into the document's front matter.  Use
 multiple @samp{KEYWORDS} lines if necessary.
 
 @item @samp{SUBTITLE}
 @cindex @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
 @vindex org-latex-subtitle-separate
 @vindex org-latex-subtitle-format
 The document's subtitle.  It is typeset as per
 @code{org-latex-subtitle-format}.  If @code{org-latex-subtitle-separate} is
 non-@code{nil}, it is typed outside of the @code{\title} macro.  See
 @code{org-latex-hyperref-template} for customizing metadata items.  See
 @code{org-latex-title-command} for typesetting description into the
 document's front matter.
 @end table
 
 The following sections have further details.
 
 @node @LaTeX{} header and sectioning
 @subsection @LaTeX{} header and sectioning structure
 
 @cindex @LaTeX{} class
 @cindex @LaTeX{} sectioning structure
 @cindex @LaTeX{} header
 @cindex header, for @LaTeX{} files
 @cindex sectioning structure, for @LaTeX{} export
 
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end converts the first three of Org's outline
 levels into @LaTeX{} headlines.  The remaining Org levels are exported as
 lists.  To change this globally for the cut-off point between levels
 and lists, (see @ref{Export Settings}).
 
 By default, the @LaTeX{} export back-end uses the @emph{article} class.
 
 @vindex org-latex-default-class
 @vindex org-latex-classes
 @vindex org-latex-default-packages-alist
 @vindex org-latex-packages-alist
 To change the default class globally, edit @code{org-latex-default-class}.
 To change the default class locally in an Org file, add option lines
 @samp{#+LATEX_CLASS: myclass}.  To change the default class for just a part
 of the Org file, set a subtree property, @samp{EXPORT_LATEX_CLASS}.  The
 class name entered here must be valid member of @code{org-latex-classes}.
 This variable defines a header template for each class into which the
 exporter splices the values of @code{org-latex-default-packages-alist} and
 @code{org-latex-packages-alist}.  Use the same three variables to define
 custom sectioning or custom classes.
 
 @cindex @samp{LATEX_CLASS}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{EXPORT_LATEX_CLASS}, property
 @cindex @samp{EXPORT_LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS}, property
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end sends the @samp{LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS} keyword and
 @samp{EXPORT_LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS} property as options to the @LaTeX{}
 @code{\documentclass} macro.  The options and the syntax for specifying
 them, including enclosing them in square brackets, follow @LaTeX{}
 conventions.
 
 @example
 #+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [a4paper,11pt,twoside,twocolumn]
 @end example
 
 
 @cindex @samp{LATEX_HEADER}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA}, keyword
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end appends values from @samp{LATEX_HEADER} and
 @samp{LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA} keywords to the @LaTeX{} header.  The docstring for
 @code{org-latex-classes} explains in more detail.  Also note that @LaTeX{}
 export back-end does not append @samp{LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA} to the header
 when previewing @LaTeX{} snippets (see @ref{Previewing @LaTeX{} fragments}).
 
 A sample Org file with the above headers:
 
 @example
 #+LATEX_CLASS: article
 #+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [a4paper]
 #+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage@{xyz@}
 
 * Headline 1
   some text
 * Headline 2
   some more text
 @end example
 
 @cindex @samp{LANGUAGE}, keyword
 @vindex org-export-default-language
 @LaTeX{} packages @samp{babel} or @samp{polyglossia} can also be loaded in a
 document.  The ``AUTO'' string will be replaced in both cases by the
 appropriate value for the @samp{LANGUAGE} keyword, if present in the
 document, or by the value of @code{org-export-default-language}.  Let's see
 some examples in one or another case.
 
 @samp{Babel} accepts the classic syntax and (in addition) the new syntax
 with the @samp{\babelprovide} command to load the languages using the new
 @samp{INI} files procedure.  Keep in mind that there are a number of
 languages that are only served in babel using @samp{INI} files, so they
 cannot be declared using the classic syntax, but only using the
 @samp{\babelprovide} command (see
 @uref{https://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/required/babel/base/babel.pdf}).
 Valid usage examples could be:
 
 @example
 #+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage[french,italian,AUTO]@{babel@}
 @end example
 
 where ``AUTO'' is the main language.  But it can also be loaded using
 the @samp{\babelprovide} command:
 
 @example
 #+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage[french,italian]@{babel@}
 #+LATEX_HEADER: \babelprovide[import, main]@{AUTO@}
 @end example
 
 @samp{Polyglossia}, for this procedure to be effective, must be loaded
 using the same @samp{babel} classic syntax (but note that @emph{this is not}
 the actual polyglossia syntax).  For example, suppose a document
 declares Polytonic Greek as the primary language, and French as the
 secondary language.  In this case, it would be expressed as:
 
 @example
 #+LANGUAGE: el-polyton
 #+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage[french,AUTO]@{polyglossia@}
 @end example
 
 This would produce in @LaTeX{} (with the actual @samp{polyglossia} syntax):
 
 @example
 \usepackage@{polyglossia@}
 \setmainlanguage[variant=polytonic]@{greek@}
 \setotherlanguage@{french@}
 @end example
 
 @node Quoting @LaTeX{} code
 @subsection Quoting @LaTeX{} code
 
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end can insert any arbitrary @LaTeX{} code, see
 @ref{Embedded @LaTeX{}}.  There are three ways to embed such code in the Org
 file and they all use different quoting syntax.
 
 @cindex inline, in @LaTeX{} export
 Inserting in-line quoted with @@ symbols:
 
 @example
 Code embedded in-line @@@@latex:any arbitrary LaTeX code@@@@ in a paragraph.
 @end example
 
 
 @cindex @samp{LATEX}, keyword
 Inserting as one or more keyword lines in the Org file:
 
 @example
 #+LATEX: any arbitrary LaTeX code
 @end example
 
 
 @cindex @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT latex}
 Inserting as an export block in the Org file, where the back-end
 exports any code between begin and end markers:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_EXPORT latex
   any arbitrary LaTeX code
 #+END_EXPORT
 @end example
 
 @node Tables in @LaTeX{} export
 @subsection Tables in @LaTeX{} export
 
 @cindex tables, in @LaTeX{} export
 
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end can pass several @LaTeX{} attributes for table
 contents and layout.  Besides specifying a label (see @ref{Internal Links})
 and a caption (see @ref{Captions}), the other valid @LaTeX{} attributes
 include:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{:mode}
 @vindex org-latex-default-table-mode
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end wraps the table differently depending on
 the mode for accurate rendering of math symbols.  Mode is either
 @samp{table}, @samp{math}, @samp{inline-math}, @samp{verbatim} or @samp{tabbing}.
 
 For @samp{math} or @samp{inline-math} mode, @LaTeX{} export back-end wraps the
 table in a math environment, but every cell in it is exported as-is.
 For @samp{tabbing} the @LaTeX{} tabbing environment is used and the correct
 tabbing delimiters @samp{\>} are used.
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end determines the default mode from
 @code{org-latex-default-table-mode}.  The @LaTeX{} export back-end merges
 contiguous tables in the same mode into a single environment.
 
 @item @samp{:environment}
 @vindex org-latex-default-table-environment
 Set the default @LaTeX{} table environment for the @LaTeX{} export
 back-end to use when exporting Org tables.  Common @LaTeX{} table
 environments are provided by these packages: tabularx, longtable,
 array, tabu, and bmatrix.  For packages, such as tabularx and tabu,
 or any newer replacements, include them in the
 @code{org-latex-packages-alist} variable so the @LaTeX{} export back-end can
 insert the appropriate load package headers in the converted @LaTeX{}
 file.  Look in the docstring for the @code{org-latex-packages-alist}
 variable for configuring these packages for @LaTeX{} snippet previews,
 if any.
 
 @item @samp{:caption}
 Use @samp{CAPTION} keyword to set a simple caption for a table (see
 @ref{Captions}).  For custom captions, use @samp{:caption} attribute, which
 accepts raw @LaTeX{} code.  @samp{:caption} value overrides @samp{CAPTION} value.
 
 @item @samp{:float}
 @itemx @samp{:placement}
 The table environments by default are not floats in @LaTeX{}.  To make
 them floating objects use @samp{:float} with one of the following
 options: @samp{t} (for a default @samp{table} environment), @samp{sideways} (for a
 @samp{sidewaystable} environment), @samp{multicolumn} (to span the table
 across multiple columns of a page in a @samp{table*} environment) and
 @samp{nil}.  In addition to these three values, @samp{:float} can pass through
 any arbitrary value, for example a user-defined float type with the
 @samp{float} @LaTeX{} package.
 
 @LaTeX{} floats can also have additional layout @samp{:placement}
 attributes.  These are the usual @samp{[h t b p ! H]} permissions
 specified in square brackets.  Note that for @samp{:float sideways}
 tables, the @LaTeX{} export back-end ignores @samp{:placement} attributes.
 
 @item @samp{:align}
 @itemx @samp{:font}
 @itemx @samp{:width}
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end uses these attributes for regular tables
 to set their alignments, fonts, and widths.
 
 @item @samp{:options}
 The @samp{:options} attribute allows adding an optional argument with
 a list of various table options (between brackets in @LaTeX{} export),
 since certain tabular environments, such as longtblr of the
 tabularray @LaTeX{} package, provides this structure.  For example:
 @samp{:options remark@{Note@}=@{note@},remark@{Source@}=@{source@}}.
 
 @item @samp{:spread}
 When @samp{:spread} is non-@code{nil}, the @LaTeX{} export back-end spreads or
 shrinks the table by the @samp{:width} for tabu and longtabu
 environments.  @samp{:spread} has no effect if @samp{:width} is not set.
 
 @item @samp{:booktabs}
 @itemx @samp{:center}
 @itemx @samp{:rmlines}
 @vindex org-latex-tables-booktabs
 @vindex org-latex-tables-centered
 All three commands are toggles.  @samp{:booktabs} brings in modern
 typesetting enhancements to regular tables.  The booktabs package
 has to be loaded through @code{org-latex-packages-alist}.  @samp{:center} is
 for centering the table.  @samp{:rmlines} removes all but the very first
 horizontal line made of ASCII characters from ``table.el'' tables
 only.
 
 @item @samp{:math-prefix}
 @itemx @samp{:math-suffix}
 @itemx @samp{:math-arguments}
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end inserts @samp{:math-prefix} string value in
 a math environment before the table.  The @LaTeX{} export back-end
 inserts @samp{:math-suffix} string value in a math environment after the
 table.  The @LaTeX{} export back-end inserts @samp{:math-arguments} string
 value between the macro name and the table's contents.
 @samp{:math-arguments} comes in use for matrix macros that require more
 than one argument, such as @samp{qbordermatrix}.
 @end table
 
 @LaTeX{} table attributes help formatting tables for a wide range of
 situations, such as matrix product or spanning multiple pages:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :environment longtable :align l|lp@{3cm@}r|l
 | ... | ... |
 | ... | ... |
 
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :mode math :environment bmatrix :math-suffix \times
 | a | b |
 | c | d |
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :mode math :environment bmatrix
 | 1 | 2 |
 | 3 | 4 |
 @end example
 
 Set the caption with the @LaTeX{} command
 @samp{\bicaption@{HeadingA@}@{HeadingB@}}:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :caption \bicaption@{HeadingA@}@{HeadingB@}
 | ... | ... |
 | ... | ... |
 @end example
 
 @node Images in @LaTeX{} export
 @subsection Images in @LaTeX{} export
 
 @cindex images, inline in LaTeX
 @cindex inlining images in LaTeX
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
 
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end processes image links in Org files that do
 not have descriptions, such as these links @samp{[[file:img.jpg]]} or
 @samp{[[./img.jpg]]}, as direct image insertions in the final PDF output.  In
 the PDF, they are no longer links but actual images embedded on the
 page.  The @LaTeX{} export back-end uses @samp{\includegraphics} macro to
 insert the image.  But for TikZ (@uref{https://sourceforge.net/projects/pgf/})
 images, the back-end uses an @code{\input} macro wrapped within
 a @code{tikzpicture} environment.
 
 For specifying image @samp{:width}, @samp{:height}, @samp{:scale} and other @samp{:options},
 use this syntax:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :width 5cm :options angle=90
 [[./img/sed-hr4049.pdf]]
 @end example
 
 A @samp{:scale} attribute overrides both @samp{:width} and @samp{:height} attributes.
 
 For custom commands for captions, use the @samp{:caption} attribute.  It
 overrides the default @samp{#+CAPTION} value:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :caption \bicaption@{HeadingA@}@{HeadingB@}
 [[./img/sed-hr4049.pdf]]
 @end example
 
 When captions follow the method as described in @ref{Captions}, the @LaTeX{}
 export back-end wraps the picture in a floating @samp{figure} environment.
 To float an image without specifying a caption, set the @samp{:float}
 attribute to one of the following:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{t}
 For a default @samp{figure} environment.
 
 @item @samp{multicolumn}
 To span the image across multiple columns of a page; the back-end
 wraps the image in a @samp{figure*} environment.
 
 @item @samp{wrap}
 For text to flow around the image on the right; the figure occupies
 the left half of the page.
 
 @item @samp{sideways}
 For a new page with the image sideways, rotated ninety degrees, in
 a @samp{sidewaysfigure} environment; overrides @samp{:placement} setting.
 
 @item @samp{nil}
 To avoid a @samp{:float} even if using a caption.
 
 @item Any arbitrary value
 For example, a user-defined float type with the @samp{float} @LaTeX{}
 package.
 @end table
 
 
 Use the @samp{placement} attribute to modify a floating environment's
 placement.
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :float wrap :width 0.38\textwidth :placement @{r@}@{0.4\textwidth@}
 [[./img/hst.png]]
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-latex-images-centered
 @cindex center image in LaTeX export
 @cindex image, centering in LaTeX export
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end centers all images by default.  Setting
 @samp{:center} to @samp{nil} disables centering.  To disable centering globally,
 set @code{org-latex-images-centered} to @samp{nil}.
 
 Set the @samp{:comment-include} attribute to non-@code{nil} value for the @LaTeX{}
 export back-end to comment out the @samp{\includegraphics} macro.
 
 @node Plain lists in @LaTeX{} export
 @subsection Plain lists in @LaTeX{} export
 
 @cindex plain lists, in @LaTeX{} export
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end accepts the @samp{environment} and @samp{options}
 attributes for plain lists.  Both attributes work together for
 customizing lists, as shown in the examples:
 
 @example
 #+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage[inline]@{enumitem@}
 Some ways to say "Hello":
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :environment itemize*
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :options [label=@{@}, itemjoin=@{,@}, itemjoin*=@{, and@}]
 - Hola
 - Bonjour
 - Guten Tag.
 @end example
 
 Since @LaTeX{} supports only four levels of nesting for lists, use an
 external package, such as @samp{enumitem} in @LaTeX{}, for levels deeper than
 four:
 
 @example
 #+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage@{enumitem@}
 #+LATEX_HEADER: \renewlist@{itemize@}@{itemize@}@{9@}
 #+LATEX_HEADER: \setlist[itemize]@{label=$\circ$@}
 - One
   - Two
     - Three
       - Four
         - Five
 @end example
 
 @node Source blocks in @LaTeX{} export
 @subsection Source blocks in @LaTeX{} export
 
 @cindex source blocks, in @LaTeX{} export
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
 
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end can make source code blocks into floating
 objects through the attributes @samp{:float} and @samp{:options}.  For @samp{:float}:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{t}
 Makes a source block float; by default floats any source block with
 a caption.
 
 @item @samp{multicolumn}
 Spans the source block across multiple columns of a page.
 
 @item @samp{nil}
 Avoids a @samp{:float} even if using a caption; useful for source code
 blocks that may not fit on a page.
 @end table
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :float nil
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
   Lisp code that may not fit in a single page.
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-latex-listings-options
 @vindex org-latex-minted-options
 @vindex org-latex-engraved-options
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end passes string values in @samp{:options} to @LaTeX{}
 packages for customization of that specific source block.  In the
 example below, the @samp{:options} are set for Engraved or Minted.  Minted
 is a source code highlighting @LaTeX{} package with many configurable
 options@footnote{ Minted uses an external Python package for code
 highlighting, which requires the flag @samp{-shell-escape} to be added to
 @code{org-latex-pdf-process}.}.  Both Minted and Engraved are built on
 @uref{https://www.ctan.org/pkg/fvextra, fvextra}, and so support many of
 the same options.
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :options mathescape
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
   (defun Fib (n) ; $n_i = n_@{i-2@} + n_@{i-1@}$
     (if (< n 2) n (+ (Fib (- n 1)) (Fib (- n 2)))))
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 To apply similar configuration options for all source blocks in a
 file, use the @code{org-latex-listings-options},
 @code{org-latex-engraved-options}, and @code{org-latex-minted-options}
 variables.
 
 @node Example blocks in @LaTeX{} export
 @subsection Example blocks in @LaTeX{} export
 
 @cindex example blocks, in @LaTeX{} export
 @cindex verbatim blocks, in @LaTeX{} export
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
 
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end wraps the contents of example blocks in
 a @samp{verbatim} environment.  To change this behavior to use another
 environment globally, specify an appropriate export filter (see
 @ref{Advanced Export Configuration}).  To change this behavior to use
 another environment for each block, use the @samp{:environment} parameter
 to specify a custom environment.
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :environment myverbatim
 #+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
   This sentence is false.
 #+END_EXAMPLE
 @end example
 
 @node Special blocks in @LaTeX{} export
 @subsection Special blocks in @LaTeX{} export
 
 @cindex special blocks, in @LaTeX{} export
 @cindex abstract, in @LaTeX{} export
 @cindex proof, in @LaTeX{} export
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
 
 For other special blocks in the Org file, the @LaTeX{} export back-end
 makes a special environment of the same name.  The back-end also takes
 @samp{:options}, if any, and appends as-is to that environment's opening
 string.  For example:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_abstract
   We demonstrate how to solve the Syracuse problem.
 #+END_abstract
 
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :options [Proof of important theorem]
 #+BEGIN_proof
   ...
   Therefore, any even number greater than 2 is the sum of two primes.
 #+END_proof
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 exports to
 
 @example
 \begin@{abstract@}
   We demonstrate how to solve the Syracuse problem.
 \end@{abstract@}
 
 \begin@{proof@}[Proof of important theorem]
   ...
   Therefore, any even number greater than 2 is the sum of two primes.
 \end@{proof@}
 @end example
 
 If you need to insert a specific caption command, use @samp{:caption}
 attribute.  It overrides standard @samp{CAPTION} value, if any.  For
 example:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :caption \MyCaption@{HeadingA@}
 #+BEGIN_proof
   ...
 #+END_proof
 @end example
 
 @node Horizontal rules in @LaTeX{} export
 @subsection Horizontal rules in @LaTeX{} export
 
 @cindex horizontal rules, in @LaTeX{} export
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
 
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end converts horizontal rules by the specified
 @samp{:width} and @samp{:thickness} attributes.  For example:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :width .6\textwidth :thickness 0.8pt
 -----
 @end example
 
 @node Verse blocks in @LaTeX{} export
 @subsection Verse blocks in @LaTeX{} export
 
 @cindex verse blocks, in @LaTeX{} export
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
 
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end accepts four attributes for verse blocks:
 @samp{:lines}, @samp{:center}, @samp{:versewidth} and @samp{:latexcode}.  The three first
 require the external @LaTeX{} package @samp{verse.sty}, which is an extension
 of the standard @LaTeX{} environment.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{:lines}
 To add marginal verse numbering.  Its value is an
 integer, the sequence in which the verses should be numbered.
 @item @samp{:center}
 With value @samp{t} all the verses on the page are optically
 centered (a typographic convention for poetry), taking as a
 reference the longest verse, which must be indicated by the
 attribute @samp{:versewidth}.
 @item @samp{:versewidth}
 Its value is a literal text string with the longest
 verse.
 @item @samp{:latexcode}
 It accepts any arbitrary @LaTeX{} code that can be
 included within a @LaTeX{} @samp{verse} environment.
 @end table
 
 A complete example with Shakespeare's first sonnet:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :center t :latexcode \color@{red@} :lines 5
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :versewidth Feed’st thy light’s flame with self-substantial fuel,
 #+BEGIN_VERSE
 From fairest creatures we desire increase,
 That thereby beauty’s rose might never die,
 But as the riper should by time decease
 His tender heir might bear his memory
 But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes,
 Feed’st thy light’s flame with self-substantial fuel,
 Making a famine where abundance lies,
 Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel.
 Thou that art now the world’s fresh ornament,
 And only herald to the gaudy spring,
 Within thine own bud buriest thy content,
 And, tender churl, mak’st waste in niggardly.
 Pity the world, or else this glutton be,
 To eat the world’s due, by the grave and thee.
 #+END_VERSE
 @end example
 
 @node Quote blocks in @LaTeX{} export
 @subsection Quote blocks in @LaTeX{} export
 
 @cindex quote blocks, in @LaTeX{} export
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
 @cindex org-latex-default-quote-environment
 
 The @LaTeX{} export back-end accepts two attributes for quote blocks:
 @samp{:environment}, for an arbitrary quoting environment (the default
 value is that of @code{org-latex-default-quote-environment}: @code{"quote"}) and
 @samp{:options}.  For example, to choose the environment @samp{quotation},
 included as an alternative to @samp{quote} in standard @LaTeX{} classes:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :environment quotation
 #+BEGIN_QUOTE
 some text...
 #+END_QUOTE
 @end example
 
 To choose the @samp{foreigndisplayquote} environment, included in the @LaTeX{}
 package @samp{csquotes}, with the @samp{german} option, use this syntax:
 
 @example
 #+LATEX_HEADER:\usepackage[autostyle=true]@{csquotes@}
 #+ATTR_LATEX: :environment foreigndisplayquote :options @{german@}
 #+BEGIN_QUOTE
 some text in German...
 #+END_QUOTE
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 which is exported to @LaTeX{} as
 
 @example
 \begin@{foreigndisplayquote@}@{german@}
 some text in German...
 \end@{foreigndisplayquote@}
 @end example
 
 @node Markdown Export
 @section Markdown Export
 
 @cindex Markdown export
 
 The Markdown export back-end, ``md'', converts an Org file to Markdown
 format, as defined at @uref{https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/}.
 
 Since it is built on top of the HTML back-end (see @ref{HTML Export}), it
 converts every Org construct not defined in Markdown syntax, such as
 tables, to HTML@.
 
 @anchor{Markdown export commands}
 @subheading Markdown export commands
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e m m} (@code{org-md-export-to-markdown})
 @kindex C-c C-c m m
 @findex org-md-export-to-markdown
 Export to a text file with Markdown syntax.  For @samp{myfile.org}, Org
 exports to @samp{myfile.md}, overwritten without warning.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e m M} (@code{org-md-export-as-markdown})
 @kindex C-c C-c m M
 @findex org-md-export-as-markdown
 Export to a temporary buffer.  Does not create a file.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e m o}
 @kindex C-c C-e m o
 Export as a text file with Markdown syntax, then open it.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Header and sectioning structure (1)}
 @subheading Header and sectioning structure
 
 @vindex org-md-headline-style
 Based on @code{org-md-headline-style}, Markdown export can generate
 headlines of both @emph{atx} and @emph{setext} types.  @emph{atx} limits headline
 levels to two whereas @emph{setext} limits headline levels to six.  Beyond
 these limits, the export back-end converts headlines to lists.  To set
 a limit to a level before the absolute limit (see @ref{Export Settings}).
 
 @node OpenDocument Text Export
 @section OpenDocument Text Export
 
 @cindex ODT
 @cindex OpenDocument
 @cindex export, OpenDocument
 @cindex LibreOffice
 
 The ODT export back-end handles creating of OpenDocument Text (ODT)
 format.  Documents created by this exporter use the
 @cite{OpenDocument-v1.2 specification}@footnote{ See
 @uref{https://docs.oasis-open.org/office/v1.2/OpenDocument-v1.2.html, Open
 Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) Version 1.2}.}
 and are compatible with LibreOffice 3.4.
 
 @menu
 * Pre-requisites for ODT export:: Required packages.
 * ODT export commands::          Invoking export.
 * ODT specific export settings:: Configuration options.
 * Extending ODT export::         Producing DOC, PDF files.
 * Applying custom styles::       Styling the output.
 * Links in ODT export::          Handling and formatting links.
 * Tables in ODT export::         Org tables conversions.
 * Images in ODT export::         Inserting images.
 * Math formatting in ODT export:: Formatting @LaTeX{} fragments.
 * Labels and captions in ODT export:: Rendering objects.
 * Literal examples in ODT export:: For source code and example blocks.
 * Advanced topics in ODT export:: For power users.
 @end menu
 
 @node Pre-requisites for ODT export
 @subsection Pre-requisites for ODT export
 
 @cindex zip
 
 The ODT export back-end relies on the zip program to create the final
 compressed ODT output.  Check if @samp{zip} is locally available and
 executable.  Without it, export cannot finish.
 
 @node ODT export commands
 @subsection ODT export commands
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e o o} (@code{org-export-to-odt})
 @kindex C-c C-e o o
 @findex org-export-to-odt
 Export as OpenDocument Text file.
 
 @cindex @samp{EXPORT_FILE_NAME}, property
 @vindex org-odt-preferred-output-format
 
 If @code{org-odt-preferred-output-format} is specified, the ODT export
 back-end automatically converts the exported file to that format.
 
 For @samp{myfile.org}, Org exports to @samp{myfile.odt}, overwriting without
 warning.  The ODT export back-end exports a region only if a region
 was active.
 
 If the selected region is a single tree, the ODT export back-end
 makes the tree head the document title.  Incidentally, @kbd{C-c @@} selects the current subtree.  If the tree head entry has, or
 inherits, an @samp{EXPORT_FILE_NAME} property, the ODT export back-end
 uses that for file name.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e o O}
 @kindex C-c C-e o O
 Export as an OpenDocument Text file and open the resulting file.
 
 @vindex org-export-odt-preferred-output-format
 If @code{org-export-odt-preferred-output-format} is specified, open the
 converted file instead.  See @ref{Automatically exporting to other formats}.
 @end table
 
 @node ODT specific export settings
 @subsection ODT specific export settings
 
 The ODT export back-end has several additional keywords for
 customizing ODT output.  Setting these keywords works similar to the
 general options (see @ref{Export Settings}).
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{DESCRIPTION}
 @cindex @samp{DESCRIPTION}, keyword
 This is the document's description, which the ODT export back-end
 inserts as document metadata.  For long descriptions, use multiple
 lines, prefixed with @samp{DESCRIPTION}.
 
 @item @samp{KEYWORDS}
 @cindex @samp{KEYWORDS}, keyword
 The keywords for the document.  The ODT export back-end inserts the
 description along with author name, keywords, and related file
 metadata as metadata in the output file.  Use multiple @samp{KEYWORDS} if
 necessary.
 
 @item @samp{ODT_STYLES_FILE}
 @cindex @samp{ODT_STYLES_FILE}, keyword
 @vindex org-odt-styles-file
 The ODT export back-end uses the @code{org-odt-styles-file} by default.
 See @ref{Applying custom styles} for details.
 
 @item @samp{SUBTITLE}
 @cindex @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
 The document subtitle.
 @end table
 
 @node Extending ODT export
 @subsection Extending ODT export
 
 The ODT export back-end can produce documents in other formats besides
 ODT using a specialized ODT converter process.  Its common interface
 works with popular converters to produce formats such as @samp{doc}, or
 convert a document from one format, say @samp{csv}, to another format, say
 @samp{xls}.
 
 @cindex @file{unoconv}
 @vindex org-odt-convert-process
 Customize @code{org-odt-convert-process} variable to point to @samp{unoconv},
 which is the ODT's preferred converter.  Working installations of
 LibreOffice would already have @samp{unoconv} installed.  Alternatively,
 other converters may be substituted here.  See @ref{Configuring a document converter}.
 
 @anchor{Automatically exporting to other formats}
 @subsubheading Automatically exporting to other formats
 
 @vindex org-odt-preferred-output-format
 If ODT format is just an intermediate step to get to other formats,
 such as @samp{doc}, @samp{docx}, @samp{rtf}, or @samp{pdf}, etc., then extend the ODT
 export back-end to directly produce that format.  Specify the final
 format in the @code{org-odt-preferred-output-format} variable.  This is one
 way to extend (see @ref{ODT export commands}).
 
 @anchor{Converting between document formats}
 @subsubheading Converting between document formats
 
 The Org export back-end is made to be inter-operable with a wide range
 of text document format converters.  Newer generation converters, such
 as LibreOffice and Pandoc, can handle hundreds of formats at once.
 Org provides a consistent interaction with whatever converter is
 installed.  Here are some generic commands:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{M-x org-odt-convert}
 @findex org-odt-convert
 Convert an existing document from one format to another.  With
 a prefix argument, opens the newly produced file.
 @end table
 
 @node Applying custom styles
 @subsection Applying custom styles
 
 @cindex styles, custom
 @cindex template, custom
 
 The ODT export back-end comes with many OpenDocument styles (see
 @ref{Working with OpenDocument style files}).  To expand or further
 customize these built-in style sheets, either edit the style sheets
 directly or generate them using an application such as LibreOffice.
 The example here shows creating a style using LibreOffice.
 
 @anchor{Applying custom styles the easy way}
 @subsubheading Applying custom styles: the easy way
 
 @enumerate
 @item
 Create a sample @samp{example.org} file with settings as shown below,
 and export it to ODT format.
 
 @example
 #+OPTIONS: H:10 num:t
 @end example
 
 @item
 Open the above @samp{example.odt} using LibreOffice.  Use the @emph{Stylist}
 to locate the target styles, which typically have the ``Org'' prefix.
 Open one, modify, and save as either OpenDocument Text (ODT) or
 OpenDocument Template (OTT) file.
 
 @item
 @vindex org-odt-styles-file
 Customize the variable @code{org-odt-styles-file} and point it to the
 newly created file.  For additional configuration options, see
 @ref{x-overriding-factory-styles, , Overriding factory styles}.
 
 @cindex @samp{ODT_STYLES_FILE}, keyword
 To apply an ODT style to a particular file, use the
 @samp{ODT_STYLES_FILE} keyword as shown in the example below:
 
 @example
 #+ODT_STYLES_FILE: "/path/to/example.ott"
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 or
 
 @example
 #+ODT_STYLES_FILE: ("/path/to/file.ott" ("styles.xml" "image/hdr.png"))
 @end example
 @end enumerate
 
 @anchor{Using third-party styles and templates}
 @subsubheading Using third-party styles and templates
 
 The ODT export back-end relies on many templates and style names.
 Using third-party styles and templates can lead to mismatches.
 Templates derived from built-in ODT templates and styles seem to have
 fewer problems.
 
 @node Links in ODT export
 @subsection Links in ODT export
 
 @cindex links, in ODT export
 
 ODT exporter creates native cross-references for internal links.  It
 creates Internet-style links for all other links.
 
 A link with no description and pointing to a regular, un-itemized,
 outline heading is replaced with a cross-reference and section number
 of the heading.
 
 A @samp{\ref@{label@}}-style reference to an image, table etc., is replaced
 with a cross-reference and sequence number of the labeled entity.  See
 @ref{Labels and captions in ODT export}.
 
 @node Tables in ODT export
 @subsection Tables in ODT export
 
 @cindex tables, in ODT export
 
 The ODT export back-end handles native Org mode tables (see @ref{Tables})
 and simple @samp{table.el} tables.  Complex @samp{table.el} tables having column
 or row spans are not supported.  Such tables are stripped from the
 exported document.
 
 By default, the ODT export back-end exports a table with top and
 bottom frames and with ruled lines separating row and column groups
 (see @ref{Column Groups}).  All tables are typeset to occupy the same
 width.  The ODT export back-end honors any table alignments and
 relative widths for columns (see @ref{Column Width and Alignment}).
 
 Note that the ODT export back-end interprets column widths as weighted
 ratios, the default weight being 1.
 
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_ODT}, keyword
 Specifying @samp{:rel-width} property on an @samp{ATTR_ODT} line controls the
 width of the table.  For example:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_ODT: :rel-width 50
 | Area/Month    |   Jan |   Feb |   Mar |   Sum |
 |---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
 | /             |     < |       |       |     < |
 | <l13>         |  <r5> |  <r5> |  <r5> |  <r6> |
 | North America |     1 |    21 |   926 |   948 |
 | Middle East   |     6 |    75 |   844 |   925 |
 | Asia Pacific  |     9 |    27 |   790 |   826 |
 |---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
 | Sum           |    16 |   123 |  2560 |  2699 |
 @end example
 
 On export, the above table takes 50% of text width area.  The exporter
 sizes the columns in the ratio: 13:5:5:5:6.  The first column is
 left-aligned and rest of the columns, right-aligned.  Vertical rules
 separate the header and the last column.  Horizontal rules separate
 the header and the last row.
 
 For even more customization, create custom table styles and associate
 them with a table using the @samp{ATTR_ODT} keyword.  See @ref{Customizing tables in ODT export}.
 
 @node Images in ODT export
 @subsection Images in ODT export
 
 @cindex images, embedding in ODT
 @cindex embedding images in ODT
 
 @anchor{Embedding images}
 @subsubheading Embedding images
 
 The ODT export back-end processes image links in Org files that do not
 have descriptions, such as these links @samp{[[file:img.jpg]]} or @samp{[[./img.jpg]]},
 as direct image insertions in the final output.  Either of these
 examples works:
 
 @example
 [[file:img.png]]
 @end example
 
 
 @example
 [[./img.png]]
 @end example
 
 @anchor{Embedding clickable images}
 @subsubheading Embedding clickable images
 
 For clickable images, provide a link whose description is another link
 to an image file.  For example, to embed an image
 @samp{org-mode-unicorn.png} which when clicked jumps to @uref{https://orgmode.org}
 website, do the following
 
 @example
 [[https://orgmode.org][./org-mode-unicorn.png]]
 @end example
 
 @anchor{Sizing and scaling of embedded images}
 @subsubheading Sizing and scaling of embedded images
 
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_ODT}, keyword
 
 Control the size and scale of the embedded images with the @samp{ATTR_ODT}
 attribute.
 
 @cindex identify, ImageMagick
 @vindex org-odt-pixels-per-inch
 The ODT export back-end starts with establishing the size of the image
 in the final document.  The dimensions of this size are measured in
 centimeters.  The back-end then queries the image file for its
 dimensions measured in pixels.  For this measurement, the back-end
 relies on ImageMagick's identify program or Emacs @code{create-image} and
 @code{image-size} API@.  ImageMagick is the preferred choice for large file
 sizes or frequent batch operations.  The back-end then converts the
 pixel dimensions using @code{org-odt-pixels-per-inch} into the familiar 72
 dpi or 96 dpi.  The default value for this is in
 @code{display-pixels-per-inch}, which can be tweaked for better results
 based on the capabilities of the output device.  Here are some common
 image scaling operations:
 
 @table @asis
 @item Explicitly size the image
 To embed @samp{img.png} as a 10 cm x 10 cm image, do the following:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_ODT: :width 10 :height 10
 [[./img.png]]
 @end example
 
 @item Scale the image
 To embed @samp{img.png} at half its size, do the following:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_ODT: :scale 0.5
 [[./img.png]]
 @end example
 
 @item Scale the image to a specific width
 To embed @samp{img.png} with a width of 10 cm while retaining the
 original height:width ratio, do the following:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_ODT: :width 10
 [[./img.png]]
 @end example
 
 @item Scale the image to a specific height
 To embed @samp{img.png} with a height of 10 cm while retaining the
 original height:width ratio, do the following:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_ODT: :height 10
 [[./img.png]]
 @end example
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Anchoring of images}
 @subsubheading Anchoring of images
 
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_ODT}, keyword
 The ODT export back-end can anchor images to @samp{as-char}, @samp{paragraph},
 or @samp{page}.  Set the preferred anchor using the @samp{:anchor} property of
 the @samp{ATTR_ODT} line.
 
 To create an image that is anchored to a page:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_ODT: :anchor page
 [[./img.png]]
 @end example
 
 @node Math formatting in ODT export
 @subsection Math formatting in ODT export
 
 The ODT exporter has special support for handling math.
 
 @menu
 * @LaTeX{} math snippets::       Embedding in @LaTeX{} format.
 * MathML and OpenDocument formula files:: Embedding in native format.
 @end menu
 
 @node @LaTeX{} math snippets
 @subsubsection @LaTeX{} math snippets
 
 @LaTeX{} math snippets (see @ref{@LaTeX{} fragments}) can be embedded in the ODT
 document in one of the following ways:
 
 @table @asis
 @item MathML
 @cindex MathML
 Add this line to the Org file.  This option is activated on
 a per-file basis.
 
 @example
 #+OPTIONS: tex:t
 @end example
 
 
 With this option, @LaTeX{} fragments are first converted into MathML
 fragments using an external @LaTeX{}-to-MathML converter program.  The
 resulting MathML fragments are then embedded as an OpenDocument
 Formula in the exported document.
 
 @vindex org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command
 @vindex org-latex-to-mathml-jar-file
 You can specify the @LaTeX{}-to-MathML converter by customizing the
 variables @code{org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command} and
 @code{org-latex-to-mathml-jar-file}.
 
 If you prefer to use MathToWeb@footnote{ See
 @uref{http://www.mathtoweb.com/cgi-bin/mathtoweb_home.pl, MathToWeb}.}
 as your converter, you can configure the above variables as shown
 below.
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command
       "java -jar %j -unicode -force -df %o %I"
       org-latex-to-mathml-jar-file
       "/path/to/mathtoweb.jar")
 @end lisp
 
 @noindent
 or, to use @LaTeX{}​ML@footnote{ See @uref{https://dlmf.nist.gov/LaTeXML/}.}
 instead,
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command
       "latexmlmath \"%i\" --presentationmathml=%o")
 @end lisp
 
 To quickly verify the reliability of the @LaTeX{}-to-MathML
 converter, use the following commands:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{M-x org-export-as-odf}
 Convert a @LaTeX{} math snippet to an OpenDocument formula (@samp{.odf})
 file.
 
 @item @kbd{M-x org-export-as-odf-and-open}
 Convert a @LaTeX{} math snippet to an OpenDocument formula (@samp{.odf})
 file and open the formula file with the system-registered
 application.
 @end table
 
 @item PNG images
 @cindex dvipng
 @cindex dvisvgm
 @cindex ImageMagick
 Add this line to the Org file.  This option is activated on
 a per-file basis.
 
 @example
 #+OPTIONS: tex:dvipng
 @end example
 
 
 @example
 #+OPTIONS: tex:dvisvgm
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 or
 
 @example
 #+OPTIONS: tex:imagemagick
 @end example
 
 
 Under this option, @LaTeX{} fragments are processed into PNG or SVG
 images and the resulting images are embedded in the exported
 document.  This method requires dvipng program, dvisvgm or
 ImageMagick programs.
 @end table
 
 @node MathML and OpenDocument formula files
 @subsubsection MathML and OpenDocument formula files
 
 When embedding @LaTeX{} math snippets in ODT documents is not reliable,
 there is one more option to try.  Embed an equation by linking to its
 MathML (@samp{.mml}) source or its OpenDocument formula (@samp{.odf}) file as
 shown below:
 
 @example
 [[./equation.mml]]
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 or
 
 @example
 [[./equation.odf]]
 @end example
 
 @node Labels and captions in ODT export
 @subsection Labels and captions in ODT export
 
 ODT format handles labeling and captioning of objects based on their
 types.  Inline images, tables, @LaTeX{} fragments, and Math formulas are
 numbered and captioned separately.  Each object also gets a unique
 sequence number based on its order of first appearance in the Org
 file.  Each category has its own sequence.  A caption is just a label
 applied to these objects.
 
 @example
 #+CAPTION: Bell curve
 #+NAME:   fig:SED-HR4049
 [[./img/a.png]]
 @end example
 
 When rendered, it may show as follows in the exported document:
 
 @example
 Figure 2: Bell curve
 @end example
 
 
 @vindex org-odt-category-map-alist
 To modify the category component of the caption, customize the option
 @code{org-odt-category-map-alist}.  For example, to tag embedded images
 with the string ``Illustration'' instead of the default string ``Figure'',
 use the following setting:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-odt-category-map-alist
       '(("__Figure__" "Illustration" "value" "Figure" org-odt--enumerable-image-p)))
 @end lisp
 
 With the above modification, the previous example changes to:
 
 @example
 Illustration 2: Bell curve
 @end example
 
 @node Literal examples in ODT export
 @subsection Literal examples in ODT export
 
 The ODT export back-end supports literal examples (see @ref{Literal Examples}) with full fontification.  Internally, the ODT export
 back-end relies on @samp{htmlfontify.el} to generate the style definitions
 needed for fancy listings.  The auto-generated styles get @samp{OrgSrc}
 prefix and inherit colors from the faces used by Emacs Font Lock
 library for that source language.
 
 @vindex org-odt-fontify-srcblocks
 For custom fontification styles, customize the
 @code{org-odt-create-custom-styles-for-srcblocks} option.
 
 @vindex org-odt-create-custom-styles-for-srcblocks
 To turn off fontification of literal examples, customize the
 @code{org-odt-fontify-srcblocks} option.
 
 @node Advanced topics in ODT export
 @subsection Advanced topics in ODT export
 
 The ODT export back-end has extensive features useful for power users
 and frequent uses of ODT formats.
 
 @anchor{Configuring a document converter}
 @subsubheading Configuring a document converter
 
 @cindex convert
 @cindex doc, docx, rtf
 @cindex converter
 
 The ODT export back-end works with popular converters with little or
 no extra configuration.  See @ref{Extending ODT export}.  The following is
 for unsupported converters or tweaking existing defaults.
 
 @table @asis
 @item Register the converter
 @vindex org-export-odt-convert-processes
 Add the name of the converter to the @code{org-odt-convert-processes}
 variable.  Note that it also requires how the converter is invoked
 on the command line.  See the variable's docstring for details.
 
 @item Configure its capabilities
 @vindex org-export-odt-convert-capabilities
 Specify which formats the converter can handle by customizing the
 variable @code{org-odt-convert-capabilities}.  Use the entry for the
 default values in this variable for configuring the new converter.
 Also see its docstring for details.
 
 @item Choose the converter
 @vindex org-export-odt-convert-process
 Select the newly added converter as the preferred one by customizing
 the option @code{org-odt-convert-process}.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Working with OpenDocument style files}
 @subsubheading Working with OpenDocument style files
 
 @cindex styles, custom
 @cindex template, custom
 
 This section explores the internals of the ODT exporter; the means by which
 it produces styled documents; the use of automatic and custom OpenDocument
 styles.
 
 The ODT exporter relies on two files for generating its output.  These
 files are bundled with the distribution under the directory pointed to
 by the variable @code{org-odt-styles-dir}.  The two files are:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{OrgOdtStyles.xml} @anchor{x-orgodtstyles-xml}
 This file contributes to the @samp{styles.xml} file of the final ODT
 document.  This file gets modified for the following purposes:
 
 @enumerate
 @item
 To control outline numbering based on user settings;
 
 @item
 To add styles generated by @samp{htmlfontify.el} for fontification of
 code blocks.
 @end enumerate
 
 @item @samp{OrgOdtContentTemplate.xml} @anchor{x-orgodtcontenttemplate-xml}
 This file contributes to the @samp{content.xml} file of the final ODT
 document.  The contents of the Org outline are inserted between the
 @samp{<office:text>} @dots{} @samp{</office:text>} elements of this file.
 
 Apart from serving as a template file for the final @samp{content.xml},
 the file serves the following purposes:
 
 @enumerate
 @item
 It contains automatic styles for formatting of tables which are
 referenced by the exporter;
 
 @item
 It contains @samp{<text:sequence-decl>} @dots{} @samp{</text:sequence-decl>}
 elements that control numbering of tables, images, equations, and
 similar entities.
 @end enumerate
 @end table
 
 @anchor{x-overriding-factory-styles} The following two variables control
 the location from where the ODT exporter picks up the custom styles
 and content template files.  Customize these variables to override the
 factory styles used by the exporter.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{org-odt-styles-file}
 The ODT export back-end uses the file pointed to by this variable,
 such as @samp{styles.xml}, for the final output.  It can take one of the
 following values:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{FILE.xml}
 Use this file instead of the default @samp{styles.xml}
 
 @item @samp{FILE.odt} or @samp{FILE.ott}
 Use the @samp{styles.xml} contained in the specified OpenDocument
 Text or Template file
 
 @item @samp{FILE.odt} or @samp{FILE.ott} and a subset of included files
 Use the @samp{styles.xml} contained in the specified OpenDocument Text
 or Template file.  Additionally extract the specified member files
 and embed those within the final ODT document.
 
 Use this option if the @samp{styles.xml} file references additional
 files like header and footer images.
 
 @item @code{nil}
 Use the default @samp{styles.xml}.
 @end table
 
 @item @code{org-odt-content-template-file}
 Use this variable to specify the blank @samp{content.xml} used in the
 final output.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Creating one-off styles}
 @subsubheading Creating one-off styles
 
 The ODT export back-end can read embedded raw OpenDocument XML from
 the Org file.  Such direct formatting is useful for one-off instances.
 
 @table @asis
 @item Embedding ODT tags as part of regular text
 Enclose OpenDocument syntax in @samp{@@@@odt:...@@@@} for inline markup.  For
 example, to highlight a region of text do the following:
 
 @example
 @@@@odt:<text:span text:style-name="Highlight">This is highlighted
 text</text:span>@@@@.  But this is regular text.
 @end example
 
 @strong{Hint:} To see the above example in action, edit the @samp{styles.xml}
 (see @ref{x-orgodtstyles-xml, , Factory styles}) and add a custom @emph{Highlight} style as shown
 below:
 
 @example
 <style:style style:name="Highlight" style:family="text">
   <style:text-properties fo:background-color="#ff0000"/>
 </style:style>
 @end example
 
 @item Embedding a one-line OpenDocument XML
 @cindex @samp{ODT}, keyword
 The ODT export back-end can read one-liner options with @samp{#+ODT:} in
 the Org file.  For example, to force a page break:
 
 @example
 #+ODT: <text:p text:style-name="PageBreak"/>
 @end example
 
 @strong{Hint:} To see the above example in action, edit your
 @samp{styles.xml} (see @ref{x-orgodtstyles-xml, , Factory styles}) and add a custom @samp{PageBreak}
 style as shown below.
 
 @example
 <style:style style:name="PageBreak" style:family="paragraph"
              style:parent-style-name="Text_20_body">
   <style:paragraph-properties fo:break-before="page"/>
 </style:style>
 @end example
 
 @item Embedding a block of OpenDocument XML
 The ODT export back-end can also read ODT export blocks for
 OpenDocument XML@.  Such blocks use the @samp{#+BEGIN_EXPORT odt}
 @dots{} @samp{#+END_EXPORT} constructs.
 
 For example, to create a one-off paragraph that uses bold text, do
 the following:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_EXPORT odt
   <text:p text:style-name="Text_20_body_20_bold">
   This paragraph is specially formatted and uses bold text.
   </text:p>
 #+END_EXPORT
 @end example
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Customizing tables in ODT export}
 @subsubheading Customizing tables in ODT export
 
 @cindex tables, in ODT export
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_ODT}, keyword
 
 Override the default table format by specifying a custom table style
 with the @samp{#+ATTR_ODT} line.  For a discussion on default formatting of
 tables, see @ref{Tables in ODT export}.
 
 This feature closely mimics the way table templates are defined in the
 OpenDocument-v1.2 specification@footnote{
 @uref{https://docs.oasis-open.org/office/v1.2/OpenDocument-v1.2.html, OpenDocument-v1.2
 Specification}}.
 
 @vindex org-odt-table-styles
 For quick preview of this feature, install the settings below and export the
 table that follows:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-export-odt-table-styles
       (append org-export-odt-table-styles
               '(("TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn" "Custom"
                  ((use-first-row-styles . t)
                   (use-first-column-styles . t)))
                 ("TableWithFirstRowandLastRow" "Custom"
                  ((use-first-row-styles . t)
                   (use-last-row-styles . t))))))
 @end lisp
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_ODT: :style TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn
 | Name  | Phone | Age |
 | Peter |  1234 |  17 |
 | Anna  |  4321 |  25 |
 @end example
 
 The example above used @samp{Custom} template and installed two table
 styles @samp{TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn} and
 @samp{TableWithFirstRowandLastRow}.  @strong{Important:} The OpenDocument styles
 needed for producing the above template were pre-defined.  They are
 available in the section marked @samp{Custom Table Template} in
 @samp{OrgOdtContentTemplate.xml} (see @ref{x-orgodtcontenttemplate-xml, , Factory styles}).  For adding new
 templates, define new styles there.
 
 To use this feature proceed as follows:
 
 @enumerate
 @item
 Create a table template@footnote{ See the @samp{<table:table-template>}
 element of the OpenDocument-v1.2 specification.}.
 
 A table template is set of @samp{table-cell} and @samp{paragraph} styles for
 each of the following table cell categories:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 Body
 @item
 First column
 @item
 Last column
 @item
 First row
 @item
 Last row
 @item
 Even row
 @item
 Odd row
 @item
 Even column
 @item
 Odd Column
 @end itemize
 
 The names for the above styles must be chosen based on the name of
 the table template using a well-defined convention.
 
 The naming convention is better illustrated with an example.  For
 a table template with the name @samp{Custom}, the needed style names are
 listed in the following table.
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @headitem Cell type
 @tab Cell style
 @tab Paragraph style
 @item Body
 @tab @samp{CustomTableCell}
 @tab @samp{CustomTableParagraph}
 @item First column
 @tab @samp{CustomFirstColumnTableCell}
 @tab @samp{CustomFirstColumnTableParagraph}
 @item Last column
 @tab @samp{CustomLastColumnTableCell}
 @tab @samp{CustomLastColumnTableParagraph}
 @item First row
 @tab @samp{CustomFirstRowTableCell}
 @tab @samp{CustomFirstRowTableParagraph}
 @item Last row
 @tab @samp{CustomLastRowTableCell}
 @tab @samp{CustomLastRowTableParagraph}
 @item Even row
 @tab @samp{CustomEvenRowTableCell}
 @tab @samp{CustomEvenRowTableParagraph}
 @item Odd row
 @tab @samp{CustomOddRowTableCell}
 @tab @samp{CustomOddRowTableParagraph}
 @item Even column
 @tab @samp{CustomEvenColumnTableCell}
 @tab @samp{CustomEvenColumnTableParagraph}
 @item Odd column
 @tab @samp{CustomOddColumnTableCell}
 @tab @samp{CustomOddColumnTableParagraph}
 @end multitable
 
 To create a table template with the name @samp{Custom}, define the above
 styles in the @samp{<office:automatic-styles>} @dots{}
 @samp{</office:automatic-styles>} element of the content template file
 (see @ref{x-orgodtcontenttemplate-xml, , Factory styles}).
 
 @item
 Define a table style@footnote{ See the attributes @samp{table:template-name},
 @samp{table:use-first-row-styles}, @samp{table:use-last-row-styles},
 @samp{table:use-first-column-styles}, @samp{table:use-last-column-styles},
 @samp{table:use-banding-rows-styles}, and
 @samp{table:use-banding-column-styles} of the @samp{<table:table>} element in
 the OpenDocument-v1.2 specification.}.
 
 @vindex org-odt-table-styles
 To define a table style, create an entry for the style in the
 variable @code{org-odt-table-styles} and specify the following:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 the name of the table template created in step (1),
 @item
 the set of cell styles in that template that are to be activated.
 @end itemize
 
 For example, the entry below defines two different table styles
 @samp{TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn} and @samp{TableWithFirstRowandLastRow}
 based on the same template @samp{Custom}.  The styles achieve their
 intended effect by selectively activating the individual cell
 styles in that template.
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-export-odt-table-styles
       (append org-export-odt-table-styles
               '(("TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn" "Custom"
                  ((use-first-row-styles . t)
                   (use-first-column-styles . t)))
                 ("TableWithFirstRowandLastRow" "Custom"
                  ((use-first-row-styles . t)
                   (use-last-row-styles . t))))))
 @end lisp
 
 @item
 Associate a table with the table style.
 
 To do this, specify the table style created in step (2) as part of
 the @samp{ATTR_ODT} line as shown below.
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_ODT: :style TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn
 | Name  | Phone | Age |
 | Peter |  1234 |  17 |
 | Anna  |  4321 |  25 |
 @end example
 @end enumerate
 
 @anchor{Validating OpenDocument XML}
 @subsubheading Validating OpenDocument XML
 
 Sometimes ODT format files may not open due to @samp{.odt} file corruption.
 To verify if such a file is corrupt, validate it against the
 OpenDocument Relax NG Compact (RNC) syntax schema.  But first the
 @samp{.odt} files have to be decompressed using @samp{zip}.  Note that @samp{.odt}
 files are ZIP archives: @ref{File Archives,,,emacs,}.  The contents of
 ODT files are in XML@.  For general help with validation---and
 schema-sensitive editing---of XML files: @ref{Introduction,,,nxml-mode,}.
 
 @vindex org-export-odt-schema-dir
 Customize @code{org-odt-schema-dir} to point to a directory with
 OpenDocument RNC files and the needed schema-locating rules.  The ODT
 export back-end takes care of updating the
 @code{rng-schema-locating-files}.
 
 @node Org Export
 @section Org Export
 
 @cindex Org export
 @emph{org} export back-end creates a normalized version of the Org document
 in current buffer.  The exporter evaluates Babel code (see @ref{Evaluating Code Blocks}) and removes content specific to other back-ends.
 
 @anchor{Org export commands}
 @subheading Org export commands
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e O o} (@code{org-org-export-to-org})
 @kindex C-c C-e O o
 @findex org-org-export-to-org
 Export as an Org file with a @samp{.org} extension.  For @samp{myfile.org},
 Org exports to @samp{myfile.org.org}, overwriting without warning.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e O v} (~~)
 @kindex C-c C-e O v
 Export to an Org file, then open it.
 @end table
 
 @node Texinfo Export
 @section Texinfo Export
 
 @menu
 * Texinfo export commands::      Invoking commands.
 * Texinfo specific export settings:: Setting the environment.
 * Texinfo file header::          Generating the header.
 * Texinfo title and copyright page:: Creating preamble pages.
 * Info directory file::          Installing a manual in Info file hierarchy.
 * Headings and sectioning structure:: Building document structure.
 * Indices::                      Creating indices.
 * Quoting Texinfo code::         Incorporating literal Texinfo code.
 * Plain lists in Texinfo export:: List attributes.
 * Tables in Texinfo export::     Table attributes.
 * Images in Texinfo export::     Image attributes.
 * Quotations in Texinfo export:: Quote block attributes.
 * Key bindings in Texinfo export:: @@kbd Texinfo command.
 * Special blocks in Texinfo export:: Special block attributes.
 * A Texinfo example::            Processing Org to Texinfo.
 @end menu
 
 @node Texinfo export commands
 @subsection Texinfo export commands
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e i t} (@code{org-texinfo-export-to-texinfo})
 @kindex C-c C-e i t
 @findex org-texinfo-export-to-texinfo
 Export as a Texinfo file with @samp{.texi} extension.  For @samp{myfile.org},
 Org exports to @samp{myfile.texi}, overwriting without warning.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e i i} (@code{org-texinfo-export-to-info})
 @kindex C-c C-e i i
 @findex org-texinfo-export-to-info
 @vindex org-texinfo-info-process
 Export to Texinfo format first and then process it to make an Info
 file.  To generate other formats, such as DocBook, customize the
 @code{org-texinfo-info-process} variable.
 @end table
 
 @node Texinfo specific export settings
 @subsection Texinfo specific export settings
 
 The Texinfo export back-end has several additional keywords for
 customizing Texinfo output.  Setting these keywords works similar to
 the general options (see @ref{Export Settings}).
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{SUBTITLE}
 @cindex @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
 The document subtitle.
 
 @item @samp{SUBAUTHOR}
 @cindex @samp{SUBAUTHOR}, keyword
 Additional authors for the document.
 
 @item @samp{TEXINFO_FILENAME}
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO_FILENAME}, keyword
 The Texinfo filename.
 
 @item @samp{TEXINFO_CLASS}
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO_CLASS}, keyword
 @vindex org-texinfo-default-class
 The default document class (@code{org-texinfo-default-class}), which must
 be a member of @code{org-texinfo-classes}.
 
 @item @samp{TEXINFO_HEADER}
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO_HEADER}, keyword
 Arbitrary lines inserted at the end of the header.
 
 @item @samp{TEXINFO_POST_HEADER}
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO_POST_HEADER}, keyword
 Arbitrary lines inserted after the end of the header.
 
 @item @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY}
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY}, keyword
 The directory category of the document.
 
 @item @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE}
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE}, keyword
 The directory title of the document.
 
 @item @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_DESC}
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_DESC}, keyword
 The directory description of the document.
 
 @item @samp{TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE}
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE}, keyword
 The printed title of the document.
 @end table
 
 @node Texinfo file header
 @subsection Texinfo file header
 
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO_FILENAME}, keyword
 After creating the header for a Texinfo file, the Texinfo back-end
 automatically generates a name and destination path for the Info file.
 To override this default with a more sensible path and name, specify
 the @samp{TEXINFO_FILENAME} keyword.
 
 @vindex org-texinfo-coding-system
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO_HEADER}, keyword
 Along with the output's file name, the Texinfo header also contains
 language details (see @ref{Export Settings}) and encoding system as set in
 the @code{org-texinfo-coding-system} variable.  Insert @samp{TEXINFO_HEADER}
 keywords for each additional command in the header, for example:
 
 @example
 #+TEXINFO_HEADER: @@synindex
 @end example
 
 
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO_CLASS}, keyword
 @vindex org-texinfo-classes
 Instead of repeatedly installing the same set of commands, define
 a class in @code{org-texinfo-classes} once, and then activate it in the
 document by setting the @samp{TEXINFO_CLASS} keyword to that class.
 
 @node Texinfo title and copyright page
 @subsection Texinfo title and copyright page
 
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE}, keyword
 The default template for hard copy output has a title page with
 @samp{TITLE} and @samp{AUTHOR} keywords (see @ref{Export Settings}).  To replace the
 regular title with something different for the printed version, use
 the @samp{TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE} and @samp{SUBTITLE} keywords.  Both expect raw
 Texinfo code for setting their values.
 
 @cindex @samp{SUBAUTHOR}, keyword
 If one @samp{AUTHOR} line is not sufficient, add multiple @samp{SUBAUTHOR}
 keywords.  They have to be set in raw Texinfo code.
 
 @example
 #+AUTHOR: Jane Smith
 #+SUBAUTHOR: John Doe
 #+TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE: This Long Title@@@@inlinefmt@{tex,@@*@} Is Broken in @@TeX@{@}
 @end example
 
 @cindex @samp{COPYING}, property
 Copying material is defined in a dedicated headline with a non-@code{nil}
 @samp{COPYING} property.  The back-end inserts the contents within
 a @samp{@@copying} command at the beginning of the document.  The heading
 itself does not appear in the structure of the document.
 
 Copyright information is printed on the back of the title page.
 
 @example
 * Legalese
   :PROPERTIES:
   :COPYING: t
   :END:
 
   This is a short example of a complete Texinfo file, version 1.0.
 
   Copyright \copy 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 @end example
 
 @node Info directory file
 @subsection Info directory file
 
 @cindex @samp{dir} file, in Texinfo export
 @cindex Info directory file, in Texinfo export
 @cindex @code{install-info}, in Texinfo export
 
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_DESC}, keyword
 The end result of the Texinfo export process is the creation of an
 Info file.  This Info file's metadata has variables for category,
 title, and description: @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY}, @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE},
 and @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_DESC} keywords that establish where in the Info
 hierarchy the file fits.
 
 Here is an example that writes to the Info directory file:
 
 @example
 #+TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY: Emacs
 #+TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE: Org Mode: (org)
 #+TEXINFO_DIR_DESC: Outline-based notes management and organizer
 @end example
 
 @node Headings and sectioning structure
 @subsection Headings and sectioning structure
 
 @vindex org-texinfo-classes
 @vindex org-texinfo-default-class
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO_CLASS}, keyword
 The Texinfo export back-end uses a pre-defined scheme to convert Org
 headlines to equivalent Texinfo structuring commands.  A scheme like
 this maps top-level headlines to numbered chapters tagged as
 @code{@@chapter} and lower-level headlines to unnumbered chapters tagged as
 @code{@@unnumbered}.  To override such mappings to introduce @code{@@part} or
 other Texinfo structuring commands, define a new class in
 @code{org-texinfo-classes}.  Activate the new class with the
 @samp{TEXINFO_CLASS} keyword.  When no new class is defined and activated,
 the Texinfo export back-end defaults to the
 @code{org-texinfo-default-class}.
 
 If an Org headline's level has no associated Texinfo structuring
 command, or is below a certain threshold (see @ref{Export Settings}), then
 the Texinfo export back-end makes it into a list item.
 
 @cindex @samp{APPENDIX}, property
 The Texinfo export back-end makes any headline with a non-@code{nil}
 @samp{APPENDIX} property into an appendix.  This happens independent of the
 Org headline level or the @samp{TEXINFO_CLASS} keyword.
 
 @cindex @samp{ALT_TITLE}, property
 @cindex @samp{DESCRIPTION}, property
 The Texinfo export back-end creates a menu entry after the Org
 headline for each regular sectioning structure.  To override this with
 a shorter menu entry, use the @samp{ALT_TITLE} property (see @ref{Table of Contents}).  Texinfo menu entries also have an option for a longer
 @samp{DESCRIPTION} property.  Here's an example that uses both to override
 the default menu entry:
 
 @example
 * Controlling Screen Display
   :PROPERTIES:
   :ALT_TITLE: Display
   :DESCRIPTION: Controlling Screen Display
   :END:
 @end example
 
 @cindex Top node, in Texinfo export
 The text before the first headline belongs to the @emph{Top} node, i.e.,
 the node in which a reader enters an Info manual.  As such, it is
 expected not to appear in printed output generated from the @samp{.texi}
 file.  See @ref{The Top Node,,,texinfo,}, for more information.
 
 @node Indices
 @subsection Indices
 
 @cindex @samp{CINDEX}, keyword
 @cindex concept index, in Texinfo export
 @cindex @samp{FINDEX}, keyword
 @cindex function index, in Texinfo export
 @cindex @samp{KINDEX}, keyword
 @cindex keystroke index, in Texinfo export
 @cindex @samp{PINDEX}, keyword
 @cindex program index, in Texinfo export
 @cindex @samp{TINDEX}, keyword
 @cindex data type index, in Texinfo export
 @cindex @samp{VINDEX}, keyword
 @cindex variable index, in Texinfo export
 The Texinfo export back-end recognizes these indexing keywords if used
 in the Org file: @samp{CINDEX}, @samp{FINDEX}, @samp{KINDEX}, @samp{PINDEX}, @samp{TINDEX} and
 @samp{VINDEX}.  Write their value as verbatim Texinfo code; in particular,
 @samp{@{}, @samp{@}} and @samp{@@} characters need to be escaped with @samp{@@} if they do not
 belong to a Texinfo command.
 
 @example
 #+CINDEX: Defining indexing entries
 @end example
 
 
 @cindex @samp{INDEX}, property
 For the back-end to generate an index entry for a headline, set the
 @samp{INDEX} property to @samp{cp} or @samp{vr}.  These abbreviations come from
 Texinfo that stand for concept index and variable index.  The Texinfo
 manual has abbreviations for all other kinds of indexes.  The back-end
 exports the headline as an unnumbered chapter or section command, and
 then inserts the index after its contents.
 
 @example
 * Concept Index
   :PROPERTIES:
   :INDEX: cp
   :END:
 @end example
 
 @node Quoting Texinfo code
 @subsection Quoting Texinfo code
 
 Use any of the following three methods to insert or escape raw Texinfo
 code:
 
 @cindex @samp{TEXINFO}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT texinfo}
 @example
 Richard @@@@texinfo:@@sc@{@@@@Stallman@@@@texinfo:@}@@@@ commence' GNU.
 
 #+TEXINFO: @@need800
 This paragraph is preceded by...
 
 #+BEGIN_EXPORT texinfo
   @@auindex Johnson, Mark
   @@auindex Lakoff, George
 #+END_EXPORT
 @end example
 
 @node Plain lists in Texinfo export
 @subsection Plain lists in Texinfo export
 
 @cindex lettered lists, in Texinfo export
 @cindex enum, Texinfo attribute
 The Texinfo export back-end converts unordered and ordered lists in
 the Org file using the default command @samp{@@itemize}.
 
 Ordered lists are numbered when exported to Texinfo format.  Such
 numbering obeys any counter (see @ref{Plain Lists}) in the first item of
 the list.  The @samp{:enum} attribute also let you start the list at a
 specific number, or switch to a lettered list, as illustrated here:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_TEXINFO: :enum A
 1. Alpha
 2. Bravo
 3. Charlie
 @end example
 
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_TEXINFO}, keyword
 @cindex two-column tables, in Texinfo export
 @cindex table-type, Texinfo attribute
 The Texinfo export back-end by default converts description lists in
 the Org file using the default command @samp{@@table}, which results in
 a table with two columns.  To change this behavior, set @samp{:table-type}
 attribute to either @samp{ftable} or @samp{vtable} value.  For more information,
 see @ref{Two-column Tables,,,texinfo,}.
 
 @vindex org-texinfo-table-default-markup
 @cindex indic, Texinfo attribute
 The Texinfo export back-end by default also applies a text highlight
 based on the defaults stored in @code{org-texinfo-table-default-markup}.
 To override the default highlight command, specify another one with
 the @samp{:indic} attribute.
 
 @cindex multiple items in Texinfo lists
 @cindex sep, Texinfo attribute
 Org syntax is limited to one entry per list item.  Nevertheless, the
 Texinfo export back-end can split that entry according to any text
 provided through the @samp{:sep} attribute.  Each part then becomes a new
 entry in the first column of the table.
 
 The following example illustrates all the attributes above:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_TEXINFO: :table-type vtable :sep , :indic asis
 - foo, bar :: This is the common text for variables foo and bar.
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 becomes
 
 @example
 @@vtable @@asis
 @@item foo
 @@itemx bar
 This is the common text for variables foo and bar.
 @@end table
 @end example
 
 The @samp{:compact} attribute is an alternative to the @samp{:sep} attribute,
 which allows writing each entry on its own line.  If this attribute is
 non-nil and an item in a description list has no body but is followed
 by another item, then the second item is transcoded to @samp{@@itemx}.  This
 example is transcoded to the same output as above.
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_TEXINFO: :table-type vtable :indic asis :compact t
 - foo ::
 - bar ::
   This is the common text for variables foo and bar.
 @end example
 
 Support for this compact syntax can also be enabled for all lists in
 a file using the @samp{compact-itemx} export option, or globally using the
 variable @code{org-texinfo-compact-itemx}.
 
 The Texinfo export back-end also supports two approaches to writing
 Texinfo definition commands (see @ref{Definition Commands,,,texinfo,}).
 One of them uses description lists and is described below, the other
 relies on special blocks (see @ref{Special blocks in Texinfo export}).
 
 Items in a description list in a Org file that begin with @samp{Function:}
 or certain other prefixes are converted using Texinfo definition
 commands.  This works even if other items in the same list do not have
 such a prefix; if necessary a single description list is converted
 using multiple tables (such as @samp{@@vtable}) and definition commands
 (such as @samp{@@defun}).
 
 @example
 - Function: org-texinfo-drawer drawer contents info ::
   Transcode a DRAWER element from Org to Texinfo.
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 becomes
 
 @example
 @@defun org-texinfo-drawer drawer contents info ::
   Transcode a DRAWER element from Org to Texinfo.
 @@end defun
 @end example
 
 The recognized prefixes are @samp{Command:}, @samp{Function:}, @samp{Macro:},
 @samp{Special Form:}, @samp{Variable:} and @samp{User Option:}.  These are the same
 prefixes that appear in the Info file for the respective definition
 commands.  For example a @samp{Function:} item in the Org file is converted
 to a @samp{@@defun} command in the Texinfo file, which in turn is converted
 to a definition prefixed with @samp{-- Function:} in the Info file.
 
 As a special case the prefix @samp{Key:} is also recognized.  No Texinfo
 definition command exists for key bindings and the output in Info
 files also lacks the @samp{Key:} prefix.  Even so this special case is
 supported because it provides a convenient shorthand, as illustrated
 here:
 
 @example
 - Key: C-c C-c (do-something) ::
   This command does something.
 
 - User Option: do-something-somehow ::
   This option controls how exactly ~do-something~ does its thing.
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 becomes
 
 @example
 @@table @@asis
 @@item @@kbd@{C-c C-c@} (@@code@{do-something@})
 @@kindex C-c C-c
 @@findex do-something
 This command does something.
 @@end table
 
 @@defopt do-something-somehow
 This option controls how exactly @@code@{do-something@} does its thing.
 @@end defopt
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 Command in parenthesis, as done above, is optional.
 
 @node Tables in Texinfo export
 @subsection Tables in Texinfo export
 
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_TEXINFO}, keyword
 When exporting tables, the Texinfo export back-end uses the widest
 cell width in each column.  To override this and instead specify as
 fractions of line length, use the @samp{:columns} attribute.  See example
 below.
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_TEXINFO: :columns .5 .5
 | a cell | another cell |
 @end example
 
 @node Images in Texinfo export
 @subsection Images in Texinfo export
 
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_TEXINFO}, keyword
 Insert a file link to the image in the Org file, and the Texinfo
 export back-end inserts the image.  These links must have the usual
 supported image extensions and no descriptions.  To scale the image,
 use @samp{:width} and @samp{:height} attributes.  For alternate text, use @samp{:alt}
 and specify the text using Texinfo code, as shown in the example:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_TEXINFO: :width 1in :alt Alternate @@i@{text@}
 [[ridt.pdf]]
 @end example
 
 @node Quotations in Texinfo export
 @subsection Quotations in Texinfo export
 
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_TEXINFO}, keyword
 You can write the text of a quotation within a quote block (see
 @ref{Paragraphs}).  You may also emphasize some text at the beginning of
 the quotation with the @samp{:tag} attribute.
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_TEXINFO: :tag Warning
 #+BEGIN_QUOTE
 Striking your thumb with a hammer may cause severe pain and discomfort.
 #+END_QUOTE
 @end example
 
 To specify the author of the quotation, use the @samp{:author} attribute.
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_TEXINFO: :author King Arthur
 #+BEGIN_QUOTE
 The Lady of the Lake, her arm clad in the purest shimmering samite,
 held aloft Excalibur from the bosom of the water, signifying by divine
 providence that I, Arthur, was to carry Excalibur.  That is why I am
 your king.
 #+END_QUOTE
 @end example
 
 @node Key bindings in Texinfo export
 @subsection Key bindings in Texinfo export
 
 Org does not provide any markup for key bindings that corresponds to
 Texinfo's @code{@@kbd} and @code{@@key} commands.  One way to deal with this is to
 fall back to code syntax.  @samp{~C-x SPC~}, for example, is transcoded to
 @code{@@code@{C-x SPC@}}.
 
 A better approach is to define and use an Org macro named @code{kbd}.  To
 make that easier the function @code{org-texinfo-kbd-macro} is provided,
 which is intended to be used like this:
 
 @example
 #+macro: kbd (eval (org-texinfo-kbd-macro $1))
 
 Type @{@{@{kbd(C-c SPC)@}@}@}.
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 which becomes
 
 @example
 Type @@kbd@{C-c @@key@{SPC@}@}.
 @end example
 
 @node Special blocks in Texinfo export
 @subsection Special blocks in Texinfo export
 
 The Texinfo export back-end supports two approaches to writing Texinfo
 definition commands.  One of them is described here, the other in
 @ref{Plain lists in Texinfo export}.
 
 @cindex @samp{ATTR_TEXINFO}, keyword
 
 The Texinfo export back-end converts special blocks to commands with
 the same name.  It also adds any @samp{:options} attributes to the end of
 the command, as shown in this example:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_TEXINFO: :options org-org-export-to-org ...
 #+BEGIN_defun
   A somewhat obsessive function name.
 #+END_defun
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 becomes
 
 @example
 @@defun org-org-export-to-org ...
   A somewhat obsessive function name.
 @@end defun
 @end example
 
 @node A Texinfo example
 @subsection A Texinfo example
 
 Here is a more detailed example Org file.  See
 @ref{GNU Sample Texts,,,texinfo,} for an equivalent example using
 Texinfo code.
 
 @example
 #+TITLE: GNU Sample @{@{@{version@}@}@}
 #+SUBTITLE: for version @{@{@{version@}@}@}, @{@{@{updated@}@}@}
 #+AUTHOR: A.U. Thor
 #+EMAIL: bug-sample@@gnu.org
 
 #+OPTIONS: ':t toc:t author:t email:t
 #+LANGUAGE: en
 
 #+MACRO: version 2.0
 #+MACRO: updated last updated 4 March 2014
 
 #+TEXINFO_FILENAME: sample.info
 #+TEXINFO_HEADER: @@syncodeindex pg cp
 
 #+TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY: Texinfo documentation system
 #+TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE: sample: (sample)
 #+TEXINFO_DIR_DESC: Invoking sample
 
 #+TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE: GNU Sample
 
 This manual is for GNU Sample (version @{@{@{version@}@}@},
 @{@{@{updated@}@}@}).
 
 * Copying
   :PROPERTIES:
   :COPYING:  t
   :END:
 
   This manual is for GNU Sample (version @{@{@{version@}@}@},
   @{@{@{updated@}@}@}), which is an example in the Texinfo documentation.
 
   Copyright \copy 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 
   #+BEGIN_QUOTE
   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
   document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
   Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
   Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
   and with no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in
   the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
   #+END_QUOTE
 
 * Invoking sample
 
   #+PINDEX: sample
   #+CINDEX: invoking @@command@{sample@}
 
   This is a sample manual.  There is no sample program to invoke, but
   if there were, you could see its basic usage and command line
   options here.
 
 * GNU Free Documentation License
   :PROPERTIES:
   :APPENDIX: t
   :END:
 
   #+INCLUDE: fdl.org
 
 * Index
   :PROPERTIES:
   :INDEX:    cp
   :END:
 @end example
 
 @node iCalendar Export
 @section iCalendar Export
 
 @cindex iCalendar export
 
 A large part of Org mode's interoperability success is its ability to
 easily export to or import from external applications.  The iCalendar
 export back-end takes calendar data from Org files and exports to the
 standard iCalendar format.
 
 @vindex org-icalendar-include-todo
 @vindex org-icalendar-use-deadline
 @vindex org-icalendar-use-scheduled
 The iCalendar export back-end can also incorporate TODO entries based
 on the configuration of the @code{org-icalendar-include-todo} variable.
 The back-end exports plain timestamps as @samp{VEVENT}, TODO items as
 @samp{VTODO}, and also create events from deadlines that are in non-TODO
 items.  The back-end uses the deadlines and scheduling dates in Org
 TODO items for setting the start and due dates for the iCalendar TODO
 entry.  Consult the @code{org-icalendar-use-deadline} and
 @code{org-icalendar-use-scheduled} variables for more details.
 
 @vindex org-icalendar-categories
 @vindex org-icalendar-alarm-time
 For tags on the headline, the iCalendar export back-end makes them
 into iCalendar categories.  To tweak the inheritance of tags and TODO
 states, configure the variable @code{org-icalendar-categories}.  To assign
 clock alarms based on time, configure the @code{org-icalendar-alarm-time}
 variable.
 
 @vindex org-icalendar-store-UID
 @cindex @samp{ID}, property
 The iCalendar format standard requires globally unique identifier---or
 UID---for each entry.  The iCalendar export back-end creates UIDs
 during export.  To save a copy of the UID in the Org file set the
 variable @code{org-icalendar-store-UID}.  The back-end looks for the @samp{ID}
 property of the entry for re-using the same UID for subsequent
 exports.
 
 Since a single Org entry can result in multiple iCalendar
 entries---timestamp, deadline, scheduled item, or TODO item---Org adds
 prefixes to the UID, depending on which part of the Org entry
 triggered the creation of the iCalendar entry.  Prefixing ensures UIDs
 remains unique, yet enable synchronization programs trace the
 connections.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e c f} (@code{org-icalendar-export-to-ics})
 @kindex C-c C-e c f
 @findex org-icalendar-export-to-ics
 Create iCalendar entries from the current Org buffer and store them
 in the same directory, using a file extension @samp{.ics}.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e c a} (@code{org-icalendar-export-agenda-files})
 @kindex C-c C-e c a
 @findex org-icalendar-export-agenda-files
 Create iCalendar entries from Org files in @code{org-agenda-files} and
 store in a separate iCalendar file for each Org file.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e c c} (@code{org-icalendar-combine-agenda-files})
 @kindex C-c C-e c c
 @findex org-icalendar-combine-agenda-files
 @vindex org-icalendar-combined-agenda-file
 Create a combined iCalendar file from Org files in
 @code{org-agenda-files} and write it to
 @code{org-icalendar-combined-agenda-file} file name.
 @end table
 
 @cindex @samp{SUMMARY}, property
 @cindex @samp{DESCRIPTION}, property
 @cindex @samp{LOCATION}, property
 @cindex @samp{TIMEZONE}, property
 @cindex @samp{CLASS}, property
 The iCalendar export back-end includes @samp{SUMMARY}, @samp{DESCRIPTION},
 @samp{LOCATION}, @samp{TIMEZONE} and @samp{CLASS} properties from the Org entries
 when exporting.  To force the back-end to inherit the @samp{LOCATION},
 @samp{TIMEZONE} and @samp{CLASS} properties, configure the
 @code{org-use-property-inheritance} variable.
 
 @vindex org-icalendar-include-body
 When Org entries do not have @samp{SUMMARY}, @samp{DESCRIPTION}, @samp{LOCATION} and
 @samp{CLASS} properties, the iCalendar export back-end derives the summary
 from the headline, and derives the description from the body of the
 Org item.  The @code{org-icalendar-include-body} variable limits the
 maximum number of characters of the content are turned into its
 description.
 
 The @samp{TIMEZONE} property can be used to specify a per-entry time zone,
 and is applied to any entry with timestamp information.  Time zones
 should be specified as per the IANA time zone database format, e.g.,
 @samp{Asia/Almaty}.  Alternately, the property value can be @samp{UTC}, to force
 UTC time for this entry only.
 
 The @samp{CLASS} property can be used to specify a per-entry visibility
 class or access restrictions, and is applied to any entry with class
 information.  The iCalendar standard defines three visibility classes:
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{PUBLIC}
 The entry is publicly visible (this is the default).
 @item @samp{CONFIDENTIAL}
 Only a limited group of clients get access to the
 event.
 @item @samp{PRIVATE}
 The entry can be retrieved only by its owner.
 @end table
 The server should treat unknown class properties the same as
 @samp{PRIVATE}.
 
 Exporting to iCalendar format depends in large part on the
 capabilities of the destination application.  Some are more lenient
 than others.  Consult the Org mode FAQ for advice on specific
 applications.
 
 @node Other Built-in Back-ends
 @section Other Built-in Back-ends
 
 Other export back-ends included with Org are:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 @samp{ox-man.el}: Export to a man page.
 @end itemize
 
 To activate such back-ends, either customize @code{org-export-backends} or
 load directly with @samp{(require 'ox-man)}.  On successful load, the
 back-end adds new keys in the export dispatcher (see @ref{The Export Dispatcher}).
 
 Follow the comment section of such files, for example, @samp{ox-man.el},
 for usage and configuration details.
 
 @node Advanced Export Configuration
 @section Advanced Export Configuration
 
 
 
 @anchor{Export hooks}
 @subheading Export hooks
 
 @vindex org-export-before-processing-hook
 @vindex org-export-before-parsing-hook
 The export process executes two hooks before the actual exporting
 begins.  The first hook, @code{org-export-before-processing-hook}, runs
 before any expansions of macros, Babel code, and include keywords in
 the buffer.  The second hook, @code{org-export-before-parsing-hook}, runs
 before the buffer is parsed.
 
 Functions added to these hooks are called with a single argument: the
 export back-end actually used, as a symbol.  You may use them for
 heavy duty structural modifications of the document.  For example, you
 can remove every headline in the buffer during export like this:
 
 @lisp
 (defun my-headline-removal (backend)
   "Remove all headlines in the current buffer.
 BACKEND is the export back-end being used, as a symbol."
   (org-map-entries
    (lambda () (delete-region (point) (line-beginning-position 2)))))
 
 (add-hook 'org-export-before-parsing-hook #'my-headline-removal)
 @end lisp
 
 @anchor{Filters}
 @subheading Filters
 
 @cindex Filters, exporting
 Filters are lists of functions to be applied to certain parts for
 a given back-end.  The output from the first function in the filter is
 passed on to the next function in the filter.  The final output is the
 output from the final function in the filter.
 
 The Org export process has many filter sets applicable to different
 types of objects, plain text, parse trees, export options, and final
 output formats.  The filters are named after the element type or
 object type: @code{org-export-filter-TYPE-functions}, where @var{TYPE}
 is the type targeted by the filter.  Valid types are:
 
 @multitable @columnfractions 0.33 0.33 0.33
 @item body
 @tab bold
 @tab babel-call
 @item center-block
 @tab clock
 @tab code
 @item diary-sexp
 @tab drawer
 @tab dynamic-block
 @item entity
 @tab example-block
 @tab export-block
 @item export-snippet
 @tab final-output
 @tab fixed-width
 @item footnote-definition
 @tab footnote-reference
 @tab headline
 @item horizontal-rule
 @tab inline-babel-call
 @tab inline-src-block
 @item inlinetask
 @tab italic
 @tab item
 @item keyword
 @tab latex-environment
 @tab latex-fragment
 @item line-break
 @tab link
 @tab node-property
 @item options
 @tab paragraph
 @tab parse-tree
 @item plain-list
 @tab plain-text
 @tab planning
 @item property-drawer
 @tab quote-block
 @tab radio-target
 @item section
 @tab special-block
 @tab src-block
 @item statistics-cookie
 @tab strike-through
 @tab subscript
 @item superscript
 @tab table
 @tab table-cell
 @item table-row
 @tab target
 @tab timestamp
 @item underline
 @tab verbatim
 @tab verse-block
 @end multitable
 
 Here is an example filter that replaces non-breaking spaces @code{ } in the
 Org buffer with @samp{~} for the @LaTeX{} back-end.
 
 @lisp
 (defun my-latex-filter-nobreaks (text backend info)
   "Ensure \" \" are properly handled in LaTeX export."
   (when (org-export-derived-backend-p backend 'latex)
     (replace-regexp-in-string " " "~" text)))
 
 (add-to-list 'org-export-filter-plain-text-functions
              'my-latex-filter-nobreaks)
 @end lisp
 
 A filter requires three arguments: the code to be transformed, the
 name of the back-end, and some optional information about the export
 process.  The third argument can be safely ignored.  Note the use of
 @code{org-export-derived-backend-p} predicate that tests for @emph{latex}
 back-end or any other back-end, such as @emph{beamer}, derived from
 @emph{latex}.
 
 @anchor{Defining filters for individual files}
 @subheading Defining filters for individual files
 
 The Org export can filter not just for back-ends, but also for
 specific files through the @samp{BIND} keyword.  Here is an example with
 two filters; one removes brackets from time stamps, and the other
 removes strike-through text.  The filter functions are defined in
 a code block in the same Org file, which is a handy location for
 debugging.
 
 @example
 #+BIND: org-export-filter-timestamp-functions (tmp-f-timestamp)
 #+BIND: org-export-filter-strike-through-functions (tmp-f-strike-through)
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :exports results :results none
   (defun tmp-f-timestamp (s backend info)
     (replace-regexp-in-string "&[lg]t;\\|[][]" "" s))
   (defun tmp-f-strike-through (s backend info) "")
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 @anchor{Extending an existing back-end}
 @subheading Extending an existing back-end
 
 Some parts of the conversion process can be extended for certain
 elements so as to introduce a new or revised translation.  That is how
 the HTML export back-end was extended to handle Markdown format.  The
 extensions work seamlessly so any aspect of filtering not done by the
 extended back-end is handled by the original back-end.  Of all the
 export customization in Org, extending is very powerful as it operates
 at the parser level.
 
 For this example, make the @emph{ascii} back-end display the language used
 in a source code block.  Also make it display only when some attribute
 is non-@code{nil}, like the following:
 
 @example
 #+ATTR_ASCII: :language t
 @end example
 
 
 Then extend ASCII back-end with a custom ``my-ascii'' back-end.
 
 @lisp
 (defun my-ascii-src-block (src-block contents info)
   "Transcode a SRC-BLOCK element from Org to ASCII.
 CONTENTS is nil.  INFO is a plist used as a communication
 channel."
   (if (not (org-export-read-attribute :attr_ascii src-block :language))
       (org-export-with-backend 'ascii src-block contents info)
     (concat
      (format ",--[ %s ]--\n%s`----"
              (org-element-property :language src-block)
              (replace-regexp-in-string
               "^" "| "
               (org-element-normalize-string
                (org-export-format-code-default src-block info)))))))
 
 (org-export-define-derived-backend 'my-ascii 'ascii
   :translate-alist '((src-block . my-ascii-src-block)))
 @end lisp
 
 The @code{my-ascii-src-block} function looks at the attribute above the
 current element.  If not true, hands over to @emph{ascii} back-end.  If
 true, which it is in this example, it creates a box around the code
 and leaves room for the inserting a string for language.  The last
 form creates the new back-end that springs to action only when
 translating @code{src-block} type elements.
 
 To use the newly defined back-end, evaluate the following from an Org
 buffer:
 
 @lisp
 (org-export-to-buffer 'my-ascii "*Org MY-ASCII Export*")
 @end lisp
 
 Further steps to consider would be an interactive function,
 self-installing an item in the export dispatcher menu, and other
 user-friendly improvements.
 
 @node Export in Foreign Buffers
 @section Export in Foreign Buffers
 
 The export back-ends in Org often include commands to convert selected
 regions.  A convenient feature of this in-place conversion is that the
 exported output replaces the original source.  Here are such
 functions:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{org-ascii-convert-region-to-ascii}
 @findex org-ascii-convert-region-to-ascii
 Convert the selected region into ASCII@.
 
 @item @code{org-ascii-convert-region-to-utf8}
 @findex org-ascii-convert-region-to-utf8
 Convert the selected region into UTF-8.
 
 @item @code{org-html-convert-region-to-html}
 @findex org-html-convert-region-to-html
 Convert the selected region into HTML@.
 
 @item @code{org-latex-convert-region-to-latex}
 @findex org-latex-convert-region-to-latex
 Convert the selected region into @LaTeX{}.
 
 @item @code{org-texinfo-convert-region-to-texinfo}
 @findex org-texinfo-convert-region-to-texinfo
 Convert the selected region into Texinfo.
 
 @item @code{org-md-convert-region-to-md}
 @findex org-md-convert-region-to-md
 Convert the selected region into Markdown.
 @end table
 
 In-place conversions are particularly handy for quick conversion of
 tables and lists in foreign buffers.  For example, in an HTML buffer,
 write a list in Org syntax, select it, and convert it to HTML with
 @kbd{M-x org-html-convert-region-to-html}.
 
 @menu
 * Bare HTML::                    Exporting HTML without CSS, Javascript, etc.
 @end menu
 
 @node Bare HTML
 @subsection Exporting to minimal HTML
 
 If you want to output a minimal HTML file, with no CSS, no Javascript,
 no preamble or postamble, here are the variable you would need to set:
 
 @vindex org-html-head
 @vindex org-html-head-extra
 @vindex org-html-head-include-default-style
 @vindex org-html-head-include-scripts
 @vindex org-html-preamble
 @vindex org-html-postamble
 @vindex org-html-use-infojs
 @lisp
 (setq org-html-head ""
       org-html-head-extra ""
       org-html-head-include-default-style nil
       org-html-head-include-scripts nil
       org-html-preamble nil
       org-html-postamble nil
       org-html-use-infojs nil)
 @end lisp
 
 @node Publishing
 @chapter Publishing
 
 @cindex publishing
 
 Org includes a publishing management system that allows you to
 configure automatic HTML conversion of @emph{projects} composed of
 interlinked Org files.  You can also configure Org to automatically
 upload your exported HTML pages and related attachments, such as
 images and source code files, to a web server.
 
 You can also use Org to convert files into PDF, or even combine HTML
 and PDF conversion so that files are available in both formats on the
 server.
 
 Publishing has been contributed to Org by David O'Toole.
 
 @menu
 * Configuration::                Defining projects.
 * Uploading Files::              How to get files up on the server.
 * Sample Configuration::         Example projects.
 * Triggering Publication::       Publication commands.
 @end menu
 
 @node Configuration
 @section Configuration
 
 Publishing needs significant configuration to specify files,
 destination and many other properties of a project.
 
 @menu
 * Project alist::                The central configuration variable.
 * Sources and destinations::     From here to there.
 * Selecting files::              What files are part of the project?
 * Publishing action::            Setting the function doing the publishing.
 * Publishing options::           Tweaking HTML/@LaTeX{} export.
 * Publishing links::             Which links keep working after publishing?
 * Site map::                     Generating a list of all pages.
 * Generating an index::          An index that reaches across pages.
 @end menu
 
 @node Project alist
 @subsection The variable @code{org-publish-project-alist}
 
 @cindex projects, for publishing
 
 @vindex org-publish-project-alist
 Publishing is configured almost entirely through setting the value of
 one variable, called @code{org-publish-project-alist}.  Each element of the
 list configures one project, and may be in one of the two following
 forms:
 
 @lisp
 ("project-name" :property value :property value ...)
 @end lisp
 
 @noindent
 i.e., a well-formed property list with alternating keys and values,
 or:
 
 @lisp
 ("project-name" :components ("project-name" "project-name" ...))
 @end lisp
 
 In both cases, projects are configured by specifying property values.
 A project defines the set of files that are to be published, as well
 as the publishing configuration to use when publishing those files.
 When a project takes the second form listed above, the individual
 members of the @code{:components} property are taken to be sub-projects,
 which group together files requiring different publishing options.
 When you publish such a ``meta-project'', all the components are also
 published, in the sequence given.
 
 @node Sources and destinations
 @subsection Sources and destinations for files
 
 @cindex directories, for publishing
 
 Most properties are optional, but some should always be set.  In
 particular, Org needs to know where to look for source files, and
 where to put published files.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{:base-directory}
 Directory containing publishing source files.
 
 @item @code{:publishing-directory}
 Directory where output files are published.  You can directly
 publish to a webserver using a file name syntax appropriate for the
 Emacs tramp package.  Or you can publish to a local directory and
 use external tools to upload your website (see @ref{Uploading Files}).
 
 @item @code{:preparation-function}
 Function or list of functions to be called before starting the
 publishing process, for example, to run @samp{make} for updating files to
 be published.  Each preparation function is called with a single
 argument, the project property list.
 
 @item @code{:completion-function}
 Function or list of functions called after finishing the publishing
 process, for example, to change permissions of the resulting files.
 Each completion function is called with a single argument, the
 project property list.
 @end table
 
 @node Selecting files
 @subsection Selecting files
 
 @cindex files, selecting for publishing
 
 By default, all files with extension @samp{.org} in the base directory are
 considered part of the project.  This can be modified by setting the
 following properties
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{:base-extension}
 Extension---without the dot---of source files.  This actually is
 a regular expression.  Set this to the symbol @code{any} if you want to
 get all files in @code{:base-directory}, even without extension.
 
 @item @code{:exclude}
 Regular expression to match file names that should not be published,
 even though they have been selected on the basis of their extension.
 
 @item @code{:include}
 List of files to be included regardless of @code{:base-extension} and
 @code{:exclude}.
 
 @item @code{:recursive}
 Non-@code{nil} means, check base-directory recursively for files to
 publish.
 @end table
 
 @node Publishing action
 @subsection Publishing action
 
 @cindex action, for publishing
 
 Publishing means that a file is copied to the destination directory
 and possibly transformed in the process.  The default transformation
 is to export Org files as HTML files, and this is done by the function
 @code{org-html-publish-to-html} which calls the HTML exporter (see @ref{HTML Export}).  But you can also publish your content as PDF files using
 @code{org-latex-publish-to-pdf}, or as ASCII, Texinfo, etc., using the
 corresponding functions.
 
 If you want to publish the Org file as an @samp{.org} file but with
 @emph{archived}, @emph{commented}, and @emph{tag-excluded} trees removed, use
 @code{org-org-publish-to-org}.  This produces @samp{file.org} and puts it in the
 publishing directory.  If you want a htmlized version of this file,
 set the parameter @code{:htmlized-source} to @code{t}.  It produces
 @samp{file.org.html} in the publishing directory@footnote{ If the publishing
 directory is the same as the source directory, @samp{file.org} is exported
 as @samp{file.org.org}, so you probably do not want to do this.}.
 
 Other files like images only need to be copied to the publishing
 destination; for this you can use @code{org-publish-attachment}.  For
 non-Org files, you always need to specify the publishing function:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{:publishing-function}
 Function executing the publication of a file.  This may also be
 a list of functions, which are all called in turn.
 
 @item @code{:htmlized-source}
 Non-@code{nil} means, publish htmlized source.
 @end table
 
 The function must accept three arguments: a property list containing
 at least a @code{:publishing-directory} property, the name of the file to
 be published, and the path to the publishing directory of the output
 file.  It should take the specified file, make the necessary
 transformation, if any, and place the result into the destination
 folder.
 
 @node Publishing options
 @subsection Options for the exporters
 
 @cindex options, for publishing
 @cindex publishing options
 
 The property list can be used to set many export options for the HTML
 and @LaTeX{} exporters.  In most cases, these properties correspond to
 user variables in Org.  The table below lists these properties along
 with the variable they belong to.  See the documentation string for
 the respective variable for details.
 
 @vindex org-publish-project-alist
 When a property is given a value in @code{org-publish-project-alist}, its
 setting overrides the value of the corresponding user variable, if
 any, during publishing.  Options set within a file (see @ref{Export Settings}), however, override everything.
 
 @anchor{Generic properties}
 @subsubheading Generic properties
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @code{:archived-trees}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-archived-trees}
 @item @code{:exclude-tags}
 @tab @code{org-export-exclude-tags}
 @item @code{:headline-levels}
 @tab @code{org-export-headline-levels}
 @item @code{:language}
 @tab @code{org-export-default-language}
 @item @code{:preserve-breaks}
 @tab @code{org-export-preserve-breaks}
 @item @code{:section-numbers}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-section-numbers}
 @item @code{:select-tags}
 @tab @code{org-export-select-tags}
 @item @code{:with-author}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-author}
 @item @code{:with-broken-links}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-broken-links}
 @item @code{:with-clocks}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-clocks}
 @item @code{:with-creator}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-creator}
 @item @code{:with-date}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-date}
 @item @code{:with-drawers}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-drawers}
 @item @code{:with-email}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-email}
 @item @code{:with-emphasize}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-emphasize}
 @item @code{:with-fixed-width}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-fixed-width}
 @item @code{:with-footnotes}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-footnotes}
 @item @code{:with-latex}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-latex}
 @item @code{:with-planning}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-planning}
 @item @code{:with-priority}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-priority}
 @item @code{:with-properties}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-properties}
 @item @code{:with-special-strings}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-special-strings}
 @item @code{:with-sub-superscript}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-sub-superscripts}
 @item @code{:with-tables}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-tables}
 @item @code{:with-tags}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-tags}
 @item @code{:with-tasks}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-tasks}
 @item @code{:with-timestamps}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-timestamps}
 @item @code{:with-title}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-title}
 @item @code{:with-toc}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-toc}
 @item @code{:with-todo-keywords}
 @tab @code{org-export-with-todo-keywords}
 @end multitable
 
 @anchor{ASCII specific properties}
 @subsubheading ASCII specific properties
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @code{:ascii-bullets}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-bullets}
 @item @code{:ascii-caption-above}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-caption-above}
 @item @code{:ascii-charset}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-charset}
 @item @code{:ascii-global-margin}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-global-margin}
 @item @code{:ascii-format-drawer-function}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-format-drawer-function}
 @item @code{:ascii-format-inlinetask-function}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-format-inlinetask-function}
 @item @code{:ascii-headline-spacing}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-headline-spacing}
 @item @code{:ascii-indented-line-width}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-indented-line-width}
 @item @code{:ascii-inlinetask-width}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-inlinetask-width}
 @item @code{:ascii-inner-margin}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-inner-margin}
 @item @code{:ascii-links-to-notes}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-links-to-notes}
 @item @code{:ascii-list-margin}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-list-margin}
 @item @code{:ascii-paragraph-spacing}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-paragraph-spacing}
 @item @code{:ascii-quote-margin}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-quote-margin}
 @item @code{:ascii-table-keep-all-vertical-lines}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-table-keep-all-vertical-lines}
 @item @code{:ascii-table-use-ascii-art}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-table-use-ascii-art}
 @item @code{:ascii-table-widen-columns}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-table-widen-columns}
 @item @code{:ascii-text-width}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-text-width}
 @item @code{:ascii-underline}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-underline}
 @item @code{:ascii-verbatim-format}
 @tab @code{org-ascii-verbatim-format}
 @end multitable
 
 @anchor{Beamer specific properties}
 @subsubheading Beamer specific properties
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @code{:beamer-theme}
 @tab @code{org-beamer-theme}
 @item @code{:beamer-column-view-format}
 @tab @code{org-beamer-column-view-format}
 @item @code{:beamer-environments-extra}
 @tab @code{org-beamer-environments-extra}
 @item @code{:beamer-frame-default-options}
 @tab @code{org-beamer-frame-default-options}
 @item @code{:beamer-outline-frame-options}
 @tab @code{org-beamer-outline-frame-options}
 @item @code{:beamer-outline-frame-title}
 @tab @code{org-beamer-outline-frame-title}
 @item @code{:beamer-subtitle-format}
 @tab @code{org-beamer-subtitle-format}
 @end multitable
 
 @anchor{HTML specific properties}
 @subsubheading HTML specific properties
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @code{:html-allow-name-attribute-in-anchors}
 @tab @code{org-html-allow-name-attribute-in-anchors}
 @item @code{:html-checkbox-type}
 @tab @code{org-html-checkbox-type}
 @item @code{:html-container}
 @tab @code{org-html-container-element}
 @item @code{:html-divs}
 @tab @code{org-html-divs}
 @item @code{:html-doctype}
 @tab @code{org-html-doctype}
 @item @code{:html-extension}
 @tab @code{org-html-extension}
 @item @code{:html-footnote-format}
 @tab @code{org-html-footnote-format}
 @item @code{:html-footnote-separator}
 @tab @code{org-html-footnote-separator}
 @item @code{:html-footnotes-section}
 @tab @code{org-html-footnotes-section}
 @item @code{:html-format-drawer-function}
 @tab @code{org-html-format-drawer-function}
 @item @code{:html-format-headline-function}
 @tab @code{org-html-format-headline-function}
 @item @code{:html-format-inlinetask-function}
 @tab @code{org-html-format-inlinetask-function}
 @item @code{:html-head-extra}
 @tab @code{org-html-head-extra}
 @item @code{:html-head-include-default-style}
 @tab @code{org-html-head-include-default-style}
 @item @code{:html-head-include-scripts}
 @tab @code{org-html-head-include-scripts}
 @item @code{:html-head}
 @tab @code{org-html-head}
 @item @code{:html-home/up-format}
 @tab @code{org-html-home/up-format}
 @item @code{:html-html5-fancy}
 @tab @code{org-html-html5-fancy}
 @item @code{:html-indent}
 @tab @code{org-html-indent}
 @item @code{:html-infojs-options}
 @tab @code{org-html-infojs-options}
 @item @code{:html-infojs-template}
 @tab @code{org-html-infojs-template}
 @item @code{:html-inline-image-rules}
 @tab @code{org-html-inline-image-rules}
 @item @code{:html-inline-images}
 @tab @code{org-html-inline-images}
 @item @code{:html-link-home}
 @tab @code{org-html-link-home}
 @item @code{:html-link-org-files-as-html}
 @tab @code{org-html-link-org-files-as-html}
 @item @code{:html-link-up}
 @tab @code{org-html-link-up}
 @item @code{:html-link-use-abs-url}
 @tab @code{org-html-link-use-abs-url}
 @item @code{:html-mathjax-options}
 @tab @code{org-html-mathjax-options}
 @item @code{:html-mathjax-template}
 @tab @code{org-html-mathjax-template}
 @item @code{:html-equation-reference-format}
 @tab @code{org-html-equation-reference-format}
 @item @code{:html-metadata-timestamp-format}
 @tab @code{org-html-metadata-timestamp-format}
 @item @code{:html-postamble-format}
 @tab @code{org-html-postamble-format}
 @item @code{:html-postamble}
 @tab @code{org-html-postamble}
 @item @code{:html-preamble-format}
 @tab @code{org-html-preamble-format}
 @item @code{:html-preamble}
 @tab @code{org-html-preamble}
 @item @code{:html-self-link-headlines}
 @tab @code{org-html-self-link-headlines}
 @item @code{:html-table-align-individual-field}
 @tab @code{org-html-table-align-individual-fields}
 @item @code{:html-table-attributes}
 @tab @code{org-html-table-default-attributes}
 @item @code{:html-table-caption-above}
 @tab @code{org-html-table-caption-above}
 @item @code{:html-table-data-tags}
 @tab @code{org-html-table-data-tags}
 @item @code{:html-table-header-tags}
 @tab @code{org-html-table-header-tags}
 @item @code{:html-table-row-tags}
 @tab @code{org-html-table-row-tags}
 @item @code{:html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column}
 @tab @code{org-html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column}
 @item @code{:html-tag-class-prefix}
 @tab @code{org-html-tag-class-prefix}
 @item @code{:html-text-markup-alist}
 @tab @code{org-html-text-markup-alist}
 @item @code{:html-todo-kwd-class-prefix}
 @tab @code{org-html-todo-kwd-class-prefix}
 @item @code{:html-toplevel-hlevel}
 @tab @code{org-html-toplevel-hlevel}
 @item @code{:html-use-infojs}
 @tab @code{org-html-use-infojs}
 @item @code{:html-validation-link}
 @tab @code{org-html-validation-link}
 @item @code{:html-viewport}
 @tab @code{org-html-viewport}
 @item @code{:html-wrap-src-lines}
 @tab @code{org-html-wrap-src-lines}
 @item @code{:html-xml-declaration}
 @tab @code{org-html-xml-declaration}
 @end multitable
 
 @anchor{@LaTeX{} specific properties}
 @subsubheading @LaTeX{} specific properties
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @code{:latex-active-timestamp-format}
 @tab @code{org-latex-active-timestamp-format}
 @item @code{:latex-caption-above}
 @tab @code{org-latex-caption-above}
 @item @code{:latex-classes}
 @tab @code{org-latex-classes}
 @item @code{:latex-class}
 @tab @code{org-latex-default-class}
 @item @code{:latex-compiler}
 @tab @code{org-latex-compiler}
 @item @code{:latex-default-figure-position}
 @tab @code{org-latex-default-figure-position}
 @item @code{:latex-default-table-environment}
 @tab @code{org-latex-default-table-environment}
 @item @code{:latex-default-table-mode}
 @tab @code{org-latex-default-table-mode}
 @item @code{:latex-diary-timestamp-format}
 @tab @code{org-latex-diary-timestamp-format}
 @item @code{:latex-engraved-options}
 @tab @code{org-latex-engraved-options}
 @item @code{:latex-engraved-preamble}
 @tab @code{org-latex-engraved-preamble}
 @item @code{:latex-engraved-theme}
 @tab @code{org-latex-engraved-theme}
 @item @code{:latex-footnote-defined-format}
 @tab @code{org-latex-footnote-defined-format}
 @item @code{:latex-footnote-separator}
 @tab @code{org-latex-footnote-separator}
 @item @code{:latex-format-drawer-function}
 @tab @code{org-latex-format-drawer-function}
 @item @code{:latex-format-headline-function}
 @tab @code{org-latex-format-headline-function}
 @item @code{:latex-format-inlinetask-function}
 @tab @code{org-latex-format-inlinetask-function}
 @item @code{:latex-hyperref-template}
 @tab @code{org-latex-hyperref-template}
 @item @code{:latex-image-default-height}
 @tab @code{org-latex-image-default-height}
 @item @code{:latex-image-default-option}
 @tab @code{org-latex-image-default-option}
 @item @code{:latex-image-default-width}
 @tab @code{org-latex-image-default-width}
 @item @code{:latex-images-centered}
 @tab @code{org-latex-images-centered}
 @item @code{:latex-inactive-timestamp-format}
 @tab @code{org-latex-inactive-timestamp-format}
 @item @code{:latex-inline-image-rules}
 @tab @code{org-latex-inline-image-rules}
 @item @code{:latex-link-with-unknown-path-format}
 @tab @code{org-latex-link-with-unknown-path-format}
 @item @code{:latex-listings-langs}
 @tab @code{org-latex-listings-langs}
 @item @code{:latex-listings-options}
 @tab @code{org-latex-listings-options}
 @item @code{:latex-minted-langs}
 @tab @code{org-latex-minted-langs}
 @item @code{:latex-minted-options}
 @tab @code{org-latex-minted-options}
 @item @code{:latex-prefer-user-labels}
 @tab @code{org-latex-prefer-user-labels}
 @item @code{:latex-subtitle-format}
 @tab @code{org-latex-subtitle-format}
 @item @code{:latex-subtitle-separate}
 @tab @code{org-latex-subtitle-separate}
 @item @code{:latex-src-block-backend}
 @tab @code{org-latex-src-block-backend}
 @item @code{:latex-table-scientific-notation}
 @tab @code{org-latex-table-scientific-notation}
 @item @code{:latex-tables-booktabs}
 @tab @code{org-latex-tables-booktabs}
 @item @code{:latex-tables-centered}
 @tab @code{org-latex-tables-centered}
 @item @code{:latex-text-markup-alist}
 @tab @code{org-latex-text-markup-alist}
 @item @code{:latex-title-command}
 @tab @code{org-latex-title-command}
 @item @code{:latex-toc-command}
 @tab @code{org-latex-toc-command}
 @end multitable
 
 @anchor{Markdown specific properties}
 @subsubheading Markdown specific properties
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @code{:md-footnote-format}
 @tab @code{org-md-footnote-format}
 @item @code{:md-footnotes-section}
 @tab @code{org-md-footnotes-section}
 @item @code{:md-headline-style}
 @tab @code{org-md-headline-style}
 @item @code{:md-toplevel-hlevel}
 @tab @code{org-md-toplevel-hlevel}
 @end multitable
 
 @anchor{ODT specific properties}
 @subsubheading ODT specific properties
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @code{:odt-content-template-file}
 @tab @code{org-odt-content-template-file}
 @item @code{:odt-display-outline-level}
 @tab @code{org-odt-display-outline-level}
 @item @code{:odt-fontify-srcblocks}
 @tab @code{org-odt-fontify-srcblocks}
 @item @code{:odt-format-drawer-function}
 @tab @code{org-odt-format-drawer-function}
 @item @code{:odt-format-headline-function}
 @tab @code{org-odt-format-headline-function}
 @item @code{:odt-format-inlinetask-function}
 @tab @code{org-odt-format-inlinetask-function}
 @item @code{:odt-inline-formula-rules}
 @tab @code{org-odt-inline-formula-rules}
 @item @code{:odt-inline-image-rules}
 @tab @code{org-odt-inline-image-rules}
 @item @code{:odt-pixels-per-inch}
 @tab @code{org-odt-pixels-per-inch}
 @item @code{:odt-styles-file}
 @tab @code{org-odt-styles-file}
 @item @code{:odt-table-styles}
 @tab @code{org-odt-table-styles}
 @item @code{:odt-use-date-fields}
 @tab @code{org-odt-use-date-fields}
 @end multitable
 
 @anchor{Texinfo specific properties}
 @subsubheading Texinfo specific properties
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @code{:texinfo-active-timestamp-format}
 @tab @code{org-texinfo-active-timestamp-format}
 @item @code{:texinfo-classes}
 @tab @code{org-texinfo-classes}
 @item @code{:texinfo-class}
 @tab @code{org-texinfo-default-class}
 @item ~:texinfo-compact-itemx
 @tab @code{org-texinfo-compact-itemx}
 @item @code{:texinfo-table-default-markup}
 @tab @code{org-texinfo-table-default-markup}
 @item @code{:texinfo-diary-timestamp-format}
 @tab @code{org-texinfo-diary-timestamp-format}
 @item @code{:texinfo-filename}
 @tab @code{org-texinfo-filename}
 @item @code{:texinfo-format-drawer-function}
 @tab @code{org-texinfo-format-drawer-function}
 @item @code{:texinfo-format-headline-function}
 @tab @code{org-texinfo-format-headline-function}
 @item @code{:texinfo-format-inlinetask-function}
 @tab @code{org-texinfo-format-inlinetask-function}
 @item @code{:texinfo-inactive-timestamp-format}
 @tab @code{org-texinfo-inactive-timestamp-format}
 @item @code{:texinfo-link-with-unknown-path-format}
 @tab @code{org-texinfo-link-with-unknown-path-format}
 @item @code{:texinfo-node-description-column}
 @tab @code{org-texinfo-node-description-column}
 @item @code{:texinfo-table-scientific-notation}
 @tab @code{org-texinfo-table-scientific-notation}
 @item @code{:texinfo-tables-verbatim}
 @tab @code{org-texinfo-tables-verbatim}
 @item @code{:texinfo-text-markup-alist}
 @tab @code{org-texinfo-text-markup-alist}
 @end multitable
 
 @node Publishing links
 @subsection Publishing links
 
 @cindex links, publishing
 
 To create a link from one Org file to another, you would use something
 like @samp{[[file:foo.org][The foo]]} or simply @samp{[[file:foo.org]]} (see
 @ref{External Links}).  When published, this link becomes a link to
 @samp{foo.html}.  You can thus interlink the pages of your ``Org web''
 project and the links will work as expected when you publish them to
 HTML@.  If you also publish the Org source file and want to link to it,
 use an @samp{http} link instead of a @samp{file:} link, because @samp{file} links are
 converted to link to the corresponding @samp{.html} file.
 
 Links to encrypted Org files, like @samp{[[file:foo.org.gpg]]} are also
 supported.
 
 You may also link to related files, such as images.  Provided you are
 careful with relative file names, and provided you have also
 configured Org to upload the related files, these links will work too.
 See @ref{Complex example}, for an example of this
 usage.
 
 Links between published documents can contain some search options (see
 @ref{Search Options}), which will be resolved to the
 appropriate location in the linked file.  For example, once published
 to HTML, the following links all point to a dedicated anchor in
 @samp{foo.html}.
 
 @example
 [[file:foo.org::*heading]]
 [[file:foo.org::#custom-id]]
 [[file:foo.org::target]]
 @end example
 
 @node Site map
 @subsection Generating a sitemap
 
 @cindex sitemap, of published pages
 
 The following properties may be used to control publishing of
 a map of files for a given project.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{:auto-sitemap}
 When non-@code{nil}, publish a sitemap during
 @code{org-publish-current-project} or @code{org-publish-all}.
 
 @item @code{:sitemap-filename}
 Filename for output of sitemap.  Defaults to @samp{sitemap.org}, which
 becomes @samp{sitemap.html}.
 
 @item @code{:sitemap-title}
 Title of sitemap page.  Defaults to name of file.
 
 @item @code{:sitemap-format-entry}
 @findex org-publish-find-date
 @findex org-publish-find-property
 @findex org-publish-find-title
 With this option one can tell how a site-map entry is formatted in
 the site-map.  It is a function called with three arguments: the
 file or directory name relative to base directory of the project,
 the site-map style and the current project.  It is expected to
 return a string.  Default value turns file names into links and use
 document titles as descriptions.  For specific formatting needs, one
 can use @code{org-publish-find-date}, @code{org-publish-find-title} and
 @code{org-publish-find-property}, to retrieve additional information
 about published documents.
 
 @item @code{:sitemap-function}
 Plug-in function to use for generation of the sitemap.  It is called
 with two arguments: the title of the site-map and a representation
 of the files and directories involved in the project as a nested
 list, which can further be transformed using @code{org-list-to-generic},
 @code{org-list-to-subtree} and alike.  Default value generates a plain
 list of links to all files in the project.
 
 @item @code{:sitemap-sort-folders}
 Where folders should appear in the sitemap.  Set this to @code{first}
 (default) or @code{last} to display folders first or last, respectively.
 When set to @code{ignore}, folders are ignored altogether.  Any other
 value mixes files and folders.  This variable has no effect when
 site-map style is @code{tree}.
 
 @item @code{:sitemap-sort-files}
 How the files are sorted in the site map.  Set this to
 @code{alphabetically} (default), @code{chronologically} or
 @code{anti-chronologically}.  @code{chronologically} sorts the files with
 older date first while @code{anti-chronologically} sorts the files with
 newer date first.  @code{alphabetically} sorts the files alphabetically.
 The date of a file is retrieved with @code{org-publish-find-date}.
 
 @item @code{:sitemap-ignore-case}
 Should sorting be case-sensitive?  Default @code{nil}.
 
 @item @code{:sitemap-file-entry-format}
 With this option one can tell how a sitemap's entry is formatted in
 the sitemap.  This is a format string with some escape sequences:
 @code{%t} stands for the title of the file, @code{%a} stands for the author of
 the file and @code{%d} stands for the date of the file.  The date is
 retrieved with the @code{org-publish-find-date} function and formatted
 with @code{org-publish-sitemap-date-format}.  Default @code{%t}.
 
 @item @code{:sitemap-date-format}
 Format string for the @code{format-time-string} function that tells how
 a sitemap entry's date is to be formatted.  This property bypasses
 @code{org-publish-sitemap-date-format} which defaults to @code{%Y-%m-%d}.
 @end table
 
 @node Generating an index
 @subsection Generating an index
 
 @cindex index, in a publishing project
 
 Org mode can generate an index across the files of a publishing project.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{:makeindex}
 When non-@code{nil}, generate in index in the file @samp{theindex.org} and
 publish it as @samp{theindex.html}.
 @end table
 
 The file is created when first publishing a project with the
 @code{:makeindex} set.  The file only contains a statement @samp{#+INCLUDE:
 "theindex.inc"}.  You can then build around this include statement by
 adding a title, style information, etc.
 
 @cindex @samp{INDEX}, keyword
 Index entries are specified with @samp{INDEX} keyword.  An entry that
 contains an exclamation mark creates a sub item.
 
 @example
 *** Curriculum Vitae
 #+INDEX: CV
 #+INDEX: Application!CV
 @end example
 
 @node Uploading Files
 @section Uploading Files
 
 @cindex rsync
 @cindex unison
 
 For those people already utilizing third party sync tools such as
 Rsync or Unison, it might be preferable not to use the built-in remote
 publishing facilities of Org mode which rely heavily on Tramp.  Tramp,
 while very useful and powerful, tends not to be so efficient for
 multiple file transfer and has been known to cause problems under
 heavy usage.
 
 Specialized synchronization utilities offer several advantages.  In
 addition to timestamp comparison, they also do content and
 permissions/attribute checks.  For this reason you might prefer to
 publish your web to a local directory---possibly even @emph{in place} with
 your Org files---and then use Unison or Rsync to do the
 synchronization with the remote host.
 
 Since Unison, for example, can be configured as to which files to
 transfer to a certain remote destination, it can greatly simplify the
 project publishing definition.  Simply keep all files in the correct
 location, process your Org files with @code{org-publish} and let the
 synchronization tool do the rest.  You do not need, in this scenario,
 to include attachments such as JPG, CSS or PNG files in the project
 definition since the third-party tool syncs them.
 
 Publishing to a local directory is also much faster than to a remote
 one, so that you can afford more easily to republish entire projects.
 If you set @code{org-publish-use-timestamps-flag} to @code{nil}, you gain the
 main benefit of re-including any changed external files such as source
 example files you might include with @samp{INCLUDE} keyword.  The timestamp
 mechanism in Org is not smart enough to detect if included files have
 been modified.
 
 @node Sample Configuration
 @section Sample Configuration
 
 Below we provide two example configurations.  The first one is
 a simple project publishing only a set of Org files.  The second
 example is more complex, with a multi-component project.
 
 @menu
 * Simple example::               One-component publishing.
 * Complex example::              A multi-component publishing example.
 @end menu
 
 @node Simple example
 @subsection Example: simple publishing configuration
 
 This example publishes a set of Org files to the @samp{public_html}
 directory on the local machine.
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-publish-project-alist
       '(("org"
          :base-directory "~/org/"
          :publishing-function org-html-publish-to-html
          :publishing-directory "~/public_html"
          :section-numbers nil
          :with-toc nil
          :html-head "<link rel=\"stylesheet\"
                     href=\"../other/mystyle.css\"
                     type=\"text/css\"/>")))
 @end lisp
 
 @node Complex example
 @subsection Example: complex publishing configuration
 
 This more complicated example publishes an entire website, including
 Org files converted to HTML, image files, Emacs Lisp source code, and
 style sheets.  The publishing directory is remote and private files
 are excluded.
 
 To ensure that links are preserved, care should be taken to replicate
 your directory structure on the web server, and to use relative file
 paths.  For example, if your Org files are kept in @samp{~/org/} and your
 publishable images in @samp{~/images/}, you would link to an image with
 
 @example
 file:../images/myimage.png
 @end example
 
 
 On the web server, the relative path to the image should be the same.
 You can accomplish this by setting up an @samp{images/} folder in the right
 place on the web server, and publishing images to it.
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-publish-project-alist
       '(("orgfiles"
          :base-directory "~/org/"
          :base-extension "org"
          :publishing-directory "/ssh:user@@host:~/html/notebook/"
          :publishing-function org-html-publish-to-html
          :exclude "PrivatePage.org" ;; regexp
          :headline-levels 3
          :section-numbers nil
          :with-toc nil
          :html-head "<link rel=\"stylesheet\"
                   href=\"../other/mystyle.css\" type=\"text/css\"/>"
          :html-preamble t)
 
         ("images"
          :base-directory "~/images/"
          :base-extension "jpg\\|gif\\|png"
          :publishing-directory "/ssh:user@@host:~/html/images/"
          :publishing-function org-publish-attachment)
 
         ("other"
          :base-directory "~/other/"
          :base-extension "css\\|el"
          :publishing-directory "/ssh:user@@host:~/html/other/"
          :publishing-function org-publish-attachment)
         ("website" :components ("orgfiles" "images" "other"))))
 @end lisp
 
 @node Triggering Publication
 @section Triggering Publication
 
 Once properly configured, Org can publish with the following commands:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e P x} (@code{org-publish})
 @kindex C-c C-e P x
 @findex org-publish
 Prompt for a specific project and publish all files that belong to
 it.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e P p} (@code{org-publish-current-project})
 @kindex C-c C-e P p
 @findex org-publish-current-project
 Publish the project containing the current file.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e P f} (@code{org-publish-current-file})
 @kindex C-c C-e P f
 @findex org-publish-current-file
 Publish only the current file.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c C-e P a} (@code{org-publish-all})
 @kindex C-c C-e P a
 @findex org-publish-all
 Publish every project.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-publish-use-timestamps-flag
 Org uses timestamps to track when a file has changed.  The above
 functions normally only publish changed files.  You can override this
 and force publishing of all files by giving a prefix argument to any
 of the commands above, or by customizing the variable
 @code{org-publish-use-timestamps-flag}.  This may be necessary in
 particular if files include other files via @samp{SETUPFILE} or @samp{INCLUDE}
 keywords.
 
 @node Citation handling
 @chapter Citation handling
 
 @cindex citation
 
 The @samp{oc.el} library provides tooling to handle citations in Org via
 ``citation processors'' that offer some or all of the following
 capabilities:
 
 @table @asis
 @item activate
 Fontification, tooltip preview, etc.
 @item follow
 At-point actions on citations via @code{org-open-at-point}.
 @item insert
 Add and edit citations via @code{org-cite-insert}.
 @item export
 Via different libraries for different target formats.
 @end table
 
 To use a ``citation processor'', the user must load them; for example;
 
 @lisp
 (require 'oc-bibtex)
 @end lisp
 
 They can then configure them with @code{org-cite-activate-processor},
 @code{org-cite-follow-processor}, @code{org-cite-insert-processor}, and
 @code{org-cite-export-processors} respectively.
 
 The included ``basic'' processor provides all four capabilities.
 
 @menu
 * Citations::
 * Citation export processors::
 * Bibliography printing::
 @end menu
 
 @node Citations
 @section Citations
 
 Before adding citations, first set one-or-more bibliographies, either
 globally with @code{org-cite-global-bibliography}, or locally using one or
 more ``bibliography'' keywords.
 
 @example
 #+bibliography: SomeFile.bib
 #+bibliography: /some/other/file.json
 #+bibliography: "/some/file/with spaces/in its name.bib"
 @end example
 
 @kindex C-c C-x @@
 @findex org-cite-insert
 One can then insert and edit citations using @code{org-cite-insert}, called
 with @kbd{C-c C-x @@}.
 
 A @emph{citation} requires one or more citation @emph{key(s)}, elements
 identifying a reference in the bibliography.
 
 @itemize
 @item
 Each citation is surrounded by brackets and uses the @samp{cite} type.
 
 @item
 Each key starts with the character @samp{@@}.
 
 @item
 Each key can be qualified by a @emph{prefix} (e.g.@tie{}``see '') and/or
 a @emph{suffix} (e.g.@tie{}``p.@tie{}123''), giving information useful or necessary
 for the comprehension of the citation but not included in the
 reference.
 
 @item
 A single citation can cite more than one reference ; the keys are
 separated by semicolons ; the formatting of such citation groups is
 specified by the style.
 
 @item
 One can also specify a stylistic variation for the citations by
 inserting a @samp{/} and a style name between the @samp{cite} keyword and the
 colon; this usually makes sense only for the author-year styles.
 @end itemize
 
 @example
 [cite/style:common prefix ;prefix @@key suffix; ... ; common suffix]
 @end example
 
 
 The only mandatory elements are:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 The @samp{cite} keyword and the colon.
 @item
 The @samp{@@} character immediately preceding each key.
 @item
 The brackets surrounding the citation(s) (group).
 @end itemize
 
 @node Citation export processors
 @section Citation export processors
 
 Org currently includes the following export processors:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 Two processors can export to a variety of formats, including @samp{latex}
 (and therefore @samp{pdf}), @samp{html}, @samp{odt} and plain (UTF8) text:
 
 @table @asis
 @item basic
 a basic export processor, well adapted to situations
 where backward compatibility is not a requirement and formatting
 needs are minimal;
 
 @item csl
 this export processor uses format files written in @uref{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_Style_Language, Citation
 Style Language} via @uref{https://github.com/andras-simonyi/citeproc-el, citeproc-el};
 @end table
 
 @item
 In contrast, three other processors target @LaTeX{} and @LaTeX{}-derived
 formats exclusively:
 
 @table @asis
 @item bibtex
 this export processor uses Bib@TeX{}, the historical
 bibliographic processor used with @LaTeX{}, thus allowing the use of
 data and style files compatible with this processor (including a
 large number of publishers' styles). It only supports @LaTeX{}'s
 @samp{\cite} and @samp{\nocite} commands.
 
 @item natbib
 as with the bibtex processor, but using the @LaTeX{}
 package @samp{natbib}, allowing more stylistic variants that @LaTeX{}'s
 @samp{\cite} command.
 
 @item biblatex
 this backend allows the use of data and formats
 prepared for Bib@LaTeX{}, an alternate bibliographic processor used
 with @LaTeX{}, which overcomes some serious Bib@TeX{} limitations, but
 has not (yet?)@tie{}been widely adopted by publishers.
 @end table
 @end itemize
 
 The @samp{CITE_EXPORT} keyword specifies the export processor and the
 citation (and possibly reference) style(s); for example (all arguments
 are optional)
 
 @example
 #+cite_export: basic author author-year
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 specifies the ``basic'' export processor with citations inserted as
 author's name and references indexed by author's names and year;
 
 @example
 #+cite_export: csl /some/path/to/vancouver-brackets.csl
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 specifies the ``csl'' processor and CSL style, which in this case
 defines numeric citations and numeric references according to the
 @samp{Vancouver} specification (as style used in many medical journals),
 following a typesetting variation putting citations between brackets;
 
 @example
 #+cite_export: natbib kluwer
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 specifies the @samp{natbib} export processor with a label citation style
 conformant to the Harvard style and the specification of the
 Wolkers-Kluwer publisher; since it relies on the @code{bibtex} processor of
 your @LaTeX{} installation, it won't export to anything but PDF@.
 
 @node Bibliography printing
 @section Bibliography printing
 
 The @samp{PRINT_BIBLIOGRAPHY} keyword specifies where the bibliography
 should be printed (note the colon):
 
 @example
 #+print_bibliography:
 @end example
 
 
 The bibliography printed by the @LaTeX{}-based export processors
 ``bibtex'', ``natbib'' and ``biblatex'' has a chapter or section heading by
 default, while the ``basic'' and ``csl'' processors print the list of
 bibliography entries without a heading.
 
 A document may contain more than one @samp{PRINT_BIBLIOGRAPHY} keywords.
 Each of the keywords will trigger printing the bibliography.
 
 The keywords can be used with or without additional options.  Options
 can be used, for example, to print only entries that belong to a
 certain category or to control formatting.  The set of supported
 @samp{PRINT_BIBLIOGRAPHY} options and their interpretation varies between
 the different citation export processors.  Some export processors do
 not support passing options.
 
 @menu
 * Bibliography options in the ``biblatex'' and ``csl'' export processors::
 @end menu
 
 @node Bibliography options in the ``biblatex'' and ``csl'' export processors
 @subsection Bibliography options in the ``biblatex'' and ``csl'' export processors
 
 The ``biblatex'' and ``csl'' export processors support bibliography
 options through a property list attached to the @samp{PRINT_BIBLIOGRAPHY}
 keyword.  For example,
 
 @example
 #print_bibliography: :keyword algebra :type book
 @end example
 
 
 Values including spaces must be surrounded with double quotes.  If you
 need to use a key multiple times, you can separate its values with
 commas, but without any space in-between:
 
 @example
 #print_bibliography: :keyword "algebraic logic" :nottype article,book
 @end example
 
 
 The ``biblatex'' export processor accepts all options supported by
 Bib@LaTeX{}'s @code{\printbibliography} command, while the ``csl'' processor
 accepts the following ones:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{:keyword <keyword(,keyword2...)>}
 Print only entries whose
 keyword field contains all given keywords.
 
 @item @samp{:notkeyword <keyword(,keyword2...)>}
 Print only entries whose
 keyword field does not contain any of the given keywords.
 
 @item @samp{:type <entrytype>}
 Print only entries whose type is
 @samp{<entrytype>}.  Entry type is the Bib@TeX{}/Bib@LaTeX{} entry type if this
 information is available (the entry was read from a Bib@TeX{}/Bib@LaTeX{}
 bibliography) and the CSL entry type otherwise.
 
 @item @samp{:nottype <entrytype(,entrytype2...)>}
 Print only entries whose
 type is not among the given entry types.  Entry type is determined
 as in the case of @samp{:type}.
 
 @item @samp{:csltype <entrytype>}
 Print only entries whose CSL entry type
 (possibly based on a conversion from Bib@TeX{}/Bib@LaTeX{} to CSL) is
 @samp{<entrytype>}.
 
 @item @samp{:notcsltype <entrytype(,entrytype2...)>}
 Print only entries whose
 CSL entry type (possibly based on a conversion from Bib@TeX{}/Bib@LaTeX{}
 to CSL) is not among the listed entry types.
 
 @item @samp{:filter <predicate>}
 Print only entries for which the given
 Emacs Lisp predicate returns a non-@code{nil} value.
 @end table
 
 @node Working with Source Code
 @chapter Working with Source Code
 
 @cindex source code, working with
 
 Source code here refers to any plain text collection of computer
 instructions, possibly with comments, written using a human-readable
 programming language.  Org can manage source code in an Org document
 when the source code is identified with begin and end markers.
 Working with source code begins with identifying source code blocks.
 A source code block can be placed almost anywhere in an Org document;
 it is not restricted to the preamble or the end of the document.
 However, Org cannot manage a source code block if it is placed inside
 an Org comment or within a fixed width section.
 
 Here is an example source code block in the Emacs Lisp language:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
   (defun org-xor (a b)
      "Exclusive or."
      (if a (not b) b))
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 Source code blocks are one of many Org block types, which also include
 ``center'', ``comment'', ``dynamic'', ``example'', ``export'', ``quote'',
 ``special'', and ``verse''.  This section pertains to blocks between
 @samp{#+BEGIN_SRC} and @samp{#+END_SRC}.
 
 Details of Org's facilities for working with source code are described
 in the following sections.
 
 @menu
 * Features Overview::            Enjoy the versatility of source blocks.
 * Structure of Code Blocks::     Code block syntax described.
 * Using Header Arguments::       Different ways to set header arguments.
 * Environment of a Code Block::  Arguments, sessions, working directory...
 * Evaluating Code Blocks::       Place results of evaluation in the Org buffer.
 * Results of Evaluation::        Choosing a results type, post-processing...
 * Exporting Code Blocks::        Export contents and/or results.
 * Extracting Source Code::       Create pure source code files.
 * Languages::                    List of supported code block languages.
 * Editing Source Code::          Language major-mode editing.
 * Noweb Reference Syntax::       Literate programming in Org mode.
 * Library of Babel::             Use and contribute to a library of useful code blocks.
 * Key bindings and Useful Functions:: Work quickly with code blocks.
 * Batch Execution::              Call functions from the command line.
 @end menu
 
 @node Features Overview
 @section Features Overview
 
 Org can manage the source code in the block delimited by @samp{#+BEGIN_SRC}
 @dots{} @samp{#+END_SRC} in several ways that can simplify housekeeping tasks
 essential to modern source code maintenance.  Org can edit, format,
 extract, export, and publish source code blocks.  Org can also compile
 and execute a source code block, then capture the results.  The Org
 mode literature sometimes refers to source code blocks as @emph{live code}
 blocks because they can alter the content of the Org document or the
 material that it exports.  Users can control the ``liveliness'' of each
 source code block by tweaking the header arguments (see @ref{Using Header Arguments}) for compiling, execution, extraction, and exporting.
 
 For editing and formatting a source code block, Org uses an
 appropriate Emacs major mode that includes features specifically
 designed for source code in that language.
 
 Org can extract one or more source code blocks and write them to one
 or more source files---a process known as @emph{tangling} in literate
 programming terminology.
 
 For exporting and publishing, Org's back-ends can format a source code
 block appropriately, often with native syntax highlighting.
 
 For executing and compiling a source code block, the user can
 configure Org to select the appropriate compiler.  Org provides
 facilities to collect the result of the execution or compiler output,
 insert it into the Org document, and/or export it.  In addition to
 text results, Org can insert links to other data types, including
 audio, video, and graphics.  Org can also link a compiler error
 message to the appropriate line in the source code block.
 
 An important feature of Org's management of source code blocks is the
 ability to pass variables, functions, and results to one another using
 a common syntax for source code blocks in any language.  Although most
 literate programming facilities are restricted to one language or
 another, Org's language-agnostic approach lets the literate programmer
 match each programming task with the appropriate computer language and
 to mix them all together in a single Org document.  This
 interoperability among languages explains why Org's source code
 management facility was named @emph{Org Babel} by its originators, Eric
 Schulte and Dan Davison.
 
 Org mode fulfills the promise of easy verification and maintenance of
 publishing reproducible research by keeping text, data, code,
 configuration settings of the execution environment, the results of
 the execution, and associated narratives, claims, references, and
 internal and external links in a single Org document.
 
 @node Structure of Code Blocks
 @section Structure of Code Blocks
 
 @cindex code block, structure
 @cindex source code, block structure
 @cindex @samp{NAME} keyword, in source blocks
 @cindex @samp{BEGIN_SRC}
 
 Org offers two ways to structure source code in Org documents: in
 a source code block, and directly inline.  Both specifications are
 shown below.
 
 A source code block conforms to this structure:
 
 @example
 #+NAME: <name>
 #+BEGIN_SRC <language> <switches> <header arguments>
   <body>
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 Do not be put-off by having to remember the source block syntax.  Org
 mode offers a command for wrapping existing text in a block (see
 @ref{Structure Templates}).  Org also works with other completion systems
 in Emacs, some of which predate Org and have custom domain-specific
 languages for defining templates.  Regular use of templates reduces
 errors, increases accuracy, and maintains consistency.
 
 @cindex source code, inline
 An inline code block conforms to this structure:
 
 @example
 src_<language>@{<body>@}
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 or
 
 @example
 src_<language>[<header arguments>]@{<body>@}
 @end example
 
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{#+NAME: <name>}
 Optional.  Names the source block so it can be called, like
 a function, from other source blocks or inline code to evaluate or
 to capture the results.  Code from other blocks, other files, and
 from table formulas (see @ref{The Spreadsheet}) can use the name to
 reference a source block.  This naming serves the same purpose as
 naming Org tables.  Org mode requires unique names.  For duplicate
 names, Org mode's behavior is undefined.
 
 @item @samp{#+BEGIN_SRC} @dots{} @samp{#+END_SRC}
 Mandatory.  They mark the start and end of a block that Org
 requires.  The @samp{#+BEGIN_SRC} line takes additional arguments, as
 described next.
 
 @item @samp{<language>}
 @cindex language, in code blocks
 Mandatory.  It is the identifier of the source code language in the
 block.  See @ref{Languages}, for identifiers of supported languages.
 
 @item @samp{<switches>}
 @cindex switches, in code blocks
 Optional.  Switches provide finer control of the code execution,
 export, and format (see the discussion of switches in @ref{Literal Examples}).
 
 @item @samp{<header arguments>}
 @cindex header arguments, in code blocks
 Optional.  Heading arguments control many aspects of evaluation,
 export and tangling of code blocks (see @ref{Using Header Arguments}).
 Using Org's properties feature, header arguments can be selectively
 applied to the entire buffer or specific subtrees of the Org
 document.
 
 @item @samp{<body>}
 Source code in the dialect of the specified language identifier.
 @end table
 
 @node Using Header Arguments
 @section Using Header Arguments
 
 Org comes with many header arguments common to all languages.  New
 header arguments are added for specific languages as they become
 available for use in source code blocks.  A header argument is
 specified with an initial colon followed by the argument's name in
 lowercase.
 
 Since header arguments can be set in several ways, Org prioritizes
 them in case of overlaps or conflicts by giving local settings
 a higher priority.  Header values in function calls, for example,
 override header values from global defaults.
 
 @anchor{System-wide header arguments}
 @subheading System-wide header arguments
 
 @vindex org-babel-default-header-args
 
 @vindex org-babel-default-header-args
 System-wide values of header arguments can be specified by customizing
 the @code{org-babel-default-header-args} variable, which defaults to the
 following values:
 
 @example
 :session    => "none"
 :results    => "replace"
 :exports    => "code"
 :cache      => "no"
 :noweb      => "no"
 :hlines     => "no"
 :tangle     => "no"
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-babel-default-inline-header-args
 Inline source blocks (see @ref{Structure of Code Blocks}) use slightly
 different default header arguments defined in
 @code{org-babel-default-inline-header-args}:
 
 @example
 :session    => "none"
 :results    => "replace"
 :exports    => "results"
 :hlines     => "yes"
 @end example
 
 The most notable difference between default header arguments for
 inline and normal source blocks is @samp{:exports} argument.  For inline
 source blocks, results of evaluation are exported by default; not the
 code.
 
 Unlike the default values, header arguments set using Org mode
 properties (see @ref{Header arguments in Org mode properties}) do apply to
 both the normal source blocks and inline source blocks.
 
 The example below sets @samp{:noweb} header arguments to @samp{yes}, which makes
 Org expand @samp{:noweb} references by default.
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-babel-default-header-args
       (cons '(:noweb . "yes")
             (assq-delete-all :noweb org-babel-default-header-args)))
 @end lisp
 
 @cindex language specific default header arguments
 @cindex default header arguments per language
 Each language can have separate default header arguments by
 customizing the variable @code{org-babel-default-header-args:<LANG>}, where
 @var{<LANG>} is the name of the language.  For details, see the
 language-specific online documentation at
 @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/babel/}.
 
 @anchor{Header arguments in Org mode properties}
 @subheading Header arguments in Org mode properties
 
 For header arguments applicable to the buffer, use @samp{PROPERTY} keyword
 anywhere in the Org file (see @ref{Property Syntax}).
 
 The following example makes all the R code blocks execute in the same
 session.  Setting @samp{:results} to @samp{silent} ignores the results of
 executions for all blocks, not just R code blocks; no results inserted
 for any block.
 
 @example
 #+PROPERTY: header-args:R  :session *R*
 #+PROPERTY: header-args    :results silent
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-use-property-inheritance
 Header arguments set through Org's property drawers (see @ref{Property Syntax}) apply at the subtree level on down.  Since these property
 drawers can appear anywhere in the file hierarchy, Org uses outermost
 call or source block to resolve the values.  Org ignores
 @code{org-use-property-inheritance} setting.
 
 In this example, @samp{:cache} defaults to @samp{yes} for all code blocks in the
 subtree.
 
 @example
 * sample header
   :PROPERTIES:
   :header-args:    :cache yes
   :END:
 @end example
 
 @kindex C-c C-x p
 @findex org-set-property
 Properties defined through @code{org-set-property} function, bound to
 @kbd{C-c C-x p}, apply to all active languages.  They override
 properties set in @code{org-babel-default-header-args}.
 
 @cindex language specific header arguments properties
 @cindex header arguments per language
 Language-specific header arguments are also read from properties
 @samp{header-args:<LANG>} where @var{<LANG>} is the language
 identifier.  For example,
 
 @example
 * Heading
   :PROPERTIES:
   :header-args:clojure:    :session *clojure-1*
   :header-args:R:          :session *R*
   :END:
 ** Subheading
   :PROPERTIES:
   :header-args:clojure:    :session *clojure-2*
   :END:
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 would force separate sessions for Clojure blocks in @samp{Heading} and
 @samp{Subheading}, but use the same session for all R blocks.  Blocks in
 @samp{Subheading} inherit settings from @samp{Heading}.
 
 @anchor{Code block specific header arguments}
 @subheading Code block specific header arguments
 
 Header arguments are most commonly set at the source code block level,
 on the @samp{#+BEGIN_SRC} line.  Arguments set at this level take
 precedence over those set in the @code{org-babel-default-header-args}
 variable, and also those set as header properties.
 
 In the following example, setting @samp{:results} to @samp{silent} makes it
 ignore results of the code execution.  Setting @samp{:exports} to @samp{code}
 exports only the body of the code block to HTML or @LaTeX{}.
 
 @example
 #+NAME: factorial
 #+BEGIN_SRC haskell :results silent :exports code :var n=0
   fac 0 = 1
   fac n = n * fac (n-1)
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 The same header arguments in an inline code block:
 
 @example
 src_haskell[:exports both]@{fac 5@}
 @end example
 
 
 @cindex @samp{HEADER}, keyword
 Code block header arguments can span multiple lines using @samp{#+HEADER:}
 on each line.  Note that Org currently accepts the plural spelling of
 @samp{#+HEADER:} only as a convenience for backward-compatibility.  It may
 be removed at some point.
 
 Multi-line header arguments on an unnamed code block:
 
 @example
 #+HEADER: :var data1=1
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data2=2
    (message "data1:%S, data2:%S" data1 data2)
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS:
 : data1:1, data2:2
 @end example
 
 Multi-line header arguments on a named code block:
 
 @example
 #+NAME: named-block
 #+HEADER: :var data=2
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
   (message "data:%S" data)
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS: named-block
   : data:2
 @end example
 
 @anchor{Header arguments in function calls}
 @subheading Header arguments in function calls
 
 Header arguments in function calls are the most specific and override
 all other settings in case of an overlap.  They get the highest
 priority.  Two @samp{#+CALL:} examples are shown below.  For the complete
 syntax of @samp{CALL} keyword, see @ref{Evaluating Code Blocks}.
 
 In this example, @samp{:exports results} header argument is applied to the
 evaluation of the @samp{#+CALL:} line.
 
 @example
 #+CALL: factorial(n=5) :exports results
 @end example
 
 
 In this example, @samp{:session special} header argument is applied to the
 evaluation of @samp{factorial} code block.
 
 @example
 #+CALL: factorial[:session special](n=5)
 @end example
 
 @node Environment of a Code Block
 @section Environment of a Code Block
 
 
 
 @anchor{Passing arguments}
 @subheading Passing arguments
 
 @cindex passing arguments to code blocks
 @cindex arguments, in code blocks
 @cindex @samp{var}, header argument
 Use @samp{var} for passing arguments to source code blocks.  The specifics
 of variables in code blocks vary by the source language and are
 covered in the language-specific documentation.  The syntax for @samp{var},
 however, is the same for all languages.  This includes declaring
 a variable, and assigning a default value.
 
 The following syntax is used to pass arguments to code blocks using
 the @samp{var} header argument.
 
 @example
 :var NAME=ASSIGN
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 @var{NAME} is the name of the variable bound in the code block
 body.  @var{ASSIGN} is a literal value, such as a string,
 a number, a reference to a table, a list, a literal example, another
 code block---with or without arguments---or the results of evaluating
 a code block.  @var{ASSIGN} may specify a filename for references
 to elements in a different file, using a @samp{:} to separate the filename
 from the reference.
 
 @example
 :var NAME=FILE:REFERENCE
 @end example
 
 
 Here are examples of passing values by reference:
 
 @table @asis
 @item table
 A table named with a @samp{NAME} keyword.
 
 @example
 #+NAME: example-table
 | 1 |
 | 2 |
 | 3 |
 | 4 |
 
 #+NAME: table-length
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var table=example-table
   (length table)
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS: table-length
 : 4
 @end example
 
 When passing a table, you can treat specially the row, or the
 column, containing labels for the columns, or the rows, in the
 table.
 
 @cindex @samp{colnames}, header argument
 The @samp{colnames} header argument accepts @samp{yes}, @samp{no}, or @samp{nil} values.
 The default value is @samp{nil}: if an input table has column
 names---because the second row is a horizontal rule---then Org
 removes the column names, processes the table, puts back the column
 names, and then writes the table to the results block.  Using @samp{yes},
 Org does the same to the first row, even if the initial table does
 not contain any horizontal rule.  When set to @samp{no}, Org does not
 pre-process column names at all.
 
 @example
 #+NAME: less-cols
 | a |
 |---|
 | b |
 | c |
 
 #+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=less-cols :colnames nil
   return [[val + '*' for val in row] for row in tab]
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS:
 | a  |
 |----|
 | b* |
 | c* |
 @end example
 
 @cindex @samp{rownames}, header argument
 Similarly, the @samp{rownames} header argument can take two values: @samp{yes}
 or @samp{no}.  When set to @samp{yes}, Org removes the first column, processes
 the table, puts back the first column, and then writes the table to
 the results block.  The default is @samp{no}, which means Org does not
 pre-process the first column.  Note that Emacs Lisp code blocks
 ignore @samp{rownames} header argument because of the ease of
 table-handling in Emacs.
 
 @example
 #+NAME: with-rownames
 | one | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |  5 |
 | two | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
 
 #+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=with-rownames :rownames yes
   return [[val + 10 for val in row] for row in tab]
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS:
 | one | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
 | two | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
 @end example
 @end table
 
 To refer to a table in another file, join the filename and table name with
 a colon, for example: @samp{:var table=other-file.org:example-table}.
 
 @table @asis
 @item list
 A simple named list.
 
 @example
 #+NAME: example-list
 - simple
   - not
   - nested
 - list
 
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var x=example-list
   (print x)
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS:
 | simple | list |
 @end example
 
 Note that only the top level list items are passed along.  Nested
 list items are ignored.
 
 @item code block without arguments
 A code block name, as assigned by @samp{NAME} keyword from the example
 above, optionally followed by parentheses.
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var length=table-length()
   (* 2 length)
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS:
 : 8
 @end example
 
 @item code block with arguments
 A code block name, as assigned by @samp{NAME} keyword, followed by
 parentheses and optional arguments passed within the parentheses.
 
 @example
 #+NAME: double
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var input=8
   (* 2 input)
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS: double
 : 16
 
 #+NAME: squared
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var input=double(input=1)
   (* input input)
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS: squared
 : 4
 @end example
 
 @item literal example, or code block contents
 A code block or literal example block named with a @samp{NAME} keyword,
 followed by brackets (optional for example blocks).
 
 @example
 #+NAME: literal-example
 #+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
   A literal example
   on two lines
 #+END_EXAMPLE
 
 #+NAME: read-literal-example
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var x=literal-example[]
   (concatenate #'string x " for you.")
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS: read-literal-example
 : A literal example
 : on two lines for you.
 @end example
 @end table
 
 Indexing variable values enables referencing portions of a variable.
 Indexes are 0 based with negative values counting backwards from the
 end.  If an index is separated by commas then each subsequent section
 indexes as the next dimension.  Note that this indexing occurs
 @emph{before} other table-related header arguments are applied, such as
 @samp{hlines}, @samp{colnames} and @samp{rownames}.  The following example assigns
 the last cell of the first row the table @samp{example-table} to the
 variable @samp{data}:
 
 @example
 #+NAME: example-table
 | 1 | a |
 | 2 | b |
 | 3 | c |
 | 4 | d |
 
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[0,-1]
   data
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS:
 : a
 @end example
 
 Two integers separated by a colon reference a range of variable
 values.  In that case the entire inclusive range is referenced.  For
 example the following assigns the middle three rows of @samp{example-table}
 to @samp{data}.
 
 @example
 #+NAME: example-table
 | 1 | a |
 | 2 | b |
 | 3 | c |
 | 4 | d |
 | 5 | 3 |
 
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[1:3]
   data
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS:
 | 2 | b |
 | 3 | c |
 | 4 | d |
 @end example
 
 To pick the entire range, use an empty index, or the single character
 @samp{*}.  @samp{0:-1} does the same thing.  Example below shows how to
 reference the first column only.
 
 @example
 #+NAME: example-table
 | 1 | a |
 | 2 | b |
 | 3 | c |
 | 4 | d |
 
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[,0]
   data
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS:
 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
 @end example
 
 Index referencing can be used for tables and code blocks.  Index
 referencing can handle any number of dimensions.  Commas delimit
 multiple dimensions, as shown below.
 
 @example
 #+NAME: 3D
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
   '(((1  2  3)  (4  5  6)  (7  8  9))
     ((10 11 12) (13 14 15) (16 17 18))
     ((19 20 21) (22 23 24) (25 26 27)))
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=3D[1,,1]
   data
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS:
 | 11 | 14 | 17 |
 @end example
 
 Note that row names and column names are not removed prior to variable
 indexing.  You need to take them into account, even when @samp{colnames} or
 @samp{rownames} header arguments remove them.
 
 Emacs lisp code can also set the values for variables.  To
 differentiate a value from Lisp code, Org interprets any value
 starting with @samp{(}, @samp{[}, @samp{'} or @samp{`} as Emacs Lisp code.  The result of
 evaluating that code is then assigned to the value of that variable.
 The following example shows how to reliably query and pass the file
 name of the Org mode buffer to a code block using headers.  We need
 reliability here because the file's name could change once the code in
 the block starts executing.
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC sh :var filename=(buffer-file-name) :exports both
   wc -w $filename
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 Note that values read from tables and lists are not mistakenly
 evaluated as Emacs Lisp code, as illustrated in the following example.
 
 @example
 #+NAME: table
 | (a b c) |
 
 #+HEADER: :var data=table[0,0]
 #+BEGIN_SRC perl
   $data
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS:
 : (a b c)
 @end example
 
 @anchor{Using sessions}
 @subheading Using sessions
 
 @cindex using sessions in code blocks
 @cindex @samp{session}, header argument
 Two code blocks can share the same environment.  The @samp{session} header
 argument is for running multiple source code blocks under one session.
 Org runs code blocks with the same session name in the same
 interpreter process.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{none}
 Default.  Each code block gets a new interpreter process to execute.
 The process terminates once the block is evaluated.
 
 @item @var{STRING}
 Any string besides @samp{none} turns that string into the name of that
 session.  For example, @samp{:session STRING} names it @samp{STRING}.  If
 @samp{session} has no value, then the session name is derived from the
 source language identifier.  Subsequent blocks with the same source
 code language use the same session.  Depending on the language,
 state variables, code from other blocks, and the overall interpreted
 environment may be shared.  Some interpreted languages support
 concurrent sessions when subsequent source code language blocks
 change session names.
 @end table
 
 Only languages that provide interactive evaluation can have session
 support.  Not all languages provide this support, such as C and ditaa.
 Even languages, such as Python and Haskell, that do support
 interactive evaluation impose limitations on allowable language
 constructs that can run interactively.  Org inherits those limitations
 for those code blocks running in a session.
 
 @anchor{Choosing a working directory}
 @subheading Choosing a working directory
 
 @cindex working directory, in a code block
 @cindex @samp{dir}, header argument
 @cindex @samp{mkdirp}, header argument
 The @samp{dir} header argument specifies the default directory during code
 block execution.  If it is absent, then the directory associated with
 the current buffer is used.  In other words, supplying @samp{:dir
 DIRECTORY} temporarily has the same effect as changing the current
 directory with @kbd{M-x cd @key{RET} DIRECTORY}, and then not setting
 @samp{dir}.  Under the surface, @samp{dir} simply sets the value of the Emacs
 variable @code{default-directory}.  Setting @samp{mkdirp} header argument to
 a non-@code{nil} value creates the directory, if necessary.
 
 Setting @samp{dir} to the symbol @code{attach} or the string @code{"'attach"} will
 set @samp{dir} to the directory returned by @code{(org-attach-dir)}, set @samp{:mkdir
 yes}, and insert any file paths, as when using @samp{:results file}, which
 are under the node's attachment directory using @samp{attachment:} links
 instead of the usual @samp{file:} links.  Any returned path outside of the
 attachment directory will use @samp{file:} links as per usual.
 
 For example, to save the plot file in the @samp{Work/} folder of the home
 directory---notice tilde is expanded:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC R :file myplot.png :dir ~/Work
   matplot(matrix(rnorm(100), 10), type="l")
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 To evaluate the code block on a remote machine, supply a remote
 directory name using Tramp syntax.  For example:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC R :file plot.png :dir /scp:dand@@yakuba.princeton.edu:
   plot(1:10, main=system("hostname", intern=TRUE))
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 Org first captures the text results as usual for insertion in the Org
 file.  Then Org also inserts a link to the remote file, thanks to
 Emacs Tramp.  Org constructs the remote path to the file name from
 @samp{dir} and @code{default-directory}, as illustrated here:
 
 @example
 [[file:/scp:dand@@yakuba.princeton.edu:/home/dand/plot.png][plot.png]]
 @end example
 
 
 When @samp{dir} is used with @samp{session}, Org sets the starting directory for
 a new session.  But Org does not alter the directory of an already
 existing session.
 
 Do not use @samp{dir} with @samp{:exports results} or with @samp{:exports both} to
 avoid Org inserting incorrect links to remote files.  That is because
 Org does not expand @code{default directory} to avoid some underlying
 portability issues.
 
 @anchor{Inserting headers and footers}
 @subheading Inserting headers and footers
 
 @cindex headers, in code blocks
 @cindex footers, in code blocks
 @cindex @samp{prologue}, header argument
 The @samp{prologue} header argument is for appending to the top of the code
 block for execution, like a reset instruction.  For example, you may
 use @samp{:prologue "reset"} in a Gnuplot code block or, for every such
 block:
 
 @lisp
 (add-to-list 'org-babel-default-header-args:gnuplot
              '((:prologue . "reset")))
 
 @end lisp
 
 @cindex @samp{epilogue}, header argument
 Likewise, the value of the @samp{epilogue} header argument is for appending
 to the end of the code block for execution.
 
 @node Evaluating Code Blocks
 @section Evaluating Code Blocks
 
 @cindex code block, evaluating
 @cindex source code, evaluating
 @cindex @samp{RESULTS}, keyword
 
 A note about security: With code evaluation comes the risk of harm.
 Org safeguards by prompting for user's permission before executing any
 code in the source block.  To customize this safeguard, or disable it,
 see @ref{Code Evaluation Security}.
 
 @anchor{How to evaluate source code}
 @subheading How to evaluate source code
 
 Org captures the results of the code block evaluation and inserts them
 in the Org file, right after the code block.  The insertion point is
 after a newline and the @samp{RESULTS} keyword.  Org creates the @samp{RESULTS}
 keyword if one is not already there.  More details in @ref{Results of Evaluation}.
 
 By default, Org enables only Emacs Lisp code blocks for execution.
 See @ref{Languages} to enable other languages.
 
 @kindex C-c C-c
 @kindex C-c C-v e
 @findex org-babel-execute-src-block
 Org provides many ways to execute code blocks.  @kbd{C-c C-c} or
 @kbd{C-c C-v e} with the point on a code block@footnote{ The option
 @code{org-babel-no-eval-on-ctrl-c-ctrl-c} can be used to remove code
 evaluation from the @kbd{C-c C-c} key binding.} calls the
 @code{org-babel-execute-src-block} function, which executes the code in the
 block, collects the results, and inserts them in the buffer.
 
 @cindex @samp{CALL}, keyword
 @vindex org-babel-inline-result-wrap
 By calling a named code block@footnote{Actually, the constructs @samp{call_<name>()} and @samp{src_<lang>@{@}}
 are not evaluated when they appear in a keyword (see @ref{In-buffer Settings}).} from an Org mode buffer or
 a table.  Org can call the named code blocks from the current Org mode
 buffer or from the ``Library of Babel'' (see @ref{Library of Babel}).
 
 The syntax for @samp{CALL} keyword is:
 
 @example
 #+CALL: <name>(<arguments>)
 #+CALL: <name>[<inside header arguments>](<arguments>) <end header arguments>
 @end example
 
 The syntax for inline named code blocks is:
 
 @example
 ... call_<name>(<arguments>) ...
 ... call_<name>[<inside header arguments>](<arguments>)[<end header arguments>] ...
 @end example
 
 When inline syntax is used, the result is wrapped based on the
 variable @code{org-babel-inline-result-wrap}, which by default is set to
 @code{"=%s="} to produce verbatim text suitable for markup.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{<name>}
 This is the name of the code block (see @ref{Structure of Code Blocks})
 to be evaluated in the current document.  If the block is located in
 another file, start @samp{<name>} with the file name followed by
 a colon.  For example, in order to execute a block named @samp{clear-data}
 in @samp{file.org}, you can write the following:
 
 @example
 #+CALL: file.org:clear-data()
 @end example
 
 @item @samp{<arguments>}
 Org passes arguments to the code block using standard function call
 syntax.  For example, a @samp{#+CALL:} line that passes @samp{4} to a code
 block named @samp{double}, which declares the header argument @samp{:var n=2},
 would be written as:
 
 @example
 #+CALL: double(n=4)
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 Note how this function call syntax is different from the header
 argument syntax.
 
 @item @samp{<inside header arguments>}
 Org passes inside header arguments to the named code block using the
 header argument syntax.  Inside header arguments apply to code block
 evaluation.  For example, @samp{[:results output]} collects results
 printed to stdout during code execution of that block.  Note how
 this header argument syntax is different from the function call
 syntax.
 
 @item @samp{<end header arguments>}
 End header arguments affect the results returned by the code block.
 For example, @samp{:results html} wraps the results in a @samp{#+BEGIN_EXPORT
   html} block before inserting the results in the Org buffer.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Limit code block evaluation}
 @subheading Limit code block evaluation
 
 @cindex @samp{eval}, header argument
 @cindex control code block evaluation
 The @samp{eval} header argument can limit evaluation of specific code
 blocks and @samp{CALL} keyword.  It is useful for protection against
 evaluating untrusted code blocks by prompting for a confirmation.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{yes}
 Org always evaluates the source code without asking permission.
 
 @item @samp{never} or @samp{no}
 Org never evaluates the source code.
 
 @item @samp{query}
 Org prompts the user for permission to evaluate the source code.
 
 @item @samp{never-export} or @samp{no-export}
 Org does not evaluate the source code when exporting, yet the user
 can evaluate it interactively.
 
 @item @samp{query-export}
 Org prompts the user for permission to evaluate the source code
 during export.
 @end table
 
 If @samp{eval} header argument is not set, then Org determines whether to
 evaluate the source code from the @code{org-confirm-babel-evaluate}
 variable (see @ref{Code Evaluation Security}).
 
 @anchor{Cache results of evaluation}
 @subheading Cache results of evaluation
 
 @cindex @samp{cache}, header argument
 @cindex cache results of code evaluation
 The @samp{cache} header argument is for caching results of evaluating code
 blocks.  Caching results can avoid re-evaluating a code block that
 have not changed since the previous run.  To benefit from the cache
 and avoid redundant evaluations, the source block must have a result
 already present in the buffer, and neither the header
 arguments---including the value of @samp{var} references---nor the text of
 the block itself has changed since the result was last computed.  This
 feature greatly helps avoid long-running calculations.  For some edge
 cases, however, the cached results may not be reliable.
 
 The caching feature is best for when code blocks are pure functions,
 that is functions that return the same value for the same input
 arguments (see @ref{Environment of a Code Block}), and that do not have
 side effects, and do not rely on external variables other than the
 input arguments.  Functions that depend on a timer, file system
 objects, and random number generators are clearly unsuitable for
 caching.
 
 A note of warning: when @samp{cache} is used in a session, caching may
 cause unexpected results.
 
 When the caching mechanism tests for any source code changes, it does
 not expand noweb style references (see @ref{Noweb Reference Syntax}).
 
 The @samp{cache} header argument can have one of two values: @samp{yes} or @samp{no}.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{no}
 Default.  No caching of results; code block evaluated every time.
 
 @item @samp{yes}
 Whether to run the code or return the cached results is determined
 by comparing the SHA1 hash value of the combined code block and
 arguments passed to it.  This hash value is packed on the
 @samp{#+RESULTS:} line from previous evaluation.  When hash values match,
 Org does not evaluate the code block.  When hash values mismatch,
 Org evaluates the code block, inserts the results, recalculates the
 hash value, and updates @samp{#+RESULTS:} line.
 @end table
 
 In this example, both functions are cached.  But @samp{caller} runs only if
 the result from @samp{random} has changed since the last run.
 
 @example
 #+NAME: random
 #+BEGIN_SRC R :cache yes
   runif(+1)
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS[a2a72cd647ad44515fab62e144796432793d68e1]: random
 0.4659510825295
 
 #+NAME: caller
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var x=random :cache yes
   x
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS[bec9c8724e397d5df3b696502df3ed7892fc4f5f]: caller
 0.254227238707244
 @end example
 
 @node Results of Evaluation
 @section Results of Evaluation
 
 @cindex code block, results of evaluation
 @cindex source code, results of evaluation
 
 @cindex @samp{results}, header argument
 How Org handles results of a code block execution depends on many
 header arguments working together.  The primary determinant, however,
 is the @samp{results} header argument.  It accepts four classes of options.
 Each code block can take only one option per class:
 
 @table @asis
 @item Collection
 For how the results should be collected from the code block;
 
 @item Type
 For which type of result the code block will return; affects how Org
 processes and inserts results in the Org buffer;
 
 @item Format
 For the result; affects how Org processes results;
 
 @item Handling
 For inserting results once they are properly formatted.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Collection}
 @subheading Collection
 
 Collection options specify the results.  Choose one of the options;
 they are mutually exclusive.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{value}
 Default for most Babel libraries@footnote{Actually, the constructs @samp{call_<name>()} and @samp{src_<lang>@{@}}
 are not evaluated when they appear in a keyword (see @ref{In-buffer Settings}).}.  Functional mode.  Org
 gets the value by wrapping the code in a function definition in the
 language of the source block.  That is why when using @samp{:results
   value}, code should execute like a function and return a value.  For
 languages like Python, an explicit @code{return} statement is mandatory
 when using @samp{:results value}.  Result is the value returned by the
 last statement in the code block.
 
 When evaluating the code block in a session (see @ref{Environment of a Code Block}), Org passes the code to an interpreter running as an
 interactive Emacs inferior process.  Org gets the value from the
 source code interpreter's last statement output.  Org has to use
 language-specific methods to obtain the value.  For example, from
 the variable @code{_} in Ruby, and the value of @code{.Last.value} in R@.
 
 @item @samp{output}
 Scripting mode.  Org passes the code to an external process running
 the interpreter.  Org returns the contents of the standard output
 stream as text results.
 
 When using a session, Org passes the code to the interpreter running
 as an interactive Emacs inferior process.  Org concatenates any text
 output from the interpreter and returns the collection as a result.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Type}
 @subheading Type
 
 Type tells what result types to expect from the execution of the code
 block.  Choose one of the options; they are mutually exclusive.
 
 The default behavior is to automatically determine the result type.
 The result type detection depends on the code block language, as
 described in the documentation for individual languages.  See
 @ref{Languages}.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{table}
 @itemx @samp{vector}
 Interpret the results as an Org table.  If the result is a single
 value, create a table with one row and one column.  Usage example:
 @samp{:results value table}.
 
 @cindex @samp{hlines}, header argument
 In-between each table row or below the table headings, sometimes
 results have horizontal lines, which are also known as ``hlines''.
 The @samp{hlines} argument with the default @samp{no} value strips such lines
 from the input table.  For most code, this is desirable, or else
 those @samp{hline} symbols raise unbound variable errors.  A @samp{yes}
 accepts such lines, as demonstrated in the following example.
 
 @example
 #+NAME: many-cols
 | a | b | c |
 |---+---+---|
 | d | e | f |
 |---+---+---|
 | g | h | i |
 
 #+NAME: no-hline
 #+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=many-cols :hlines no
   return tab
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS: no-hline
 | a | b | c |
 | d | e | f |
 | g | h | i |
 
 #+NAME: hlines
 #+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=many-cols :hlines yes
   return tab
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS: hlines
 | a | b | c |
 |---+---+---|
 | d | e | f |
 |---+---+---|
 | g | h | i |
 @end example
 
 @item @samp{list}
 Interpret the results as an Org list.  If the result is a single
 value, create a list of one element.
 
 @item @samp{scalar}
 @itemx @samp{verbatim}
 Interpret literally and insert as quoted text.  Do not create
 a table.  Usage example: @samp{:results value verbatim}.
 
 @item @samp{file}
 Interpret as a filename.  Save the results of execution of the code
 block to that file, then insert a link to it.  You can control both
 the filename and the description associated to the link.
 
 @cindex @samp{file}, header argument
 @cindex @samp{output-dir}, header argument
 Org first tries to generate the filename from the value of the
 @samp{file} header argument and the directory specified using the
 @samp{output-dir} header arguments.  If @samp{output-dir} is not specified,
 Org assumes it is the current directory.
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC asymptote :results value file :file circle.pdf :output-dir img/
   size(2cm);
   draw(unitcircle);
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 @cindex @samp{file-ext}, header argument
 If @samp{file} header argument is missing, Org generates the base name of
 the output file from the name of the code block, and its extension
 from the @samp{file-ext} header argument.  In that case, both the name
 and the extension are mandatory.
 
 @example
 #+name: circle
 #+BEGIN_SRC asymptote :results value file :file-ext pdf
   size(2cm);
   draw(unitcircle);
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 @cindex @samp{file-desc}, header argument
 The @samp{file-desc} header argument defines the description (see @ref{Link Format}) for the link.  If @samp{file-desc} is present but has no value,
 the @samp{file} value is used as the link description.  When this
 argument is not present, the description is omitted.  If you want to
 provide the @samp{file-desc} argument but omit the description, you can
 provide it with an empty vector (i.e., :file-desc []).
 
 @cindex @samp{sep}, header argument
 By default, Org assumes that a table written to a file has
 TAB-delimited output.  You can choose a different separator with
 the @samp{sep} header argument.
 
 @cindex @samp{file-mode}, header argument
 The @samp{file-mode} header argument defines the file permissions.  To
 make it executable, use @samp{:file-mode (identity #o755)}.
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC shell :results file :file script.sh :file-mode (identity #o755)
   echo "#!/bin/bash"
   echo "echo Hello World"
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Format}
 @subheading Format
 
 Format pertains to the type of the result returned by the code block.
 Choose one of the options; they are mutually exclusive.  The default
 follows from the type specified above.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{code}
 Result enclosed in a code block.  Useful for parsing.  Usage
 example: @samp{:results value code}.
 
 @item @samp{drawer}
 Result wrapped in a @samp{RESULTS} drawer.  Useful for containing @samp{raw}
 or @samp{org} results for later scripting and automated processing.
 Usage example: @samp{:results value drawer}.
 
 @item @samp{html}
 Results enclosed in a @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT html} block.  Usage example:
 @samp{:results value html}.
 
 @item @samp{latex}
 Results enclosed in a @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT latex} block.  Usage example:
 @samp{:results value latex}.
 
 @item @samp{link}
 @itemx @samp{graphics}
 When used along with @samp{file} type, the result is a link to the file
 specified in @samp{:file} header argument.  However, unlike plain @samp{file}
 type, code block output is not written to the disk.  The block is
 expected to generate the file by its side-effects only, as in the
 following example:
 
 @example
 #+begin_src shell :results file link :file "org-mode-unicorn.svg"
   wget -c "https://orgmode.org/resources/img/org-mode-unicorn.svg"
 #+end_src
 
 #+RESULTS:
 [[file:org-mode-unicorn.svg]]
 @end example
 
 @item @samp{org}
 Results enclosed in a @samp{BEGIN_SRC org} block.  For comma-escape,
 either @kbd{@key{TAB}} in the block, or export the file.  Usage
 example: @samp{:results value org}.
 
 @item @samp{pp}
 Result converted to pretty-print source code.  Enclosed in a code
 block.  Languages supported: Emacs Lisp, Python, and Ruby.  Usage
 example: @samp{:results value pp}.
 
 @item @samp{raw}
 Interpreted as raw Org mode.  Inserted directly into the buffer.
 Aligned if it is a table.  Usage example: @samp{:results value raw}.
 @end table
 
 @cindex @samp{wrap}, header argument
 The @samp{wrap} header argument unconditionally marks the results block by
 appending strings to @samp{#+BEGIN_} and @samp{#+END_}.  If no string is
 specified, Org wraps the results in a @samp{#+BEGIN_results}
 @dots{} @samp{#+END_results} block.  It takes precedent over the @samp{results}
 value listed above.  E.g.,
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :results html :wrap EXPORT markdown
 "<blink>Welcome back to the 90's</blink>"
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS:
 #+BEGIN_EXPORT markdown
 <blink>Welcome back to the 90's</blink>
 #+END_EXPORT
 @end example
 
 @anchor{Handling}
 @subheading Handling
 
 Handling options after collecting the results.  Choose one of the
 options; they are mutually exclusive.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{replace}
 Default.  Insert results in the Org buffer.  Remove previous
 results.  Usage example: @samp{:results output replace}.
 
 @item @samp{silent}
 Do not insert results in the Org mode buffer, but echo them in the
 minibuffer.  Usage example: @samp{:results output silent}.
 
 @item @samp{none}
 Compute results, but do not do anything with them.  No inserting in
 the Org mode buffer nor echo them in the minibuffer.  The results
 can still be used when referenced from another code block.
 Usage example: @samp{:results none}.
 
 @item @samp{discard}
 Ignore the results completely.  This option is similar to @samp{none},
 but no processing is performed on the return value.  Calling the
 code block programmatically (see @ref{How to evaluate source code}) or by
 reference (see @ref{Passing arguments} and @ref{Noweb Reference Syntax}) will
 always yield nil.
 
 @item @samp{append}
 Append results to the Org buffer.  Latest results are at the bottom.
 Does not remove previous results.  Usage example: @samp{:results output
   append}.
 
 @item @samp{prepend}
 Prepend results to the Org buffer.  Latest results are at the top.
 Does not remove previous results.  Usage example: @samp{:results output
   prepend}.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Post-processing}
 @subheading Post-processing
 
 @cindex @samp{post}, header argument
 @cindex @samp{*this*}, in @samp{post} header argument
 The @samp{post} header argument is for post-processing results from block
 evaluation.  When @samp{post} has any value, Org binds the results to
 @code{*this*} variable for easy passing to @samp{var} header argument
 specifications (see @ref{Environment of a Code Block}).  That makes results
 available to other code blocks, or even for direct Emacs Lisp code
 execution.
 
 The following two examples illustrate @samp{post} header argument in
 action.  The first one shows how to attach an @samp{ATTR_LATEX} keyword
 using @samp{post}.
 
 @example
 #+NAME: attr_wrap
 #+BEGIN_SRC sh :var data="" :var width="\\textwidth" :results output
   echo "#+ATTR_LATEX: :width $width"
   echo "$data"
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+HEADER: :file /tmp/it.png
 #+BEGIN_SRC dot :post attr_wrap(width="5cm", data=*this*) :results drawer
   digraph@{
           a -> b;
           b -> c;
           c -> a;
   @}
 #+end_src
 
 #+RESULTS:
 :RESULTS:
 #+ATTR_LATEX :width 5cm
 [[file:/tmp/it.png]]
 :END:
 @end example
 
 The second example shows use of @samp{colnames} header argument in @samp{post}
 to pass data between code blocks.
 
 @example
 #+NAME: round-tbl
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var tbl="" fmt="%.3f"
   (mapcar (lambda (row)
             (mapcar (lambda (cell)
                       (if (numberp cell)
                           (format fmt cell)
                         cell))
                     row))
           tbl)
 #+end_src
 
 #+BEGIN_SRC R :colnames yes :post round-tbl[:colnames yes](*this*)
   set.seed(42)
   data.frame(foo=rnorm(1))
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+RESULTS:
 |   foo |
 |-------|
 | 1.371 |
 @end example
 
 @node Exporting Code Blocks
 @section Exporting Code Blocks
 
 @cindex code block, exporting
 @cindex source code, exporting
 
 It is possible to export the @emph{code} of code blocks, the @emph{results} of
 code block evaluation, @emph{both} the code and the results of code block
 evaluation, or @emph{none}.  Org defaults to exporting @emph{code} for most
 languages and @emph{results} for inline code blocks.  For some languages,
 such as ditaa, Org defaults to @emph{results} both in ordinary source
 blocks and in inline source blocks.  To export just the body of code
 blocks, see @ref{Literal Examples}.  To selectively export subtrees of an
 Org document, see @ref{Exporting}.
 
 @cindex @samp{exports}, header argument
 The @samp{exports} header argument is to specify if that part of the Org
 file is exported to, say, HTML or @LaTeX{} formats.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{code}
 The default.  The body of code is included into the exported file.
 Example: @samp{:exports code}.
 
 @item @samp{results}
 The results of evaluation of the code is included in the exported
 file.  Example: @samp{:exports results}.
 
 @item @samp{both}
 Both the code and results of evaluation are included in the exported
 file.  Example: @samp{:exports both}.
 
 @item @samp{none}
 Neither the code nor the results of evaluation is included in the
 exported file.  Whether the code is evaluated at all depends on
 other options.  Example: @samp{:exports none}.
 @end table
 
 If a source block is named using @samp{NAME} keyword, the same name will be
 assigned to the results of evaluation.  This way, fuzzy links pointing
 to the named source blocks exported using @samp{:exports results} will
 remain valid and point to the results of evaluation.
 
 Results of evaluation of a named block can also be explicitly named
 using a separate @samp{NAME} keyword.  The name value set via @samp{NAME}
 keyword will be preferred over the parent source block.
 
 @example
 #+NAME: code name
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :exports both value
 (+ 1 2)
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+NAME: results name
 #+RESULTS: code name
 3
 
 This [[code name][link]] will point to the code block.
 Another [[results name][link]] will point to the results.
 @end example
 
 
 Explicit setting of the result name may be necessary when a named code
 block is exported using @samp{:exports both}.  Links to such block may
 arbitrarily point either to the code block or to its results when
 results do not have a distinct name.
 
 Note that all the links pointing to a source block exported using
 @samp{:exports none} will be broken.  This will make export process fail,
 unless broken links are allowed during export (see @ref{Export Settings}).
 
 @vindex org-export-use-babel
 To stop Org from evaluating code blocks to speed exports, use the
 header argument @samp{:eval never-export} (see @ref{Evaluating Code Blocks}).
 To stop Org from evaluating code blocks for greater security, set the
 @code{org-export-use-babel} variable to @code{nil}, but understand that header
 arguments will have no effect.
 
 Turning off evaluation comes in handy when batch processing.  For
 example, markup languages for wikis, which have a high risk of
 untrusted code.  Stopping code block evaluation also stops evaluation
 of all header arguments of the code block.  This may not be desirable
 in some circumstances.  So during export, to allow evaluation of just
 the header arguments but not any code evaluation in the source block,
 set @samp{:eval never-export} (see @ref{Evaluating Code Blocks}).
 
 Org never evaluates code blocks in commented subtrees when exporting
 (see @ref{Comment Lines}).  On the other hand, Org does evaluate code
 blocks in subtrees excluded from export (see @ref{Export Settings}).
 
 @node Extracting Source Code
 @section Extracting Source Code
 
 @cindex tangling
 @cindex source code, extracting
 @cindex code block, extracting source code
 
 Extracting source code from code blocks is a basic task in literate
 programming.  Org has features to make this easy.  In literate
 programming parlance, documents on creation are @emph{woven} with code and
 documentation, and on export, the code is tangled for execution by
 a computer.  Org facilitates weaving and tangling for producing,
 maintaining, sharing, and exporting literate programming documents.
 Org provides extensive customization options for extracting source
 code.
 
 When Org tangles code blocks, it expands, merges, and transforms them.
 Then Org recomposes them into one or more separate files, as
 configured through the options.  During this tangling process, Org
 expands variables in the source code, and resolves any noweb style
 references (see @ref{Noweb Reference Syntax}).
 
 @anchor{Header arguments}
 @subheading Header arguments
 
 @cindex @samp{tangle}, header argument
 The @samp{tangle} header argument specifies if the code block is exported
 to source file(s).
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{yes}
 Export the code block to source file.  The file name for the source
 file is derived from the name of the Org file, and the file
 extension is derived from the source code language identifier.
 Example: @samp{:tangle yes}.
 
 @item @samp{no}
 The default.  Do not extract the code in a source code file.
 Example: @samp{:tangle no}.
 
 @item @var{FILENAME}
 Export the code block to source file whose file name is derived from
 any string passed to the @samp{tangle} header argument.  Org derives the
 file name as being relative to the directory of the Org file's
 location.  Example: @samp{:tangle FILENAME}.
 @end table
 
 @cindex @samp{mkdirp}, header argument
 The @samp{mkdirp} header argument creates parent directories for tangled
 files if the directory does not exist.  A @samp{yes} value enables
 directory creation whereas @samp{no} inhibits it.
 
 @cindex @samp{comments}, header argument
 The @samp{comments} header argument controls inserting comments into
 tangled files.  These are above and beyond whatever comments may
 already exist in the code block.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{no}
 The default.  Do not insert any extra comments during tangling.
 
 @item @samp{link}
 Wrap the code block in comments.  Include links pointing back to the
 place in the Org file from where the code was tangled.
 
 @item @samp{yes}
 Kept for backward compatibility; same as @samp{link}.
 
 @item @samp{org}
 Nearest headline text from Org file is inserted as comment.  The
 exact text that is inserted is picked from the leading context of
 the source block.
 
 @item @samp{both}
 Includes both @samp{link} and @samp{org} options.
 
 @item @samp{noweb}
 Includes @samp{link} option, expands noweb references (see @ref{Noweb Reference Syntax}), and wraps them in link comments inside the body
 of the code block.
 @end table
 
 @cindex @samp{padline}, header argument
 The @samp{padline} header argument controls insertion of newlines to pad
 source code in the tangled file.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{yes}
 Default.  Insert a newline before and after each code block in the
 tangled file.
 
 @item @samp{no}
 Do not insert newlines to pad the tangled code blocks.
 @end table
 
 @cindex @samp{shebang}, header argument
 The @samp{shebang} header argument can turn results into executable script
 files.  By setting it to a string value---for example, @samp{:shebang
 "#!/bin/bash"}---Org inserts that string as the first line of the
 tangled file that the code block is extracted to.  Org then turns on
 the tangled file's executable permission.
 
 @cindex @samp{tangle-mode}, header argument
 The @samp{tangle-mode} header argument specifies what permissions to set
 for tangled files by @code{set-file-modes}.  Permissions are given by an
 octal value, which can be provided calling the @code{identity} function on
 an elisp octal value. For instance, to create a read-only file one may
 use @samp{:tangle-mode (identity #o444)}. To reduce the verbosity required,
 a octal shorthand is defined, @samp{oXXX} (@samp{o} for octal). Using this, our
 read-only example is @samp{:tangle-mode o444}. Omitting the @samp{o} prefix will
 cause the argument to be interpreted as an integer, which can lead to
 unexpected results (@samp{444} is the same as @samp{o674}).
 Two other shorthands are recognized, ls-style strings like
 @samp{rw-r--r--}, and chmod-style permissions like @samp{g+w}.
 Note that chmod-style permissions are based on
 @code{org-babel-tangle-default-file-mode}, which is @samp{#o544} by default.
 
 When @samp{:tangle-mode} and @samp{:shebang} are both specified, the give
 @samp{:tangle-mode} will override the permissions from @samp{:shebang}. When
 multiple source code blocks tangle to a single file with conflicting
 @samp{:tangle-mode} header arguments, Org's behavior is undefined.
 
 @cindex @samp{no-expand}, header argument
 By default Org expands code blocks during tangling.  The @samp{no-expand}
 header argument turns off such expansions.  Note that one side-effect
 of expansion by @code{org-babel-expand-src-block} also assigns values (see
 @ref{Environment of a Code Block}) to variables.  Expansions also replace
 noweb references with their targets (see @ref{Noweb Reference Syntax}).
 Some of these expansions may cause premature assignment, hence this
 option.  This option makes a difference only for tangling.  It has no
 effect when exporting since code blocks for execution have to be
 expanded anyway.
 
 @anchor{Functions}
 @subheading Functions
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{org-babel-tangle}
 @findex org-babel-tangle
 @kindex C-c C-v t
 Tangle the current file.  Bound to @kbd{C-c C-v t}.
 
 With prefix argument only tangle the current code block.
 
 @item @code{org-babel-tangle-file}
 @findex org-babel-tangle-file
 @kindex C-c C-v f
 Choose a file to tangle.  Bound to @kbd{C-c C-v f}.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Tangle hooks}
 @subheading Tangle hooks
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{org-babel-pre-tangle-hook}
 @vindex org-babel-pre-tangle-hook
 This hook is run before the tangle process begins.  The active
 buffer is buffer to be tangled.
 
 @item @code{org-babel-tangle-body-hook}
 @vindex org-babel-tangle-body-hook
 This hook is run from a temporary buffer containing expanded code of
 every tangled code block.  The hook can modify the expanded code as
 needed.  The contents of the current buffer will be used as actual
 code block expansion.
 
 @item @code{org-babel-post-tangle-hook}
 @vindex org-babel-post-tangle-hook
 This hook is run from within code files tangled by
 @code{org-babel-tangle}, making it suitable for post-processing,
 compilation, and evaluation of code in the tangled files.
 
 @item @code{org-babel-tangle-finished-hook}
 @vindex org-babel-tangle-finished-hook
 This hook is run after post-tangle hooks, in the original buffer.
 @end table
 
 @anchor{Jumping between code and Org}
 @subheading Jumping between code and Org
 
 @findex org-babel-tangle-jump-to-org
 Debuggers normally link errors and messages back to the source code.
 But for tangled files, we want to link back to the Org file, not to
 the tangled source file.  To make this extra jump, Org uses
 @code{org-babel-tangle-jump-to-org} function with two additional source
 code block header arguments:
 
 @enumerate
 @item
 Set @samp{padline} to true---this is the default setting.
 @item
 Set @samp{comments} to @samp{link}, which makes Org insert links to the Org
 file.
 @end enumerate
 
 @node Languages
 @section Languages
 
 @cindex babel, languages
 @cindex source code, languages
 @cindex code block, languages
 
 Code blocks in dozens of languages are supported.  See Worg website
 for @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/babel/languages/index.html, language specific documentation}.
 
 @vindex org-babel-load-languages
 By default, only Emacs Lisp is enabled for evaluation.  To enable or
 disable other languages, customize the @code{org-babel-load-languages}
 variable either through the Emacs customization interface, or by
 adding code to the init file as shown next.
 
 In this example, evaluation is disabled for Emacs Lisp, and enabled
 for R@.
 
 @lisp
 (org-babel-do-load-languages
  'org-babel-load-languages
  '((emacs-lisp . nil)
    (R . t)))
 @end lisp
 
 Note that this is not the only way to enable a language.  Org also
 enables languages when loaded with @code{require} statement.  For example,
 the following enables execution of Clojure code blocks:
 
 @lisp
 (require 'ob-clojure)
 @end lisp
 
 @node Editing Source Code
 @section Editing Source Code
 
 @cindex code block, editing
 @cindex source code, editing
 
 @kindex C-c '
 Use @kbd{C-c '} to edit the current code block.  It opens a new
 major mode edit buffer containing the body of the source code block,
 ready for any edits.  Use @kbd{C-c '} again to close the buffer
 and return to the Org buffer.
 
 @kindex C-x C-s
 @vindex org-edit-src-auto-save-idle-delay
 @cindex auto-save, in code block editing
 @kbd{C-x C-s} saves the buffer and updates the contents of the
 Org buffer.  Set @code{org-edit-src-auto-save-idle-delay} to save the base
 buffer after a certain idle delay time.  Set
 @code{org-edit-src-turn-on-auto-save} to auto-save this buffer into
 a separate file using Auto-save mode.
 
 While editing the source code in the major mode, the Org Src minor
 mode remains active.  It provides these customization variables as
 described below.  For even more variables, look in the customization
 group @code{org-edit-structure}.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{org-src-lang-modes}
 @vindex org-src-lang-modes
 If an Emacs major-mode named @code{<LANG>-mode} exists, where
 @var{<LANG>} is the language identifier from code block's
 header line, then the edit buffer uses that major mode.  Use this
 variable to arbitrarily map language identifiers to major modes.
 
 @item @code{org-src-window-setup}
 @vindex org-src-window-setup
 For specifying Emacs window arrangement when the new edit buffer is
 created.
 
 @item @code{org-src-preserve-indentation}
 @cindex indentation, in code blocks
 @vindex org-src-preserve-indentation
 Default is @code{nil}.  Source code is indented.  This indentation
 applies during export or tangling, and depending on the context, may
 alter leading spaces and tabs.  When non-@code{nil}, source code is
 aligned with the leftmost column.  No lines are modified during
 export or tangling, which is very useful for white-space sensitive
 languages, such as Python.
 
 @item @code{org-src-ask-before-returning-to-edit-buffer}
 @vindex org-src-ask-before-returning-to-edit-buffer
 When @code{nil}, Org returns to the edit buffer without further prompts.
 The default prompts for a confirmation.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-src-fontify-natively
 @vindex org-src-block-faces
 Set @code{org-src-fontify-natively} to non-@code{nil} to turn on native code
 fontification in the @emph{Org} buffer.  Fontification of code blocks can
 give visual separation of text and code on the display page.  To
 further customize the appearance of @code{org-block} for specific
 languages, customize @code{org-src-block-faces}.  The following example
 shades the background of regular blocks, and colors source blocks only
 for Python and Emacs Lisp languages.
 
 @lisp
 (require 'color)
 (set-face-attribute 'org-block nil :background
                     (color-darken-name
                      (face-attribute 'default :background) 3))
 
 (setq org-src-block-faces '(("emacs-lisp" (:background "#EEE2FF"))
                             ("python" (:background "#E5FFB8"))))
 @end lisp
 
 @node Noweb Reference Syntax
 @section Noweb Reference Syntax
 
 @cindex code block, noweb reference
 @cindex syntax, noweb
 @cindex source code, noweb reference
 
 @cindex @samp{noweb-ref}, header argument
 Source code blocks can include references to other source code blocks,
 using a noweb@footnote{ For noweb literate programming details, see
 @uref{https://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/noweb/}.} style syntax:
 
 @example
 <<CODE-BLOCK-ID>>
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 where @var{CODE-BLOCK-ID} refers to either the @samp{NAME} of a single
 source code block, or a collection of one or more source code blocks
 sharing the same @samp{noweb-ref} header argument (see @ref{Using Header Arguments}).  Org can replace such references with the source code of
 the block or blocks being referenced, or, in the case of a single
 source code block named with @samp{NAME}, with the results of an evaluation
 of that block.
 
 @cindex @samp{noweb}, header argument
 The @samp{noweb} header argument controls expansion of noweb syntax
 references.  Expansions occur when source code blocks are evaluated,
 tangled, or exported.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{no}
 Default.  No expansion of noweb syntax references in the body of the
 code when evaluating, tangling, or exporting.
 
 @item @samp{yes}
 Expansion of noweb syntax references in the body of the code block
 when evaluating, tangling, or exporting.
 
 @item @samp{tangle}
 Expansion of noweb syntax references in the body of the code block
 when tangling.  No expansion when evaluating or exporting.
 
 @item @samp{strip-tangle}
 Expansion of noweb syntax references in the body of the code block
 when evaluating or exporting.  Removes noweb syntax references
 when exporting.
 
 @item @samp{no-export}
 Expansion of noweb syntax references in the body of the code block
 when evaluating or tangling.  No expansion when exporting.
 
 @item @samp{strip-export}
 Expansion of noweb syntax references in the body of the code block
 when expanding prior to evaluating or tangling.  Removes noweb
 syntax references when exporting.
 
 @item @samp{eval}
 Expansion of noweb syntax references in the body of the code block
 only before evaluating.
 @end table
 
 In the most simple case, the contents of a single source block is
 inserted within other blocks.  Thus, in following example,
 
 @example
 #+NAME: initialization
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
   (setq sentence "Never a foot too far, even.")
 #+END_SRC
 
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :noweb yes
   <<initialization>>
   (reverse sentence)
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 the second code block is expanded as
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :noweb yes
   (setq sentence "Never a foot too far, even.")
   (reverse sentence)
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 You may also include the contents of multiple blocks sharing a common
 @samp{noweb-ref} header argument, which can be set at the file, subtree,
 or code block level.  In the example Org file shown next, the body of
 the source code in each block is extracted for concatenation to a pure
 code file when tangled.
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC sh :tangle yes :noweb yes :shebang #!/bin/sh
   <<fullest-disk>>
 #+END_SRC
 * the mount point of the fullest disk
   :PROPERTIES:
   :header-args: :noweb-ref fullest-disk
   :END:
 
 ** query all mounted disks
 #+BEGIN_SRC sh
   df \
 #+END_SRC
 
 ** strip the header row
 #+BEGIN_SRC sh
   |sed '1d' \
 #+END_SRC
 
 ** output mount point of fullest disk
 #+BEGIN_SRC sh
   |awk '@{if (u < +$5) @{u = +$5; m = $6@}@} END @{print m@}'
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 @cindex @samp{noweb-sep}, header argument
 By default a newline separates each noweb reference concatenation.  To
 use a different separator, edit the @samp{noweb-sep} header argument.
 
 Alternatively, Org can include the results of evaluation of a single
 code block rather than its body.  Evaluation occurs when parentheses,
 possibly including arguments, are appended to the code block name, as
 shown below.
 
 @example
 <<NAME(optional arguments)>>
 @end example
 
 
 Note that in this case, a code block name set by @samp{NAME} keyword is
 required; the reference set by @samp{noweb-ref} will not work when
 evaluation is desired.
 
 Here is an example that demonstrates how the exported content changes
 when noweb style references are used with parentheses versus without.
 Given:
 
 @example
 #+NAME: some-code
 #+BEGIN_SRC python :var num=0 :results output :exports none
   print(num*10)
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 this code block:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC text :noweb yes
   <<some-code>>
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 expands to:
 
 @example
 print(num*10)
 @end example
 
 
 Below, a similar noweb style reference is used, but with parentheses,
 while setting a variable @samp{num} to 10:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC text :noweb yes
   <<some-code(num=10)>>
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 Note that the expansion now contains the results of the code block
 @samp{some-code}, not the code block itself:
 
 @example
 100
 @end example
 
 
 Noweb insertions honor prefix characters that appear before the noweb
 syntax reference.  This behavior is illustrated in the following
 example.  Because the @samp{<<example>>} noweb reference appears behind the
 SQL comment syntax, each line of the expanded noweb reference is
 commented.  With:
 
 @example
 #+NAME: example
 #+BEGIN_SRC text
   this is the
   multi-line body of example
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 this code block:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC sql :noweb yes
  ---<<example>>
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 expands to:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC sql :noweb yes
  ---this is the
  ---multi-line body of example
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 Since this change does not affect noweb replacement text without
 newlines in them, inline noweb references are acceptable.
 
 This feature can also be used for management of indentation in
 exported code snippets.  With:
 
 @example
 #+NAME: if-true
 #+BEGIN_SRC python :exports none
   print('do things when true')
 #+end_src
 
 #+name: if-false
 #+begin_src python :exports none
   print('do things when false')
 #+end_src
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 this code block:
 
 @example
 #+begin_src python :noweb yes :results output
   if true:
       <<if-true>>
   else:
       <<if-false>>
 #+end_src
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 expands to:
 
 @example
 if true:
     print('do things when true')
 else:
     print('do things when false')
 @end example
 
 This prefix behavior can be turned off in a block by setting the
 @samp{noweb-prefix} header argument to @samp{no}, as in:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC elisp :noweb-prefix no
   (setq example-data "<<example>>")
 #+END_SRC
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 which expands to:
 
 @example
 (setq example-data "this is the
 multi-line body of example")
 @end example
 
 When in doubt about the outcome of a source code block expansion, you
 can preview the results with the following command:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v v} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-v} (@code{org-babel-expand-src-block})
 @findex org-babel-expand-src-block
 @kindex C-c C-v v
 @kindex C-c C-v C-v
 Expand the current source code block according to its header
 arguments and pop open the results in a preview buffer.
 @end table
 
 @node Library of Babel
 @section Library of Babel
 
 @cindex babel, library of
 @cindex source code, library
 @cindex code block, library
 
 The ``Library of Babel'' is a collection of code blocks.  Like
 a function library, these code blocks can be called from other Org
 files.  A collection of useful code blocks is available on @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/library-of-babel.html, Worg}.  For
 remote code block evaluation syntax, see @ref{Evaluating Code Blocks}.
 
 @kindex C-c C-v i
 @findex org-babel-lob-ingest
 For any user to add code to the library, first save the code in
 regular code blocks of an Org file, and then load the Org file with
 @code{org-babel-lob-ingest}, which is bound to @kbd{C-c C-v i}.
 
 @node Key bindings and Useful Functions
 @section Key bindings and Useful Functions
 
 @cindex code block, key bindings
 
 Many common Org mode key sequences are re-bound depending on
 the context.
 
 Active key bindings in code blocks:
 
 @kindex C-c C-c
 @findex org-babel-execute-src-block
 @kindex C-c C-o
 @findex org-babel-open-src-block-result
 @kindex M-UP
 @findex org-babel-load-in-session
 @kindex M-DOWN
 @findex org-babel-pop-to-session
 @multitable @columnfractions 0.2 0.55
 @headitem Key binding
 @tab Function
 @item @kbd{C-c C-c}
 @tab @code{org-babel-execute-src-block}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-o}
 @tab @code{org-babel-open-src-block-result}
 @item @kbd{M-@key{UP}}
 @tab @code{org-babel-load-in-session}
 @item @kbd{M-@key{DOWN}}
 @tab @code{org-babel-pop-to-session}
 @end multitable
 
 Active key bindings in Org mode buffer:
 
 @kindex C-c C-v p
 @kindex C-c C-v C-p
 @kindex C-c C-v n
 @kindex C-c C-v C-n
 @kindex C-c C-v e
 @kindex C-c C-v C-e
 @kindex C-c C-v o
 @kindex C-c C-v C-o
 @kindex C-c C-v v
 @kindex C-c C-v C-v
 @kindex C-c C-v u
 @kindex C-c C-v C-u
 @kindex C-c C-v g
 @kindex C-c C-v C-g
 @kindex C-c C-v r
 @kindex C-c C-v C-r
 @kindex C-c C-v b
 @kindex C-c C-v C-b
 @kindex C-c C-v s
 @kindex C-c C-v C-s
 @kindex C-c C-v d
 @kindex C-c C-v C-d
 @kindex C-c C-v t
 @kindex C-c C-v C-t
 @kindex C-c C-v f
 @kindex C-c C-v C-f
 @kindex C-c C-v c
 @kindex C-c C-v C-c
 @kindex C-c C-v j
 @kindex C-c C-v C-j
 @kindex C-c C-v l
 @kindex C-c C-v C-l
 @kindex C-c C-v i
 @kindex C-c C-v C-i
 @kindex C-c C-v I
 @kindex C-c C-v C-I
 @kindex C-c C-v z
 @kindex C-c C-v C-z
 @kindex C-c C-v a
 @kindex C-c C-v C-a
 @kindex C-c C-v h
 @kindex C-c C-v C-h
 @kindex C-c C-v x
 @kindex C-c C-v C-x
 @findex org-babel-previous-src-block
 @findex org-babel-next-src-block
 @findex org-babel-execute-maybe
 @findex org-babel-open-src-block-result
 @findex org-babel-expand-src-block
 @findex org-babel-goto-src-block-head
 @findex org-babel-goto-named-src-block
 @findex org-babel-goto-named-result
 @findex org-babel-execute-buffer
 @findex org-babel-execute-subtree
 @findex org-babel-demarcate-block
 @findex org-babel-tangle
 @findex org-babel-tangle-file
 @findex org-babel-check-src-block
 @findex org-babel-insert-header-arg
 @findex org-babel-load-in-session
 @findex org-babel-lob-ingest
 @findex org-babel-view-src-block-info
 @findex org-babel-switch-to-session-with-code
 @findex org-babel-sha1-hash
 @findex org-babel-describe-bindings
 @findex org-babel-do-key-sequence-in-edit-buffer
 @multitable @columnfractions 0.45 0.55
 @headitem Key binding
 @tab Function
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v p} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-p}
 @tab @code{org-babel-previous-src-block}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v n} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-n}
 @tab @code{org-babel-next-src-block}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v e} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-e}
 @tab @code{org-babel-execute-maybe}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v o} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-o}
 @tab @code{org-babel-open-src-block-result}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v v} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-v}
 @tab @code{org-babel-expand-src-block}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v u} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-u}
 @tab @code{org-babel-goto-src-block-head}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v g} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-g}
 @tab @code{org-babel-goto-named-src-block}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v r} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-r}
 @tab @code{org-babel-goto-named-result}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v b} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-b}
 @tab @code{org-babel-execute-buffer}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v s} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-s}
 @tab @code{org-babel-execute-subtree}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v d} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-d}
 @tab @code{org-babel-demarcate-block}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v t} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-t}
 @tab @code{org-babel-tangle}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v f} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-f}
 @tab @code{org-babel-tangle-file}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v c} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-c}
 @tab @code{org-babel-check-src-block}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v j} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-j}
 @tab @code{org-babel-insert-header-arg}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v l} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-l}
 @tab @code{org-babel-load-in-session}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v i} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-i}
 @tab @code{org-babel-lob-ingest}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v I} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-I}
 @tab @code{org-babel-view-src-block-info}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v z} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-z}
 @tab @code{org-babel-switch-to-session-with-code}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v a} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-a}
 @tab @code{org-babel-sha1-hash}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v h} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-h}
 @tab @code{org-babel-describe-bindings}
 @item @kbd{C-c C-v x} or @kbd{C-c C-v C-x}
 @tab @code{org-babel-do-key-sequence-in-edit-buffer}
 @end multitable
 
 @node Batch Execution
 @section Batch Execution
 
 @cindex code block, batch execution
 @cindex source code, batch execution
 
 Org mode features, including working with source code facilities can
 be invoked from the command line.  This enables building shell scripts
 for batch processing, running automated system tasks, and expanding
 Org mode's usefulness.
 
 The sample script shows batch processing of multiple files using
 @code{org-babel-tangle}.
 
 @example
 #!/bin/sh
 # Tangle files with Org mode
 #
 emacs -Q --batch --eval "
     (progn
       (require 'ob-tangle)
       (dolist (file command-line-args-left)
         (with-current-buffer (find-file-noselect file)
           (org-babel-tangle))))
   " "$@@"
 @end example
 
 @node Miscellaneous
 @chapter Miscellaneous
 
 @menu
 * Completion::                   @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} guesses completions.
 * Structure Templates::          Quick insertion of structural elements.
 * Speed Keys::                   Electric commands at the beginning of a headline.
 * Clean View::                   Getting rid of leading stars in the outline.
 * Execute commands in the active region:: Execute commands on multiple items in Org or agenda view.
 * Dynamic Headline Numbering::   Display and update outline numbering.
 * The Very Busy @kbd{C-c C-c} Key:: When in doubt, press @kbd{C-c C-c}.
 * In-buffer Settings::           Overview of keywords.
 * Regular Expressions::          Elisp regular expressions.
 * Org Syntax::                   Formal description of Org's syntax.
 * Documentation Access::         Read documentation about current syntax.
 * Escape Character::             Prevent Org from interpreting your writing.
 * Code Evaluation Security::     Org files evaluate in-line code.
 * Interaction::                  With other Emacs packages.
 * TTY Keys::                     Using Org on a tty.
 * Protocols::                    External access to Emacs and Org.
 * Org Crypt::                    Encrypting Org files.
 * Org Mobile::                   Viewing and capture on a mobile device.
 @end menu
 
 @node Completion
 @section Completion
 
 @cindex completion, of @TeX{} symbols
 @cindex completion, of TODO keywords
 @cindex completion, of dictionary words
 @cindex completion, of option keywords
 @cindex completion, of tags
 @cindex completion, of property keys
 @cindex completion, of link abbreviations
 @cindex @TeX{} symbol completion
 @cindex TODO keywords completion
 @cindex dictionary word completion
 @cindex option keyword completion
 @cindex tag completion
 @cindex link abbreviations, completion of
 
 Org has in-buffer completions.  Unlike minibuffer completions, which
 are useful for quick command interactions, Org's in-buffer completions
 are more suitable for content creation in Org documents.  Type one or
 more letters and invoke the hot key to complete the text in-place.
 Depending on the context and the keys, Org offers different types of
 completions.  No minibuffer is involved.  Such mode-specific hot keys
 have become an integral part of Emacs and Org provides several
 shortcuts.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}
 @kindex M-TAB
 
 Complete word at point.
 
 @itemize
 @item
 At the beginning of an empty headline, complete TODO keywords.
 
 @item
 After @samp{\}, complete @TeX{} symbols supported by the exporter.
 
 @item
 After @samp{:} in a headline, complete tags.  Org deduces the list of
 tags from the @samp{TAGS} in-buffer option (see @ref{Setting Tags}), the
 variable @code{org-tag-alist}, or from all tags used in the current
 buffer.
 
 @item
 After @samp{:} and not in a headline, complete property keys.  The list
 of keys is constructed dynamically from all keys used in the
 current buffer.
 
 @item
 After @samp{[[}, complete link abbreviations (see @ref{Link Abbreviations}).
 
 @item
 After @samp{[[*}, complete headlines in the current buffer so that they
 can be used in search links like: @samp{[[*find this headline]]}
 
 @item
 After @samp{#+}, complete the special keywords like @samp{TYP_TODO} or
 file-specific @samp{OPTIONS}.  After option keyword is complete,
 pressing @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} again inserts example settings for this
 keyword.
 
 @item
 After @samp{STARTUP} keyword, complete startup items.
 
 @item
 When point is anywhere else, complete dictionary words using
 Ispell.
 @end itemize
 @end table
 
 @node Structure Templates
 @section Structure Templates
 
 @cindex template insertion
 @cindex insertion, of templates
 
 With just a few keystrokes, it is possible to insert empty structural
 blocks, such as @samp{#+BEGIN_SRC} @dots{} @samp{#+END_SRC}, or to wrap existing
 text in such a block.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-,} (@code{org-insert-structure-template})
 @findex org-insert-structure-template
 @kindex C-c C-,
 Prompt for a type of block structure, and insert the block at point.
 If the region is active, it is wrapped in the block.  First prompts
 the user for keys, which are used to look up a structure type from
 the variable below.  If the key is @kbd{@key{TAB}}, @kbd{@key{RET}},
 or @kbd{@key{SPC}}, the user is prompted to enter a block type.
 @end table
 
 @vindex org-structure-template-alist
 Available structure types are defined in
 @code{org-structure-template-alist}, see the docstring for adding or
 changing values.
 
 @cindex Tempo
 @cindex template expansion
 @cindex insertion, of templates
 @vindex org-tempo-keywords-alist
 Org Tempo expands snippets to structures defined in
 @code{org-structure-template-alist} and @code{org-tempo-keywords-alist}.  For
 example, @kbd{< s @key{TAB}} creates a code block.  Enable it by
 customizing @code{org-modules} or add @samp{(require 'org-tempo)} to your Emacs
 init file@footnote{ For more information, please refer to the commentary
 section in @samp{org-tempo.el}.}.
 
 @multitable @columnfractions 0.1 0.9
 @item @kbd{a}
 @tab @samp{#+BEGIN_EXPORT ascii} @dots{} @samp{#+END_EXPORT}
 @item @kbd{c}
 @tab @samp{#+BEGIN_CENTER} @dots{} @samp{#+END_CENTER}
 @item @kbd{C}
 @tab @samp{#+BEGIN_COMMENT} @dots{} @samp{#+END_COMMENT}
 @item @kbd{e}
 @tab @samp{#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE} @dots{} @samp{#+END_EXAMPLE}
 @item @kbd{E}
 @tab @samp{#+BEGIN_EXPORT} @dots{} @samp{#+END_EXPORT}
 @item @kbd{h}
 @tab @samp{#+BEGIN_EXPORT html} @dots{} @samp{#+END_EXPORT}
 @item @kbd{l}
 @tab @samp{#+BEGIN_EXPORT latex} @dots{} @samp{#+END_EXPORT}
 @item @kbd{q}
 @tab @samp{#+BEGIN_QUOTE} @dots{} @samp{#+END_QUOTE}
 @item @kbd{s}
 @tab @samp{#+BEGIN_SRC} @dots{} @samp{#+END_SRC}
 @item @kbd{v}
 @tab @samp{#+BEGIN_VERSE} @dots{} @samp{#+END_VERSE}
 @end multitable
 
 @node Speed Keys
 @section Speed Keys
 
 @cindex speed keys
 
 Single keystrokes can execute custom commands in an Org file when
 point is on a headline.  Without the extra burden of a meta or
 modifier key, Speed Keys can speed navigation or execute custom
 commands.  Besides faster navigation, Speed Keys may come in handy on
 small mobile devices that do not have full keyboards.  Speed Keys may
 also work on TTY devices known for their problems when entering Emacs
 key chords.
 
 @vindex org-use-speed-commands
 By default, Org has Speed Keys disabled.  To activate Speed Keys, set
 the variable @code{org-use-speed-commands} to a non-@code{nil} value.  To
 trigger a Speed Key, point must be at the beginning of an Org
 headline, before any of the stars.
 
 @vindex org-speed-commands
 @findex org-speed-command-help
 Org comes with a pre-defined list of Speed Keys.  To add or modify
 Speed Keys, customize the option @code{org-speed-commands}.  For more
 details, see the variable's docstring.  With Speed Keys activated,
 @kbd{M-x org-speed-command-help}, or @kbd{?} when point is at the
 beginning of an Org headline, shows currently active Speed Keys,
 including the user-defined ones.
 
 @node Clean View
 @section A Cleaner Outline View
 
 @cindex hiding leading stars
 @cindex dynamic indentation
 @cindex odd-levels-only outlines
 @cindex clean outline view
 
 Org's outline with stars and no indents can look cluttered for short
 documents.  For @emph{book-like} long documents, the effect is not as
 noticeable.  Org provides an alternate stars and indentation scheme,
 as shown on the right in the following table.  It displays only one
 star and indents text to line up with the heading:
 
 @example
 * Top level headline             |    * Top level headline
 ** Second level                  |      * Second level
 *** Third level                  |        * Third level
 some text                        |          some text
 *** Third level                  |        * Third level
 more text                        |          more text
 * Another top level headline     |    * Another top level headline
 @end example
 
 Org can achieve this in two ways, (1) by just displaying the buffer in
 this way without changing it, or (2) by actually indenting every line
 in the desired amount with hard spaces and hiding leading stars.
 
 @menu
 * Org Indent Mode::
 * Hard indentation::
 @end menu
 
 @node Org Indent Mode
 @subsection Org Indent Mode
 
 @cindex Indent mode
 @findex org-indent-mode
 To display the buffer in the indented view, activate Org Indent minor
 mode, using @kbd{M-x org-indent-mode}.  Text lines that are not
 headlines are prefixed with virtual spaces to vertically align with
 the headline text@footnote{Org Indent mode also sets @code{wrap-prefix} correctly for
 indenting and wrapping long lines of headlines or text.  This minor
 mode also handles Visual Line mode and directly applied settings
 through @code{word-wrap}.}.
 
 @vindex org-indent-indentation-per-level
 To make more horizontal space, the headlines are shifted by two
 characters.  Configure @code{org-indent-indentation-per-level} variable for
 a different number.
 
 @vindex org-indent-mode-turns-on-hiding-stars
 @vindex org-indent-mode-turns-off-org-adapt-indentation
 By default, Org Indent mode turns off @code{org-adapt-indentation} and does
 hide leading stars by locally setting @code{org-hide-leading-stars} to @code{t}:
 only one star on each headline is visible, the rest are masked with
 the same font color as the background.  If you want to customize this
 default behavior, see @code{org-indent-mode-turns-on-hiding-stars} and
 @code{org-indent-mode-turns-off-org-adapt-indentation}.
 
 @vindex org-startup-indented
 To globally turn on Org Indent mode for all files, customize the
 variable @code{org-startup-indented}.  To control it for individual files,
 use @samp{STARTUP} keyword as follows:
 
 @example
 #+STARTUP: indent
 #+STARTUP: noindent
 @end example
 
 @node Hard indentation
 @subsection Hard indentation
 
 It is possible to use hard spaces to achieve the indentation instead,
 if the bare ASCII file should have the indented look also outside
 Emacs@footnote{This works, but requires extra effort.  Org Indent mode is
 more convenient for most applications.}.  With Org's support, you have to indent all lines to
 line up with the outline headers.  You would use these settings@footnote{
 @code{org-adapt-indentation} can also be set to @samp{'headline-data}, in which
 case only data lines below the headline will be indented.}:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-adapt-indentation t
       org-hide-leading-stars t
       org-odd-levels-only t)
 @end lisp
 
 @table @asis
 @item @emph{Indentation of text below headlines} (@code{org-adapt-indentation})
 @vindex org-adapt-indentation
 The first setting modifies paragraph filling, line wrapping, and
 structure editing commands to preserving or adapting the indentation
 as appropriate.
 
 @item @emph{Hiding leading stars} (@code{org-hide-leading-stars})
 @vindex org-hide-leading-stars
 @vindex org-hide, face
 The second setting makes leading stars invisible by applying the
 face @code{org-hide} to them.  For per-file preference, use these file
 @samp{STARTUP} options:
 
 @example
 #+STARTUP: hidestars
 #+STARTUP: showstars
 @end example
 
 @item @emph{Odd levels} (@code{org-odd-levels-only})
 @vindex org-odd-levels-only
 The third setting makes Org use only odd levels, 1, 3, 5, @dots{}, in
 the outline to create more indentation.  On a per-file level,
 control this with:
 
 @example
 #+STARTUP: odd
 #+STARTUP: oddeven
 @end example
 
 To convert a file between single and double stars layouts, use
 @kbd{M-x org-convert-to-odd-levels} and @kbd{M-x org-convert-to-oddeven-levels}.
 @end table
 
 @node Execute commands in the active region
 @section Execute commands in the active region
 
 @vindex org-loop-over-headlines-in-active-region
 When in an Org buffer and the region is active, some commands will
 apply to all the subtrees in the active region.  For example, hitting
 @kbd{C-c C-s} when multiple headlines are within the active region will
 successively prompt you for a new schedule date and time.  To disable
 this, set the option @code{org-loop-over-headlines-in-active-region} to
 non-@code{t}, activate the region and run the command normally.
 
 @vindex org-agenda-loop-over-headlines-in-active-region
 @code{org-agenda-loop-over-headlines-in-active-region} is the equivalent
 option of the agenda buffer, where you can also use @ref{Bulk remote editing selected entries, , bulk editing of
 selected entries}.
 
 Not all commands can loop in the active region and what subtrees or
 headlines are considered can be refined: see the docstrings of these
 options for more details.
 
 @node Dynamic Headline Numbering
 @section Dynamic Headline Numbering
 
 @cindex Org Num mode
 @cindex number headlines
 The Org Num minor mode, toggled with @kbd{M-x org-num-mode},
 displays outline numbering on top of headlines.  It also updates it
 automatically upon changes to the structure of the document.
 
 @vindex org-num-max-level
 @vindex org-num-skip-tags
 @vindex org-num-skip-commented
 @vindex org-num-skip-unnumbered
 By default, all headlines are numbered.  You can limit numbering to
 specific headlines according to their level, tags, @samp{COMMENT} keyword,
 or @samp{UNNUMBERED} property.  Set @code{org-num-max-level},
 @code{org-num-skip-tags}, @code{org-num-skip-commented},
 @code{org-num-skip-unnumbered}, or @code{org-num-skip-footnotes} accordingly.
 
 @vindex org-num-skip-footnotes
 If @code{org-num-skip-footnotes} is non-@code{nil}, footnotes sections (see
 @ref{Creating Footnotes}) are not numbered either.
 
 @vindex org-num-face
 @vindex org-num-format-function
 You can control how the numbering is displayed by setting
 @code{org-num-face} and @code{org-num-format-function}.
 
 @vindex org-startup-numerated
 You can also turn this mode globally for all Org files by setting the
 option @code{org-startup-numerated} to @samp{t}, or locally on a file by using
 @samp{#+startup: num}.
 
 @node The Very Busy @kbd{C-c C-c} Key
 @section The Very Busy @kbd{C-c C-c} Key
 
 @kindex C-c C-c
 @cindex @kbd{C-c C-c}, overview
 
 The @kbd{C-c C-c} key in Org serves many purposes depending on
 the context.  It is probably the most over-worked, multi-purpose key
 combination in Org.  Its uses are well documented throughout this
 manual, but here is a consolidated list for easy reference.
 
 @itemize
 @item
 If column view (see @ref{Column View}) is on, exit column view.
 
 @item
 If any highlights shown in the buffer from the creation of a sparse
 tree, or from clock display, remove such highlights.
 
 @item
 If point is in one of the special @samp{KEYWORD} lines, scan the buffer
 for these lines and update the information.  Also reset the Org file
 cache used to temporary store the contents of URLs used as values
 for keywords like @samp{SETUPFILE}.
 
 @item
 If point is inside a table, realign the table.
 
 @item
 If point is on a @samp{TBLFM} keyword, re-apply the formulas to the
 entire table.
 
 @item
 If the current buffer is a capture buffer, close the note and file
 it.  With a prefix argument, also jump to the target location after
 saving the note.
 
 @item
 If point is on a @samp{<<<target>>>}, update radio targets and
 corresponding links in this buffer.
 
 @item
 If point is on a property line or at the start or end of a property
 drawer, offer property commands.
 
 @item
 If point is at a footnote reference, go to the corresponding
 definition, and @emph{vice versa}.
 
 @item
 If point is on a statistics cookie, update it.
 
 @item
 If point is in a plain list item with a checkbox, toggle the status
 of the checkbox.
 
 @item
 If point is on a numbered item in a plain list, renumber the ordered
 list.
 
 @item
 If point is on the @samp{#+BEGIN} line of a dynamic block, the block is
 updated.
 
 @item
 If point is at a timestamp, fix the day name in the timestamp.
 @end itemize
 
 @node In-buffer Settings
 @section Summary of In-Buffer Settings
 
 @cindex in-buffer settings
 @cindex special keywords
 
 In-buffer settings start with @samp{#+}, followed by a keyword, a colon,
 one or more spaces, and then a word for each setting.  Org accepts
 multiple settings on the same line.  Org also accepts multiple lines
 for a keyword.  This manual describes these settings throughout.  A
 summary follows here.
 
 @cindex refresh set-up
 @kbd{C-c C-c} activates any changes to the in-buffer settings.
 Closing and reopening the Org file in Emacs also activates the
 changes.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{#+ARCHIVE: %s_done::}
 @cindex @samp{ARCHIVE}, keyword
 @vindex org-archive-location
 Sets the archive location of the agenda file.  The corresponding
 variable is @code{org-archive-location}.
 
 @item @samp{#+CATEGORY}
 @cindex @samp{CATEGORY}, keyword
 Sets the category of the agenda file, which applies to the entire
 document.
 
 @item @samp{#+COLUMNS: %25ITEM ...}
 @cindex @samp{COLUMNS}, property
 Set the default format for columns view.  This format applies when
 columns view is invoked in locations where no @samp{COLUMNS} property
 applies.
 
 @item @samp{#+CONSTANTS: name1=value1 ...}
 @cindex @samp{CONSTANTS}, keyword
 @vindex org-table-formula-constants
 @vindex org-table-formula
 Set file-local values for constants that table formulas can use.
 This line sets the local variable
 @code{org-table-formula-constants-local}.  The global version of this
 variable is @code{org-table-formula-constants}.
 
 @item @samp{#+FILETAGS: :tag1:tag2:tag3:}
 @cindex @samp{FILETAGS}, keyword
 Set tags that all entries in the file inherit from, including the
 top-level entries.
 
 @item @samp{#+LINK: linkword replace}
 @cindex @samp{LINK}, keyword
 @vindex org-link-abbrev-alist
 Each line specifies one abbreviation for one link.  Use multiple
 @samp{LINK} keywords for more, see @ref{Link Abbreviations}.  The
 corresponding variable is @code{org-link-abbrev-alist}.
 
 @item @samp{#+PRIORITIES: highest lowest default}
 @cindex @samp{PRIORITIES}, keyword
 @vindex org-priority-highest
 @vindex org-priority-lowest
 @vindex org-priority-default
 This line sets the limits and the default for the priorities.  All
 three must be either letters A--Z or numbers 0--9.  The highest
 priority must have a lower ASCII number than the lowest priority.
 
 @item @samp{#+PROPERTY: Property_Name Value}
 @cindex @samp{PROPERTY}, keyword
 This line sets a default inheritance value for entries in the
 current buffer, most useful for specifying the allowed values of
 a property.
 
 @item @samp{#+SETUPFILE: file}
 @cindex @samp{SETUPFILE}, keyword
 The setup file or a URL pointing to such file is for additional
 in-buffer settings.  Org loads this file and parses it for any
 settings in it only when Org opens the main file.  If URL is
 specified, the contents are downloaded and stored in a temporary
 file cache.  @kbd{C-c C-c} on the settings line parses and
 loads the file, and also resets the temporary file cache.  Org also
 parses and loads the document during normal exporting process.  Org
 parses the contents of this document as if it was included in the
 buffer.  It can be another Org file.  To visit the file---not
 a URL---use @kbd{C-c '} while point is on the line with the
 file name.
 
 @item @samp{#+STARTUP:}
 @cindex @samp{STARTUP}, keyword
 Startup options Org uses when first visiting a file.
 
 @vindex org-startup-folded
 The first set of options deals with the initial visibility of the
 outline tree.  The corresponding variable for global default
 settings is @code{org-startup-folded} with a default value of
 @code{showeverything}.
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{overview}
 @tab Top-level headlines only.
 @item @samp{content}
 @tab All headlines.
 @item @samp{showall}
 @tab No folding on any entry.
 @item @samp{show2levels}
 @tab Headline levels 1-2.
 @item @samp{show3levels}
 @tab Headline levels 1-3.
 @item @samp{show4levels}
 @tab Headline levels 1-4.
 @item @samp{show5levels}
 @tab Headline levels 1-5.
 @item @samp{showeverything}
 @tab Show even drawer contents.
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-startup-indented
 Dynamic virtual indentation is controlled by the variable
 @code{org-startup-indented}@footnote{ Note that Org Indent mode also sets the
 @code{wrap-prefix} property, such that Visual Line mode (or purely
 setting @code{word-wrap}) wraps long lines, including headlines,
 correctly indented.}.
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{indent}
 @tab Start with Org Indent mode turned on.
 @item @samp{noindent}
 @tab Start with Org Indent mode turned off.
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-startup-numerated
 Dynamic virtual numeration of headlines is controlled by the variable
 @code{org-startup-numerated}.
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{num}
 @tab Start with Org num mode turned on.
 @item @samp{nonum}
 @tab Start with Org num mode turned off.
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-startup-align-all-tables
 Aligns tables consistently upon visiting a file.  The
 corresponding variable is @code{org-startup-align-all-tables} with
 @code{nil} as default value.
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{align}
 @tab Align all tables.
 @item @samp{noalign}
 @tab Do not align tables on startup.
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-startup-shrink-all-tables
 Shrink table columns with a width cookie.  The corresponding
 variable is @code{org-startup-shrink-all-tables} with @code{nil} as
 default value.
 
 @vindex org-startup-with-inline-images
 When visiting a file, inline images can be automatically
 displayed.  The corresponding variable is
 @code{org-startup-with-inline-images}, with a default value @code{nil} to
 avoid delays when visiting a file.
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{inlineimages}
 @tab Show inline images.
 @item @samp{noinlineimages}
 @tab Do not show inline images on startup.
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-log-done
 @vindex org-log-note-clock-out
 @vindex org-log-repeat
 Logging the closing and reopening of TODO items and clock
 intervals can be configured using these options (see variables
 @code{org-log-done}, @code{org-log-note-clock-out}, and @code{org-log-repeat}).
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{logdone}
 @tab Record a timestamp when an item is marked as done.
 @item @samp{lognotedone}
 @tab Record timestamp and a note when DONE@.
 @item @samp{nologdone}
 @tab Do not record when items are marked as done.
 @item @samp{logrepeat}
 @tab Record a time when reinstating a repeating item.
 @item @samp{lognoterepeat}
 @tab Record a note when reinstating a repeating item.
 @item @samp{nologrepeat}
 @tab Do not record when reinstating repeating item.
 @item @samp{lognoteclock-out}
 @tab Record a note when clocking out.
 @item @samp{nolognoteclock-out}
 @tab Do not record a note when clocking out.
 @item @samp{logreschedule}
 @tab Record a timestamp when scheduling time changes.
 @item @samp{lognotereschedule}
 @tab Record a note when scheduling time changes.
 @item @samp{nologreschedule}
 @tab Do not record when a scheduling date changes.
 @item @samp{logredeadline}
 @tab Record a timestamp when deadline changes.
 @item @samp{lognoteredeadline}
 @tab Record a note when deadline changes.
 @item @samp{nologredeadline}
 @tab Do not record when a deadline date changes.
 @item @samp{logrefile}
 @tab Record a timestamp when refiling.
 @item @samp{lognoterefile}
 @tab Record a note when refiling.
 @item @samp{nologrefile}
 @tab Do not record when refiling.
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-hide-leading-stars
 @vindex org-odd-levels-only
 Here are the options for hiding leading stars in outline
 headings, and for indenting outlines.  The corresponding
 variables are @code{org-hide-leading-stars} and
 @code{org-odd-levels-only}, both with a default setting @code{nil}
 (meaning @samp{showstars} and @samp{oddeven}).
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{hidestars}
 @tab Make all but one of the stars starting a headline invisible.
 @item @samp{showstars}
 @tab Show all stars starting a headline.
 @item @samp{indent}
 @tab Virtual indentation according to outline level.
 @item @samp{noindent}
 @tab No virtual indentation according to outline level.
 @item @samp{odd}
 @tab Allow only odd outline levels (1, 3, @dots{}).
 @item @samp{oddeven}
 @tab Allow all outline levels.
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-put-time-stamp-overlays
 @vindex org-time-stamp-overlay-formats
 To turn on custom format overlays over timestamps (variables
 @code{org-put-time-stamp-overlays} and
 @code{org-time-stamp-overlay-formats}), use:
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{customtime}
 @tab Overlay custom time format.
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex constants-unit-system
 The following options influence the table spreadsheet (variable
 @code{constants-unit-system}).
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{constcgs}
 @tab @samp{constants.el} should use the c-g-s unit system.
 @item @samp{constSI}
 @tab @samp{constants.el} should use the SI unit system.
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-footnote-define-inline
 @vindex org-footnote-auto-label
 @vindex org-footnote-auto-adjust
 To influence footnote settings, use the following keywords.  The
 corresponding variables are @code{org-footnote-define-inline},
 @code{org-footnote-auto-label}, and @code{org-footnote-auto-adjust}.
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{fninline}
 @tab Define footnotes inline.
 @item @samp{fnnoinline}
 @tab Define footnotes in separate section.
 @item @samp{fnlocal}
 @tab Define footnotes near first reference, but not inline.
 @item @samp{fnprompt}
 @tab Prompt for footnote labels.
 @item @samp{fnauto}
 @tab Create @samp{[fn:1]}-like labels automatically (default).
 @item @samp{fnconfirm}
 @tab Offer automatic label for editing or confirmation.
 @item @samp{fnadjust}
 @tab Automatically renumber and sort footnotes.
 @item @samp{nofnadjust}
 @tab Do not renumber and sort automatically.
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-hide-block-startup
 @vindex org-hide-drawer-startup
 To hide blocks or drawers on startup, use these keywords.  The
 corresponding variables are @code{org-hide-block-startup} and
 @code{org-hide-drawer-startup}.
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{hideblocks}
 @tab Hide all begin/end blocks on startup.
 @item @samp{nohideblocks}
 @tab Do not hide blocks on startup.
 @item @samp{hidedrawers}
 @tab Hide all begin/end blocks on startup.
 @item @samp{nohidedrawers}
 @tab Do not hide blocks on startup.
 @end multitable
 @end table
 
 
 @vindex org-pretty-entities
 The display of entities as UTF-8 characters is governed by the
 variable @code{org-pretty-entities} and the keywords
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @samp{entitiespretty}
 @tab Show entities as UTF-8 characters where possible.
 @item @samp{entitiesplain}
 @tab Leave entities plain.
 @end multitable
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{#+TAGS: TAG1(c1) TAG2(c2)}
 @cindex @samp{TAGS}, keyword
 @vindex org-tag-alist
 These lines (several such lines are allowed) specify the valid tags
 in this file, and (potentially) the corresponding @emph{fast tag
 selection} keys.  The corresponding variable is @code{org-tag-alist}.
 
 @item @samp{#+TODO:}, @samp{#+SEQ_TODO:}, @samp{#+TYP_TODO:}
 @cindex @samp{SEQ_TODO}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{TODO}, keyword
 @cindex @samp{TYP_TODO}, keyword
 @vindex org-todo-keywords
 These lines set the TODO keywords and their interpretation in the
 current file.  The corresponding variable is @code{org-todo-keywords}.
 @end table
 
 @node Regular Expressions
 @section Regular Expressions
 
 @cindex regular expressions syntax
 @cindex regular expressions, in searches
 
 Org, as an Emacs mode, makes use of Elisp regular expressions for
 searching, matching and filtering.  Elisp regular expressions have a
 somewhat different syntax then some common standards.  Most notably,
 alternation is indicated using @samp{\|} and matching groups are denoted by
 @samp{\(...\)}.  For example the string @samp{home\|work} matches either @samp{home}
 or @samp{work}.
 
 For more information, see @ref{Regexps,Regular Expressions in Emacs,,emacs,}.
 
 @node Org Syntax
 @section Org Syntax
 
 A reference document providing a formal description of Org's syntax is
 available as @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/dev/org-syntax.html, a draft on Worg}, written and maintained by Nicolas
 Goaziou.  It defines Org's core internal concepts such as ``headlines'',
 ``sections'', ``affiliated keywords'', ``(greater) elements'' and ``objects''.
 Each part of an Org document belongs to one of the previous
 categories.
 
 To explore the abstract structure of an Org buffer, run this in
 a buffer:
 
 @example
 M-: (org-element-parse-buffer) <RET>
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 It outputs a list containing the buffer's content represented as an
 abstract structure.  The export engine relies on the information
 stored in this list.  Most interactive commands---e.g., for structure
 editing---also rely on the syntactic meaning of the surrounding
 context.
 
 @cindex syntax checker
 @cindex linter
 @findex org-lint
 You can probe the syntax of your documents with the command
 
 @example
 M-x org-lint <RET>
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 It runs a number of checks to find common mistakes.  It then displays
 their location in a dedicated buffer, along with a description and
 a ``trust level'', since false-positive are possible.  From there, you
 can operate on the reports with the following keys:
 
 @multitable @columnfractions 0.22 0.78
 @item @kbd{C-j}, @kbd{@key{TAB}}
 @tab Display the offending line
 @item @kbd{@key{RET}}
 @tab Move point to the offending line
 @item @kbd{g}
 @tab Check the document again
 @item @kbd{h}
 @tab Hide all reports from the same checker
 @item @kbd{i}
 @tab Also remove them from all subsequent checks
 @item @kbd{S}
 @tab Sort reports by the column at point
 @end multitable
 
 @node Documentation Access
 @section Context Dependent Documentation
 
 @cindex documentation
 @cindex Info
 
 @findex org-info-find-node
 @kindex C-c C-x I
 @kbd{C-c C-x I} in an Org file tries to open a suitable section
 of the Org manual depending on the syntax at point.  For example,
 using it on a headline displays ``Document Structure'' section.
 
 @kbd{q} closes the Info window.
 
 @node Escape Character
 @section Escape Character
 
 @cindex escape character
 @cindex zero width space
 You may sometimes want to write text that looks like Org syntax, but
 should really read as plain text.  Org may use a specific escape
 character in some situations, i.e., a backslash in macros (see @ref{Macro Replacement}) and links (see @ref{Link Format}), or a comma in source and
 example blocks (see @ref{Literal Examples}).  In the general case, however,
 we suggest to use the zero width space.  You can insert one with any
 of the following:
 
 @example
 C-x 8 <RET> zero width space <RET>
 C-x 8 <RET> 200B <RET>
 @end example
 
 
 For example, in order to write @samp{[[1,2]]} as-is in your document, you
 may write instead
 
 @example
 [X[1,2]]
 @end example
 
 
 where @samp{X} denotes the zero width space character.
 
 @node Code Evaluation Security
 @section Code Evaluation and Security Issues
 
 Unlike plain text, running code comes with risk.  Each source code
 block, in terms of risk, is equivalent to an executable file.  Org
 therefore puts a few confirmation prompts by default.  This is to
 alert the casual user from accidentally running untrusted code.
 
 For users who do not run code blocks or write code regularly, Org's
 default settings should suffice.  However, some users may want to
 tweak the prompts for fewer interruptions.  To weigh the risks of
 automatic execution of code blocks, here are some details about code
 evaluation.
 
 Org evaluates code in the following circumstances:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @emph{Source code blocks}
 Org evaluates source code blocks in an Org file during export.  Org
 also evaluates a source code block with the @kbd{C-c C-c} key
 chord.  Users exporting or running code blocks must load files only
 from trusted sources.  Be wary of customizing variables that remove
 or alter default security measures.
 
 @defopt org-confirm-babel-evaluate
 When @code{t}, Org prompts the user for confirmation before executing
 each code block.  When @code{nil}, Org executes code blocks without
 prompting the user for confirmation.  When this option is set to
 a custom function, Org invokes the function with these two
 arguments: the source code language and the body of the code block.
 The custom function must return either a @code{t} or @code{nil}, which
 determines if the user is prompted.  Each source code language can
 be handled separately through this function argument.
 @end defopt
 
 For example, here is how to execute ditaa code blocks without
 prompting:
 
 @lisp
 (defun my-org-confirm-babel-evaluate (lang body)
   (not (string= lang "ditaa")))  ;don't ask for ditaa
 (setq org-confirm-babel-evaluate #'my-org-confirm-babel-evaluate)
 @end lisp
 
 @item @emph{Following @samp{shell} and @samp{elisp} links}
 Org has two link types that can directly evaluate code (see
 @ref{External Links}).  Because such code is not visible, these links
 have a potential risk.  Org therefore prompts the user when it
 encounters such links.  The customization variables are:
 
 @defopt org-link-shell-confirm-function
 Function that prompts the user before executing a shell link.
 @end defopt
 
 @defopt org-link-elisp-confirm-function
 Function that prompts the user before executing an Emacs Lisp link.
 @end defopt
 
 @item @emph{Formulas in tables}
 Formulas in tables (see @ref{The Spreadsheet}) are code that is evaluated
 either by the Calc interpreter, or by the Emacs Lisp interpreter.
 @end table
 
 @node Interaction
 @section Interaction with Other Packages
 
 @cindex packages, interaction with other
 
 Org's compatibility and the level of interaction with other Emacs
 packages are documented here.
 
 @menu
 * Cooperation::                  Packages Org cooperates with.
 * Conflicts::                    Packages that lead to conflicts.
 @end menu
 
 @node Cooperation
 @subsection Packages that Org cooperates with
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{calc.el} by Dave Gillespie
 @cindex @file{calc.el}
 
 Org uses the Calc package for implementing spreadsheet functionality
 in its tables (see @ref{The Spreadsheet}).  Org also uses Calc for
 embedded calculations.  See @ref{Embedded Mode,GNU Emacs Calc Manual,,calc,}.
 
 @item @samp{constants.el} by Carsten Dominik
 @cindex @file{constants.el}
 @vindex org-table-formula-constants
 
 Org can use names for constants in formulas in tables.  Org can also
 use calculation suffixes for units, such as @samp{M} for @samp{Mega}.  For
 a standard collection of such constants, install the @samp{constants}
 package.  Install version 2.0 of this package, available at
 @uref{http://www.astro.uva.nl/~dominik/Tools}.  Org checks if the function
 @code{constants-get} has been autoloaded.  Installation instructions are
 in the file @samp{constants.el}.
 
 @item @samp{cdlatex.el} by Carsten Dominik
 @cindex @file{cdlatex.el}
 
 Org mode can make use of the CD@LaTeX{} package to efficiently enter
 @LaTeX{} fragments into Org files.  See @ref{CD@LaTeX{} mode}.
 
 @item @samp{imenu.el} by Ake Stenhoff and Lars Lindberg
 @cindex @file{imenu.el}
 
 Imenu creates dynamic menus based on an index of items in a file.
 Org mode supports Imenu menus.  Enable it with a mode hook as
 follows:
 
 @lisp
 (add-hook 'org-mode-hook
           (lambda () (imenu-add-to-menubar "Imenu")))
 @end lisp
 
 @vindex org-imenu-depth
 By default the index is two levels deep---you can modify the
 depth using the option @code{org-imenu-depth}.
 
 @item @samp{speedbar.el} by Eric@tie{}M@.@tie{}Ludlam
 @cindex @file{speedbar.el}
 
 Speedbar package creates a special Emacs frame for displaying files
 and index items in files.  Org mode supports Speedbar; users can
 drill into Org files directly from the Speedbar.  The @kbd{<}
 in the Speedbar frame tweaks the agenda commands to that file or to
 a subtree.
 
 @item @samp{table.el} by Takaaki Ota
 @cindex table editor, @file{table.el}
 @cindex @file{table.el}
 
 Complex ASCII tables with automatic line wrapping, column- and
 row-spanning, and alignment can be created using the Emacs table
 package by Takaaki Ota.  Org mode recognizes such tables and exports
 them properly.  @kbd{C-c '} to edit these tables in a special
 buffer, much like Org's code blocks.  Because of interference with
 other Org mode functionality, Takaaki Ota tables cannot be edited
 directly in the Org buffer.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c '} (@code{org-edit-special})
 @kindex C-c '
 @findex org-edit-special
 Edit a @samp{table.el} table.  Works when point is in a @samp{table.el}
 table.
 
 @item @kbd{C-c ~​} (@code{org-table-create-with-table.el})
 @kindex C-c ~
 @findex org-table-create-with-table.el
 Insert a @samp{table.el} table.  If there is already a table at point,
 this command converts it between the @samp{table.el} format and the Org
 mode format.  See the documentation string of the command
 @code{org-convert-table} for the restrictions under which this is
 possible.
 @end table
 @end table
 
 @node Conflicts
 @subsection Packages that conflict with Org mode
 
 @cindex shift-selection
 @vindex org-support-shift-select
 In Emacs, shift-selection combines motions of point with shift key to
 enlarge regions.  Emacs sets this mode by default.  This conflicts
 with Org's use of @kbd{S-<cursor>} commands to change timestamps,
 TODO keywords, priorities, and item bullet types, etc.  Since
 @kbd{S-<cursor>} commands outside of specific contexts do not do
 anything, Org offers the variable @code{org-support-shift-select} for
 customization.  Org mode accommodates shift selection by (i) making it
 available outside of the special contexts where special commands
 apply, and (ii) extending an existing active region even if point
 moves across a special context.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{cua.el} by Kim@tie{}F@.@tie{}Storm
 @cindex @file{cua.el}
 @vindex org-replace-disputed-keys
 Org key bindings conflict with @kbd{S-<cursor>} keys used by
 CUA mode.  For Org to relinquish these bindings to CUA mode,
 configure the variable @code{org-replace-disputed-keys}.  When set, Org
 moves the following key bindings in Org files, and in the agenda
 buffer---but not during date selection.
 
 @multitable @columnfractions 0.4 0.4
 @item @kbd{S-@key{UP}}      @result{}  @kbd{M-p}
 @tab @kbd{S-@key{DOWN}}     @result{}  @kbd{M-n}
 @item @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}}    @result{}  @kbd{M--}
 @tab @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}}    @result{}  @kbd{M-+}
 @item @kbd{C-S-@key{LEFT}}  @result{}  @kbd{M-S--}
 @tab @kbd{C-S-@key{RIGHT}}  @result{}  @kbd{M-S-+}
 @end multitable
 
 @vindex org-disputed-keys
 Yes, these are unfortunately more difficult to remember.  If you
 want to have other replacement keys, look at the variable
 @code{org-disputed-keys}.
 
 @item @samp{ecomplete.el} by Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen
 @cindex @file{ecomplete.el}
 Ecomplete provides ``electric'' address completion in address header
 lines in message buffers.  Sadly Orgtbl mode cuts Ecomplete's power
 supply: no completion happens when Orgtbl mode is enabled in message
 buffers while entering text in address header lines.  If one wants
 to use ecomplete one should @emph{not} follow the advice to automagically
 turn on Orgtbl mode in message buffers (see @ref{Orgtbl Mode}),
 but instead---after filling in the message headers---turn on Orgtbl
 mode manually when needed in the messages body.
 
 @item @samp{filladapt.el} by Kyle Jones
 @cindex @file{filladapt.el}
 Org mode tries to do the right thing when filling paragraphs, list
 items and other elements.  Many users reported problems using both
 @samp{filladapt.el} and Org mode, so a safe thing to do is to disable
 filladapt like this:
 
 @lisp
 (add-hook 'org-mode-hook 'turn-off-filladapt-mode)
 @end lisp
 
 @item @samp{viper.el} by Michael Kifer
 @cindex @file{viper.el}
 @kindex C-c /
 
 Viper uses @kbd{C-c /} and therefore makes this key not access
 the corresponding Org mode command @code{org-sparse-tree}.  You need to
 find another key for this command, or override the key in
 @code{viper-vi-global-user-map} with
 
 @lisp
 (define-key viper-vi-global-user-map "C-c /" 'org-sparse-tree)
 @end lisp
 
 @item @samp{windmove.el} by Hovav Shacham
 @cindex @file{windmove.el}
 
 This package also uses the @kbd{S-<cursor>} keys, so everything
 written in the paragraph above about CUA mode also applies here.  If
 you want to make the windmove function active in locations where Org
 mode does not have special functionality on @kbd{S-<cursor>},
 add this to your configuration:
 
 @lisp
 ;; Make windmove work in Org mode:
 (add-hook 'org-shiftup-final-hook 'windmove-up)
 (add-hook 'org-shiftleft-final-hook 'windmove-left)
 (add-hook 'org-shiftdown-final-hook 'windmove-down)
 (add-hook 'org-shiftright-final-hook 'windmove-right)
 @end lisp
 
 @item @samp{yasnippet.el}
 @cindex @file{yasnippet.el}
 The way Org mode binds the @kbd{@key{TAB}} key (binding to @code{[tab]}
 instead of @code{"\t"}) overrules YASnippet's access to this key.  The
 following code fixed this problem:
 
 @lisp
 (add-hook 'org-mode-hook
           (lambda ()
             (setq-local yas/trigger-key [tab])
             (define-key yas/keymap [tab] 'yas/next-field-or-maybe-expand)))
 @end lisp
 
 The latest version of YASnippet does not play well with Org mode.
 If the above code does not fix the conflict, start by defining
 the following function:
 
 @lisp
 (defun yas/org-very-safe-expand ()
   (let ((yas/fallback-behavior 'return-nil)) (yas/expand)))
 @end lisp
 
 Then, tell Org mode to use that function:
 
 @lisp
 (add-hook 'org-mode-hook
           (lambda ()
             (make-variable-buffer-local 'yas/trigger-key)
             (setq yas/trigger-key [tab])
             (add-to-list 'org-tab-first-hook 'yas/org-very-safe-expand)
             (define-key yas/keymap [tab] 'yas/next-field)))
 @end lisp
 @end table
 
 @node TTY Keys
 @section Using Org on a TTY
 
 @cindex tty key bindings
 
 Org provides alternative key bindings for TTY and modern mobile
 devices that cannot perform movement commands on point and key
 bindings with modifier keys.  Some of these workarounds may be more
 cumbersome than necessary.  Users should look into customizing these
 further based on their usage needs.  For example, the normal
 @kbd{S-<cursor>} for editing timestamp might be better with
 @kbd{C-c .} chord.
 
 @multitable @columnfractions 0.2 0.28 0.15 0.21
 @headitem Default
 @tab Alternative 1
 @tab Speed key
 @tab Alternative 2
 @item @kbd{S-@key{TAB}}
 @tab @kbd{C-u @key{TAB}}
 @tab @kbd{C}
 @tab 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{LEFT}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c C-x l}
 @tab @kbd{l}
 @tab @kbd{Esc @key{LEFT}}
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{LEFT}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c C-x L}
 @tab @kbd{L}
 @tab 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{RIGHT}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c C-x r}
 @tab @kbd{r}
 @tab @kbd{Esc @key{RIGHT}}
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{RIGHT}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c C-x R}
 @tab @kbd{R}
 @tab 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{UP}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c C-x u}
 @tab 
 @tab @kbd{Esc @key{UP}}
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{UP}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c C-x U}
 @tab @kbd{U}
 @tab 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{DOWN}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c C-x d}
 @tab 
 @tab @kbd{Esc @key{DOWN}}
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{DOWN}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c C-x D}
 @tab @kbd{D}
 @tab 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{RET}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c C-x c}
 @tab 
 @tab 
 @item @kbd{M-@key{RET}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c C-x m}
 @tab 
 @tab @kbd{Esc @key{RET}}
 @item @kbd{M-S-@key{RET}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c C-x M}
 @tab 
 @tab 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{LEFT}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c @key{LEFT}}
 @tab 
 @tab 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{RIGHT}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c @key{RIGHT}}
 @tab 
 @tab 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{UP}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c @key{UP}}
 @tab 
 @tab 
 @item @kbd{S-@key{DOWN}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c @key{DOWN}}
 @tab 
 @tab 
 @item @kbd{C-S-@key{LEFT}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c C-x @key{LEFT}}
 @tab 
 @tab 
 @item @kbd{C-S-@key{RIGHT}}
 @tab @kbd{C-c C-x @key{RIGHT}}
 @tab 
 @tab 
 @end multitable
 
 @node Protocols
 @section Protocols for External Access
 
 @cindex protocols, for external access
 
 Org protocol is a tool to trigger custom actions in Emacs from
 external applications.  Any application that supports calling external
 programs with an URL as argument may be used with this functionality.
 For example, you can configure bookmarks in your web browser to send a
 link to the current page to Org and create a note from it using
 capture (see @ref{Capture}).  You can also create a bookmark that tells
 Emacs to open the local source file of a remote website you are
 browsing.
 
 @cindex Org protocol, set-up
 @cindex Installing Org protocol
 In order to use Org protocol from an application, you need to register
 @samp{org-protocol://} as a valid scheme-handler.  External calls are
 passed to Emacs through the @samp{emacsclient} command, so you also need to
 ensure an Emacs server is running.  More precisely, when the
 application calls
 
 @example
 emacsclient "org-protocol://PROTOCOL?key1=val1&key2=val2"
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 Emacs calls the handler associated to @var{PROTOCOL} with
 argument @samp{(:key1 val1 :key2 val2)}.
 
 @cindex protocol, new protocol
 @cindex defining new protocols
 Org protocol comes with three predefined protocols, detailed in the
 following sections.  Configure @code{org-protocol-protocol-alist} to define
 your own.
 
 @menu
 * The @code{store-link} protocol:: Store a link, push URL to kill-ring.
 * The @code{capture} protocol::  Fill a buffer with external information.
 * The @code{open-source} protocol:: Edit published contents.
 @end menu
 
 @node The @code{store-link} protocol
 @subsection The @code{store-link} protocol
 
 @cindex store-link protocol
 @cindex protocol, store-link
 
 Using the @code{store-link} handler, you can copy links, to that they can
 be inserted using @kbd{M-x org-insert-link} or yanking.  More
 precisely, the command
 
 @example
 emacsclient "org-protocol://store-link?url=URL&title=TITLE"
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 stores the following link:
 
 @example
 [[URL][TITLE]]
 @end example
 
 
 In addition, @var{URL} is pushed on the kill-ring for yanking.
 You need to encode @var{URL} and @var{TITLE} if they contain
 slashes, and probably quote those for the shell.
 
 To use this feature from a browser, add a bookmark with an arbitrary
 name, e.g., @samp{Org: store-link} and enter this as @emph{Location}:
 
 @example
 javascript:location.href='org-protocol://store-link?' +
       new URLSearchParams(@{url:location.href, title:document.title@});
 @end example
 
 Title is an optional parameter.  Another expression was recommended earlier:
 
 @example
 javascript:location.href='org-protocol://store-link?url='+
       encodeURIComponent(location.href);
 @end example
 
 The latter form is compatible with older Org versions from 9.0 to 9.4.
 
 @node The @code{capture} protocol
 @subsection The @code{capture} protocol
 
 @cindex capture protocol
 @cindex protocol, capture
 
 Activating the ``capture'' handler pops up a @samp{Capture} buffer in Emacs,
 using acapture template.
 
 @example
 emacsclient "org-protocol://capture?template=X&url=URL&title=TITLE&body=BODY"
 @end example
 
 
 To use this feature, add a bookmark with an arbitrary name, e.g.,
 @samp{Org: capture}, and enter this as @samp{Location}:
 
 @example
 javascript:location.href='org-protocol://capture?' +
       new URLSearchParams(@{
             template: 'x', url: window.location.href,
             title: document.title, body: window.getSelection()@});
 @end example
 
 You might have seen another expression:
 
 @example
 javascript:location.href='org-protocol://capture?template=x'+
       '&url='+encodeURIComponent(window.location.href)+
       '&title='+encodeURIComponent(document.title)+
       '&body='+encodeURIComponent(window.getSelection());
 @end example
 
 It is a bit more cluttered than the former one, but it is compatible
 with previous Org versions 9.0-9.4.  In these versions encoding of
 space as ``+'' character was not supported by URI decoder.
 
 @vindex org-protocol-default-template-key
 The capture template to be used can be specified in the bookmark (like
 @samp{X} above).  If unspecified, the template key is set in the variable
 @code{org-protocol-default-template-key}.  The following template
 placeholders are available:
 
 @example
 %:link          The URL
 %:description   The webpage title
 %:annotation    Equivalent to [[%:link][%:description]]
 %i              The selected text
 @end example
 
 @node The @code{open-source} protocol
 @subsection The @code{open-source} protocol
 
 @cindex open-source protocol
 @cindex protocol, open-source
 
 The @code{open-source} handler is designed to help with editing local
 sources when reading a document.  To that effect, you can use
 a bookmark with the following location:
 
 @example
 javascript:location.href='org-protocol://open-source?&url='+
       encodeURIComponent(location.href)
 @end example
 
 @vindex org-protocol-project-alist
 The variable @code{org-protocol-project-alist} maps URLs to local file
 names, by stripping URL parameters from the end and replacing the
 @code{:base-url} with @code{:working-directory} and @code{:online-suffix} with
 @code{:working-suffix}.  For example, assuming you own a local copy of
 @samp{https://orgmode.org/worg/} contents at @samp{/home/user/worg}, you can set
 @code{org-protocol-project-alist} to the following
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-protocol-project-alist
       '(("Worg"
          :base-url "https://orgmode.org/worg/"
          :working-directory "/home/user/worg/"
          :online-suffix ".html"
          :working-suffix ".org")))
 @end lisp
 
 @noindent
 If you are now browsing
 @samp{https://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/org-protocol.html} and find
 a typo or have an idea about how to enhance the documentation, simply
 click the bookmark and start editing.
 
 @cindex rewritten URL in open-source protocol
 @cindex protocol, open-source rewritten URL
 However, such mapping may not always yield the desired results.
 Suppose you maintain an online store located at @samp{https://example.com/}.
 The local sources reside in @samp{/home/user/example/}.  It is common
 practice to serve all products in such a store through one file and
 rewrite URLs that do not match an existing file on the server.  That
 way, a request to @samp{https://example.com/print/posters.html} might be
 rewritten on the server to something like
 @samp{https://example.com/shop/products.php/posters.html.php}.  The
 @code{open-source} handler probably cannot find a file named
 @samp{/home/user/example/print/posters.html.php} and fails.
 
 Such an entry in @code{org-protocol-project-alist} may hold an additional
 property @code{:rewrites}.  This property is a list of cons cells, each of
 which maps a regular expression to a path relative to the
 @code{:working-directory}.
 
 Now map the URL to the path @samp{/home/user/example/products.php} by
 adding @code{:rewrites} rules like this:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-protocol-project-alist
       '(("example.com"
          :base-url "https://example.com/"
          :working-directory "/home/user/example/"
          :online-suffix ".php"
          :working-suffix ".php"
          :rewrites (("example.com/print/" . "products.php")
                     ("example.com/$" . "index.php")))))
 @end lisp
 
 @noindent
 Since @samp{example.com/$} is used as a regular expression, it maps
 @samp{http://example.com/}, @samp{https://example.com},
 @samp{http://www.example.com/} and similar to
 @samp{/home/user/example/index.php}.
 
 The @code{:rewrites} rules are searched as a last resort if and only if no
 existing file name is matched.
 
 @cindex protocol, open-source, set-up mapping
 @cindex mappings in open-source protocol
 @findex org-protocol-create
 @findex org-protocol-create-for-org
 Two functions can help you filling @code{org-protocol-project-alist} with
 valid contents: @code{org-protocol-create} and
 @code{org-protocol-create-for-org}.  The latter is of use if you're editing
 an Org file that is part of a publishing project.
 
 @node Org Crypt
 @section Org Crypt
 
 Org Crypt encrypts the text of an entry, but not the headline, or
 properties.  Behind the scene, it uses the @ref{Top,Emacs EasyPG Library,,epa,} to
 encrypt and decrypt files, and EasyPG needs a correct @ref{Top,GnuPG,,gnupg,} setup.
 
 @vindex org-crypt-tag-matcher
 Any text below a headline that has a @samp{crypt} tag is automatically
 encrypted when the file is saved.  To use a different tag, customize
 the @code{org-crypt-tag-matcher} setting.
 
 Here is a suggestion for Org Crypt settings in Emacs init file:
 
 @lisp
 (require 'org-crypt)
 (org-crypt-use-before-save-magic)
 (setq org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance '("crypt"))
 
 (setq org-crypt-key nil)
 ;; GPG key to use for encryption.
 ;; nil means  use symmetric encryption unconditionally.
 ;; "" means use symmetric encryption unless heading sets CRYPTKEY property.
 
 (setq auto-save-default nil)
 ;; Auto-saving does not cooperate with org-crypt.el: so you need to
 ;; turn it off if you plan to use org-crypt.el quite often.  Otherwise,
 ;; you'll get an (annoying) message each time you start Org.
 
 ;; To turn it off only locally, you can insert this:
 ;;
 ;; # -*- buffer-auto-save-file-name: nil; -*-
 @end lisp
 
 It's possible to use different keys for different headings by
 specifying the respective key as property @samp{CRYPTKEY}, e.g.:
 
 @example
 * Totally secret :crypt:
   :PROPERTIES:
   :CRYPTKEY: 0x0123456789012345678901234567890123456789
   :END:
 @end example
 
 Note that @samp{CRYPTKEY} property is only effective when @code{org-crypt-key}
 is set to non-nil.  @code{nil} value of @code{org-crypt-key} makes Org use
 symmetric encryption unconditionally.
 
 Excluding the @samp{crypt} tag from inheritance prevents already encrypted
 text from being encrypted again.
 
 @node Org Mobile
 @section Org Mobile
 
 @cindex smartphone
 
 Org Mobile is a protocol for synchronizing Org files between Emacs and
 other applications, e.g., on mobile devices.  It enables offline-views
 and capture support for an Org mode system that is rooted on a ``real''
 computer.  The external application can also record changes to
 existing entries.
 
 This appendix describes Org's support for agenda view formats
 compatible with Org Mobile.  It also describes synchronizing changes,
 such as to notes, between the mobile application and the computer.
 
 To change tags and TODO states in the mobile application, first
 customize the variables @code{org-todo-keywords}, @code{org-tag-alist} and
 @code{org-tag-persistent-alist}.  These should cover all the important tags
 and TODO keywords, even if Org files use only some of them.  Though
 the mobile application is expected to support in-buffer settings, it
 is required to understand TODO states @emph{sets} (see @ref{Per-file keywords}) and @emph{mutually exclusive} tags (see @ref{Setting Tags}) only for those set in these variables.
 
 @menu
 * Setting up the staging area::  For the mobile device.
 * Pushing to the mobile application:: Uploading Org files and agendas.
 * Pulling from the mobile application:: Integrating captured and flagged items.
 @end menu
 
 @node Setting up the staging area
 @subsection Setting up the staging area
 
 @vindex org-mobile-directory
 The mobile application needs access to a file directory on
 a server@footnote{For a server to host files, consider using a WebDAV server,
 such as @uref{https://nextcloud.com, Nextcloud}.  Additional help is at this @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/org-faq.html#mobileorg_webdav, FAQ entry}.} to interact with Emacs.  Pass its location through
 the @code{org-mobile-directory} variable.  If you can mount that directory
 locally just set the variable to point to that directory:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-mobile-directory "~/orgmobile/")
 @end lisp
 
 Alternatively, by using TRAMP (see @ref{Top,TRAMP User Manual,,tramp,}),
 @code{org-mobile-directory} may point to a remote directory accessible
 through, for example, SSH, SCP, or DAVS:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-mobile-directory "/davs:user@@remote.host:/org/webdav/")
 @end lisp
 
 @vindex org-mobile-encryption
 With a public server, consider encrypting the files.  Org also
 requires OpenSSL installed on the local computer.  To turn on
 encryption, set the same password in the mobile application and in
 Emacs.  Set the password in the variable
 @code{org-mobile-use-encryption}@footnote{ If Emacs is configured for safe
 storing of passwords, then configure the variable
 @code{org-mobile-encryption-password}; please read the docstring of that
 variable.}.  Note that even after the mobile application encrypts the
 file contents, the file name remains visible on the file systems of
 the local computer, the server, and the mobile device.
 
 @node Pushing to the mobile application
 @subsection Pushing to the mobile application
 
 @findex org-mobile-push
 @vindex org-mobile-files
 The command @code{org-mobile-push} copies files listed in
 @code{org-mobile-files} into the staging area.  Files include agenda files
 (as listed in @code{org-agenda-files}).  Customize @code{org-mobile-files} to
 add other files.  File names are staged with paths relative to
 @code{org-directory}, so all files should be inside this directory@footnote{
 Symbolic links in @code{org-directory} need to have the same name as their
 targets.}.
 
 Push creates a special Org file @samp{agendas.org} with custom agenda views
 defined by the user@footnote{While creating the agendas, Org mode forces @samp{ID} properties
 on all referenced entries, so that these entries can be uniquely
 identified if Org Mobile flags them for further action.  To avoid
 setting properties configure the variable
 @code{org-mobile-force-id-on-agenda-items} to @code{nil}.  Org mode then relies
 on outline paths, assuming they are unique.}.
 
 Finally, Org writes the file @samp{index.org}, containing links to other
 files.  The mobile application reads this file first from the server
 to determine what other files to download for agendas.  For faster
 downloads, it is expected to only read files whose checksums@footnote{
 Checksums are stored automatically in the file @samp{checksums.dat}.}  have
 changed.
 
 @node Pulling from the mobile application
 @subsection Pulling from the mobile application
 
 @findex org-mobile-pull
 The command @code{org-mobile-pull} synchronizes changes with the server.
 More specifically, it first pulls the Org files for viewing.  It then
 appends captured entries and pointers to flagged or changed entries to
 the file @samp{mobileorg.org} on the server.  Org ultimately integrates its
 data in an inbox file format, through the following steps:
 
 @enumerate
 @item
 @vindex org-mobile-inbox-for-pull
 Org moves all entries found in @samp{mobileorg.org}@footnote{ The file will
 be empty after this operation.} and appends them to the file
 pointed to by the variable @code{org-mobile-inbox-for-pull}.  It should
 reside neither in the staging area nor on the server.  Each
 captured entry and each editing event is a top-level entry in the
 inbox file.
 
 @item
 @cindex @samp{FLAGGED}, tag
 After moving the entries, Org processes changes to the shared
 files.  Some of them are applied directly and without user
 interaction.  Examples include changes to tags, TODO state,
 headline and body text.  Entries requiring further action are
 tagged as @samp{FLAGGED}.  Org marks entries with problems with an error
 message in the inbox.  They have to be resolved manually.
 
 @item
 Org generates an agenda view for flagged entries for user
 intervention to clean up.  For notes stored in flagged entries, Org
 displays them in the echo area when point is on the corresponding
 agenda item.
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{?}
 Pressing @kbd{?} displays the entire flagged note in another
 window.  Org also pushes it to the kill ring.  To store flagged
 note as a normal note, use @kbd{? z C-y C-c C-c}.  Pressing
 @kbd{?} twice does these things: first it removes the
 @samp{FLAGGED} tag; second, it removes the flagged note from the
 property drawer; third, it signals that manual editing of the
 flagged entry is now finished.
 @end table
 @end enumerate
 
 @kindex ? @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 From the agenda dispatcher, @kbd{?} returns to the view to finish
 processing flagged entries.  Note that these entries may not be the
 most recent since the mobile application searches files that were last
 pulled.  To get an updated agenda view with changes since the last
 pull, pull again.
 
 @node Hacking
 @appendix Hacking
 
 @cindex hacking
 
 This appendix describes some ways a user can extend the functionality
 of Org.
 
 @menu
 * Hooks::                        How to reach into Org's internals.
 * Add-on Packages::              Available extensions.
 * Adding Hyperlink Types::       New custom link types.
 * Adding Export Back-ends::      How to write new export back-ends.
 * Tables in Arbitrary Syntax::   Orgtbl for LaTeX and other programs.
 * Dynamic Blocks::               Automatically filled blocks.
 * Special Agenda Views::         Customized views.
 * Speeding Up Your Agendas::     Tips on how to speed up your agendas.
 * Extracting Agenda Information:: Post-processing agenda information.
 * Using the Property API::       Writing programs that use entry properties.
 * Using the Mapping API::        Mapping over all or selected entries.
 @end menu
 
 @node Hooks
 @appendixsec Hooks
 
 @cindex hooks
 
 Org has a large number of hook variables for adding functionality.
 This appendix illustrates using a few.  A complete list of hooks with
 documentation is maintained by the Worg project at
 @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/doc.html#hooks}.
 
 @node Add-on Packages
 @appendixsec Add-on Packages
 
 @cindex add-on packages
 
 Various authors wrote a large number of add-on packages for Org.  Some
 of these packages used to be part of the @samp{org-mode} repository but are
 now hosted in a separate @samp{org-contrib} repository
 @uref{https://git.sr.ht/~bzg/org-contrib, here}.  A Worg page with more
 information is at: @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/}.
 
 @node Adding Hyperlink Types
 @appendixsec Adding Hyperlink Types
 
 @cindex hyperlinks, adding new types
 
 Org has many built-in hyperlink types (see @ref{Hyperlinks}), and an
 interface for adding new link types.  The following example shows the
 process of adding Org links to Unix man pages, which look like this
 
 @example
 [[man:printf][The printf manual]]
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 The following @samp{ol-man.el} file implements it
 
 @lisp
 ;;; ol-man.el - Support for links to man pages in Org mode
 (require 'ol)
 
 (org-link-set-parameters "man"
                          :follow #'org-man-open
                          :export #'org-man-export
                          :store #'org-man-store-link)
 
 (defcustom org-man-command 'man
   "The Emacs command to be used to display a man page."
   :group 'org-link
   :type '(choice (const man) (const woman)))
 
 (defun org-man-open (path _)
   "Visit the manpage on PATH.
 PATH should be a topic that can be thrown at the man command."
   (funcall org-man-command path))
 
 (defun org-man-store-link ()
   "Store a link to a man page."
   (when (memq major-mode '(Man-mode woman-mode))
     ;; This is a man page, we do make this link.
     (let* ((page (org-man-get-page-name))
            (link (concat "man:" page))
            (description (format "Man page for %s" page)))
       (org-link-store-props
        :type "man"
        :link link
        :description description))))
 
 (defun org-man-get-page-name ()
   "Extract the page name from the buffer name."
   ;; This works for both `Man-mode' and `woman-mode'.
   (if (string-match " \\(\\S-+\\)\\*" (buffer-name))
       (match-string 1 (buffer-name))
     (error "Cannot create link to this man page")))
 
 (defun org-man-export (link description format _)
   "Export a man page link from Org files."
   (let ((path (format "http://man.he.net/?topic=%s&section=all" link))
         (desc (or description link)))
     (pcase format
       (`html (format "<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"%s\">%s</a>" path desc))
       (`latex (format "\\href@{%s@}@{%s@}" path desc))
       (`texinfo (format "@@uref@{%s,%s@}" path desc))
       (`ascii (format "%s (%s)" desc path))
       (t path))))
 
 (provide ol-man)
 ;;; ol-man.el ends here
 @end lisp
 
 @noindent
 To activate links to man pages in Org, enter this in the Emacs init
 file:
 
 @lisp
 (require 'ol-man)
 @end lisp
 
 @noindent
 A review of @samp{ol-man.el}:
 
 @enumerate
 @item
 First, @samp{(require 'ol)} ensures that @samp{ol.el} is loaded.
 
 @item
 @findex org-link-set-parameters
 @vindex org-link-parameters
 Then @code{org-link-set-parameters} defines a new link type with @samp{man}
 prefix and associates functions for following, exporting and
 storing such links.  See the variable @code{org-link-parameters} for
 a complete list of possible associations.
 
 @item
 The rest of the file implements necessary variables and functions.
 
 For example, @code{org-man-store-link} is responsible for storing a link
 when @code{org-store-link} (see @ref{Handling Links}) is called from a buffer
 displaying a man page.  It first checks if the major mode is
 appropriate.  If check fails, the function returns @code{nil}, which
 means it isn't responsible for creating a link to the current
 buffer.  Otherwise the function makes a link string by combining
 the @samp{man:} prefix with the man topic.  It also provides a default
 description.  The function @code{org-insert-link} can insert it back
 into an Org buffer later on.
 @end enumerate
 
 @node Adding Export Back-ends
 @appendixsec Adding Export Back-ends
 
 @cindex Export, writing back-ends
 
 Org's export engine makes it easy for writing new back-ends.  The
 framework on which the engine was built makes it easy to derive new
 back-ends from existing ones.
 
 @findex org-export-define-backend
 @findex org-export-define-derived-backend
 The two main entry points to the export engine are:
 @code{org-export-define-backend} and @code{org-export-define-derived-backend}.
 To grok these functions, see @samp{ox-latex.el} for an example of defining
 a new back-end from scratch, and @samp{ox-beamer.el} for an example of
 deriving from an existing engine.
 
 For creating a new back-end from scratch, first set its name as
 a symbol in an alist consisting of elements and export functions.  To
 make the back-end visible to the export dispatcher, set @code{:menu-entry}
 keyword.  For export options specific to this back-end, set the
 @code{:options-alist}.
 
 For creating a new back-end from an existing one, set
 @code{:translate-alist} to an alist of export functions.  This alist
 replaces the parent back-end functions.
 
 For complete documentation, see @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/dev/org-export-reference.html, the Org Export Reference on Worg}.
 
 @node Tables in Arbitrary Syntax
 @appendixsec Tables in Arbitrary Syntax
 
 @cindex tables, in other modes
 @cindex lists, in other modes
 @cindex Orgtbl mode
 
 Due to Org's success in handling tables with Orgtbl, a frequently
 requested feature is the use of Org's table functions in other modes,
 e.g., @LaTeX{}.  This would be hard to do in a general way without
 complicated customization nightmares.  Moreover, that would take Org
 away from its simplicity roots that Orgtbl has proven.  There is,
 however, an alternate approach to accomplishing the same.
 
 This approach involves implementing a custom @emph{translate} function that
 operates on a native Org @emph{source table} to produce a table in another
 format.  This strategy would keep the excellently working Orgtbl
 simple and isolate complications, if any, confined to the translate
 function.  To add more alien table formats, we just add more translate
 functions.  Also the burden of developing custom translate functions
 for new table formats is in the hands of those who know those formats
 best.
 
 @menu
 * Radio tables::                 Sending and receiving radio tables.
 * A @LaTeX{} example::           Step by step, almost a tutorial.
 * Translator functions::         Copy and modify.
 @end menu
 
 @node Radio tables
 @appendixsubsec Radio tables
 
 @cindex radio tables
 
 Radio tables are target locations for translated tables that are not near
 their source.  Org finds the target location and inserts the translated
 table.
 
 The key to finding the target location is the magic words @samp{BEGIN/END
 RECEIVE ORGTBL}.  They have to appear as comments in the current mode.
 If the mode is C, then:
 
 @example
 /* BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL table_name */
 /* END RECEIVE ORGTBL table_name */
 @end example
 
 At the location of source, Org needs a special line to direct Orgtbl
 to translate and to find the target for inserting the translated
 table.  For example:
 
 @cindex @samp{ORGTBL}, keyword
 @example
 #+ORGTBL: SEND table_name translation_function arguments ...
 @end example
 
 
 @noindent
 @samp{table_name} is the table's reference name, which is also used in the
 receiver lines, and the @samp{translation_function} is the Lisp function
 that translates.  This line, in addition, may also contain alternating
 key and value arguments at the end.  The translation function gets
 these values as a property list.  A few standard parameters are
 already recognized and acted upon before the translation function is
 called:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{:skip N}
 Skip the first N lines of the table.  Hlines do count; include them
 if they are to be skipped.
 
 @item @samp{:skipcols (n1 n2 ...)}
 List of columns to be skipped.  First Org automatically discards
 columns with calculation marks and then sends the table to the
 translator function, which then skips columns as specified in
 @samp{skipcols}.
 @end table
 
 To keep the source table intact in the buffer without being disturbed
 when the source file is compiled or otherwise being worked on, use one
 of these strategies:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 Place the table in a block comment.  For example, in C mode you
 could wrap the table between @samp{/*} and @samp{*/} lines.
 
 @item
 Put the table after an ``end'' statement.  For example @code{\bye} in @TeX{}
 and @code{\end@{document@}} in @LaTeX{}.
 
 @item
 Comment and un-comment each line of the table during edits.  The
 @kbd{M-x orgtbl-toggle-comment} command makes toggling easy.
 @end itemize
 
 @node A @LaTeX{} example
 @appendixsubsec A @LaTeX{} example of radio tables
 
 @cindex @LaTeX{}, and Orgtbl mode
 
 To wrap a source table in @LaTeX{}, use the @samp{comment} environment
 provided by @samp{comment.sty}@footnote{ @uref{https://www.ctan.org/pkg/comment}}.  To
 activate it, put @code{\usepackage@{comment@}} in the document header.
 Orgtbl mode inserts a radio table skeleton@footnote{By default this works only for @LaTeX{}, HTML, and Texinfo.
 Configure the variable @code{orgtbl-radio-table-templates} to install
 templates for other modes.} with the command
 @kbd{M-x orgtbl-insert-radio-table}, which prompts for a table
 name.  For example, if @samp{salesfigures} is the name, the template
 inserts:
 
 @example
 % BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
 % END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
 \begin@{comment@}
 #+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex
 | | |
 \end@{comment@}
 @end example
 
 @vindex LaTeX-verbatim-environments
 @noindent
 The line @samp{#+ORGTBL: SEND} tells Orgtbl mode to use the function
 @code{orgtbl-to-latex} to convert the table to @LaTeX{} format, then insert
 the table at the target (receive) location named @samp{salesfigures}.  Now
 the table is ready for data entry.  It can even use spreadsheet
 features@footnote{If the @samp{TBLFM} keyword contains an odd number of dollar
 characters, this may cause problems with Font Lock in @LaTeX{} mode.  As
 shown in the example you can fix this by adding an extra line inside
 the @samp{comment} environment that is used to balance the dollar
 expressions.  If you are using AUC@TeX{} with the font-latex library,
 a much better solution is to add the @samp{comment} environment to the
 variable @code{LaTeX-verbatim-environments}.}:
 
 @example
 % BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
 % END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
 \begin@{comment@}
 #+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex
 | Month | Days | Nr sold | per day |
 |-------+------+---------+---------|
 | Jan   |   23 |      55 |     2.4 |
 | Feb   |   21 |      16 |     0.8 |
 | March |   22 |     278 |    12.6 |
 #+TBLFM: $4=$3/$2;%.1f
 % $ (optional extra dollar to keep Font Lock happy, see footnote)
 \end@{comment@}
 @end example
 
 After editing, @kbd{C-c C-c} inserts the translated table at the
 target location, between the two marker lines.
 
 For hand-made custom tables, note that the translator needs to skip
 the first two lines of the source table.  Also the command has to
 @emph{splice} out the target table without the header and footer.
 
 @example
 \begin@{tabular@}@{lrrr@}
 Month & \multicolumn@{1@}@{c@}@{Days@} & Nr.\ sold & per day\\
 % BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
 % END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
 \end@{tabular@}
 %
 \begin@{comment@}
 #+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex :splice t :skip 2
 | Month | Days | Nr sold | per day |
 |-------+------+---------+---------|
 | Jan   |   23 |      55 |     2.4 |
 | Feb   |   21 |      16 |     0.8 |
 | March |   22 |     278 |    12.6 |
 #+TBLFM: $4=$3/$2;%.1f
 \end@{comment@}
 @end example
 
 The @LaTeX{} translator function @code{orgtbl-to-latex} is already part of
 Orgtbl mode and uses a @samp{tabular} environment to typeset the table and
 marks horizontal lines with @code{\hline}.  For additional parameters to
 control output, see @ref{Translator functions}:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{:splice BOOLEAN}
 When @{@{@{var(BOOLEAN@}@}@} is non-@code{nil}, return only table body lines;
 i.e., not wrapped in @samp{tabular} environment.  Default is @code{nil}.
 
 @item @samp{:fmt FMT}
 Format string to warp each field.  It should contain @samp{%s} for the
 original field value.  For example, to wrap each field value in
 dollar symbol, you could use @samp{:fmt "$%s$"}.  Format can also wrap
 a property list with column numbers and formats, for example @samp{:fmt
   (2 "$%s$" 4 "%s\\%%")}.  In place of a string, a function of one
 argument can be used; the function must return a formatted string.
 
 @item @samp{:efmt EFMT}
 Format numbers as exponentials.  The spec should have @samp{%s} twice for
 inserting mantissa and exponent, for example @samp{"%s\\times10^@{%s@}"}.  This
 may also be a property list with column numbers and formats, for
 example @samp{:efmt (2 "$%s\\times10^@{%s@}$" 4 "$%s\\cdot10^@{%s@}$")}.  After
 @var{EFMT} has been applied to a value, @var{FMT}---see
 above---is also applied.  Functions with two arguments can be
 supplied instead of strings.  By default, no special formatting is
 applied.
 @end table
 
 @node Translator functions
 @appendixsubsec Translator functions
 
 @cindex HTML, and Orgtbl mode
 @cindex translator function
 
 @findex orgtbl-to-csv
 @findex orgtbl-to-tsv
 @findex orgtbl-to-latex
 @findex orgtbl-to-html
 @findex orgtbl-to-texinfo
 @findex orgtbl-to-unicode
 @findex orgtbl-to-orgtbl
 @findex orgtbl-to-generic
 Orgtbl mode has built-in translator functions: @code{orgtbl-to-csv}
 (comma-separated values), @code{orgtbl-to-tsv} (TAB-separated values),
 @code{orgtbl-to-latex}, @code{orgtbl-to-html}, @code{orgtbl-to-texinfo},
 @code{orgtbl-to-unicode} and @code{orgtbl-to-orgtbl}.  They use the generic
 translator, @code{orgtbl-to-generic}, which delegates translations to
 various export back-ends.
 
 Properties passed to the function through the @samp{ORGTBL SEND} line take
 precedence over properties defined inside the function.  For example,
 this overrides the default @LaTeX{} line endings, @code{\\}, with @code{\\[2mm]}:
 
 @example
 #+ORGTBL: SEND test orgtbl-to-latex :lend " \\\\[2mm]"
 @end example
 
 
 For a new language translator, define a converter function.  It can be
 a generic function, such as shown in this example.  It marks
 a beginning and ending of a table with @samp{!BTBL!} and @samp{!ETBL!};
 a beginning and ending of lines with @samp{!BL!} and @samp{!EL!}; and uses a TAB
 for a field separator:
 
 @lisp
 (defun orgtbl-to-language (table params)
   "Convert the orgtbl-mode TABLE to language."
   (orgtbl-to-generic
    table
    (org-combine-plists
     '(:tstart "!BTBL!" :tend "!ETBL!" :lstart "!BL!" :lend "!EL!" :sep "\t")
     params)))
 @end lisp
 
 @noindent
 The documentation for the @code{orgtbl-to-generic} function shows
 a complete list of parameters, each of which can be passed through to
 @code{orgtbl-to-latex}, @code{orgtbl-to-texinfo}, and any other function using
 that generic function.
 
 For complicated translations the generic translator function could be
 replaced by a custom translator function.  Such a custom function must
 take two arguments and return a single string containing the formatted
 table.  The first argument is the table whose lines are a list of
 fields or the symbol @code{hline}.  The second argument is the property
 list consisting of parameters specified in the @samp{#+ORGTBL: SEND} line.
 Please share your translator functions by posting them to the Org
 users mailing list, at @email{emacs-orgmode@@gnu.org}.
 
 @node Dynamic Blocks
 @appendixsec Dynamic Blocks
 
 @cindex dynamic blocks
 
 Org supports @emph{dynamic blocks} in Org documents.  They are inserted
 with begin and end markers like any other code block, but the contents
 are updated automatically by a user function.
 
 @kindex C-c C-x x
 @findex org-dynamic-block-insert-dblock
 You can insert a dynamic block with @code{org-dynamic-block-insert-dblock},
 which is bound to @kbd{C-c C-x x} by default.  For example,
 @kbd{C-c C-x x c l o c k t a b l e @key{RET}} inserts a table that
 updates the work time (see @ref{Clocking Work Time}).
 
 Dynamic blocks can have names and function parameters.  The syntax is
 similar to source code block specifications:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN: myblock :parameter1 value1 :parameter2 value2 ...
   ...
 #+END:
 @end example
 
 These commands update dynamic blocks:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @kbd{C-c C-x C-u} (@code{org-dblock-update})
 @kindex C-c C-x C-u
 @findex org-dblock-update
 Update dynamic block at point.
 
 @item @kbd{C-u C-c C-x C-u}
 @kindex C-u C-c C-x C-u
 Update all dynamic blocks in the current file.
 @end table
 
 Before updating a dynamic block, Org removes content between the
 @samp{BEGIN} and @samp{END} markers.  Org then reads the parameters on the
 @samp{BEGIN} line for passing to the writer function as a plist.  The
 previous content of the dynamic block becomes erased from the buffer
 and appended to the plist under @code{:content}.
 
 The syntax for naming a writer function with a dynamic block labeled
 @samp{myblock} is: @code{org-dblock-write:myblock}.
 
 The following is an example of a dynamic block and a block writer function
 that updates the time when the function was last run:
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN: block-update-time :format "on %m/%d/%Y at %H:%M"
   ...
 #+END:
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 The dynamic block's writer function:
 
 @lisp
 (defun org-dblock-write:block-update-time (params)
   (let ((fmt (or (plist-get params :format) "%d. %m. %Y")))
     (insert "Last block update at: "
             (format-time-string fmt))))
 @end lisp
 
 To keep dynamic blocks up-to-date in an Org file, use the function,
 @code{org-update-all-dblocks} in hook, such as @code{before-save-hook}.  The
 @code{org-update-all-dblocks} function does not run if the file is not in
 Org mode.
 
 @findex org-narrow-to-block
 Dynamic blocks, like any other block, can be narrowed with
 @code{org-narrow-to-block}.
 
 @node Special Agenda Views
 @appendixsec Special Agenda Views
 
 @cindex agenda views, user-defined
 
 @vindex org-agenda-skip-function
 @vindex org-agenda-skip-function-global
 Org provides a special hook to further limit items in agenda views:
 @code{agenda}, @code{agenda*}@footnote{ The @code{agenda*} view is the same as @code{agenda}
 except that it only considers @emph{appointments}, i.e., scheduled and
 deadline items that have a time specification @samp{[h]h:mm} in their
 time-stamps.}, @code{todo}, @code{alltodo}, @code{tags}, @code{tags-todo}, @code{tags-tree}.
 Specify a custom function that tests inclusion of every matched item
 in the view.  This function can also skip as much as is needed.
 
 For a global condition applicable to agenda views, use the
 @code{org-agenda-skip-function-global} variable.  Org uses a global
 condition with @code{org-agenda-skip-function} for custom searching.
 
 This example defines a function for a custom view showing TODO items
 with @samp{waiting} status.  Manually this is a multi-step search process,
 but with a custom view, this can be automated as follows:
 
 The custom function searches the subtree for the @samp{waiting} tag and
 returns @code{nil} on match.  Otherwise it gives the location from where
 the search continues.
 
 @lisp
 (defun my-skip-unless-waiting ()
   "Skip trees that are not waiting"
   (let ((subtree-end (save-excursion (org-end-of-subtree t))))
     (if (re-search-forward ":waiting:" subtree-end t)
         nil          ; tag found, do not skip
       subtree-end))) ; tag not found, continue after end of subtree
 @end lisp
 
 To use this custom function in a custom agenda command:
 
 @lisp
 (org-add-agenda-custom-command
  '("b" todo "PROJECT"
    ((org-agenda-skip-function 'my-skip-unless-waiting)
     (org-agenda-overriding-header "Projects waiting for something: "))))
 @end lisp
 
 @vindex org-agenda-overriding-header
 Note that this also binds @code{org-agenda-overriding-header} to a more
 meaningful string suitable for the agenda view.
 
 @vindex org-odd-levels-only
 @vindex org-agenda-skip-function
 @findex org-agenda-skip-entry-if
 @findex org-agenda-skip-subtree-if
 Search for entries with a limit set on levels for the custom search.
 This is a general approach to creating custom searches in Org.  To
 include all levels, use @samp{LEVEL>0}@footnote{ Note that, for
 @code{org-odd-levels-only}, a level number corresponds to order in the
 hierarchy, not to the number of stars.}.  Then to selectively pick the
 matched entries, use @code{org-agenda-skip-function}, which also accepts
 Lisp forms, such as @code{org-agenda-skip-entry-if} and
 @code{org-agenda-skip-subtree-if}.  For example:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @samp{(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'scheduled)}
 Skip current entry if it has been scheduled.
 
 @item @samp{(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'notscheduled)}
 Skip current entry if it has not been scheduled.
 
 @item @samp{(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'deadline)}
 Skip current entry if it has a deadline.
 
 @item @samp{(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'scheduled 'deadline)}
 Skip current entry if it has a deadline, or if it is scheduled.
 
 @item @samp{(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'todo '("TODO" "WAITING"))}
 Skip current entry if the TODO keyword is TODO or WAITING@.
 
 @item @samp{(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'todo 'done)}
 Skip current entry if the TODO keyword marks a DONE state.
 
 @item @samp{(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'timestamp)}
 Skip current entry if it has any timestamp, may also be deadline or
 scheduled.
 
 @item @samp{(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'regexp "regular expression")}
 Skip current entry if the regular expression matches in the entry.
 
 @item @samp{(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'notregexp "regular expression")}
 Skip current entry unless the regular expression matches.
 
 @item @samp{(org-agenda-skip-subtree-if 'regexp "regular expression")}
 Same as above, but check and skip the entire subtree.
 @end table
 
 The following is an example of a search for @samp{waiting} without the
 special function:
 
 @lisp
 (org-add-agenda-custom-command
  '("b" todo "PROJECT"
    ((org-agenda-skip-function '(org-agenda-skip-subtree-if
                                 'regexp ":waiting:"))
     (org-agenda-overriding-header "Projects waiting for something: "))))
 @end lisp
 
 @node Speeding Up Your Agendas
 @appendixsec Speeding Up Your Agendas
 
 @cindex agenda views, optimization
 
 Some agenda commands slow down when the Org files grow in size or
 number.  Here are tips to speed up:
 
 @itemize
 @item
 Reduce the number of Org agenda files to avoid slowdowns due to hard drive
 accesses.
 
 @item
 Reduce the number of DONE and archived headlines so agenda
 operations that skip over these can finish faster.
 
 @item
 Do not dim blocked tasks:
 @vindex org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks nil)
 @end lisp
 
 @item
 Stop preparing agenda buffers on startup:
 @vindex org-startup-folded
 @vindex org-agenda-inhibit-startup
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-agenda-inhibit-startup t)
 @end lisp
 
 @item
 Disable tag inheritance for agendas:
 @vindex org-agenda-show-inherited-tags
 @vindex org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance nil)
 @end lisp
 
 @vindex org-agenda-ignore-properties
 @item
 Disable parsing of some drawer properties:
 
 @lisp
 (setq org-agenda-ignore-properties '(effort appt stats category))
 @end lisp
 
 The drawer properties you can disable in the agenda are effort
 estimates (@code{effort}), appointments (@code{appt}), statistics (@code{stats})
 and subtree-local categories (@code{category}).
 @end itemize
 
 These options can be applied to selected agenda views.  For more
 details about generation of agenda views, see the docstrings for the
 relevant variables, and this @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/agenda-optimization.html, dedicated Worg page} for agenda
 optimization.
 
 @node Extracting Agenda Information
 @appendixsec Extracting Agenda Information
 
 @cindex agenda, pipe
 @cindex scripts, for agenda processing
 
 Org provides commands to access agendas through Emacs batch mode.
 Through this command-line interface, agendas are automated for further
 processing or printing.
 
 @vindex org-agenda-custom-commands
 @findex org-batch-agenda
 @code{org-batch-agenda} creates an agenda view in ASCII and outputs to
 standard output.  This command takes one string parameter.  When
 string consists of a single character, Org uses it as a key to
 @code{org-agenda-custom-commands}.  These are the same ones available
 through the agenda dispatcher (see @ref{Agenda Dispatcher}).
 
 This example command line directly prints the TODO list to the printer:
 
 @example
 emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs -eval '(org-batch-agenda "t")' | lpr
 @end example
 
 
 When the string parameter length is two or more characters, Org
 matches it with tags/TODO strings.  For example, this example command
 line prints items tagged with @samp{shop}, but excludes items tagged with
 @samp{NewYork}:
 
 @example
 emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs                                      \
       -eval '(org-batch-agenda "+shop-NewYork")' | lpr
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 An example showing on-the-fly parameter modifications:
 
 @example
 emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs                                      \
    -eval '(org-batch-agenda "a"                               \
            org-agenda-span (quote month)                      \
            org-agenda-include-diary nil                       \
            org-agenda-files (quote ("~/org/project.org")))'   \
    | lpr
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 which produces an agenda for the next 30 days from just the
 @samp{~/org/projects.org} file.
 
 @findex org-batch-agenda-csv
 For structured processing of agenda output, use @code{org-batch-agenda-csv}
 with the following fields:
 
 @table @asis
 @item category
 The category of the item
 @item head
 The headline, without TODO keyword, TAGS and PRIORITY
 @item type
 The type of the agenda entry, can be
 
 @multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
 @item @code{todo}
 @tab selected in TODO match
 @item @code{tagsmatch}
 @tab selected in tags match
 @item @code{diary}
 @tab imported from diary
 @item @code{deadline}
 @tab a deadline
 @item @code{scheduled}
 @tab scheduled
 @item @code{timestamp}
 @tab appointment, selected by timestamp
 @item @code{closed}
 @tab entry was closed on date
 @item @code{upcoming-deadline}
 @tab warning about nearing deadline
 @item @code{past-scheduled}
 @tab forwarded scheduled item
 @item @code{block}
 @tab entry has date block including date
 @end multitable
 
 @item todo
 The TODO keyword, if any
 @item tags
 All tags including inherited ones, separated by colons
 @item date
 The relevant date, like @samp{2007-2-14}
 @item time
 The time, like @samp{15:00-16:50}
 @item extra
 String with extra planning info
 @item priority-l
 The priority letter if any was given
 @item priority-n
 The computed numerical priority
 @end table
 
 If the selection of the agenda item was based on a timestamp,
 including those items with @samp{DEADLINE} and @samp{SCHEDULED} keywords, then
 Org includes date and time in the output.
 
 If the selection of the agenda item was based on a timestamp  (or
 deadline/scheduled), then Org includes date and time in the output.
 
 Here is an example of a post-processing script in Perl.  It takes the
 CSV output from Emacs and prints with a checkbox:
 
 @example
 #!/usr/bin/perl
 
 # define the Emacs command to run
 $cmd = "emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs -eval '(org-batch-agenda-csv \"t\")'";
 
 # run it and capture the output
 $agenda = qx@{$cmd 2>/dev/null@};
 
 # loop over all lines
 foreach $line (split(/\n/,$agenda)) @{
     # get the individual values
     ($category,$head,$type,$todo,$tags,$date,$time,$extra,
      $priority_l,$priority_n) = split(/,/,$line);
     # process and print
     print "[ ] $head\n";
 @}
 @end example
 
 @node Using the Property API
 @appendixsec Using the Property API
 
 @cindex API, for properties
 @cindex properties, API
 
 Here is a description of the functions that can be used to work with
 properties.
 
 @defun org-entry-properties &optional pom which
 Get all properties of the entry at point-or-marker @var{POM}.
 This includes the TODO keyword, the tags, time strings for deadline,
 scheduled, and clocking, and any additional properties defined in the
 entry.  The return value is an alist.  Keys may occur multiple times
 if the property key was used several times.  @var{POM} may also
 be @code{nil}, in which case the current entry is used.  If
 @var{WHICH} is @code{nil} or @code{all}, get all properties.  If
 @var{WHICH} is @code{special} or @code{standard}, only get that subclass.
 @end defun
 
 @vindex org-use-property-inheritance
 @findex org-insert-property-drawer
 @defun org-entry-get pom property &optional inherit
 Get value of @var{PROPERTY} for entry at point-or-marker
 @var{POM}.  By default, this only looks at properties defined
 locally in the entry.  If @var{INHERIT} is non-@code{nil} and the
 entry does not have the property, then also check higher levels of the
 hierarchy.  If @var{INHERIT} is the symbol @code{selective}, use
 inheritance if and only if the setting of
 @code{org-use-property-inheritance} selects @var{PROPERTY} for
 inheritance.
 @end defun
 
 @defun org-entry-delete pom property
 Delete the property @var{PROPERTY} from entry at point-or-marker
 @var{POM}.
 @end defun
 
 @defun org-entry-put pom property value
 Set @var{PROPERTY} to @var{VALUES} for entry at
 point-or-marker POM@.
 @end defun
 
 @defun org-buffer-property-keys &optional include-specials
 Get all property keys in the current buffer.
 @end defun
 
 @defun org-insert-property-drawer
 Insert a property drawer for the current entry.  Also
 @end defun
 
 @defun org-entry-put-multivalued-property pom property &rest values
 Set @var{PROPERTY} at point-or-marker @var{POM} to
 @var{VALUES}.  @var{VALUES} should be a list of strings.
 They are concatenated, with spaces as separators.
 @end defun
 
 @defun org-entry-get-multivalued-property pom property
 Treat the value of the property @var{PROPERTY} as
 a whitespace-separated list of values and return the values as a list
 of strings.
 @end defun
 
 @defun org-entry-add-to-multivalued-property pom property value
 Treat the value of the property @var{PROPERTY} as
 a whitespace-separated list of values and make sure that
 @var{VALUE} is in this list.
 @end defun
 
 @defun org-entry-remove-from-multivalued-property pom property value
 Treat the value of the property @var{PROPERTY} as
 a whitespace-separated list of values and make sure that
 @var{VALUE} is @emph{not} in this list.
 @end defun
 
 @defun org-entry-member-in-multivalued-property pom property value
 Treat the value of the property @var{PROPERTY} as
 a whitespace-separated list of values and check if @var{VALUE} is
 in this list.
 @end defun
 
 @defopt org-property-allowed-value-functions
 Hook for functions supplying allowed values for a specific property.
 The functions must take a single argument, the name of the property,
 and return a flat list of allowed values.  If @samp{:ETC} is one of the
 values, use the values as completion help, but allow also other values
 to be entered.  The functions must return @code{nil} if they are not
 responsible for this property.
 @end defopt
 
 @node Using the Mapping API
 @appendixsec Using the Mapping API
 
 @cindex API, for mapping
 @cindex mapping entries, API
 
 Org has sophisticated mapping capabilities to find all entries
 satisfying certain criteria.  Internally, this functionality is used
 to produce agenda views, but there is also an API that can be used to
 execute arbitrary functions for each or selected entries.  The main
 entry point for this API is:
 
 @defun org-map-entries func &optional match scope &rest skip
 Call @var{FUNC} at each headline selected by @var{MATCH} in
 @var{SCOPE}.
 
 @var{FUNC} is a function or a Lisp form.  With point positioned
 at the beginning of the headline, call the function without arguments.
 Org returns a list of return values of calls to the function.
 
 To avoid preserving point, Org wraps the call to @var{FUNC} in
 @code{save-excursion} form.  After evaluation, Org moves point to the end
 of the line that was just processed.  Search continues from that point
 forward.  This may not always work as expected under some conditions,
 such as if the current subtree was removed by a previous archiving
 operation.  In such rare circumstances, Org skips the next entry
 entirely when it should not.  To stop Org from such skips, make
 @var{FUNC} set the variable @code{org-map-continue-from} to a specific
 buffer position.
 
 @var{MATCH} is a tags/property/TODO match.  Org iterates only
 matched headlines.  Org iterates over all headlines when
 @var{MATCH} is @code{nil} or @code{t}.
 
 @var{SCOPE} determines the scope of this command.  It can be any
 of:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{nil}
 The current buffer, respecting the restriction, if any.
 
 @item @code{tree}
 The subtree started with the entry at point.
 
 @item @code{region}
 The entries within the active region, if any.
 
 @item @code{file}
 The current buffer, without restriction.
 
 @item @code{file-with-archives}
 The current buffer, and any archives associated with it.
 
 @item @code{agenda}
 All agenda files.
 
 @item @code{agenda-with-archives}
 All agenda files with any archive files associated with them.
 
 @item list of filenames
 If this is a list, all files in the list are scanned.
 @end table
 
 @noindent
 The remaining arguments are treated as settings for the scanner's
 skipping facilities.  Valid arguments are:
 
 @table @asis
 @item @code{archive}
 Skip trees with the @samp{ARCHIVE} tag.
 
 @item @code{comment}
 Skip trees with the COMMENT keyword.
 
 @item function or Lisp form
 @vindex org-agenda-skip-function
 Used as value for @code{org-agenda-skip-function}, so whenever the
 function returns @code{t}, @var{FUNC} is called for that entry and
 search continues from the point where the function leaves it.
 @end table
 @end defun
 
 The mapping routine can call any arbitrary function, even functions
 that change meta data or query the property API (see @ref{Using the Property API}).  Here are some handy functions:
 
 @defun org-todo &optional arg
 Change the TODO state of the entry.  See the docstring of the
 functions for the many possible values for the argument
 @var{ARG}.
 @end defun
 
 @defun org-priority &optional action
 Change the priority of the entry.  See the docstring of this function
 for the possible values for @var{ACTION}.
 @end defun
 
 @defun org-toggle-tag tag &optional onoff
 Toggle the tag @var{TAG} in the current entry.  Setting
 @var{ONOFF} to either @code{on} or @code{off} does not toggle tag, but
 ensure that it is either on or off.
 @end defun
 
 @defun org-promote
 Promote the current entry.
 @end defun
 
 @defun org-demote
 Demote the current entry.
 @end defun
 
 This example turns all entries tagged with @samp{TOMORROW} into TODO
 entries with keyword @samp{UPCOMING}.  Org ignores entries in comment trees
 and archive trees.
 
 @lisp
 (org-map-entries '(org-todo "UPCOMING")
                  "+TOMORROW" 'file 'archive 'comment)
 @end lisp
 
 The following example counts the number of entries with TODO keyword
 @samp{WAITING}, in all agenda files.
 
 @lisp
 (length (org-map-entries t "/+WAITING" 'agenda))
 @end lisp
 
 @node History and Acknowledgments
 @appendix History and Acknowledgments
 
 
 
 @anchor{From Carsten}
 @appendixsec From Carsten
 
 Org was born in 2003, out of frustration over the user interface of
 the Emacs Outline mode.  I was trying to organize my notes and
 projects, and using Emacs seemed to be the natural way to go.
 However, having to remember eleven different commands with two or
 three keys per command, only to hide and show parts of the outline
 tree, that seemed entirely unacceptable to me.  Also, when using
 outlines to take notes, I constantly wanted to restructure the tree,
 organizing it parallel to my thoughts and plans.  @emph{Visibility cycling}
 and @emph{structure editing} were originally implemented in the package
 @samp{outline-magic.el}, but quickly moved to the more general @samp{org.el}.
 As this environment became comfortable for project planning, the next
 step was adding @emph{TODO entries}, basic @emph{timestamps}, and @emph{table
 support}.  These areas highlighted the two main goals that Org still
 has today: to be a new, outline-based, plain text mode with innovative
 and intuitive editing features, and to incorporate project planning
 functionality directly into a notes file.
 
 Since the first release, literally thousands of emails to me or to the
 @email{emacs-orgmode@@gnu.org, mailing list} have provided a constant stream of bug reports, feedback,
 new ideas, and sometimes patches and add-on code.  Many thanks to
 everyone who has helped to improve this package.  I am trying to keep
 here a list of the people who had significant influence in shaping one
 or more aspects of Org.  The list may not be complete, if I have
 forgotten someone, please accept my apologies and let me know.
 
 Before I get to this list, a few special mentions are in order:
 
 @table @asis
 @item Bastien Guerry
 Bastien has written a large number of extensions to Org (most of
 them integrated into the core by now), including the @LaTeX{} exporter
 and the plain list parser.  His support during the early days was
 central to the success of this project.  Bastien also invented Worg,
 helped establishing the Web presence of Org, and sponsored hosting
 costs for the orgmode.org website.  Bastien stepped in as maintainer
 of Org between 2011 and 2013, at a time when I desperately needed
 a break.
 
 @item Eric Schulte and Dan Davison
 Eric and Dan are jointly responsible for the Org Babel system, which
 turns Org into a multi-language environment for evaluating code and
 doing literate programming and reproducible research.  This has
 become one of Org's killer features that define what Org is today.
 
 @item John Wiegley
 John has contributed a number of great ideas and patches directly to
 Org, including the attachment system (@samp{org-attach.el}), integration
 with Apple Mail (@samp{org-mac-message.el}), hierarchical dependencies of
 TODO items, habit tracking (@samp{org-habits.el}), and encryption
 (@samp{org-crypt.el}).  Also, the capture system is really an extended
 copy of his great @samp{remember.el}.
 
 @item Sebastian Rose
 Without Sebastian, the HTML/XHTML publishing of Org would be the
 pitiful work of an ignorant amateur.  Sebastian has pushed this part
 of Org onto a much higher level.  He also wrote @samp{org-info.js},
 a JavaScript program for displaying webpages derived from Org using
 an Info-like or a folding interface with single-key navigation.
 @end table
 
 See below for the full list of contributions!  Again, please let me
 know what I am missing here!
 
 @anchor{From Bastien}
 @appendixsec From Bastien
 
 I (Bastien) have been maintaining Org between 2011 and 2013.  This
 appendix would not be complete without adding a few more
 acknowledgments and thanks.
 
 I am first grateful to Carsten for his trust while handing me over the
 maintainership of Org.  His unremitting support is what really helped
 me getting more confident over time, with both the community and the
 code.
 
 When I took over maintainership, I knew I would have to make Org more
 collaborative than ever, as I would have to rely on people that are
 more knowledgeable than I am on many parts of the code.  Here is
 a list of the persons I could rely on, they should really be
 considered co-maintainers, either of the code or the community:
 
 @table @asis
 @item Eric Schulte
 Eric is maintaining the Babel parts of Org.  His reactivity here
 kept me away from worrying about possible bugs here and let me focus
 on other parts.
 
 @item Nicolas Goaziou
 Nicolas is maintaining the consistency of the deepest parts of Org.
 His work on @samp{org-element.el} and @samp{ox.el} has been outstanding, and
 it opened the doors for many new ideas and features.  He rewrote
 many of the old exporters to use the new export engine, and helped
 with documenting this major change.  More importantly (if that's
 possible), he has been more than reliable during all the work done
 for Org 8.0, and always very reactive on the mailing list.
 
 @item Achim Gratz
 Achim rewrote the building process of Org, turning some @emph{ad hoc}
 tools into a flexible and conceptually clean process.  He patiently
 coped with the many hiccups that such a change can create for users.
 
 @item Nick Dokos
 The Org mode mailing list would not be such a nice place without
 Nick, who patiently helped users so many times.  It is impossible to
 overestimate such a great help, and the list would not be so active
 without him.
 @end table
 
 I received support from so many users that it is clearly impossible to
 be fair when shortlisting a few of them, but Org's history would not
 be complete if the ones above were not mentioned in this manual.
 
 @anchor{List of Contributions}
 @appendixsec List of Contributions
 
 @itemize
 @item
 Russell Adams came up with the idea for drawers.
 
 @item
 Thomas Baumann wrote @samp{ol-bbdb.el} and @samp{ol-mhe.el}.
 
 @item
 Christophe Bataillon created the great unicorn logo that we use on
 the Org mode website.
 
 @item
 Alex Bochannek provided a patch for rounding timestamps.
 
 @item
 Jan Böcker wrote @samp{ol-docview.el}.
 
 @item
 Brad Bozarth showed how to pull RSS feed data into Org files.
 
 @item
 Tom Breton wrote @samp{org-choose.el}.
 
 @item
 Charles Cave's suggestion sparked the implementation of templates
 for Remember, which are now templates for capture.
 
 @item
 Timothy E Chapman worked on a complete overhaul of the orgmode.org
 website in 2020 and helped fixing various bugs.
 
 @item
 Pavel Chalmoviansky influenced the agenda treatment of items with
 specified time.
 
 @item
 Gregory Chernov patched support for Lisp forms into table
 calculations and improved XEmacs compatibility, in particular by
 porting @samp{nouline.el} to XEmacs.
 
 @item
 Sacha Chua suggested copying some linking code from Planner.
 
 @item
 Baoqiu Cui contributed the DocBook exporter.
 
 @item
 Eddward DeVilla proposed and tested checkbox statistics.  He also
 came up with the idea of properties, and that there should be an API
 for them.
 
 @item
 Nick Dokos tracked down several nasty bugs.
 
 @item
 Kees Dullemond used to edit projects lists directly in HTML and so
 inspired some of the early development, including HTML export.  He
 also asked for a way to narrow wide table columns.
 
 @item
 Thomas@tie{}S@.@tie{}Dye contributed documentation on Worg and helped
 integrating the Org Babel documentation into the manual.
 
 @item
 Christian Egli converted the documentation into Texinfo format,
 inspired the agenda, patched CSS formatting into the HTML exporter,
 and wrote @samp{org-taskjuggler.el}.
 
 @item
 David Emery provided a patch for custom CSS support in exported HTML
 agendas.
 
 @item
 Nic Ferrier contributed mailcap and XOXO support.
 
 @item
 Miguel@tie{}A@.@tie{}Figueroa-Villanueva implemented hierarchical checkboxes.
 
 @item
 John Foerch figured out how to make incremental search show context
 around a match in a hidden outline tree.
 
 @item
 Raimar Finken wrote @samp{org-git-line.el}.
 
 @item
 Mikael Fornius works as a mailing list moderator.
 
 @item
 Austin Frank works as a mailing list moderator.
 
 @item
 Eric Fraga drove the development of Beamer export with ideas and
 testing.
 
 @item
 Barry Gidden did proofreading the manual in preparation for the book
 publication through Network Theory Ltd.
 
 @item
 Niels Giesen had the idea to automatically archive DONE trees.
 
 @item
 Nicolas Goaziou rewrote much of the plain list code.
 
 @item
 Kai Grossjohann pointed out key-binding conflicts with other
 packages.
 
 @item
 Brian Gough of Network Theory Ltd publishes the Org mode manual as
 a book.
 
 @item
 Bernt Hansen has driven much of the support for auto-repeating
 tasks, task state change logging, and the clocktable.  His clear
 explanations have been critical when we started to adopt the Git
 version control system.
 
 @item
 Manuel Hermenegildo has contributed various ideas, small fixes and
 patches.
 
 @item
 Phil Jackson wrote @samp{ol-irc.el}.
 
 @item
 Scott Jaderholm proposed footnotes, control over whitespace between
 folded entries, and column view for properties.
 
 @item
 Matt Jones wrote MobileOrg Android.
 
 @item
 Tokuya Kameshima wrote @samp{org-wl.el} and @samp{org-mew.el}.
 
 @item
 Shidai Liu (``Leo'') asked for embedded @LaTeX{} and tested it.  He also
 provided frequent feedback and some patches.
 
 @item
 Matt Lundin has proposed last-row references for table formulas and
 named invisible anchors.  He has also worked a lot on the FAQ@.
 
 @item
 David Maus wrote @samp{org-atom.el}, maintains the issues file for Org,
 and is a prolific contributor on the mailing list with competent
 replies, small fixes and patches.
 
 @item
 Jason@tie{}F@.@tie{}McBrayer suggested agenda export to CSV format.
 
 @item
 Kyle Meyer helped setting up the @uref{https://public-inbox.org/, public-inbox} archive of the @uref{https://orgmode.org/list/, Org
 mailing list} and has been fixing many bugs.
 
 @item
 Max Mikhanosha came up with the idea of refiling.
 
 @item
 Dmitri Minaev sent a patch to set priority limits on a per-file
 basis.
 
 @item
 Stefan Monnier provided a patch to keep the Emacs Lisp compiler
 happy.
 
 @item
 Richard Moreland wrote MobileOrg for the iPhone.
 
 @item
 Rick Moynihan proposed allowing multiple TODO sequences in a file
 and being able to quickly restrict the agenda to a subtree.
 
 @item
 Todd Neal provided patches for links to Info files and Elisp forms.
 
 @item
 Greg Newman refreshed the unicorn logo into its current form.
 
 @item
 Tim O'Callaghan suggested in-file links, search options for general
 file links, and tags.
 
 @item
 Osamu Okano wrote @samp{orgcard2ref.pl}, a Perl program to create a text
 version of the reference card.
 
 @item
 Takeshi Okano translated the manual and David O'Toole's tutorial
 into Japanese.
 
 @item
 Oliver Oppitz suggested multi-state TODO items.
 
 @item
 Scott Otterson sparked the introduction of descriptive text for
 links, among other things.
 
 @item
 Pete Phillips helped during the development of the TAGS feature,
 and provided frequent feedback.
 
 @item
 Martin Pohlack provided the code snippet to bundle character
 insertion into bundles of 20 for undo.
 
 @item
 Ihor Radchenko helped with fixing bugs and improving the user
 experience regarding Org's speed.
 
 @item
 T@.@tie{}V@.@tie{}Raman reported bugs and suggested improvements.
 
 @item
 Matthias Rempe (Oelde) provided ideas, Windows support, and quality
 control.
 
 @item
 Paul Rivier provided the basic implementation of named footnotes.
 He also acted as mailing list moderator for some time.
 
 @item
 Kevin Rogers contributed code to access VM files on remote hosts.
 
 @item
 Frank Ruell solved the mystery of the @samp{keymapp nil} bug, a conflict
 with @samp{allout.el}.
 
 @item
 Jason Riedy generalized the send-receive mechanism for Orgtbl
 tables with extensive patches.
 
 @item
 Philip Rooke created the Org reference card, provided lots of
 feedback, developed and applied standards to the Org documentation.
 
 @item
 Christian Schlauer proposed angular brackets around links, among
 other things.
 
 @item
 Paul Sexton wrote @samp{org-ctags.el}.
 
 @item
 Tom Shannon's @samp{organizer-mode.el} inspired linking to VM/BBDB/Gnus.
 
 @item
 Ilya Shlyakhter proposed the Archive Sibling, line numbering in
 literal examples, and remote highlighting for referenced code lines.
 
 @item
 Stathis Sideris wrote the @samp{ditaa.jar} ASCII to PNG converter that is
 now packaged into the @uref{https://git.sr.ht/~bzg/org-contrib, org-contrib} repository.
 
 @item
 Daniel Sinder came up with the idea of internal archiving by locking
 subtrees.
 
 @item
 Dale Smith proposed link abbreviations.
 
 @item
 James TD Smith has contributed a large number of patches for
 useful tweaks and features.
 
 @item
 Adam Spiers asked for global linking commands, inspired the link
 extension system, added support for Mairix, and proposed the mapping
 API@.
 
 @item
 Ulf Stegemann created the table to translate special symbols to
 HTML, @LaTeX{}, UTF-8, Latin-1 and ASCII@.
 
 @item
 Andy Stewart contributed code to @samp{ol-w3m.el}, to copy
 HTML content with links transformation to Org syntax.
 
 @item
 David O'Toole wrote @samp{org-publish.el} and drafted the
 manual chapter about publishing.
 
 @item
 Jambunathan@tie{}K@.@tie{}contributed the ODT exporter.
 
 @item
 Sebastien Vauban reported many issues with @LaTeX{} and Beamer export
 and enabled source code highlighting in Gnus.
 
 @item
 Stefan Vollmar organized a video-recorded talk at the
 Max-Planck-Institute for Neurology.  He also inspired the creation
 of a concept index for HTML export.
 
 @item
 Jürgen Vollmer contributed code generating the table of contents in
 HTML output.
 
 @item
 Samuel Wales has provided important feedback and bug reports.
 
 @item
 Chris Wallace provided a patch implementing the @samp{QUOTE} block.
 
 @item
 David Wainberg suggested archiving, and improvements to the
 linking system.
 
 @item
 Carsten Wimmer suggested some changes and helped fix a bug in
 linking to Gnus.
 
 @item
 Roland Winkler requested additional key bindings to make Org work on
 a TTY@.
 
 @item
 Piotr Zielinski wrote @samp{org-mouse.el}, proposed agenda
 blocks and contributed various ideas and code snippets.
 
 @item
 Marco Wahl wrote @samp{ol-eww.el}.
 @end itemize
 
 @node GNU Free Documentation License
 @appendix GNU Free Documentation License
 
 @center Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
 
 @display
 Copyright @copyright{} 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 @uref{https://fsf.org/}
 
 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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 @end display
 
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 a server.  A ``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration'' (or ``MMC'')
 contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus
 published on the MMC site.
 
 ``CC-BY-SA'' means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
 license published by Creative Commons Corporation,
 a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in
 San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of
 that license published by that same organization.
 
 ``Incorporate'' means to publish or republish a Document, in whole
 or in part, as part of another Document.
 
 An MMC is ``eligible for relicensing'' if it is licensed under this
 License, and if all works that were first published under this
 License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
 incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
 texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
 to November 1, 2008.
 
 The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
 site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
 @end enumerate
 
 @page
 
 @anchor{ADDENDUM How to use this License for your documents}
 @appendixsec ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
 
 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
 the License in the document and put the following copyright and
 license notices just after the title page:
 
 @example
 Copyright (C)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
 Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
 Free Documentation License''.
 @end example
 
 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
 replace the ``with@dots{}Texts.''@tie{}line with this:
 
 @example
 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
 the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
 being LIST.
 @end example
 
 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
 situation.
 
 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
 permit their use in free software.
 
 @node Main Index
 @chapter Main Index
 
 @printindex cp
 
 @node Key Index
 @chapter Key Index
 
 @printindex ky
 
 @node Command and Function Index
 @chapter Command and Function Index
 
 @printindex fn
 
 @node Variable Index
 @chapter Variable Index
 
 This is not a complete index of variables and faces, only the ones
 that are mentioned in the manual.  For a more complete list, use
 @kbd{M-x org-customize} and then click yourself through the tree.
 
 @printindex vr
 
 @bye