dotemacs

org-manual.org (801751B)

---

 #+title: The Org Manual
 #+subtitle:  Release {{{version}}}
 #+author:    The Org Mode Developers
 #+language:  en
 
 
 #+texinfo: @insertcopying
 
 * Introduction
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Getting started.
 :END:
 #+cindex: introduction
 
 ** Summary
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Brief summary of what Org does.
 :END:
 #+cindex: summary
 
 Org is a mode for keeping notes, maintaining TODO lists, and project
 planning with a fast and effective plain-text markup language.  It
 also is an authoring system with unique support for literate
 programming and reproducible research.
 
 Org is implemented on top of Outline mode, which makes it possible to
 keep the content of large files well structured.  Visibility cycling
 and structure editing help to work with the tree.  Tables are easily
 created with a built-in table editor.  Plain text URL-like links
 connect to websites, emails, Usenet messages, BBDB entries, and any
 files related to the projects.
 
 Org develops organizational tasks around notes files that contain
 lists or information about projects as plain text.  Project planning
 and task management make use of metadata which is part of an outline
 node.  Based on this data, specific entries can be extracted in
 queries and create dynamic /agenda views/ that also integrate the
 Emacs calendar and diary.  Org can be used to implement many different
 project planning schemes, such as David Allen's GTD system.
 
 Org files can serve as a single source authoring system with export to
 many different formats such as HTML, LaTeX, Open Document, and
 Markdown.  New export backends can be derived from existing ones, or
 defined from scratch.
 
 Org files can include source code blocks, which makes Org uniquely
 suited for authoring technical documents with code examples.  Org
 source code blocks are fully functional; they can be evaluated in
 place and their results can be captured in the file.  This makes it
 possible to create a single file reproducible research compendium.
 
 Org keeps simple things simple.  When first fired up, it should feel
 like a straightforward, easy to use outliner.  Complexity is not
 imposed, but a large amount of functionality is available when needed.
 Org is a toolbox.  Many users actually run only a---very
 personal---fraction of Org's capabilities, and know that there is more
 whenever they need it.
 
 All of this is achieved with strictly plain text files, the most
 portable and future-proof file format.  Org runs in Emacs.  Emacs is
 one of the most widely ported programs, so that Org mode is available
 on every major platform.
 
 #+cindex: FAQ
 There is a website for Org which provides links to the newest version
 of Org, as well as additional information, frequently asked questions
 (FAQ), links to tutorials, etc.  This page is located at
 [[https://orgmode.org]].
 
 #+cindex: print edition
 An earlier version (7.3) of this manual is available as a [[http://www.network-theory.co.uk/org/manual/][paperback
 book from Network Theory Ltd.]].
 
 ** Installation
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Installing Org.
 :END:
 #+cindex: installation
 
 Org is included in all recent distributions of GNU Emacs, so you
 probably do not need to install it.  Most users will simply activate
 Org and begin exploring its many features.
 
 If, for one reason or another, you want to install Org on top of this
 pre-packaged version, you can use the Emacs package system or clone
 Org's git repository.
 
 We *strongly recommend* sticking to a single installation method.
 
 *** Using Emacs packaging system
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 Recent Emacs distributions include a packaging system which lets you
 install Elisp libraries.  You can install Org from the "package menu",
 with {{{kbd(M-x list-packages)}}}.  See [[info:emacs::Package Menu][Package Menu]].
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :tag Important
 #+begin_quote
 You need to do this in a session where no =.org= file has been
 visited, i.e., where no Org built-in function have been loaded.
 Otherwise autoload Org functions will mess up the installation.
 #+end_quote
 
 *** Using Org's git repository
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 You can clone Org's repository and install Org like this:
 
 #+begin_example
 $ cd ~/src/
 $ git clone https://git.savannah.gnu.org/git/emacs/org-mode.git
 $ cd org-mode/
 $ make autoloads
 #+end_example
 
 Note that in this case, =make autoloads= is mandatory: it defines
 Org's version in =org-version.el= and Org's autoloads in
 =org-loaddefs.el=.
 
 Remember to add the correct load path as described in the method
 above.
 
 You can also compile with =make=, generate the documentation with
 =make doc=, create a local configuration with =make config= and
 install Org with =make install=.  Please run =make help= to get the
 list of compilation/installation options.
 
 For more detailed explanations on Org's build system, please check the
 Org Build System page on [[https://orgmode.org/worg/dev/org-build-system.html][Worg]].
 
 *** Installing Org's contributed packages
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 Org's repository used to contain =contrib/= directory for add-ons
 contributed by others.  As of Org 9.5, the directory has bee moved to
 this new dedicated [[https://git.sr.ht/~bzg/org-contrib][org-contrib]] repository, which you can install
 separately.
 
 ** Activation
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How to activate Org for certain buffers.
 :END:
 #+cindex: activation
 #+cindex: autoload
 #+cindex: ELPA
 #+cindex: global key bindings
 #+cindex: key bindings, global
 
 Org mode buffers need Font Lock to be turned on: this is the default
 in Emacs[fn:1].
 
 There are compatibility issues between Org mode and some other Elisp
 packages (see [[*Packages that conflict with Org mode]]).  Please take the
 time to check the list.
 
 #+findex: org-agenda
 #+findex: org-capture
 #+findex: org-store-link
 For a better experience, the three Org commands ~org-store-link~,
 ~org-capture~ and ~org-agenda~ ought to be accessible anywhere in
 Emacs, not just in Org buffers.  To that effect, you need to bind them
 to globally available keys, like the ones reserved for users (see
 [[info:elisp::Key Binding Conventions]]).  Here are suggested bindings,
 please modify the keys to your own liking.
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (global-set-key (kbd "C-c l") #'org-store-link)
 (global-set-key (kbd "C-c a") #'org-agenda)
 (global-set-key (kbd "C-c c") #'org-capture)
 #+end_src
 
 #+cindex: Org mode, turning on
 Files with the =.org= extension use Org mode by default.  To turn on
 Org mode in a file that does not have the extension =.org=, make the
 first line of a file look like this:
 
 : MY PROJECTS    -*- mode: org; -*-
 
 #+vindex: org-insert-mode-line-in-empty-file
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 which selects Org mode for this buffer no matter what the file's name
 is.  See also the variable ~org-insert-mode-line-in-empty-file~.
 
 Many commands in Org work on the region if the region is /active/.  To
 make use of this, you need to have Transient Mark mode turned on,
 which is the default.  If you do not like it, you can create an active
 region by using the mouse to select a region, or pressing
 {{{kbd(C-SPC)}}} twice before moving point.
 
 ** Feedback
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Bug reports, ideas, patches, etc.
 :END:
 #+cindex: feedback
 #+cindex: bug reports
 #+cindex: reporting a bug
 #+cindex: maintainer
 #+cindex: author
 
 If you find problems with Org, or if you have questions, remarks, or
 ideas about it, please send an email to the Org mailing list
 [[mailto:emacs-orgmode@gnu.org]].  You can subscribe to the list [[https://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/emacs-orgmode][from this
 web page]].  If you are not a member of the mailing list, your mail will
 be passed to the list after a moderator has approved it[fn:2].  We ask
 you to read and respect the [[https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/kind-communication.html][GNU Kind Communications Guidelines]] when
 sending messages on this mailing list.
 
 #+findex: org-version
 #+findex: org-submit-bug-report
 For bug reports, please first try to reproduce the bug with the latest
 version of Org available---if you are running an outdated version, it
 is quite possible that the bug has been fixed already.  If the bug
 persists, prepare a report and provide as much information as
 possible, including the version information of Emacs ({{{kbd(M-x
 emacs-version)}}}) and Org ({{{kbd(M-x org-version)}}}), as well as
 the Org related setup in the Emacs init file.  The easiest way to do
 this is to use the command
 
 : M-x org-submit-bug-report <RET>
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 which puts all this information into an Emacs mail buffer so that you
 only need to add your description.  If you are not sending the Email
 from within Emacs, please copy and paste the content into your Email
 program.
 
 Sometimes you might face a problem due to an error in your Emacs or
 Org mode setup.  Before reporting a bug, it is very helpful to start
 Emacs with minimal customizations and reproduce the problem.  Doing so
 often helps you determine if the problem is with your customization or
 with Org mode itself.  You can start a typical minimal session with
 a command like the example below.
 
 : $ emacs -Q -l /path/to/minimal-org.el
 
 However if you are using Org mode as distributed with Emacs, a minimal
 setup is not necessary.  In that case it is sufficient to start Emacs
 as =emacs -Q=.  The =minimal-org.el= setup file can have contents as
 shown below.
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 ;;; Minimal setup to load latest `org-mode'.
 
 ;; Activate debugging.
 (setq debug-on-error t
       debug-on-signal nil
       debug-on-quit nil)
 
 ;; Add latest Org mode to load path.
 (add-to-list 'load-path (expand-file-name "/path/to/org-mode/lisp"))
 #+end_src
 
 If an error occurs, a "backtrace" can be very useful---see below on
 how to create one.  Often a small example file helps, along with clear
 information about:
 
 1. What exactly did you do?
 2. What did you expect to happen?
 3. What happened instead?
 
 Thank you for helping to improve this program.
 
 *** How to create a useful backtrace
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: backtrace of an error
 If working with Org produces an error with a message you do not
 understand, you may have hit a bug.  The best way to report this is by
 providing, in addition to what was mentioned above, a backtrace.  This
 is information from the built-in debugger about where and how the
 error occurred.  Here is how to produce a useful backtrace:
 
 1. Reload uncompiled versions of all Org mode Lisp files.  The
    backtrace contains much more information if it is produced with
    uncompiled code.  To do this, use
 
    : C-u M-x org-reload <RET>
 
    #+texinfo: @noindent
    or, from the menu: Org \rarr Refresh/Reload \rarr Reload Org uncompiled.
 
 2. Then, activate the debugger:
 
    : M-x toggle-debug-on-error <RET>
 
    #+texinfo: @noindent
    or, from the menu: Options \rarr Enter Debugger on Error.
 
 3. Do whatever you have to do to hit the error.  Do not forget to
    document the steps you take.
 
 4. When you hit the error, a =*Backtrace*= buffer appears on the
    screen.  Save this buffer to a file---for example using {{{kbd(C-x
    C-w)}}}---and attach it to your bug report.
 
 ** Typesetting Conventions Used in this Manual
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Typesetting conventions used in this manual.
 :ALT_TITLE: Conventions
 :END:
 
 *** TODO keywords, tags, properties, etc.
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 Org uses various syntactical elements: TODO keywords, tags, property
 names, keywords, blocks, etc.  In this manual we use the following
 conventions:
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - =TODO=, =WAITING= ::
 
   TODO keywords are written with all capitals, even if they are
   user-defined.
 
 - =boss=, =ARCHIVE= ::
 
   Tags are case-sensitive.  User-defined tags are usually written in
   lowercase; built-in tags with special meaning are written as they
   should appear in the document, usually with all capitals.
 
 - =Release=, =PRIORITY= ::
 
   User-defined properties are capitalized; built-in properties with
   special meaning are written with all capitals.
 
 - =TITLE=, =BEGIN= ... =END= ::
 
   Keywords and blocks are written in uppercase to enhance their
   readability, but you can use lowercase in your Org files.
 
 *** Key bindings and commands
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 The manual lists both the keys and the corresponding commands for
 accessing a functionality.  Org mode often uses the same key for
 different functions, depending on context.  The command that is bound
 to such keys has a generic name, like ~org-metaright~.  In the manual
 we will, wherever possible, give the function that is internally
 called by the generic command.  For example, in the chapter on
 document structure, {{{kbd(M-RIGHT)}}} will be listed to call
 ~org-do-demote~, while in the chapter on tables, it will be listed to
 call ~org-table-move-column-right~.
 
 * Document Structure
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: A tree works like your brain.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: document structure
 #+cindex: structure of document
 Org is an outliner.  Outlines allow a document to be organized in
 a hierarchical structure, which, least for me, is the best
 representation of notes and thoughts.  An overview of this structure
 is achieved by folding, i.e., hiding large parts of the document to
 show only the general document structure and the parts currently being
 worked on.  Org greatly simplifies the use of outlines by compressing
 the entire show and hide functionalities into a single command,
 ~org-cycle~, which is bound to the {{{kbd(TAB)}}} key.
 
 ** Headlines
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How to typeset Org tree headlines.
 :END:
 #+cindex: headlines
 #+cindex: outline tree
 #+vindex: org-special-ctrl-a/e
 #+vindex: org-special-ctrl-k
 #+vindex: org-ctrl-k-protect-subtree
 
 Headlines define the structure of an outline tree.  Org headlines
 start on the left margin[fn:3] with one or more stars followed by
 a space.  For example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* Top level headline
 ,** Second level
 ,*** Third level
     some text
 ,*** Third level
     more text
 ,* Another top level headline
 #+end_example
 
 #+vindex: org-footnote-section
 The name defined in ~org-footnote-section~ is reserved.  Do not use it
 as a title for your own headings.
 
 Some people find the many stars too noisy and would prefer an outline
 that has whitespace followed by a single star as headline starters.
 This can be achieved using a Org Indent minor mode.  See [[*A Cleaner
 Outline View]] for more information.
 
 Headlines are not numbered.  However, you may want to dynamically
 number some, or all, of them.  See [[*Dynamic Headline Numbering]].
 
 #+vindex: org-cycle-separator-lines
 An empty line after the end of a subtree is considered part of it and
 is hidden when the subtree is folded.  However, if you leave at least
 two empty lines, one empty line remains visible after folding the
 subtree, in order to structure the collapsed view.  See the variable
 ~org-cycle-separator-lines~ to modify this behavior.
 
 ** Visibility Cycling
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Show and hide, much simplified.
 :END:
 #+cindex: cycling, visibility
 #+cindex: visibility cycling
 #+cindex: trees, visibility
 #+cindex: show hidden text
 #+cindex: hide text
 
 *** Global and local cycling
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Cycling through various visibility states.
 :END:
 #+cindex: subtree visibility states
 #+cindex: subtree cycling
 #+cindex: folded, subtree visibility state
 #+cindex: children, subtree visibility state
 #+cindex: subtree, subtree visibility state
 
 Outlines make it possible to hide parts of the text in the buffer.
 Org uses just two commands, bound to {{{kbd(TAB)}}} and
 {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} to change the visibility in the buffer.
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - {{{kbd(TAB)}}} (~org-cycle~) ::
 
   #+kindex: TAB
   #+findex: org-cycle
   /Subtree cycling/: Rotate current subtree among the states
 
   #+begin_example
   ,-> FOLDED -> CHILDREN -> SUBTREE --.
   '-----------------------------------'
   #+end_example
 
   #+vindex: org-cycle-emulate-tab
   Point must be on a headline for this to work[fn:4].
 
 - {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} (~org-global-cycle~), {{{kbd(C-u TAB)}}} ::
 
   #+cindex: global visibility states
   #+cindex: global cycling
   #+cindex: overview, global visibility state
   #+cindex: contents, global visibility state
   #+cindex: show all, global visibility state
   #+kindex: C-u TAB
   #+kindex: S-TAB
   #+findex: org-global-cycle
   /Global cycling/: Rotate the entire buffer among the states
 
   #+begin_example
   ,-> OVERVIEW -> CONTENTS -> SHOW ALL --.
   '--------------------------------------'
   #+end_example
 
   When {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} is called with a numeric prefix argument
   {{{var(N)}}}, view contents only up to headlines of level
   {{{var(N)}}}.
 
   Note that inside tables (see [[*Tables]]), {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} jumps to the
   previous field instead.
 
   #+vindex: org-cycle-global-at-bob
   You can run global cycling using {{{kbd(TAB)}}} only if point is at
   the very beginning of the buffer, but not on a headline, and
   ~org-cycle-global-at-bob~ is set to a non-~nil~ value.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-u TAB)}}} (~org-set-startup-visibility~) ::
 
   #+cindex: startup visibility
   #+kindex: C-u C-u TAB
   #+findex: org-set-startup-visibility
   Switch back to the startup visibility of the buffer (see [[*Initial
   visibility]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-u TAB)}}} (~outline-show-all~) ::
 
   #+cindex: show all, command
   #+kindex: C-u C-u C-u TAB
   #+findex: outline-show-all
   Show all, including drawers.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-r)}}} (~org-reveal~) ::
 
   #+cindex: revealing context
   #+kindex: C-c C-r
   #+findex: org-reveal
   Reveal context around point, showing the current entry, the
   following heading and the hierarchy above.  It is useful for working
   near a location that has been exposed by a sparse tree command (see
   [[*Sparse Trees]]) or an agenda command (see [[*Commands in the Agenda
   Buffer]]).  With a prefix argument, show, on each level, all sibling
   headings.  With a double prefix argument, also show the entire
   subtree of the parent.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-k)}}} (~outline-show-branches~) ::
 
   #+cindex: show branches, command
   #+kindex: C-c C-k
   #+findex: outline-show-branches
   Expose all the headings of the subtree, but not their bodies.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c TAB)}}} (~outline-show-children~) ::
 
   #+cindex: show children, command
   #+kindex: C-c TAB
   #+findex: outline-show-children
   Expose all direct children of the subtree.  With a numeric prefix
   argument {{{var(N)}}}, expose all children down to level
   {{{var(N)}}}.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x b)}}} (~org-tree-to-indirect-buffer~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x b
   #+findex: org-tree-to-indirect-buffer
   Show the current subtree in an indirect buffer[fn:5].  With
   a numeric prefix argument {{{var(N)}}}, go up to level {{{var(N)}}}
   and then take that tree.  If {{{var(N)}}} is negative then go up
   that many levels.  With a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, do not remove the
   previously used indirect buffer.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x v)}}} (~org-copy-visible~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x v
   #+findex: org-copy-visible
   Copy the /visible/ text in the region into the kill ring.
 
 *** Initial visibility
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Setting the initial visibility state.
 :END:
 
 #+vindex: org-startup-folded
 When Emacs first visits an Org file, the global state is set to
 ~showeverything~, i.e., all file content is visible[fn:6].  This can
 be configured through the variable ~org-startup-folded~, or on
 a per-file basis by adding one of the following lines anywhere in the
 buffer:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{STARTUP}, keyword
 #+begin_example
 ,#+STARTUP: overview
 ,#+STARTUP: content
 ,#+STARTUP: showall
 ,#+STARTUP: show2levels
 ,#+STARTUP: show3levels
 ,#+STARTUP: show4levels
 ,#+STARTUP: show5levels
 ,#+STARTUP: showeverything
 #+end_example
 
 #+cindex: @samp{VISIBILITY}, property
 Furthermore, any entries with a =VISIBILITY= property (see [[*Properties
 and Columns]]) get their visibility adapted accordingly.  Allowed values
 for this property are =folded=, =children=, =content=, and =all=.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-u TAB)}}} (~org-set-startup-visibility~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-u TAB
   #+findex: org-set-startup-visibility
   Switch back to the startup visibility of the buffer, i.e., whatever
   is requested by startup options and =VISIBILITY= properties in
   individual entries.
 
 *** Catching invisible edits
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Preventing mistakes when editing invisible parts.
 :END:
 #+cindex: edits, catching invisible
 
 #+vindex: org-catch-invisible-edits
 Sometimes you may inadvertently edit an invisible part of the buffer
 and be confused on what has been edited and how to undo the mistake.
 Setting ~org-catch-invisible-edits~ to non-~nil~ helps preventing
 this.  See the docstring of this option on how Org should catch
 invisible edits and process them.
 
 ** Motion
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Jumping to other headlines.
 :END:
 #+cindex: motion, between headlines
 #+cindex: jumping, to headlines
 #+cindex: headline navigation
 
 The following commands jump to other headlines in the buffer.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-n)}}} (~org-next-visible-heading~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-n
   #+findex: org-next-visible-heading
   Next heading.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-p)}}} (~org-previous-visible-heading~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-p
   #+findex: org-previous-visible-heading
   Previous heading.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-f)}}} (~org-forward-heading-same-level~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-f
   #+findex: org-forward-heading-same-level
   Next heading same level.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-b)}}} (~org-backward-heading-same-level~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-b
   #+findex: org-backward-heading-same-level
   Previous heading same level.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-u)}}} (~outline-up-heading~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-u
   #+findex: outline-up-heading
   Backward to higher level heading.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-j)}}} (~org-goto~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-j
   #+findex: org-goto
   #+vindex: org-goto-auto-isearch
   Jump to a different place without changing the current outline
   visibility.  Shows the document structure in a temporary buffer,
   where you can use the following keys to find your destination:
 
   #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.3 0.7
   | {{{kbd(TAB)}}}            | Cycle visibility.               |
   | {{{kbd(DOWN)}}} / {{{kbd(UP)}}} | Next/previous visible headline. |
   | {{{kbd(RET)}}}            | Select this location.           |
   | {{{kbd(/)}}}              | Do a Sparse-tree search         |
 
   #+texinfo: @noindent
   The following keys work if you turn off ~org-goto-auto-isearch~
 
   #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.3 0.7
   | {{{kbd(n)}}} / {{{kbd(p)}}}   | Next/previous visible headline.    |
   | {{{kbd(f)}}} / {{{kbd(b)}}}   | Next/previous headline same level. |
   | {{{kbd(u)}}}            | One level up.                      |
   | {{{kbd(0)}}} ... {{{kbd(9)}}} | Digit argument.                    |
   | {{{kbd(q)}}}            | Quit.                              |
 
   #+vindex: org-goto-interface
   #+texinfo: @noindent
   See also the variable ~org-goto-interface~.
 
 ** Structure Editing
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Changing sequence and level of headlines.
 :END:
 #+cindex: structure editing
 #+cindex: headline, promotion and demotion
 #+cindex: promotion, of subtrees
 #+cindex: demotion, of subtrees
 #+cindex: subtree, cut and paste
 #+cindex: pasting, of subtrees
 #+cindex: cutting, of subtrees
 #+cindex: copying, of subtrees
 #+cindex: sorting, of subtrees
 #+cindex: subtrees, cut and paste
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - {{{kbd(M-RET)}}} (~org-meta-return~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-RET
   #+findex: org-meta-return
   #+vindex: org-M-RET-may-split-line
   Insert a new heading, item or row.
 
   If the command is used at the /beginning/ of a line, and if there is
   a heading or a plain list item (see [[*Plain Lists]]) at point, the new
   heading/item is created /before/ the current line.  When used at the
   beginning of a regular line of text, turn that line into a heading.
 
   When this command is used in the middle of a line, the line is split
   and the rest of the line becomes the new item or headline.  If you
   do not want the line to be split, customize
   ~org-M-RET-may-split-line~.
 
   Calling the command with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix unconditionally
   inserts a new heading at the end of the current subtree, thus
   preserving its contents.  With a double {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}} prefix,
   the new heading is created at the end of the parent subtree instead.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-RET)}}} (~org-insert-heading-respect-content~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-RET
   #+findex: org-insert-heading-respect-content
   Insert a new heading at the end of the current subtree.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-S-RET)}}} (~org-insert-todo-heading~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-S-RET
   #+findex: org-insert-todo-heading
   #+vindex: org-treat-insert-todo-heading-as-state-change
   Insert new TODO entry with same level as current heading.  See also
   the variable ~org-treat-insert-todo-heading-as-state-change~.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-S-RET)}}} (~org-insert-todo-heading-respect-content~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-S-RET
   #+findex: org-insert-todo-heading-respect-content
   Insert new TODO entry with same level as current heading.  Like
   {{{kbd(C-RET)}}}, the new headline is inserted after the current
   subtree.
 
 - {{{kbd(TAB)}}} (~org-cycle~) ::
 
   #+kindex: TAB
   #+findex: org-cycle
   In a new entry with no text yet, the first {{{kbd(TAB)}}} demotes
   the entry to become a child of the previous one.  The next
   {{{kbd(TAB)}}} makes it a parent, and so on, all the way to top
   level.  Yet another {{{kbd(TAB)}}}, and you are back to the initial
   level.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-LEFT)}}} (~org-do-promote~), {{{kbd(M-RIGHT)}}} (~org-do-demote~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-LEFT
   #+findex: org-do-promote
   #+kindex: M-RIGHT
   #+findex: org-do-demote
   Promote or demote current heading by one level.
 
   #+cindex: region, active
   #+cindex: active region
   #+cindex: transient mark mode
   When there is an active region---i.e., when Transient Mark mode is
   active---promotion and demotion work on all headlines in the region.
   To select a region of headlines, it is best to place both point and
   mark at the beginning of a line, mark at the beginning of the first
   headline, and point at the line just after the last headline to
   change.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-S-LEFT)}}} (~org-promote-subtree~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-S-LEFT
   #+findex: org-promote-subtree
   Promote the current subtree by one level.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-demote-subtree~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-S-RIGHT
   #+findex: org-demote-subtree
   Demote the current subtree by one level.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-UP)}}} (~org-move-subtree-up~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-UP
   #+findex: org-move-subtree-up
   Move subtree up, i.e., swap with previous subtree of same level.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}} (~org-move-subtree-down~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-DOWN
   #+findex: org-move-subtree-down
   Move subtree down, i.e., swap with next subtree of same level.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c @)}}} (~org-mark-subtree~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c @@
   #+findex: org-mark-subtree
   Mark the subtree at point.  Hitting repeatedly marks subsequent
   subtrees of the same level as the marked subtree.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-w)}}} (~org-cut-subtree~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-w
   #+findex: org-cut-subtree
   Kill subtree, i.e., remove it from buffer but save in kill ring.
   With a numeric prefix argument N, kill N sequential subtrees.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x M-w)}}} (~org-copy-subtree~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x M-w
   #+findex: org-copy-subtree
   Copy subtree to kill ring.  With a numeric prefix argument N, copy
   the N sequential subtrees.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-y)}}} (~org-paste-subtree~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-y
   #+findex: org-paste-subtree
   Yank subtree from kill ring.  This does modify the level of the
   subtree to make sure the tree fits in nicely at the yank position.
   The yank level can also be specified with a numeric prefix argument,
   or by yanking after a headline marker like =****=.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-y)}}} (~org-yank~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-y
   #+findex: org-yank
   #+vindex: org-yank-adjusted-subtrees
   #+vindex: org-yank-folded-subtrees
   Depending on the variables ~org-yank-adjusted-subtrees~ and
   ~org-yank-folded-subtrees~, Org's internal ~yank~ command pastes
   subtrees folded and in a clever way, using the same command as
   {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-y)}}}.  With the default settings, no level
   adjustment takes place, but the yanked tree is folded unless doing
   so would swallow text previously visible.  Any prefix argument to
   this command forces a normal ~yank~ to be executed, with the prefix
   passed along.  A good way to force a normal yank is {{{kbd(C-u
   C-y)}}}.  If you use ~yank-pop~ after a yank, it yanks previous kill
   items plainly, without adjustment and folding.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x c)}}} (~org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x c
   #+findex: org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift
   Clone a subtree by making a number of sibling copies of it.  You are
   prompted for the number of copies to make, and you can also specify
   if any timestamps in the entry should be shifted.  This can be
   useful, for example, to create a number of tasks related to a series
   of lectures to prepare.  For more details, see the docstring of the
   command ~org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift~.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-w)}}} (~org-refile~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-w
   #+findex: org-refile
   Refile entry or region to a different location.  See [[*Refile and
   Copy]].
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c ^)}}} (~org-sort~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c ^
   #+findex: org-sort
   Sort same-level entries.  When there is an active region, all
   entries in the region are sorted.  Otherwise the children of the
   current headline are sorted.  The command prompts for the sorting
   method, which can be alphabetically, numerically, by time---first
   timestamp with active preferred, creation time, scheduled time,
   deadline time---by priority, by TODO keyword---in the sequence the
   keywords have been defined in the setup---or by the value of
   a property.  Reverse sorting is possible as well.  You can also
   supply your own function to extract the sorting key.  With
   a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, sorting is case-sensitive.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-x n s)}}} (~org-narrow-to-subtree~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-x n s
   #+findex: org-narrow-to-subtree
   Narrow buffer to current subtree.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-x n b)}}} (~org-narrow-to-block~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-x n b
   #+findex: org-narrow-to-block
   Narrow buffer to current block.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-x n w)}}} (~widen~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-x n w
   #+findex: widen
   Widen buffer to remove narrowing.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c *)}}} (~org-toggle-heading~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c *
   #+findex: org-toggle-heading
   Turn a normal line or plain list item into a headline---so that it
   becomes a subheading at its location.  Also turn a headline into
   a normal line by removing the stars.  If there is an active region,
   turn all lines in the region into headlines.  If the first line in
   the region was an item, turn only the item lines into headlines.
   Finally, if the first line is a headline, remove the stars from all
   headlines in the region.
 
 Note that when point is inside a table (see [[*Tables]]), the Meta-Cursor
 keys have different functionality.
 
 ** Sparse Trees
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Matches embedded in context.
 :END:
 #+cindex: sparse trees
 #+cindex: trees, sparse
 #+cindex: folding, sparse trees
 #+cindex: occur, command
 
 #+vindex: org-show-context-detail
 An important feature of Org mode is the ability to construct /sparse
 trees/ for selected information in an outline tree, so that the entire
 document is folded as much as possible, but the selected information
 is made visible along with the headline structure above it[fn:7].
 Just try it out and you will see immediately how it works.
 
 Org mode contains several commands creating such trees, all these
 commands can be accessed through a dispatcher:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c /)}}} (~org-sparse-tree~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c /
   #+findex: org-sparse-tree
   This prompts for an extra key to select a sparse-tree creating
   command.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c / r)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c / /)}}} (~org-occur~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c / r
   #+kindex: C-c / /
   #+findex: org-occur
   #+vindex: org-remove-highlights-with-change
   Prompts for a regexp (see [[*Regular Expressions]]) and shows a sparse
   tree with all matches.  If the match is in a headline, the headline
   is made visible.  If the match is in the body of an entry, headline
   and body are made visible.  In order to provide minimal context,
   also the full hierarchy of headlines above the match is shown, as
   well as the headline following the match.  Each match is also
   highlighted; the highlights disappear when the buffer is changed by
   an editing command, or by pressing {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}}[fn:8].  When
   called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument, previous highlights
   are kept, so several calls to this command can be stacked.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-g n)}}} or {{{kbd(M-g M-n)}}} (~next-error~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-g n
   #+kindex: M-g M-n
   #+findex: next-error
   Jump to the next sparse tree match in this buffer.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-g p)}}} or {{{kbd(M-g M-p)}}} (~previous-error~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-g p
   #+kindex: M-g M-p
   #+findex: previous-error
   Jump to the previous sparse tree match in this buffer.
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-custom-commands
 For frequently used sparse trees of specific search strings, you can
 use the variable ~org-agenda-custom-commands~ to define fast keyboard
 access to specific sparse trees.  These commands will then be
 accessible through the agenda dispatcher (see [[*The Agenda Dispatcher]]).
 For example:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
       '(("f" occur-tree "FIXME")))
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 defines the key {{{kbd(f)}}} as a shortcut for creating a sparse tree
 matching the string =FIXME=.
 
 The other sparse tree commands select headings based on TODO keywords,
 tags, or properties and are discussed later in this manual.
 
 #+kindex: C-c C-e C-v
 #+cindex: printing sparse trees
 #+cindex: visible text, printing
 To print a sparse tree, you can use the Emacs command
 ~ps-print-buffer-with-faces~ which does not print invisible parts of
 the document.  Or you can use the command {{{kbd(C-c C-e C-v)}}} to
 export only the visible part of the document and print the resulting
 file.
 
 ** Plain Lists
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Additional structure within an entry.
 :END:
 #+cindex: plain lists
 #+cindex: lists, plain
 #+cindex: lists, ordered
 #+cindex: ordered lists
 
 Within an entry of the outline tree, hand-formatted lists can provide
 additional structure.  They also provide a way to create lists of
 checkboxes (see [[*Checkboxes]]).  Org supports editing such lists, and
 every exporter (see [[*Exporting]]) can parse and format them.
 
 Org knows ordered lists, unordered lists, and description lists.
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :indic @bullet
 - /Unordered/ list items start with =-=, =+=, or =*=[fn:9] as bullets.
 
 -
   #+vindex: org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator
   #+vindex: org-alphabetical-lists
   /Ordered/ list items start with a numeral followed by either
   a period or a right parenthesis[fn:10], such as =1.= or =1)=[fn:11]
   If you want a list to start with a different value---e.g.,
   20---start the text of the item with =[@20]=[fn:12].  Those
   constructs can be used in any item of the list in order to enforce
   a particular numbering.
 
 - /Description/ list items are unordered list items, and contain the
   separator =::= to distinguish the description /term/ from the
   description.
 
 Items belonging to the same list must have the same indentation on the
 first line.  In particular, if an ordered list reaches number =10.=,
 then the 2-digit numbers must be written left-aligned with the other
 numbers in the list.  An item ends before the next line that is less
 or equally indented than its bullet/number.
 
 A list ends whenever every item has ended, which means before any line
 less or equally indented than items at top level.  It also ends before
 two blank lines.  In that case, all items are closed.  Here is an
 example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* Lord of the Rings
 My favorite scenes are (in this order)
 1. The attack of the Rohirrim
 2. Eowyn's fight with the witch king
    + this was already my favorite scene in the book
    + I really like Miranda Otto.
 3. Peter Jackson being shot by Legolas
    - on DVD only
    He makes a really funny face when it happens.
 But in the end, no individual scenes matter but the film as a whole.
 Important actors in this film are:
 - Elijah Wood :: He plays Frodo
 - Sean Astin :: He plays Sam, Frodo's friend.  I still remember him
      very well from his role as Mikey Walsh in /The Goonies/.
 #+end_example
 
 Org supports these lists by tuning filling and wrapping commands to
 deal with them correctly, and by exporting them properly (see
 [[*Exporting]]).  Since indentation is what governs the structure of these
 lists, many structural constructs like =#+BEGIN_= blocks can be
 indented to signal that they belong to a particular item.
 
 #+vindex: org-list-demote-modify-bullet
 #+vindex: org-list-indent-offset
 If you find that using a different bullet for a sub-list---than that
 used for the current list-level---improves readability, customize the
 variable ~org-list-demote-modify-bullet~.  To get a greater difference
 of indentation between items and theirs sub-items, customize
 ~org-list-indent-offset~.
 
 #+vindex: org-list-automatic-rules
 The following commands act on items when point is in the first line of
 an item---the line with the bullet or number.  Some of them imply the
 application of automatic rules to keep list structure intact.  If some
 of these actions get in your way, configure ~org-list-automatic-rules~
 to disable them individually.
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - {{{kbd(TAB)}}} (~org-cycle~) ::
 
   #+cindex: cycling, in plain lists
   #+kindex: TAB
   #+findex: org-cycle
   #+vindex: org-cycle-include-plain-lists
   Items can be folded just like headline levels.  Normally this works
   only if point is on a plain list item.  For more details, see the
   variable ~org-cycle-include-plain-lists~.  If this variable is set
   to ~integrate~, plain list items are treated like low-level
   headlines.  The level of an item is then given by the indentation of
   the bullet/number.  Items are always subordinate to real headlines,
   however; the hierarchies remain completely separated.  In a new item
   with no text yet, the first {{{kbd(TAB)}}} demotes the item to
   become a child of the previous one.  Subsequent {{{kbd(TAB)}}}s move
   the item to meaningful levels in the list and eventually get it back
   to its initial position.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-RET)}}} (~org-insert-heading~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-RET
   #+findex: org-insert-heading
   #+vindex: org-M-RET-may-split-line
   Insert new item at current level.  With a prefix argument, force
   a new heading (see [[*Structure Editing]]).  If this command is used in
   the middle of an item, that item is /split/ in two, and the second
   part becomes the new item[fn:13].  If this command is executed
   /before item's body/, the new item is created /before/ the current
   one.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-S-RET)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: M-S-RET
   Insert a new item with a checkbox (see [[*Checkboxes]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(S-UP)}}}, {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: S-UP
   #+kindex: S-DOWN
   #+cindex: shift-selection-mode
   #+vindex: org-support-shift-select
   #+vindex: org-list-use-circular-motion
   Jump to the previous/next item in the current list, but only if
   ~org-support-shift-select~ is off[fn:14].  If not, you can still use
   paragraph jumping commands like {{{kbd(C-UP)}}} and
   {{{kbd(C-DOWN)}}} to quite similar effect.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-UP)}}}, {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: M-UP
   #+kindex: M-DOWN
   Move the item including subitems up/down[fn:15], i.e., swap with
   previous/next item of same indentation.  If the list is ordered,
   renumbering is automatic.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(M-RIGHT)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: M-LEFT
   #+kindex: M-RIGHT
   Decrease/increase the indentation of an item, leaving children
   alone.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-S-LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(M-S-RIGHT)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: M-S-LEFT
   #+kindex: M-S-RIGHT
   Decrease/increase the indentation of the item, including subitems.
   Initially, the item tree is selected based on current indentation.
   When these commands are executed several times in direct succession,
   the initially selected region is used, even if the new indentation
   would imply a different hierarchy.  To use the new hierarchy, break
   the command chain by moving point.
 
   As a special case, using this command on the very first item of
   a list moves the whole list.  This behavior can be disabled by
   configuring ~org-list-automatic-rules~.  The global indentation of
   a list has no influence on the text /after/ the list.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c
   If there is a checkbox (see [[*Checkboxes]]) in the item line, toggle
   the state of the checkbox.  In any case, verify bullets and
   indentation consistency in the whole list.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c -)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c -
   #+vindex: org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator
   Cycle the entire list level through the different itemize/enumerate
   bullets (=-=, =+=, =*=, =1.=, =1)=) or a subset of them, depending
   on ~org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator~, the type of list, and
   its indentation.  With a numeric prefix argument N, select the Nth
   bullet from this list.  If there is an active region when calling
   this, all lines are converted to list items.  With a prefix
   argument, the selected text is changed into a single item.  If the
   first line already was a list item, any item marker is removed from
   the list.  Finally, even without an active region, a normal line is
   converted into a list item.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c *)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c *
   Turn a plain list item into a headline---so that it becomes
   a subheading at its location.  See [[*Structure Editing]], for
   a detailed explanation.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-*)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-*
   Turn the whole plain list into a subtree of the current heading.
   Checkboxes (see [[*Checkboxes]]) become =TODO=, respectively =DONE=,
   keywords when unchecked, respectively checked.
 
 - {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} ::
 
   #+vindex: org-support-shift-select
   #+kindex: S-LEFT
   #+kindex: S-RIGHT
   This command also cycles bullet styles when point is in on the
   bullet or anywhere in an item line, details depending on
   ~org-support-shift-select~.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c ^)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c ^
   #+cindex: sorting, of plain list
   Sort the plain list.  Prompt for the sorting method: numerically,
   alphabetically, by time, or by custom function.
 
 ** Drawers
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Tucking stuff away.
 :END:
 #+cindex: drawers
 #+cindex: visibility cycling, drawers
 
 Sometimes you want to keep information associated with an entry, but
 you normally do not want to see it.  For this, Org mode has /drawers/.
 They can contain anything but a headline and another drawer.  Drawers
 look like this:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,** This is a headline
 Still outside the drawer
 :DRAWERNAME:
 This is inside the drawer.
 :END:
 After the drawer.
 #+end_example
 
 #+kindex: C-c C-x d
 #+findex: org-insert-drawer
 You can interactively insert a drawer at point by calling
 ~org-insert-drawer~, which is bound to {{{kbd(C-c C-x d)}}}.  With an
 active region, this command puts the region inside the drawer.  With
 a prefix argument, this command calls ~org-insert-property-drawer~,
 which creates a =PROPERTIES= drawer right below the current headline.
 Org mode uses this special drawer for storing properties (see
 [[*Properties and Columns]]).  You cannot use it for anything else.
 
 Completion over drawer keywords is also possible using
 {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}}[fn:16].
 
 Visibility cycling (see [[*Visibility Cycling]]) on the headline hides and
 shows the entry, but keep the drawer collapsed to a single line.  In
 order to look inside the drawer, you need to move point to the drawer
 line and press {{{kbd(TAB)}}} there.
 
 You can also arrange for state change notes (see [[Tracking TODO state
 changes]]) and clock times (see [[*Clocking Work Time]]) to be stored in
 a =LOGBOOK= drawer.  If you want to store a quick note there, in
 a similar way to state changes, use
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-z)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-z
   Add a time-stamped note to the =LOGBOOK= drawer.
 
 ** Blocks
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Folding blocks.
 :END:
 #+vindex: org-hide-block-startup
 #+cindex: blocks, folding
 
 Org mode uses =#+BEGIN= ... =#+END= blocks for various purposes from
 including source code examples (see [[*Literal Examples]]) to capturing
 time logging information (see [[*Clocking Work Time]]).  These blocks can
 be folded and unfolded by pressing {{{kbd(TAB)}}} in the =#+BEGIN=
 line.  You can also get all blocks folded at startup by configuring
 the variable ~org-hide-block-startup~ or on a per-file basis by using
 
 #+cindex: STARTUP, keyword
 #+begin_example
 ,#+STARTUP: hideblocks
 ,#+STARTUP: nohideblocks
 #+end_example
 
 * Tables
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Pure magic for quick formatting.
 :END:
 #+cindex: tables
 #+cindex: editing tables
 
 Org comes with a fast and intuitive table editor.  Spreadsheet-like
 calculations are supported using the Emacs Calc package (see [[info:calc][GNU Emacs
 Calculator Manual]]).
 
 ** Built-in Table Editor
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Simple tables.
 :END:
 #+cindex: table editor, built-in
 
 #+cindex: header lines, in tables
 #+cindex: horizontal rule, in tables
 #+cindex: row separator, in tables
 #+cindex: table syntax
 Org makes it easy to format tables in plain ASCII.  Any line with =|=
 as the first non-whitespace character is considered part of a table.
 =|= is also the column separator[fn:17].  Moreover, a line starting
 with =|-= is a horizontal rule.  It separates rows explicitly.  Rows
 before the first horizontal rule are header lines.  A table might look
 like this:
 
 #+begin_example
 | Name  | Phone | Age |
 |-------+-------+-----|
 | Peter |  1234 |  17 |
 | Anna  |  4321 |  25 |
 #+end_example
 
 A table is re-aligned automatically each time you press
 {{{kbd(TAB)}}}, {{{kbd(RET)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} inside the table.
 {{{kbd(TAB)}}} also moves to the next field---{{{kbd(RET)}}} to the
 next row---and creates new table rows at the end of the table or
 before horizontal lines.  The indentation of the table is set by the
 first line.  Horizontal rules are automatically expanded on every
 re-align to span the whole table width.  So, to create the above
 table, you would only type
 
 #+begin_example
 |Name|Phone|Age|
 |-
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 and then press {{{kbd(TAB)}}} to align the table and start filling in
 fields.  Even faster would be to type =|Name|Phone|Age= followed by
 {{{kbd(C-c RET)}}}.
 
 When typing text into a field, Org treats {{{kbd(DEL)}}},
 {{{kbd(Backspace)}}}, and all character keys in a special way, so that
 inserting and deleting avoids shifting other fields.  Also, when
 typing /immediately/ after point was moved into a new field with
 {{{kbd(TAB)}}}, {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} or {{{kbd(RET)}}}, the field is
 automatically made blank.  If this behavior is too unpredictable for
 you, configure the option ~org-table-auto-blank-field~.
 
 *** Creation and conversion
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c |)}}} (~org-table-create-or-convert-from-region~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c |
   #+findex: org-table-create-or-convert-from-region
   Convert the active region to table.  If every line contains at least
   one {{{kbd(TAB)}}} character, the function assumes that the material
   is tab separated.  If every line contains a comma, comma-separated
   values (CSV) are assumed.  If not, lines are split at whitespace
   into fields.  You can use a prefix argument to force a specific
   separator: {{{kbd(C-u)}}} forces CSV, {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}} forces
   {{{kbd(TAB)}}}, {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-u)}}} prompts for a regular
   expression to match the separator, and a numeric argument
   N indicates that at least N consecutive spaces, or alternatively
   a {{{kbd(TAB)}}} will be the separator.
 
   If there is no active region, this command creates an empty Org
   table.  But it is easier just to start typing, like {{{kbd(|
   N a m e | P h o n e | A g e RET | - TAB)}}}.
 
 *** Re-aligning and field motion
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-table-align~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c
   #+findex: org-table-align
   Re-align the table without moving point.
 
 - {{{kbd(TAB)}}} (~org-table-next-field~) ::
 
   #+kindex: TAB
   #+findex: org-table-next-field
   Re-align the table, move to the next field.  Creates a new row if
   necessary.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c SPC)}}} (~org-table-blank-field~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c SPC
   #+findex: org-table-blank-field
   Blank the field at point.
 
 - {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} (~org-table-previous-field~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-TAB
   #+findex: org-table-previous-field
   Re-align, move to previous field.
 
 - {{{kbd(RET)}}} (~org-table-next-row~) ::
 
   #+kindex: RET
   #+findex: org-table-next-row
   Re-align the table and move down to next row.  Creates a new row if
   necessary.  At the beginning or end of a line, {{{kbd(RET)}}} still
   inserts a new line, so it can be used to split a table.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-a)}}} (~org-table-beginning-of-field~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-a
   #+findex: org-table-beginning-of-field
   Move to beginning of the current table field, or on to the previous
   field.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-e)}}} (~org-table-end-of-field~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-e
   #+findex: org-table-end-of-field
   Move to end of the current table field, or on to the next field.
 
 *** Column and row editing
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 - {{{kbd(M-LEFT)}}} (~org-table-move-column-left~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-LEFT
   #+findex: org-table-move-column-left
   Move the current column left.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-RIGHT)}}} (~org-table-move-column-right~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-RIGHT
   #+findex: org-table-move-column-right
   Move the current column right.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-S-LEFT)}}} (~org-table-delete-column~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-S-LEFT
   #+findex: org-table-delete-column
   Kill the current column.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-table-insert-column~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-S-RIGHT
   #+findex: org-table-insert-column
   Insert a new column at point position.  Move the recent column and
   all cells to the right of this column to the right.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-UP)}}} (~org-table-move-row-up~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-UP
   #+findex: org-table-move-row-up
   Move the current row up.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}} (~org-table-move-row-down~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-DOWN
   #+findex: org-table-move-row-down
   Move the current row down.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-S-UP)}}} (~org-table-kill-row~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-S-UP
   #+findex: org-table-kill-row
   Kill the current row or horizontal line.
 
 - {{{kbd(S-UP)}}} (~org-table-move-cell-up~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-UP
   #+findex: org-table-move-cell-up
   Move cell up by swapping with adjacent cell.
 
 - {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} (~org-table-move-cell-down~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-DOWN
   #+findex: org-table-move-cell-down
   Move cell down by swapping with adjacent cell.
 
 - {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} (~org-table-move-cell-left~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-LEFT
   #+findex: org-table-move-cell-left
   Move cell left by swapping with adjacent cell.
 
 - {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-table-move-cell-right~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-RIGHT
   #+findex: org-table-move-cell-right
   Move cell right by swapping with adjacent cell.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-S-DOWN)}}} (~org-table-insert-row~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-S-DOWN
   #+findex: org-table-insert-row
   Insert a new row above the current row.  With a prefix argument, the
   line is created below the current one.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c -)}}} (~org-table-insert-hline~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c -
   #+findex: org-table-insert-hline
   Insert a horizontal line below current row.  With a prefix argument,
   the line is created above the current line.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c RET)}}} (~org-table-hline-and-move~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c RET
   #+findex: org-table-hline-and-move
   Insert a horizontal line below current row, and move point into the
   row below that line.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c ^)}}} (~org-table-sort-lines~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c ^
   #+findex: org-table-sort-lines
   Sort the table lines in the region.  The position of point indicates
   the column to be used for sorting, and the range of lines is the
   range between the nearest horizontal separator lines, or the entire
   table.  If point is before the first column, you are prompted for
   the sorting column.  If there is an active region, the mark
   specifies the first line and the sorting column, while point should
   be in the last line to be included into the sorting.  The command
   prompts for the sorting type, alphabetically, numerically, or by
   time.  You can sort in normal or reverse order.  You can also supply
   your own key extraction and comparison functions.  When called with
   a prefix argument, alphabetic sorting is case-sensitive.
 
 *** Regions
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x M-w)}}} (~org-table-copy-region~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x M-w
   #+findex: org-table-copy-region
   Copy a rectangular region from a table to a special clipboard.
   Point and mark determine edge fields of the rectangle.  If there is
   no active region, copy just the current field.  The process ignores
   horizontal separator lines.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-w)}}} (~org-table-cut-region~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-w
   #+findex: org-table-cut-region
   Copy a rectangular region from a table to a special clipboard, and
   blank all fields in the rectangle.  So this is the "cut" operation.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-y)}}} (~org-table-paste-rectangle~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-y
   #+findex: org-table-paste-rectangle
   Paste a rectangular region into a table.  The upper left corner ends
   up in the current field.  All involved fields are overwritten.  If
   the rectangle does not fit into the present table, the table is
   enlarged as needed.  The process ignores horizontal separator lines.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-RET)}}} (~org-table-wrap-region~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-RET
   #+findex: org-table-wrap-region
   Split the current field at point position and move the rest to the
   line below.  If there is an active region, and both point and mark
   are in the same column, the text in the column is wrapped to minimum
   width for the given number of lines.  A numeric prefix argument may
   be used to change the number of desired lines.  If there is no
   region, but you specify a prefix argument, the current field is made
   blank, and the content is appended to the field above.
 
 *** Calculations
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: formula, in tables
 #+cindex: calculations, in tables
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c +)}}} (~org-table-sum~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c +
   #+findex: org-table-sum
   Sum the numbers in the current column, or in the rectangle defined
   by the active region.  The result is shown in the echo area and can
   be inserted with {{{kbd(C-y)}}}.
 
 - {{{kbd(S-RET)}}} (~org-table-copy-down~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-RET
   #+findex: org-table-copy-down
   #+vindex: org-table-copy-increment
   When current field is empty, copy from first non-empty field above.
   When not empty, copy current field down to next row and move point
   along with it.
 
   Depending on the variable ~org-table-copy-increment~, integer and
   time stamp field values, and fields prefixed or suffixed with
   a whole number, can be incremented during copy.  Also, a ~0~ prefix
   argument temporarily disables the increment.
 
   This key is also used by shift-selection and related modes (see
   [[*Packages that conflict with Org mode]]).
 
 *** Miscellaneous
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c `)}}} (~org-table-edit-field~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c `
   #+findex: org-table-edit-field
   Edit the current field in a separate window.  This is useful for
   fields that are not fully visible (see [[*Column Width and Alignment]]).
   When called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, just make the full field
   visible, so that it can be edited in place.  When called with two
   {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefixes, make the editor window follow point through
   the table and always show the current field.  The follow mode exits
   automatically when point leaves the table, or when you repeat this
   command with {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c `)}}}.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-table-import)}}} ::
 
   #+findex: org-table-import
   Import a file as a table.  The table should be TAB or whitespace
   separated.  Use, for example, to import a spreadsheet table or data
   from a database, because these programs generally can write
   TAB-separated text files.  This command works by inserting the file
   into the buffer and then converting the region to a table.  Any
   prefix argument is passed on to the converter, which uses it to
   determine the separator.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c |)}}} (~org-table-create-or-convert-from-region~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c |
   #+findex: org-table-create-or-convert-from-region
   Tables can also be imported by pasting tabular text into the Org
   buffer, selecting the pasted text with {{{kbd(C-x C-x)}}} and then
   using the {{{kbd(C-c |)}}} command (see [[*Creation and conversion]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-table-export)}}} ::
 
   #+findex: org-table-export
   #+vindex: org-table-export-default-format
   Export the table, by default as a TAB-separated file.  Use for data
   exchange with, for example, spreadsheet or database programs.  The
   format used to export the file can be configured in the variable
   ~org-table-export-default-format~.  You may also use properties
   =TABLE_EXPORT_FILE= and =TABLE_EXPORT_FORMAT= to specify the file
   name and the format for table export in a subtree.  Org supports
   quite general formats for exported tables.  The exporter format is
   the same as the format used by Orgtbl radio tables, see [[*Translator
   functions]], for a detailed description.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-table-header-line-mode)}}} ::
 
   #+findex: org-table-header-line-mode
   #+vindex: org-table-header-line-p
   Turn on the display of the first data row of the table at point in
   the window header line when this first row is not visible anymore in
   the buffer.  You can activate this minor mode by default by setting
   the option ~org-table-header-line-p~ to ~t~.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-table-transpose-table-at-point)}}} ::
 
   #+findex: org-table-transpose-table-at-point
   Transpose the table at point and eliminate hlines.
 
 ** Column Width and Alignment
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Overrule the automatic settings.
 :END:
 #+cindex: narrow columns in tables
 #+cindex: alignment in tables
 
 The width of columns is automatically determined by the table editor.
 The alignment of a column is determined automatically from the
 fraction of number-like versus non-number fields in the column.
 
 #+vindex: org-table-automatic-realign
 Editing a field may modify alignment of the table.  Moving
 a contiguous row or column---i.e., using {{{kbd(TAB)}}} or
 {{{kbd(RET)}}}---automatically re-aligns it.  If you want to disable
 this behavior, set ~org-table-automatic-realign~ to ~nil~.  In any
 case, you can always align manually a table:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-table-align~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c
   #+findex: org-table-align
   Align the current table.
 
 #+vindex: org-startup-align-all-tables
 Setting the option ~org-startup-align-all-tables~ re-aligns all tables
 in a file upon visiting it.  You can also set this option on
 a per-file basis with:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+STARTUP: align
 ,#+STARTUP: noalign
 #+end_example
 
 Sometimes a single field or a few fields need to carry more text,
 leading to inconveniently wide columns.  Maybe you want to hide away
 several columns or display them with a fixed width, regardless of
 content, as shown in the following example.
 
 #+begin_example
 |---+---------------------+--------|           |---+-------…+…|
 |   | <6>                 |        |           |   | <6>   …|…|
 | 1 | one                 | some   |   ----\   | 1 | one   …|…|
 | 2 | two                 | boring |   ----/   | 2 | two   …|…|
 | 3 | This is a long text | column |           | 3 | This i…|…|
 |---+---------------------+--------|           |---+-------…+…|
 #+end_example
 
 To set the width of a column, one field anywhere in the column may
 contain just the string =<N>= where {{{var(N)}}} specifies the width
 as a number of characters.  You control displayed width of columns
 with the following tools:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c TAB)}}} (~org-table-toggle-column-width~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c TAB
   #+findex: org-table-toggle-column-width
   Shrink or expand current column.
 
   If a width cookie specifies a width W for the column, shrinking it
   displays the first W visible characters only.  Otherwise, the column
   is shrunk to a single character.
 
   When called before the first column or after the last one, ask for
   a list of column ranges to operate on.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-c TAB)}}} (~org-table-shrink~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-c TAB
   #+findex: org-table-shrink
   Shrink all columns with a column width.  Expand the others.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c TAB)}}} (~org-table-expand~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c TAB
   #+findex: org-table-expand
   Expand all columns.
 
 To see the full text of a shrunk field, hold the mouse over it:
 a tool-tip window then shows the full contents of the field.
 Alternatively, {{{kbd(C-h .)}}} (~display-local-help~) reveals them,
 too.  For convenience, any change near the shrunk part of a column
 expands it.
 
 #+vindex: org-startup-shrink-all-tables
 Setting the option ~org-startup-shrink-all-tables~ shrinks all columns
 containing a width cookie in a file the moment it is visited.  You can
 also set this option on a per-file basis with:
 
 : #+STARTUP: shrink
 
 If you would like to overrule the automatic alignment of number-rich
 columns to the right and of string-rich columns to the left, you can
 use =<r>=, =<c>= or =<l>= in a similar fashion.  You may also combine
 alignment and field width like this: =<r10>=.
 
 Lines which only contain these formatting cookies are removed
 automatically upon exporting the document.
 
 ** Column Groups
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Grouping to trigger vertical lines.
 :END:
 #+cindex: grouping columns in tables
 
 When Org exports tables, it does so by default without vertical lines
 because that is visually more satisfying in general.  Occasionally
 however, vertical lines can be useful to structure a table into groups
 of columns, much like horizontal lines can do for groups of rows.  In
 order to specify column groups, you can use a special row where the
 first field contains only =/=.  The further fields can either contain
 =<= to indicate that this column should start a group, =>= to indicate
 the end of a column, or =<>= (no space between =<= and =>=) to make
 a column a group of its own.  Upon export, boundaries between column
 groups are marked with vertical lines.  Here is an example:
 
 #+begin_example
 | N | N^2 | N^3 | N^4 | sqrt(n) | sqrt[4](N) |
 |---+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
 | / |  <  |     |  >  |       < |          > |
 | 1 |  1  |  1  |  1  |       1 |          1 |
 | 2 |  4  |  8  | 16  |  1.4142 |     1.1892 |
 | 3 |  9  | 27  | 81  |  1.7321 |     1.3161 |
 |---+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
 ,#+TBLFM: $2=$1^2::$3=$1^3::$4=$1^4::$5=sqrt($1)::$6=sqrt(sqrt(($1)))
 #+end_example
 
 It is also sufficient to just insert the column group starters after
 every vertical line you would like to have:
 
 #+begin_example
 | N | N^2 | N^3 | N^4 | sqrt(n) | sqrt[4](N) |
 |---+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
 | / | <   |     |     | <       |            |
 #+end_example
 
 ** The Orgtbl Minor Mode
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: The table editor as minor mode.
 :ALT_TITLE: Orgtbl Mode
 :END:
 #+cindex: Orgtbl mode
 #+cindex: minor mode for tables
 
 #+findex: orgtbl-mode
 If you like the intuitive way the Org table editor works, you might
 also want to use it in other modes like Text mode or Mail mode.  The
 minor mode Orgtbl mode makes this possible.  You can always toggle the
 mode with {{{kbd(M-x orgtbl-mode)}}}.  To turn it on by default, for
 example in Message mode, use
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (add-hook 'message-mode-hook #'turn-on-orgtbl)
 #+end_src
 
 Furthermore, with some special setup, it is possible to maintain
 tables in arbitrary syntax with Orgtbl mode.  For example, it is
 possible to construct LaTeX tables with the underlying ease and power
 of Orgtbl mode, including spreadsheet capabilities.  For details, see
 [[*Tables in Arbitrary Syntax]].
 
 ** The Spreadsheet
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: The table editor has spreadsheet capabilities.
 :END:
 #+cindex: calculations, in tables
 #+cindex: spreadsheet capabilities
 #+cindex: Calc package
 
 The table editor makes use of the Emacs Calc package to implement
 spreadsheet-like capabilities.  It can also evaluate Emacs Lisp forms
 to derive fields from other fields.  While fully featured, Org's
 implementation is not identical to other spreadsheets.  For example,
 Org knows the concept of a /column formula/ that will be applied to
 all non-header fields in a column without having to copy the formula
 to each relevant field.  There is also a formula debugger, and a
 formula editor with features for highlighting fields in the table
 corresponding to the references at point in the formula, moving these
 references by arrow keys.
 
 *** References
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How to refer to another field or range.
 :END:
 #+cindex: references
 
 To compute fields in the table from other fields, formulas must
 reference other fields or ranges.  In Org, fields can be referenced by
 name, by absolute coordinates, and by relative coordinates.  To find
 out what the coordinates of a field are, press {{{kbd(C-c ?)}}} in
 that field, or press {{{kbd(C-c })}}} to toggle the display of a grid.
 
 **** Field references
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: field references
 #+cindex: references, to fields
 Formulas can reference the value of another field in two ways.  Like
 in any other spreadsheet, you may reference fields with
 a letter/number combination like =B3=, meaning the second field in the
 third row.  However, Org prefers to use another, more general
 representation that looks like this:[fn:18]
 
 : @ROW$COLUMN
 
 Column specifications can be absolute like =$1=, =$2=, ..., =$N=, or
 relative to the current column, i.e., the column of the field which is
 being computed, like =$+1= or =$-2=.  =$<= and =$>= are immutable
 references to the first and last column, respectively, and you can use
 =$>>>= to indicate the third column from the right.
 
 The row specification only counts data lines and ignores horizontal
 separator lines, or "hlines".  Like with columns, you can use absolute
 row numbers =@1=, =@2=, ..., =@N=, and row numbers relative to the
 current row like =@+3= or =@-1=.  =@<= and =@>= are immutable
 references the first and last row in the table, respectively.  You may
 also specify the row relative to one of the hlines: =@I= refers to the
 first hline, =@II= to the second, etc.  =@-I= refers to the first such
 line above the current line, =@+I= to the first such line below the
 current line.  You can also write =@III+2= which is the second data
 line after the third hline in the table.
 
 =@0= and =$0= refer to the current row and column, respectively, i.e.,
 to the row/column for the field being computed.  Also, if you omit
 either the column or the row part of the reference, the current
 row/column is implied.
 
 Org's references with /unsigned/ numbers are fixed references in the
 sense that if you use the same reference in the formula for two
 different fields, the same field is referenced each time.  Org's
 references with /signed/ numbers are floating references because the
 same reference operator can reference different fields depending on
 the field being calculated by the formula.
 
 Here are a few examples:
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.2 0.8
 | =@2$3=   | 2nd row, 3rd column (same as =C2=)                 |
 | =$5=     | column 5 in the current row (same as =E&=)         |
 | =@2=     | current column, row 2                              |
 | =@-1$-3= | field one row up, three columns to the left        |
 | =@-I$2=  | field just under hline above current row, column 2 |
 | =@>$5=   | field in the last row, in column 5                 |
 
 **** Range references
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: range references
 #+cindex: references, to ranges
 You may reference a rectangular range of fields by specifying two
 field references connected by two dots =..=.  The ends are included in
 the range.  If both fields are in the current row, you may simply use
 =$2..$7=, but if at least one field is in a different row, you need to
 use the general =@ROW$COLUMN= format at least for the first field,
 i.e., the reference must start with =@= in order to be interpreted
 correctly.  Examples:
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.2 0.8
 | =$1..$3=      | first three fields in the current row                          |
 | =$P..$Q=      | range, using column names (see [[*Advanced features]])             |
 | =$<<<..$>>=   | start in third column, continue to the last but one            |
 | =@2$1..@4$3=  | nine fields between these two fields (same as =A2..C4=)        |
 | =@-1$-2..@-1= | 3 fields in the row above, starting from 2 columns on the left |
 | =@I..II=      | between first and second hline, short for =@I..@II=            |
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 Range references return a vector of values that can be fed into Calc
 vector functions.  Empty fields in ranges are normally suppressed, so
 that the vector contains only the non-empty fields.  For other options
 with the mode switches =E=, =N= and examples, see [[*Formula syntax for
 Calc]].
 
 **** Field coordinates in formulas
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: field coordinates
 #+cindex: coordinates, of field
 #+cindex: row, of field coordinates
 #+cindex: column, of field coordinates
 #+vindex: org-table-current-column
 #+vindex: org-table-current-dline
 One of the very first actions during evaluation of Calc formulas and
 Lisp formulas is to substitute =@#= and =$#= in the formula with the
 row or column number of the field where the current result will go to.
 The traditional Lisp formula equivalents are ~org-table-current-dline~
 and ~org-table-current-column~.  Examples:
 
 - =if(@# % 2, $#, string(""))= ::
 
   Insert column number on odd rows, set field to empty on even rows.
 
 - =$2 = '(identity remote(FOO, @@#$1))= ::
 
   Copy text or values of each row of column 1 of the table named
   {{{var(FOO)}}} into column 2 of the current table.
 
 - =@3 = 2 * remote(FOO, @1$$#)= ::
 
   Insert the doubled value of each column of row 1 of the table
   named {{{var(FOO)}}} into row 3 of the current table.
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 For the second and third examples, table {{{var(FOO)}}} must have at
 least as many rows or columns as the current table.  Note that this is
 inefficient[fn:19] for large number of rows.
 
 **** Named references
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: named references
 #+cindex: references, named
 #+cindex: name, of column or field
 #+cindex: constants, in calculations
 #+cindex: @samp{CONSTANTS}, keyword
 #+vindex: org-table-formula-constants
 
 =$name= is interpreted as the name of a column, parameter or constant.
 Constants are defined globally through the variable
 ~org-table-formula-constants~, and locally---for the file---through
 a line like this example:
 
 : #+CONSTANTS: c=299792458. pi=3.14 eps=2.4e-6
 
 #+vindex: constants-unit-system
 #+pindex: constants.el
 Also, properties (see [[*Properties and Columns]]) can be used as
 constants in table formulas: for a property =Xyz= use the name
 =$PROP_Xyz=, and the property will be searched in the current outline
 entry and in the hierarchy above it.  If you have the =constants.el=
 package, it will also be used to resolve constants, including natural
 constants like =$h= for Planck's constant, and units like =$km= for
 kilometers[fn:20].  Column names and parameters can be specified in
 special table lines.  These are described below, see [[*Advanced
 features]].  All names must start with a letter, and further consist
 of letters and numbers.
 
 **** Remote references
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: remote references
 #+cindex: references, remote
 #+cindex: references, to a different table
 #+cindex: name, of column or field
 #+cindex: @samp{NAME}, keyword
 You may also reference constants, fields and ranges from a different
 table, either in the current file or even in a different file.  The
 syntax is
 
 : remote(NAME,REF)
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 where {{{var(NAME)}}} can be the name of a table in the current file
 as set by a =#+NAME:= line before the table.  It can also be the ID of
 an entry, even in a different file, and the reference then refers to
 the first table in that entry.  {{{var(REF)}}} is an absolute field or
 range reference as described above for example =@3$3= or =$somename=,
 valid in the referenced table.
 
 #+cindex: table indirection
 When {{{var(NAME)}}} has the format =@ROW$COLUMN=, it is substituted
 with the name or ID found in this field of the current table.  For
 example =remote($1, @@>$2)= \Rightarrow =remote(year_2013, @@>$1)=.  The format
 =B3= is not supported because it can not be distinguished from a plain
 table name or ID.
 
 *** Formula syntax for Calc
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Using Calc to compute stuff.
 :END:
 #+cindex: formula syntax, Calc
 #+cindex: syntax, of formulas
 
 A formula can be any algebraic expression understood by the Emacs Calc
 package.  Note that Calc has the non-standard convention that =/= has
 lower precedence than =*=, so that =a/b*c= is interpreted as
 =(a/(b*c))=.  Before evaluation by ~calc-eval~ (see [[info:calc#Calling Calc from Your Programs][Calling Calc from
 Your Lisp Programs]]), variable substitution takes place according to
 the rules described above.
 
 #+cindex: vectors, in table calculations
 The range vectors can be directly fed into the Calc vector functions
 like ~vmean~ and ~vsum~.
 
 #+cindex: format specifier, in spreadsheet
 #+cindex: mode, for Calc
 #+vindex: org-calc-default-modes
 A formula can contain an optional mode string after a semicolon.  This
 string consists of flags to influence Calc and other modes during
 execution.  By default, Org uses the standard Calc modes (precision
 12, angular units degrees, fraction and symbolic modes off).  The
 display format, however, has been changed to =(float 8)= to keep
 tables compact.  The default settings can be configured using the
 variable ~org-calc-default-modes~.
 
 - =p20= ::
 
   Set the internal Calc calculation precision to 20 digits.
 
 - =n3=, =s3=, =e2=, =f4= ::
 
   Normal, scientific, engineering or fixed format of the result of
   Calc passed back to Org.  Calc formatting is unlimited in precision
   as long as the Calc calculation precision is greater.
 
 - =D=, =R= ::
 
   Degree and radian angle modes of Calc.
 
 - =F=, =S= ::
 
   Fraction and symbolic modes of Calc.
 
 - =u= ::
 
   Units simplification mode of Calc.  Calc is also a symbolic
   calculator and is capable of working with values having a unit,
   represented with numerals followed by a unit string in Org table
   cells.  This mode instructs Calc to simplify the units in the
   computed expression before returning the result.
 
 - =T=, =t=, =U= ::
 
   Duration computations in Calc or Lisp, [[*Durations and time values]].
 
 - =E= ::
 
   If and how to consider empty fields.  Without =E= empty fields in
   range references are suppressed so that the Calc vector or Lisp list
   contains only the non-empty fields.  With =E= the empty fields are
   kept.  For empty fields in ranges or empty field references the
   value =nan= (not a number) is used in Calc formulas and the empty
   string is used for Lisp formulas.  Add =N= to use 0 instead for both
   formula types.  For the value of a field the mode =N= has higher
   precedence than =E=.
 
 - =N= ::
 
   Interpret all fields as numbers, use 0 for non-numbers.  See the
   next section to see how this is essential for computations with Lisp
   formulas.  In Calc formulas it is used only occasionally because
   there number strings are already interpreted as numbers without =N=.
 
 - =L= ::
 
   Literal, for Lisp formulas only.  See the next section.
 
 Unless you use large integer numbers or high-precision calculation and
 display for floating point numbers you may alternatively provide
 a ~printf~ format specifier to reformat the Calc result after it has
 been passed back to Org instead of letting Calc already do the
 formatting[fn:21].  A few examples:
 
 | =$1+$2=            | Sum of first and second field                    |
 | =$1+$2;%.2f=       | Same, format result to two decimals              |
 | =exp($2)+exp($1)=  | Math functions can be used                       |
 | =$0;%.1f=          | Reformat current cell to 1 decimal               |
 | =($3-32)*5/9=      | Degrees F \to C conversion                         |
 | =$c/$1/$cm=        | Hz \to cm conversion, using =constants.el=         |
 | =tan($1);Dp3s1=    | Compute in degrees, precision 3, display SCI 1   |
 | =sin($1);Dp3%.1e=  | Same, but use ~printf~ specifier for display     |
 | =vmean($2..$7)=    | Compute column range mean, using vector function |
 | =vmean($2..$7);EN= | Same, but treat empty fields as 0                |
 | =taylor($3,x=7,2)= | Taylor series of $3, at x=7, second degree       |
 
 Calc also contains a complete set of logical operations (see [[info:calc#Logical Operations][Logical
 Operations]]).  For example
 
 - =if($1 < 20, teen, string(""))= ::
 
   ="teen"= if age =$1= is less than 20, else the Org table result
   field is set to empty with the empty string.
 
 - =if("$1" =​= "nan" || "$2" =​= "nan", string(""), $1 + $2); E f-1= ::
 
   Sum of the first two columns.  When at least one of the input fields
   is empty the Org table result field is set to empty.  =E= is
   required to not convert empty fields to 0.  =f-1= is an optional
   Calc format string similar to =%.1f= but leaves empty results empty.
 
 - =if(typeof(vmean($1..$7)) =​= 12, string(""), vmean($1..$7); E= ::
 
   Mean value of a range unless there is any empty field.  Every field
   in the range that is empty is replaced by =nan= which lets =vmean=
   result in =nan=.  Then =typeof == 12= detects the =nan= from ~vmean~
   and the Org table result field is set to empty.  Use this when the
   sample set is expected to never have missing values.
 
 - =if("$1..$7" =​= "[]", string(""), vmean($1..$7))= ::
 
   Mean value of a range with empty fields skipped.  Every field in the
   range that is empty is skipped.  When all fields in the range are
   empty the mean value is not defined and the Org table result field
   is set to empty.  Use this when the sample set can have a variable
   size.
 
 - =vmean($1..$7); EN= ::
 
   To complete the example before: Mean value of a range with empty
   fields counting as samples with value 0.  Use this only when
   incomplete sample sets should be padded with 0 to the full size.
 
 You can add your own Calc functions defined in Emacs Lisp with
 ~defmath~ and use them in formula syntax for Calc.
 
 *** Emacs Lisp forms as formulas
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Writing formulas in Emacs Lisp.
 :ALT_TITLE: Formula syntax for Lisp
 :END:
 #+cindex: Lisp forms, as table formulas
 
 It is also possible to write a formula in Emacs Lisp.  This can be
 useful for string manipulation and control structures, if Calc's
 functionality is not enough.
 
 A formula is evaluated as a Lisp form when it starts with a
 single-quote followed by an opening parenthesis.  Cell table
 references are interpolated into the Lisp form before execution.  The
 evaluation should return either a string or a number.  Evaluation
 modes and a ~printf~ format used to render the returned values can be
 specified after a semicolon.
 
 By default, references are interpolated as literal Lisp strings: the
 field content is replaced in the Lisp form stripped of leading and
 trailing white space and surrounded in double-quotes.  For example:
 
 : '(concat $1 $2)
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 concatenates the content of columns 1 and column 2.
 
 When the =N= flag is used, all referenced elements are parsed as
 numbers and interpolated as Lisp numbers, without quotes.  Fields that
 cannot be parsed as numbers are interpolated as zeros.  For example:
 
 : '(+ $1 $2);N
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 adds columns 1 and 2, equivalent to Calc's =$1+$2=.  Ranges are
 inserted as space-separated fields, so they can be embedded in list or
 vector syntax.  For example:
 
 : '(apply '+ '($1..$4));N
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 computes the sum of columns 1 to 4, like Calc's =vsum($1..$4)=.
 
 When the =L= flag is used, all fields are interpolated literally: the
 cell content is replaced in the Lisp form stripped of leading and
 trailing white space and without quotes.  If a reference is intended
 to be interpreted as a string by the Lisp form, the reference operator
 itself should be enclosed in double-quotes, like ="$3"=.  The =L= flag
 is useful when strings and numbers are used in the same Lisp form.  For
 example:
 
 : '(substring "$1" $2 $3);L
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 extracts the part of the string in column 1 between the character
 positions specified in the integers in column 2 and 3 and it is easier
 to read than the equivalent:
 
 : '(substring $1 (string-to-number $2) (string-to-number $3))
 
 *** Durations and time values
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How to compute durations and time values.
 :END:
 #+cindex: duration, computing
 #+cindex: time, computing
 #+vindex: org-table-duration-custom-format
 
 If you want to compute time values use the =T=, =t=, or =U= flag,
 either in Calc formulas or Elisp formulas:
 
 #+begin_example
 |  Task 1 |   Task 2 |    Total |
 |---------+----------+----------|
 |    2:12 |     1:47 | 03:59:00 |
 |    2:12 |     1:47 |    03:59 |
 | 3:02:20 | -2:07:00 |     0.92 |
 ,#+TBLFM: @2$3=$1+$2;T::@3$3=$1+$2;U::@4$3=$1+$2;t
 #+end_example
 
 Input duration values must be of the form =HH:MM[:SS]=, where seconds
 are optional.  With the =T= flag, computed durations are displayed as
 =HH:MM:SS= (see the first formula above).  With the =U= flag, seconds
 are omitted so that the result is only =HH:MM= (see second formula
 above).  Zero-padding of the hours field depends upon the value of the
 variable ~org-table-duration-hour-zero-padding~.
 
 With the =t= flag, computed durations are displayed according to the
 value of the option ~org-table-duration-custom-format~, which defaults
 to ~hours~ and displays the result as a fraction of hours (see the
 third formula in the example above).
 
 Negative duration values can be manipulated as well, and integers are
 considered as seconds in addition and subtraction.
 
 *** Field and range formulas
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Formula for specific (ranges of) fields.
 :END:
 #+cindex: field formula
 #+cindex: range formula
 #+cindex: formula, for individual table field
 #+cindex: formula, for range of fields
 
 To assign a formula to a particular field, type it directly into the
 field, preceded by =:==, for example =vsum(@II..III)=.  When you press
 {{{kbd(TAB)}}} or {{{kbd(RET)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with point
 still in the field, the formula is stored as the formula for this
 field, evaluated, and the current field is replaced with the result.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{TBLFM}, keyword
 Formulas are stored in a special =TBLFM= keyword located directly
 below the table.  If you type the equation in the fourth field of the
 third data line in the table, the formula looks like =@3$4=$1+$2=.
 When inserting/deleting/swapping column and rows with the appropriate
 commands, /absolute references/ (but not relative ones) in stored
 formulas are modified in order to still reference the same field.  To
 avoid this from happening, in particular in range references, anchor
 ranges at the table borders (using =@<=, =@>=, =$<=, =$>=), or at
 hlines using the =@I= notation.  Automatic adaptation of field
 references does not happen if you edit the table structure with normal
 editing commands---you must fix the formulas yourself.
 
 Instead of typing an equation into the field, you may also use the
 following command
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-c =)}}} (~org-table-eval-formula~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-c =
   #+findex: org-table-eval-formula
   Install a new formula for the current field.  The command prompts
   for a formula with default taken from the =TBLFM= keyword,
   applies it to the current field, and stores it.
 
 The left-hand side of a formula can also be a special expression in
 order to assign the formula to a number of different fields.  There is
 no keyboard shortcut to enter such range formulas.  To add them, use
 the formula editor (see [[*Editing and debugging formulas]]) or edit
 the =TBLFM= keyword directly.
 
 - =$2== ::
 
   Column formula, valid for the entire column.  This is so common that
   Org treats these formulas in a special way, see [[*Column formulas]].
 
 - =@3== ::
 
   Row formula, applies to all fields in the specified row.  =@>==
   means the last row.
 
 - =@1$2..@4$3== ::
 
   Range formula, applies to all fields in the given rectangular range.
   This can also be used to assign a formula to some but not all fields
   in a row.
 
 - =$NAME== ::
 
   Named field, see [[*Advanced features]].
 
 *** Column formulas
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Formulas valid for an entire column.
 :END:
 #+cindex: column formula
 #+cindex: formula, for table column
 
 When you assign a formula to a simple column reference like =$3==, the
 same formula is used in all fields of that column, with the following
 very convenient exceptions: (i) If the table contains horizontal
 separator hlines with rows above and below, everything before the
 first such hline is considered part of the table /header/ and is not
 modified by column formulas.  Therefore a header is mandatory when you
 use column formulas and want to add hlines to group rows, like for
 example to separate a total row at the bottom from the summand rows
 above.  (ii) Fields that already get a value from a field/range
 formula are left alone by column formulas.  These conditions make
 column formulas very easy to use.
 
 To assign a formula to a column, type it directly into any field in
 the column, preceded by an equal sign, like ==$1+$2=.  When you press
 {{{kbd(TAB)}}} or {{{kbd(RET)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with point
 still in the field, the formula is stored as the formula for the
 current column, evaluated and the current field replaced with the
 result.  If the field contains only ===, the previously stored formula
 for this column is used.  For each column, Org only remembers the most
 recently used formula.  In the =TBLFM= keyword, column formulas look
 like =$4=$1+$2=.  The left-hand side of a column formula can not be
 the name of column, it must be the numeric column reference or =$>=.
 
 Instead of typing an equation into the field, you may also use the
 following command:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c =)}}} (~org-table-eval-formula~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c =
   #+findex: org-table-eval-formula
   Install a new formula for the current column and replace current
   field with the result of the formula.  The command prompts for
   a formula, with default taken from the =TBLFM= keyword, applies it
   to the current field and stores it.  With a numeric prefix argument,
   e.g., {{{kbd(C-5 C-c =)}}}, the command applies it to that many
   consecutive fields in the current column.
 
 *** Lookup functions
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Lookup functions for searching tables.
 :END:
 #+cindex: lookup functions in tables
 #+cindex: table lookup functions
 
 Org has three predefined Emacs Lisp functions for lookups in tables.
 
 - =(org-lookup-first VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE)= ::
 
   #+findex: org-lookup-first
   Searches for the first element {{{var(S)}}} in list
   {{{var(S-LIST)}}} for which
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (PREDICATE VAL S)
   #+end_src
   is non-~nil~; returns the value from the corresponding position in
   list {{{var(R-LIST)}}}.  The default {{{var(PREDICATE)}}} is
   ~equal~.  Note that the parameters {{{var(VAL)}}} and {{{var(S)}}}
   are passed to {{{var(PREDICATE)}}} in the same order as the
   corresponding parameters are in the call to ~org-lookup-first~,
   where {{{var(VAL)}}} precedes {{{var(S-LIST)}}}.  If
   {{{var(R-LIST)}}} is ~nil~, the matching element {{{var(S)}}} of
   {{{var(S-LIST)}}} is returned.
 
 - =(org-lookup-last VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE)= ::
 
   #+findex: org-lookup-last
   Similar to ~org-lookup-first~ above, but searches for the /last/
   element for which {{{var(PREDICATE)}}} is non-~nil~.
 
 - =(org-lookup-all VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE)= ::
 
   #+findex: org-lookup-all
   Similar to ~org-lookup-first~, but searches for /all/ elements for
   which {{{var(PREDICATE)}}} is non-~nil~, and returns /all/
   corresponding values.  This function can not be used by itself in
   a formula, because it returns a list of values.  However, powerful
   lookups can be built when this function is combined with other Emacs
   Lisp functions.
 
 If the ranges used in these functions contain empty fields, the =E=
 mode for the formula should usually be specified: otherwise empty
 fields are not included in {{{var(S-LIST)}}} and/or {{{var(R-LIST)}}}
 which can, for example, result in an incorrect mapping from an element
 of {{{var(S-LIST)}}} to the corresponding element of
 {{{var(R-LIST)}}}.
 
 These three functions can be used to implement associative arrays,
 count matching cells, rank results, group data, etc.  For practical
 examples see [[https://orgmode.org/worg/org-tutorials/org-lookups.html][this tutorial on Worg]].
 
 *** Editing and debugging formulas
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Fixing formulas.
 :END:
 #+cindex: formula editing
 #+cindex: editing, of table formulas
 
 #+vindex: org-table-use-standard-references
 You can edit individual formulas in the minibuffer or directly in the
 field.  Org can also prepare a special buffer with all active formulas
 of a table.  When offering a formula for editing, Org converts
 references to the standard format (like =B3= or =D&=) if possible.  If
 you prefer to only work with the internal format (like =@3$2= or
 =$4=), configure the variable ~org-table-use-standard-references~.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c =)}}} or {{{kbd(C-u C-c =)}}} (~org-table-eval-formula~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c =
   #+kindex: C-u C-c =
   #+findex: org-table-eval-formula
   Edit the formula associated with the current column/field in the
   minibuffer.  See [[*Column formulas]], and [[*Field and range formulas]].
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c =)}}} (~org-table-eval-formula~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c =
   #+findex: org-table-eval-formula
   Re-insert the active formula (either a field formula, or a column
   formula) into the current field, so that you can edit it directly in
   the field.  The advantage over editing in the minibuffer is that you
   can use the command {{{kbd(C-c ?)}}}.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c ?)}}} (~org-table-field-info~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c ?
   #+findex: org-table-field-info
   While editing a formula in a table field, highlight the field(s)
   referenced by the reference at point position in the formula.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c })}}} (~org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c @}
   #+findex: org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays
   Toggle the display of row and column numbers for a table, using
   overlays.  These are updated each time the table is aligned; you can
   force it with {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}}.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c {)}}} (~org-table-toggle-formula-debugger~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c @{
   #+findex: org-table-toggle-formula-debugger
   Toggle the formula debugger on and off.  See below.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} (~org-table-edit-formulas~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c '
   #+findex: org-table-edit-formulas
   Edit all formulas for the current table in a special buffer, where
   the formulas are displayed one per line.  If the current field has
   an active formula, point in the formula editor marks it.  While
   inside the special buffer, Org automatically highlights any field or
   range reference at point position.  You may edit, remove and add
   formulas, and use the following commands:
 
   - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} or {{{kbd(C-x C-s)}}} (~org-table-fedit-finish~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-x C-s
     #+kindex: C-c C-c
     #+findex: org-table-fedit-finish
     Exit the formula editor and store the modified formulas.  With
     {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, also apply the new formulas to the
     entire table.
 
   - {{{kbd(C-c C-q)}}} (~org-table-fedit-abort~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c C-q
     #+findex: org-table-fedit-abort
     Exit the formula editor without installing changes.
 
   - {{{kbd(C-c C-r)}}} (~org-table-fedit-toggle-ref-type~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c C-r
     #+findex: org-table-fedit-toggle-ref-type
     Toggle all references in the formula editor between standard (like
     =B3=) and internal (like =@3$2=).
 
   - {{{kbd(TAB)}}} (~org-table-fedit-lisp-indent~) ::
 
     #+kindex: TAB
     #+findex: org-table-fedit-lisp-indent
     Pretty-print or indent Lisp formula at point.  When in a line
     containing a Lisp formula, format the formula according to Emacs
     Lisp rules.  Another {{{kbd(TAB)}}} collapses the formula back
     again.  In the open formula, {{{kbd(TAB)}}} re-indents just like
     in Emacs Lisp mode.
 
   - {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} (~lisp-complete-symbol~) ::
 
     #+kindex: M-TAB
     #+findex: lisp-complete-symbol
     Complete Lisp symbols, just like in Emacs Lisp mode.
 
   - {{{kbd(S-UP)}}}, {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}}, {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} ::
 
     #+kindex: S-UP
     #+kindex: S-DOWN
     #+kindex: S-LEFT
     #+kindex: S-RIGHT
     #+findex: org-table-fedit-ref-up
     #+findex: org-table-fedit-ref-down
     #+findex: org-table-fedit-ref-left
     #+findex: org-table-fedit-ref-right
     Shift the reference at point.  For example, if the reference is
     =B3= and you press {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}, it becomes =C3=.  This also
     works for relative references and for hline references.
 
   - {{{kbd(M-S-UP)}}} (~org-table-fedit-line-up~) ::
 
     #+kindex: M-S-UP
     #+findex: org-table-fedit-line-up
     Move the test line for column formulas up in the Org buffer.
 
   - {{{kbd(M-S-DOWN)}}} (~org-table-fedit-line-down~) ::
 
     #+kindex: M-S-DOWN
     #+findex: org-table-fedit-line-down
     Move the test line for column formulas down in the Org buffer.
 
   - {{{kbd(M-UP)}}} (~org-table-fedit-scroll-up~) ::
 
     #+kindex: M-UP
     #+findex: org-table-fedit-scroll-up
     Scroll up the window displaying the table.
 
   - {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}} (~org-table-fedit-scroll-down~) ::
 
     #+kindex: M-DOWN
     #+findex: org-table-fedit-scroll-down
     Scroll down the window displaying the table.
 
   - {{{kbd(C-c })}}} ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c @}
     #+findex: org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays
     Turn the coordinate grid in the table on and off.
 
 Making a table field blank does not remove the formula associated with
 the field, because that is stored in a different line---the =TBLFM=
 keyword line.  During the next recalculation, the field will be filled
 again.  To remove a formula from a field, you have to give an empty
 reply when prompted for the formula, or to edit the =TBLFM= keyword.
 
 #+kindex: C-c C-c
 You may edit the =TBLFM= keyword directly and re-apply the changed
 equations with {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} in that line or with the normal
 recalculation commands in the table.
 
 **** Using multiple =TBLFM= lines
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: multiple formula lines
 #+cindex: @samp{TBLFM} keywords, multiple
 #+cindex: @samp{TBLFM}, switching
 
 #+kindex: C-c C-c
 You may apply the formula temporarily.  This is useful when you want
 to switch the formula applied to the table.  Place multiple =TBLFM=
 keywords right after the table, and then press {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} on
 the formula to apply.  Here is an example:
 
 #+begin_example
 | x | y |
 |---+---|
 | 1 |   |
 | 2 |   |
 ,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*1
 ,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*2
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 Pressing {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} in the line of =#+TBLFM: $2=$1*2= yields:
 
 #+begin_example
 | x | y |
 |---+---|
 | 1 | 2 |
 | 2 | 4 |
 ,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*1
 ,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*2
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 If you recalculate this table, with {{{kbd(C-u C-c *)}}}, for example,
 you get the following result from applying only the first =TBLFM=
 keyword.
 
 #+begin_example
 | x | y |
 |---+---|
 | 1 | 1 |
 | 2 | 2 |
 ,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*1
 ,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*2
 #+end_example
 
 **** Debugging formulas
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: formula debugging
 #+cindex: debugging, of table formulas
 
 When the evaluation of a formula leads to an error, the field content
 becomes the string =#ERROR=.  If you would like to see what is going
 on during variable substitution and calculation in order to find
 a bug, turn on formula debugging in the Tbl menu and repeat the
 calculation, for example by pressing {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c = RET)}}} in
 a field.  Detailed information are displayed.
 
 *** Updating the table
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Recomputing all dependent fields.
 :END:
 #+cindex: recomputing table fields
 #+cindex: updating, table
 
 Recalculation of a table is normally not automatic, but needs to be
 triggered by a command.  To make recalculation at least
 semi-automatic, see [[*Advanced features]].
 
 In order to recalculate a line of a table or the entire table, use the
 following commands:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c *)}}} (~org-table-recalculate~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c *
   #+findex: org-table-recalculate
   Recalculate the current row by first applying the stored column
   formulas from left to right, and all field/range formulas in the
   current row.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-c *)}}} or {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-c)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-c *
   #+kindex: C-u C-c C-c
   Recompute the entire table, line by line.  Any lines before the
   first hline are left alone, assuming that these are part of the
   table header.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c *)}}} or {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c C-c)}}} (~org-table-iterate~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c *
   #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c C-c
   #+findex: org-table-iterate
   Iterate the table by recomputing it until no further changes occur.
   This may be necessary if some computed fields use the value of other
   fields that are computed /later/ in the calculation sequence.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-table-recalculate-buffer-tables)}}} ::
 
   #+findex: org-table-recalculate-buffer-tables
   Recompute all tables in the current buffer.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-table-iterate-buffer-tables)}}} ::
 
   #+findex: org-table-iterate-buffer-tables
   Iterate all tables in the current buffer, in order to converge
   table-to-table dependencies.
 
 *** Advanced features
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Field and column names, automatic recalculation...
 :END:
 
 If you want the recalculation of fields to happen automatically, or if
 you want to be able to assign /names/[fn:22] to fields and columns,
 you need to reserve the first column of the table for special marking
 characters.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-#)}}} (~org-table-rotate-recalc-marks~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-#
   #+findex: org-table-rotate-recalc-marks
   Rotate the calculation mark in first column through the states =#=,
   =*=, =!=, =$=.  When there is an active region, change all marks in
   the region.
 
 Here is an example of a table that collects exam results of students
 and makes use of these features:
 
 #+begin_example
 |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
 |   | Student | Prob 1 | Prob 2 | Prob 3 | Total | Note |
 |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
 | ! |         |     P1 |     P2 |     P3 |   Tot |      |
 | # | Maximum |     10 |     15 |     25 |    50 | 10.0 |
 | ^ |         |     m1 |     m2 |     m3 |    mt |      |
 |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
 | # | Peter   |     10 |      8 |     23 |    41 |  8.2 |
 | # | Sam     |      2 |      4 |      3 |     9 |  1.8 |
 |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
 |   | Average |        |        |        |  25.0 |      |
 | ^ |         |        |        |        |    at |      |
 | $ | max=50  |        |        |        |       |      |
 |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
 ,#+TBLFM: $6=vsum($P1..$P3)::$7=10*$Tot/$max;%.1f::$at=vmean(@-II..@-I);%.1f
 #+end_example
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :tag Important
 #+begin_quote
 Please note that for these special tables, recalculating the table
 with {{{kbd(C-u C-c *)}}} only affects rows that are marked =#= or
 =*=, and fields that have a formula assigned to the field itself.  The
 column formulas are not applied in rows with empty first field.
 #+end_quote
 
 #+cindex: marking characters, tables
 The marking characters have the following meaning:
 
 - =!= ::
 
   The fields in this line define names for the columns, so that you
   may refer to a column as =$Tot= instead of =$6=.
 
 - =^= ::
 
   This row defines names for the fields /above/ the row.  With such
   a definition, any formula in the table may use =$m1= to refer to the
   value =10=.  Also, if you assign a formula to a names field, it is
   stored as =$name = ...=.
 
 - =_= ::
 
   Similar to =^=, but defines names for the fields in the row /below/.
 
 - =$= ::
 
   Fields in this row can define /parameters/ for formulas.  For
   example, if a field in a =$= row contains =max=50=, then formulas in
   this table can refer to the value 50 using =$max=.  Parameters work
   exactly like constants, only that they can be defined on a per-table
   basis.
 
 - =#= ::
 
   Fields in this row are automatically recalculated when pressing
   {{{kbd(TAB)}}} or {{{kbd(RET)}}} or {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} in this row.
   Also, this row is selected for a global recalculation with
   {{{kbd(C-u C-c *)}}}.  Unmarked lines are left alone by this
   command.
 
 - =*= ::
 
   Selects this line for global recalculation with {{{kbd(C-u C-c
   *)}}}, but not for automatic recalculation.  Use this when automatic
   recalculation slows down editing too much.
 
 - =/= ::
 
   Do not export this line.  Useful for lines that contain the
   narrowing =<N>= markers or column group markers.
 
 Finally, just to whet your appetite for what can be done with the
 fantastic Calc package, here is a table that computes the Taylor
 series of degree n at location x for a couple of functions.
 
 #+begin_example
 |---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
 |   | Func        | n | x   | Result                               |
 |---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
 | # | exp(x)      | 1 | x   | 1 + x                                |
 | # | exp(x)      | 2 | x   | 1 + x + x^2 / 2                      |
 | # | exp(x)      | 3 | x   | 1 + x + x^2 / 2 + x^3 / 6            |
 | # | x^2+sqrt(x) | 2 | x=0 | x*(0.5 / 0) + x^2 (2 - 0.25 / 0) / 2 |
 | # | x^2+sqrt(x) | 2 | x=1 | 2 + 2.5 x - 2.5 + 0.875 (x - 1)^2    |
 | * | tan(x)      | 3 | x   | 0.0175 x + 1.77e-6 x^3               |
 |---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
 ,#+TBLFM: $5=taylor($2,$4,$3);n3
 #+end_example
 
 ** Org Plot
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Plotting from Org tables.
 :END:
 #+cindex: graph, in tables
 #+cindex: plot tables using Gnuplot
 
 Org Plot can produce graphs of information stored in Org tables,
 either graphically or in ASCII art.
 
 *** Graphical plots using Gnuplot
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{PLOT}, keyword
 Org Plot can produce 2D and 3D graphs of information stored in Org
 tables using [[https://www.gnuplot.info/][Gnuplot]] and [[http://cars9.uchicago.edu/~ravel/software/gnuplot-mode.html][Gnuplot mode]].  To see this in action, ensure
 that you have both Gnuplot and Gnuplot mode installed on your system,
 then call {{{kbd(C-c \quot g)}}} or {{{kbd(M-x org-plot/gnuplot)}}} on the
 following table.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+PLOT: title:"Citas" ind:1 deps:(3) type:2d with:histograms set:"yrange [0:]"
 | Sede      | Max cites | H-index |
 |-----------+-----------+---------|
 | Chile     |    257.72 |   21.39 |
 | Leeds     |    165.77 |   19.68 |
 | Sao Paolo |     71.00 |   11.50 |
 | Stockholm |    134.19 |   14.33 |
 | Morelia   |    257.56 |   17.67 |
 #+end_example
 
 Org Plot supports a range of plot types, and provides the ability to add more.
 For example, a radar plot can be generated like so:
 #+begin_example
 ,#+PLOT: title:"An evaluation of plaintext document formats" transpose:yes type:radar min:0 max:4
 | Format            | Fine-grained-control | Initial Effort | Syntax simplicity | Editor Support | Integrations | Ease-of-referencing | Versatility |
 |-------------------+----------------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+--------------+---------------------+-------------|
 | Word              |                    2 |              4 |                 4 |              2 |            3 |                   2 |           2 |
 | LaTeX             |                    4 |              1 |                 1 |              3 |            2 |                   4 |           3 |
 | Org Mode          |                    4 |              2 |               3.5 |              1 |            4 |                   4 |           4 |
 | Markdown          |                    1 |              3 |                 3 |              4 |            3 |                   3 |           1 |
 | Markdown + Pandoc |                  2.5 |            2.5 |               2.5 |              3 |            3 |                   3 |           2 |
 #+end_example
 
 Notice that Org Plot is smart enough to apply the table's headers as
 labels.  Further control over the labels, type, content, and
 appearance of plots can be exercised through the =PLOT= keyword
 preceding a table.  See below for a complete list of Org Plot options.
 For more information and examples see the [[https://orgmode.org/worg/org-tutorials/org-plot.html][Org Plot tutorial]].
 
 **** Plot options
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 - =set= ::
 
   Specify any Gnuplot option to be set when graphing.
 
 - =title= ::
 
   Specify the title of the plot.
 
 - =ind= ::
 
   Specify which column of the table to use as the =x= axis.
 
 - =deps= ::
 
   Specify the columns to graph as a Lisp style list, surrounded by
   parentheses and separated by spaces for example =dep:(3 4)= to graph
   the third and fourth columns.  Defaults to graphing all other
   columns aside from the =ind= column.
 
 - transpose ::
 
   When =y=, =yes=, or =t= attempt to transpose the table data before
   plotting.  Also recognises the shorthand option =trans=.
 
 - =type= ::
 
   Specify the type of the plot, by default one of  =2d=, =3d=, =radar=, or =grid=.
   Available types can be customised with ~org-plot/preset-plot-types~.
 
 - =with= ::
 
   Specify a =with= option to be inserted for every column being
   plotted, e.g., =lines=, =points=, =boxes=, =impulses=.  Defaults to
   =lines=.
 
 - =file= ::
 
   If you want to plot to a file, specify
   ="path/to/desired/output-file"=.
 
 - =labels= ::
 
   List of labels to be used for the =deps=.  Defaults to the column
   headers if they exist.
 
 - =line= ::
 
   Specify an entire line to be inserted in the Gnuplot script.
 
 - =map= ::
 
   When plotting =3d= or =grid= types, set this to =t= to graph a flat
   mapping rather than a =3d= slope.
 
 - min ::
 
   Provides a minimum axis value that may be used by a plot type.
   Implicitly assumes the =y= axis is being referred to.  Can
   explicitly provide a value for a either the =x= or =y= axis with
   =xmin= and =ymin=.
 
 - max ::
 
   Provides a maximum axis value that may be used by a plot type.
   Implicitly assumes the =y= axis is being referred to.  Can
   explicitly provide a value for a either the =x= or =y= axis with
   =xmax= and =ymax=.
 
 - ticks ::
 
   Provides a desired number of axis ticks to display, that may be used
   by a plot type.  If none is given a plot type that requires ticks
   will use ~org--plot/sensible-tick-num~ to try to determine a good
   value.
 
 - =timefmt= ::
 
   Specify format of Org mode timestamps as they will be parsed by
   Gnuplot.  Defaults to =%Y-%m-%d-%H:%M:%S=.
 
 - =script= ::
 
   If you want total control, you can specify a script file---place the
   file name between double-quotes---which will be used to plot.
   Before plotting, every instance of =$datafile= in the specified
   script will be replaced with the path to the generated data file.
   Note: even if you set this option, you may still want to specify the
   plot type, as that can impact the content of the data file.
 
 *** ASCII bar plots
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 While point is on a column, typing {{{kbd(C-c " a)}}} or {{{kbd(M-x
 orgtbl-ascii-plot)}}} create a new column containing an ASCII-art bars
 plot.  The plot is implemented through a regular column formula.  When
 the source column changes, the bar plot may be updated by refreshing
 the table, for example typing {{{kbd(C-u C-c *)}}}.
 
 #+begin_example
 | Sede          | Max cites |              |
 |---------------+-----------+--------------|
 | Chile         |    257.72 | WWWWWWWWWWWW |
 | Leeds         |    165.77 | WWWWWWWh     |
 | Sao Paolo     |     71.00 | WWW;         |
 | Stockholm     |    134.19 | WWWWWW:      |
 | Morelia       |    257.56 | WWWWWWWWWWWH |
 | Rochefourchat |      0.00 |              |
 ,#+TBLFM: $3='(orgtbl-ascii-draw $2 0.0 257.72 12)
 #+end_example
 
 The formula is an Elisp call.
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options orgtbl-ascii-draw value min max &optional width
 #+begin_defun
 Draw an ASCII bar in a table.
 
 {{{var(VALUE)}}} is the value to plot.
 
 {{{var(MIN)}}} is the value displayed as an empty bar.  {{{var(MAX)}}}
 is the value filling all the {{{var(WIDTH)}}}.  Sources values outside
 this range are displayed as =too small= or =too large=.
 
 {{{var(WIDTH)}}} is the number of characters of the bar plot.  It
 defaults to =12=.
 #+end_defun
 
 * Hyperlinks
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Notes in context.
 :END:
 #+cindex: hyperlinks
 
 Like HTML, Org provides support for links inside a file, external
 links to other files, Usenet articles, emails, and much more.
 
 ** Link Format
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How links in Org are formatted.
 :END:
 #+cindex: link format
 #+cindex: format, of links
 
 #+cindex: angle bracket links
 #+cindex: plain links
 Org recognizes plain URIs, possibly wrapped within angle
 brackets[fn:23], and activate them as clickable links.
 
 #+cindex: bracket links
 The general link format, however, looks like this:
 
 : [[LINK][DESCRIPTION]]
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 or alternatively
 
 : [[LINK]]
 
 #+cindex: escape syntax, for links
 #+cindex: backslashes, in links
 Some =\=, =[= and =]= characters in the {{{var(LINK)}}} part need to
 be "escaped", i.e., preceded by another =\= character.  More
 specifically, the following characters, and only them, must be
 escaped:
 
 1. all =[= and =]= characters,
 2. every =\= character preceding either =]= or =[=,
 3. every =\= character at the end of the link.
 
 #+findex: org-link-escape
 Functions inserting links (see [[*Handling Links]]) properly escape
 ambiguous characters.  You only need to bother about the rules above
 when inserting directly, or yanking, a URI within square brackets.
 When in doubt, you may use the function ~org-link-escape~, which turns
 a link string into its escaped form.
 
 Once a link in the buffer is complete, with all brackets present, Org
 changes the display so that =DESCRIPTION= is displayed instead of
 =[[LINK][DESCRIPTION]]= and =LINK= is displayed instead of =[[LINK]]=.
 Links are highlighted in the ~org-link~ face, which, by default, is an
 underlined face.
 
 You can directly edit the visible part of a link.  This can be either
 the {{{var(LINK)}}} part, if there is no description, or the
 {{{var(DESCRIPTION)}}} part otherwise.  To also edit the invisible
 {{{var(LINK)}}} part, use {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}} with point on the link
 (see [[*Handling Links]]).
 
 If you place point at the beginning or just behind the end of the
 displayed text and press {{{kbd(BS)}}}, you remove
 the---invisible---bracket at that location[fn:24].  This makes the link
 incomplete and the internals are again displayed as plain text.
 Inserting the missing bracket hides the link internals again.  To show
 the internal structure of all links, use the menu: Org \rarr Hyperlinks \rarr
 Literal links.
 
 ** Internal Links
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Links to other places in the current file.
 :END:
 #+cindex: internal links
 #+cindex: links, internal
 
 A link that does not look like a URL---i.e., does not start with
 a known scheme or a file name---refers to the current document.  You
 can follow it with {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} when point is on the link, or
 with a mouse click (see [[*Handling Links]]).
 
 #+cindex: @samp{CUSTOM_ID}, property
 Org provides several refinements to internal navigation within
 a document.  Most notably, a construct like =[[#my-custom-id]]=
 specifically targets the entry with the =CUSTOM_ID= property set to
 =my-custom-id=.  Also, an internal link looking like =[[*Some
 section]]= points to a headline with the name =Some section=[fn:25].
 
 #+cindex: targets, for links
 When the link does not belong to any of the cases above, Org looks for
 a /dedicated target/: the same string in double angular brackets, like
 =<<My Target>>=.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{NAME}, keyword
 If no dedicated target exists, the link tries to match the exact name
 of an element within the buffer.  Naming is done, unsurprisingly, with
 the =NAME= keyword, which has to be put in the line before the element
 it refers to, as in the following example
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+NAME: My Target
 | a  | table      |
 |----+------------|
 | of | four cells |
 #+end_example
 
 #+vindex: org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline
 Ultimately, if none of the above succeeds, Org searches for a headline
 that is exactly the link text but may also include a TODO keyword and
 tags, or initiates a plain text search, according to the value of
 ~org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline~.
 
 Note that you must make sure custom IDs, dedicated targets, and names
 are unique throughout the document.  Org provides a linter to assist
 you in the process, if needed.  See [[*Org Syntax]].
 
 During export, internal links are used to mark objects and assign them
 a number.  Marked objects are then referenced by links pointing to
 them.  In particular, links without a description appear as the number
 assigned to the marked object[fn:26].  In the following excerpt from
 an Org buffer
 
 #+begin_example
 1. one item
 2. <<target>>another item
 Here we refer to item [[target]].
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 The last sentence will appear as =Here we refer to item 2= when
 exported.
 
 In non-Org files, the search looks for the words in the link text.  In
 the above example the search would be for =target=.
 
 Following a link pushes a mark onto Org's own mark ring.  You can
 return to the previous position with {{{kbd(C-c &)}}}.  Using this
 command several times in direct succession goes back to positions
 recorded earlier.
 
 ** Radio Targets
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Make targets trigger links in plain text.
 :END:
 #+cindex: radio targets
 #+cindex: targets, radio
 #+cindex: links, radio targets
 
 Org can automatically turn any occurrences of certain target names in
 normal text into a link.  So without explicitly creating a link, the
 text connects to the target radioing its position.  Radio targets are
 enclosed by triple angular brackets.  For example, a target =<<<My
 Target>>>= causes each occurrence of =my target= in normal text to
 become activated as a link.  The Org file is scanned automatically for
 radio targets only when the file is first loaded into Emacs.  To
 update the target list during editing, press {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with
 point on or at a target.
 
 ** External Links
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: URL-like links to the world.
 :END:
 #+cindex: links, external
 #+cindex: external links
 #+cindex: attachment links
 #+cindex: BBDB links
 #+cindex: Elisp links
 #+cindex: file links
 #+cindex: Gnus links
 #+cindex: Help links
 #+cindex: IRC links
 #+cindex: Info links
 #+cindex: MH-E links
 #+cindex: Rmail links
 #+cindex: shell links
 #+cindex: URL links
 #+cindex: Usenet links
 
 Org supports links to files, websites, Usenet and email messages, BBDB
 database entries and links to both IRC conversations and their logs.
 External links are URL-like locators.  They start with a short
 identifying string followed by a colon.  There can be no space after
 the colon.
 
 Here is the full set of built-in link types:
 
 - =file= ::
 
   File links.  File name may be remote, absolute, or relative.
 
   Additionally, you can specify a line number, or a text search.
   In Org files, you may link to a headline name, a custom ID, or a
   code reference instead.
 
   As a special case, "file" prefix may be omitted if the file name
   is complete, e.g., it starts with =./=, or =/=.
 
 - =attachment= ::
 
   Same as file links but for files and folders attached to the current
   node (see [[*Attachments]]).  Attachment links are intended to behave
   exactly as file links but for files relative to the attachment
   directory.
 
 - =bbdb= ::
 
   Link to a BBDB record, with possible regexp completion.
 
 - =docview= ::
 
   Link to a document opened with DocView mode.  You may specify a page
   number.
 
 - =doi= ::
 
   Link to an electronic resource, through its handle.
 
 - =elisp= ::
 
   Execute an Elisp command upon activation.
 
 - =gnus=, =rmail=, =mhe= ::
 
   Link to messages or folders from a given Emacs' MUA.
 
 - =help= ::
 
   Display documentation of a symbol in =*Help*= buffer.
 
 - =http=, =https= ::
 
   Web links.
 
 - =id= ::
 
   Link to a specific headline by its ID property, in an Org file.
 
 - =info= ::
 
   Link to an Info manual, or to a specific node.
 
 - =irc= ::
 
   Link to an IRC channel.
 
 - =mailto= ::
 
   Link to message composition.
 
 - =news= ::
 
   Usenet links.
 
 - =shell= ::
 
   Execute a shell command upon activation.
 
 The following table illustrates the link types above, along with their
 options:
 
 | Link Type  | Example                                                  |
 |------------+----------------------------------------------------------|
 | http       | =http://staff.science.uva.nl/c.dominik/=                 |
 | https      | =https://orgmode.org/=                                   |
 | doi        | =doi:10.1000/182=                                        |
 | file       | =file:/home/dominik/images/jupiter.jpg=                  |
 |            | =/home/dominik/images/jupiter.jpg= (same as above)       |
 |            | =file:papers/last.pdf=                                   |
 |            | =./papers/last.pdf= (same as above)                      |
 |            | =file:/ssh:me@some.where:papers/last.pdf= (remote)       |
 |            | =/ssh:me@some.where:papers/last.pdf= (same as above)     |
 |            | =file:sometextfile::NNN= (jump to line number)           |
 |            | =file:projects.org=                                      |
 |            | =file:projects.org::some words= (text search)[fn:27]     |
 |            | =file:projects.org::*task title= (headline search)       |
 |            | =file:projects.org::#custom-id= (headline search)        |
 | attachment | =attachment:projects.org=                                |
 |            | =attachment:projects.org::some words= (text search)      |
 | docview    | =docview:papers/last.pdf::NNN=                           |
 | id         | =id:B7423F4D-2E8A-471B-8810-C40F074717E9=                |
 | news       | =news:comp.emacs=                                        |
 | mailto     | =mailto:adent@galaxy.net=                                |
 | mhe        | =mhe:folder= (folder link)                               |
 |            | =mhe:folder#id= (message link)                           |
 | rmail      | =rmail:folder= (folder link)                             |
 |            | =rmail:folder#id= (message link)                         |
 | gnus       | =gnus:group= (group link)                                |
 |            | =gnus:group#id= (article link)                           |
 | bbdb       | =bbdb:R.*Stallman= (record with regexp)                  |
 | irc        | =irc:/irc.com/#emacs/bob=                                |
 | help       | =help:org-store-link=                                    |
 | info       | =info:org#External links=                                |
 | shell      | =shell:ls *.org=                                         |
 | elisp      | =elisp:(find-file "Elisp.org")= (Elisp form to evaluate) |
 |            | =elisp:org-agenda= (interactive Elisp command)           |
 
 #+cindex: VM links
 #+cindex: Wanderlust links
 On top of these built-in link types, additional ones are available
 through the =org-contrib= repository (see [[*Installation]]).  For
 example, these links to VM or Wanderlust messages are available when
 you load the corresponding libraries from the =org-contrib=
 repository:
 
 | =vm:folder=                            | VM folder link          |
 | =vm:folder#id=                         | VM message link         |
 | =vm://myself@some.where.org/folder#id= | VM on remote machine    |
 | =vm-imap:account:folder=               | VM IMAP folder link     |
 | =vm-imap:account:folder#id=            | VM IMAP message link    |
 | =wl:folder=                            | Wanderlust folder link  |
 | =wl:folder#id=                         | Wanderlust message link |
 
 For information on customizing Org to add new link types, see [[*Adding
 Hyperlink Types]].
 
 A link should be enclosed in double brackets and may contain
 descriptive text to be displayed instead of the URL (see [[*Link
 Format]]), for example:
 
 : [[https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/][GNU Emacs]]
 
 If the description is a file name or URL that points to an image, HTML
 export (see [[*HTML Export]]) inlines the image as a clickable button.  If
 there is no description at all and the link points to an image, that
 image is inlined into the exported HTML file.
 
 #+cindex: square brackets, around links
 #+cindex: angular brackets, around links
 #+cindex: plain text external links
 Org also recognizes external links amid normal text and activates them
 as links.  If spaces must be part of the link (for example in
 =bbdb:R.*Stallman=), or if you need to remove ambiguities about the
 end of the link, enclose the link in square or angular brackets.
 
 ** Handling Links
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Creating, inserting and following.
 :END:
 #+cindex: links, handling
 
 Org provides methods to create a link in the correct syntax, to insert
 it into an Org file, and to follow the link.
 
 #+findex: org-store-link
 #+cindex: storing links
 The main function is ~org-store-link~, called with {{{kbd(M-x
 org-store-link)}}}.  Because of its importance, we suggest to bind it
 to a widely available key (see [[*Activation]]).  It stores a link to the
 current location.  The link is stored for later insertion into an Org
 buffer---see below.  The kind of link that is created depends on the
 current buffer:
 
 - /Org mode buffers/ ::
 
   For Org files, if there is a =<<target>>= at point, the link points
   to the target.  Otherwise it points to the current headline, which
   is also the description[fn:28].
 
   #+vindex: org-id-link-to-org-use-id
   #+cindex: @samp{CUSTOM_ID}, property
   #+cindex: @samp{ID}, property
   If the headline has a =CUSTOM_ID= property, store a link to this
   custom ID.  In addition or alternatively, depending on the value of
   ~org-id-link-to-org-use-id~, create and/or use a globally unique
   =ID= property for the link[fn:29].  So using this command in Org
   buffers potentially creates two links: a human-readable link from
   the custom ID, and one that is globally unique and works even if the
   entry is moved from file to file.  The =ID= property can be either a
   UUID (default) or a timestamp, depending on ~org-id-method~.  Later,
   when inserting the link, you need to decide which one to use.
 
 - /Email/News clients: VM, Rmail, Wanderlust, MH-E, Gnus/ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-link-email-description-format
   Pretty much all Emacs mail clients are supported.  The link points
   to the current article, or, in some Gnus buffers, to the group.  The
   description is constructed according to the variable
   ~org-link-email-description-format~.  By default, it refers to the
   addressee and the subject.
 
 - /Web browsers: W3, W3M and EWW/ ::
 
   Here the link is the current URL, with the page title as the
   description.
 
 - /Contacts: BBDB/ ::
 
   Links created in a BBDB buffer point to the current entry.
 
 - /Chat: IRC/ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-irc-links-to-logs
   For IRC links, if the variable ~org-irc-link-to-logs~ is non-~nil~,
   create a =file= style link to the relevant point in the logs for the
   current conversation.  Otherwise store an =irc= style link to the
   user/channel/server under the point.
 
 - /Other files/ ::
 
   For any other file, the link points to the file, with a search
   string (see [[*Search Options in File Links]]) pointing to the contents
   of the current line.  If there is an active region, the selected
   words form the basis of the search string.  You can write custom Lisp
   functions to select the search string and perform the search for
   particular file types (see [[*Custom Searches]]).
 
   You can also define dedicated links to other files.  See [[*Adding
   Hyperlink Types]].
 
 - /Agenda view/ ::
 
   When point is in an agenda view, the created link points to the
   entry referenced by the current line.
 
 From an Org buffer, the following commands create, navigate or, more
 generally, act on links.
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}} (~org-insert-link~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-l
   #+findex: org-insert-link
   #+cindex: link completion
   #+cindex: completion, of links
   #+cindex: inserting links
   #+vindex: org-link-keep-stored-after-insertion
   Insert a link[fn:30].  This prompts for a link to be inserted into
   the buffer.  You can just type a link, using text for an internal
   link, or one of the link type prefixes mentioned in the examples
   above.  The link is inserted into the buffer, along with
   a descriptive text[fn:31].  If some text was selected at this time,
   it becomes the default description.
 
   - /Inserting stored links/ ::
 
     All links stored during the current session are part of the
     history for this prompt, so you can access them with {{{kbd(UP)}}}
     and {{{kbd(DOWN)}}} (or {{{kbd(M-p)}}}, {{{kbd(M-n)}}}).
 
   - /Completion support/ ::
 
     Completion with {{{kbd(TAB)}}} helps you to insert valid link
     prefixes like =http= or =ftp=, including the prefixes defined
     through link abbreviations (see [[*Link Abbreviations]]).  If you
     press {{{kbd(RET)}}} after inserting only the prefix, Org offers
     specific completion support for some link types[fn:32].  For
     example, if you type {{{kbd(f i l e RET)}}}---alternative access:
     {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-l)}}}, see below---Org offers file name
     completion, and after {{{kbd(b b d b RET)}}} you can complete
     contact names.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-l)}}} ::
 
   #+cindex: file name completion
   #+cindex: completion, of file names
   #+kindex: C-u C-c C-l
   When {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}} is called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix
   argument, insert a link to a file.  You may use file name completion
   to select the name of the file.  The path to the file is inserted
   relative to the directory of the current Org file, if the linked
   file is in the current directory or in a sub-directory of it, or if
   the path is written relative to the current directory using =../=.
   Otherwise an absolute path is used, if possible with =~/= for your
   home directory.  You can force an absolute path with two
   {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefixes.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}} (with point on existing link) ::
 
   #+cindex: following links
   When point is on an existing link, {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}} allows you to
   edit the link and description parts of the link.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} (~org-open-at-point~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-o
   #+findex: org-open-at-point
   #+vindex: org-file-apps
   Open link at point.  This launches a web browser for URL (using
   ~browse-url-at-point~), run VM/MH-E/Wanderlust/Rmail/Gnus/BBDB for
   the corresponding links, and execute the command in a shell link.
   When point is on an internal link, this command runs the
   corresponding search.  When point is on the tags part of a headline,
   it creates the corresponding tags view (see [[*Matching tags and
   properties]]).  If point is on a timestamp, it compiles the agenda for
   that date.  Furthermore, it visits text and remote files in =file=
   links with Emacs and select a suitable application for local
   non-text files.  Classification of files is based on file extension
   only.  See option ~org-file-apps~.  If you want to override the
   default application and visit the file with Emacs, use
   a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix.  If you want to avoid opening in Emacs, use
   a {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}} prefix.
 
   #+vindex: org-link-frame-setup
   If point is on a headline, but not on a link, offer all links in the
   headline and entry text.  If you want to setup the frame
   configuration for following links, customize ~org-link-frame-setup~.
 
 - {{{kbd(RET)}}} ::
 
   #+vindex: org-return-follows-link
   #+kindex: RET
   When ~org-return-follows-link~ is set, {{{kbd(RET)}}} also follows
   the link at point.
 
 - {{{kbd(mouse-2)}}} or {{{kbd(mouse-1)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: mouse-2
   #+kindex: mouse-1
   On links, {{{kbd(mouse-1)}}} and {{{kbd(mouse-2)}}} opens the link
   just as {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} does.
 
 - {{{kbd(mouse-3)}}} ::
 
   #+vindex: org-link-use-indirect-buffer-for-internals
   #+kindex: mouse-3
   Like {{{kbd(mouse-2)}}}, but force file links to be opened with
   Emacs, and internal links to be displayed in another window[fn:33].
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c %)}}} (~org-mark-ring-push~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c %
   #+findex: org-mark-ring-push
   #+cindex: mark ring
   Push the current position onto the Org mark ring, to be able to
   return easily.  Commands following an internal link do this
   automatically.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c &)}}} (~org-mark-ring-goto~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c &
   #+findex: org-mark-ring-goto
   #+cindex: links, returning to
   Jump back to a recorded position.  A position is recorded by the
   commands following internal links, and by {{{kbd(C-c %)}}}.  Using
   this command several times in direct succession moves through a ring
   of previously recorded positions.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-n)}}} (~org-next-link~), {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-p)}}} (~org-previous-link~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-p
   #+findex: org-previous-link
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-n
   #+findex: org-next-link
   #+cindex: links, finding next/previous
   Move forward/backward to the next link in the buffer.  At the limit
   of the buffer, the search fails once, and then wraps around.  The
   key bindings for this are really too long; you might want to bind
   this also to {{{kbd(M-n)}}} and {{{kbd(M-p)}}}.
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (with-eval-after-load 'org
     (define-key org-mode-map (kbd "M-n") #'org-next-link)
     (define-key org-mode-map (kbd "M-p") #'org-previous-link))
   #+end_src
 
 ** Using Links Outside Org
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Linking from my C source code?
 :END:
 
 #+findex: org-insert-link-global
 #+findex: org-open-at-point-global
 You can insert and follow links that have Org syntax not only in Org,
 but in any Emacs buffer.  For this, Org provides two functions:
 ~org-insert-link-global~ and ~org-open-at-point-global~.
 
 You might want to bind them to globally available keys.  See
 [[*Activation]] for some advice.
 
 ** Link Abbreviations
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Shortcuts for writing complex links.
 :END:
 #+cindex: link abbreviations
 #+cindex: abbreviation, links
 
 Long URL can be cumbersome to type, and often many similar links are
 needed in a document.  For this you can use link abbreviations.  An
 abbreviated link looks like this
 
 : [[linkword:tag][description]]
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 #+vindex: org-link-abbrev-alist
 where the tag is optional.  The /linkword/ must be a word, starting
 with a letter, followed by letters, numbers, =-=, and =_=.
 Abbreviations are resolved according to the information in the
 variable ~org-link-abbrev-alist~ that relates the linkwords to
 replacement text.  Here is an example:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-link-abbrev-alist
       '(("bugzilla"        . "http://10.1.2.9/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=")
         ("Nu Html Checker" . "https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=%h")
 	("duckduckgo"      . "https://duckduckgo.com/?q=%s")
         ("omap"            . "http://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=%s&polygon=1")
         ("ads"             . "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/search/q=%20author%3A\"%s\"")))
 #+end_src
 
 If the replacement text contains the string =%s=, it is replaced with
 the tag.  Using =%h= instead of =%s= percent-encodes the tag (see the
 example above, where we need to encode the URL parameter).  Using
 =%(my-function)= passes the tag to a custom Lisp function, and replace
 it by the resulting string.
 
 If the replacement text do not contain any specifier, it is simply
 appended to the string in order to create the link.
 
 Instead of a string, you may also specify a Lisp function to create
 the link.  Such a function will be called with the tag as the only
 argument.
 
 With the above setting, you could link to a specific bug with
 =[[bugzilla:129]]=, search the web for =OrgMode= with =[[duckduckgo:OrgMode]]=,
 show the map location of the Free Software Foundation =[[gmap:51
 Franklin Street, Boston]]= or of Carsten office =[[omap:Science Park 904,
 Amsterdam, The Netherlands]]= and find out what the Org author is doing
 besides Emacs hacking with =[[ads:Dominik,C]]=.
 
 If you need special abbreviations just for a single Org buffer, you
 can define them in the file with
 
 #+cindex: @samp{LINK}, keyword
 #+begin_example
 ,#+LINK: bugzilla  http://10.1.2.9/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=
 ,#+LINK: duckduckgo https://duckduckgo.com/?q=%s
 #+end_example
 
 In-buffer completion (see [[*Completion]]) can be used after =[= to
 complete link abbreviations.  You may also define a Lisp function that
 implements special (e.g., completion) support for inserting such a
 link with {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}}.  Such a function should not accept any
 arguments, and should return the full link with a prefix.  You can set
 the link completion function like this:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (org-link-set-parameter "type" :complete #'some-completion-function)
 #+end_src
 
 ** Search Options in File Links
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Linking to a specific location.
 :ALT_TITLE: Search Options
 :END:
 #+cindex: search option in file links
 #+cindex: file links, searching
 #+cindex: attachment links, searching
 
 File links can contain additional information to make Emacs jump to a
 particular location in the file when following a link.  This can be a
 line number or a search option after a double colon[fn:34].  For
 example, when the command ~org-store-link~ creates a link (see
 [[*Handling Links]]) to a file, it encodes the words in the current line
 as a search string that can be used to find this line back later when
 following the link with {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}}.
 
 Note that all search options apply for Attachment links in the same
 way that they apply for File links.
 
 Here is the syntax of the different ways to attach a search to a file
 link, together with explanations for each:
 
 #+begin_example
 [[file:~/code/main.c::255]]
 [[file:~/xx.org::My Target]]
 [[file:~/xx.org::*My Target]]
 [[file:~/xx.org::#my-custom-id]]
 [[file:~/xx.org::/regexp/]]
 [[attachment:main.c::255]]
 #+end_example
 
 - =255= ::
 
   Jump to line 255.
 
 - =My Target= ::
 
   Search for a link target =<<My Target>>=, or do a text search for
   =my target=, similar to the search in internal links, see [[*Internal
   Links]].  In HTML export (see [[*HTML Export]]), such a file link becomes
   a HTML reference to the corresponding named anchor in the linked
   file.
 
 - =*My Target= ::
 
   In an Org file, restrict search to headlines.
 
 - =#my-custom-id= ::
 
   Link to a heading with a =CUSTOM_ID= property
 
 - =/REGEXP/= ::
 
   Do a regular expression search for {{{var(REGEXP)}}} (see [[*Regular
   Expressions]]).  This uses the Emacs command ~occur~ to list all
   matches in a separate window.  If the target file is in Org mode,
   ~org-occur~ is used to create a sparse tree with the matches.
 
 As a degenerate case, a file link with an empty file name can be used
 to search the current file.  For example, =[[file:::find me]]= does
 a search for =find me= in the current file, just as =[[find me]]=
 would.
 
 ** Custom Searches
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: When the default search is not enough.
 :END:
 #+cindex: custom search strings
 #+cindex: search strings, custom
 
 The default mechanism for creating search strings and for doing the
 actual search related to a file link may not work correctly in all
 cases.  For example, BibTeX database files have many entries like
 ~year="1993"~ which would not result in good search strings, because
 the only unique identification for a BibTeX entry is the citation key.
 
 #+vindex: org-create-file-search-functions
 #+vindex: org-execute-file-search-functions
 If you come across such a problem, you can write custom functions to
 set the right search string for a particular file type, and to do the
 search for the string in the file.  Using ~add-hook~, these functions
 need to be added to the hook variables
 ~org-create-file-search-functions~ and
 ~org-execute-file-search-functions~.  See the docstring for these
 variables for more information.  Org actually uses this mechanism for
 BibTeX database files, and you can use the corresponding code as an
 implementation example.  See the file =ol-bibtex.el=.
 
 * TODO Items
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Every tree branch can be a TODO item.
 :END:
 #+cindex: TODO items
 
 Org mode does not maintain TODO lists as separate documents[fn:35].
 Instead, TODO items are an integral part of the notes file, because
 TODO items usually come up while taking notes!  With Org mode, simply
 mark any entry in a tree as being a TODO item.  In this way,
 information is not duplicated, and the entire context from which the
 TODO item emerged is always present.
 
 Of course, this technique for managing TODO items scatters them
 throughout your notes file.  Org mode compensates for this by
 providing methods to give you an overview of all the things that you
 have to do.
 
 ** Basic TODO Functionality
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Marking and displaying TODO entries.
 :ALT_TITLE: TODO Basics
 :END:
 
 Any headline becomes a TODO item when it starts with the word =TODO=,
 for example:
 
 : *** TODO Write letter to Sam Fortune
 
 The most important commands to work with TODO entries are:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} (~org-todo~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-t
   #+cindex: cycling, of TODO states
   Rotate the TODO state of the current item among
 
   #+begin_example
   ,-> (unmarked) -> TODO -> DONE --.
   '--------------------------------'
   #+end_example
 
   If TODO keywords have fast access keys (see [[*Fast access to TODO
   states]]), prompt for a TODO keyword through the fast selection
   interface; this is the default behavior when
   ~org-use-fast-todo-selection~ is non-~nil~.
 
   The same state changing can also be done "remotely" from the agenda
   buffer with the {{{kbd(t)}}} command key (see [[*Commands in the
   Agenda Buffer]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: S-RIGHT
   #+kindex: S-LEFT
   #+vindex: org-treat-S-cursor-todo-selection-as-state-change
   Select the following/preceding TODO state, similar to cycling.
   Useful mostly if more than two TODO states are possible (see
   [[*Extended Use of TODO Keywords]]).  See also [[*Packages that conflict
   with Org mode]], for a discussion of the interaction with
   shift-selection.  See also the variable
   ~org-treat-S-cursor-todo-selection-as-state-change~.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c / t)}}} (~org-show-todo-tree~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c / t
   #+cindex: sparse tree, for TODO
   #+vindex: org-todo-keywords
   #+findex: org-show-todo-tree
   View TODO items in a /sparse tree/ (see [[*Sparse Trees]]).  Folds the
   entire buffer, but shows all TODO items---with not-DONE state---and
   the headings hierarchy above them.  With a prefix argument, or by
   using {{{kbd(C-c / T)}}}, search for a specific TODO.  You are
   prompted for the keyword, and you can also give a list of keywords
   like =KWD1|KWD2|...= to list entries that match any one of these
   keywords.  With a numeric prefix argument N, show the tree for the
   Nth keyword in the variable ~org-todo-keywords~.  With two prefix
   arguments, find all TODO states, both un-done and done.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda t)}}} (~org-todo-list~) ::
 
   #+kindex: t @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   Show the global TODO list.  Collects the TODO items (with not-DONE
   states) from all agenda files (see [[*Agenda Views]]) into a single
   buffer.  The new buffer is in Org Agenda mode, which provides
   commands to examine and manipulate the TODO entries from the new
   buffer (see [[*Commands in the Agenda Buffer]]).  See [[*The global TODO
   list]], for more information.
 
 - {{{kbd(S-M-RET)}}} (~org-insert-todo-heading~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-M-RET
   #+findex: org-insert-todo-heading
   Insert a new TODO entry below the current one.
 
 #+vindex: org-todo-state-tags-triggers
 Changing a TODO state can also trigger tag changes.  See the docstring
 of the option ~org-todo-state-tags-triggers~ for details.
 
 ** Extended Use of TODO Keywords
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Workflow and assignments.
 :ALT_TITLE: TODO Extensions
 :END:
 #+cindex: extended TODO keywords
 
 #+vindex: org-todo-keywords
 By default, marked TODO entries have one of only two states: TODO and
 DONE.  Org mode allows you to classify TODO items in more complex ways
 with /TODO keywords/ (stored in ~org-todo-keywords~).  With special
 setup, the TODO keyword system can work differently in different
 files.
 
 Note that /tags/ are another way to classify headlines in general and
 TODO items in particular (see [[*Tags]]).
 
 *** TODO keywords as workflow states
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: From TODO to DONE in steps.
 :ALT_TITLE: Workflow states
 :END:
 #+cindex: TODO workflow
 #+cindex: workflow states as TODO keywords
 
 You can use TODO keywords to indicate different, possibly /sequential/
 states in the process of working on an item, for example[fn:36]:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-todo-keywords
       '((sequence "TODO" "FEEDBACK" "VERIFY" "|" "DONE" "DELEGATED")))
 #+end_src
 
 The vertical bar separates the TODO keywords (states that /need
 action/) from the DONE states (which need /no further action/).  If
 you do not provide the separator bar, the last state is used as the
 DONE state.
 
 #+cindex: completion, of TODO keywords
 With this setup, the command {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} cycles an entry from
 =TODO= to =FEEDBACK=, then to =VERIFY=, and finally to =DONE= and
 =DELEGATED=.  You may also use a numeric prefix argument to quickly
 select a specific state.  For example {{{kbd(C-3 C-c C-t)}}} changes
 the state immediately to =VERIFY=.  Or you can use {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}
 and {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} to go forward and backward through the states.
 If you define many keywords, you can use in-buffer completion (see
 [[*Completion]]) or a special one-key selection scheme (see [[*Fast
 access to TODO states]]) to insert these words into the buffer.
 Changing a TODO state can be logged with a timestamp, see [[*Tracking
 TODO state changes]], for more information.
 
 *** TODO keywords as types
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: I do this, Fred does the rest.
 :ALT_TITLE: TODO types
 :END:
 #+cindex: TODO types
 #+cindex: names as TODO keywords
 #+cindex: types as TODO keywords
 
 The second possibility is to use TODO keywords to indicate different
 /types/ of action items.  For example, you might want to indicate that
 items are for "work" or "home".  Or, when you work with several people
 on a single project, you might want to assign action items directly to
 persons, by using their names as TODO keywords.  This type of
 functionality is actually much better served by using tags (see
 [[*Tags]]), so the TODO implementation is kept just for backward
 compatibility.
 
 Using TODO types, it would be set up like this:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-todo-keywords '((type "Fred" "Sara" "Lucy" "|" "DONE")))
 #+end_src
 
 In this case, different keywords do not indicate states, but
 rather different types.  So the normal work flow would be to assign
 a task to a person, and later to mark it DONE.  Org mode supports this
 style by adapting the workings of the command {{{kbd(C-c
 C-t)}}}[fn:37].  When used several times in succession, it still
 cycles through all names, in order to first select the right type for
 a task.  But when you return to the item after some time and execute
 {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} again, it will switch from any name directly to
 =DONE=.  Use prefix arguments or completion to quickly select
 a specific name.  You can also review the items of a specific TODO
 type in a sparse tree by using a numeric prefix to {{{kbd(C-c / t)}}}.
 For example, to see all things Lucy has to do, you would use
 {{{kbd(C-3 C-c / t)}}}.  To collect Lucy's items from all agenda files
 into a single buffer, you would use the numeric prefix argument as
 well when creating the global TODO list: {{{kbd(C-3 M-x org-agenda
 t)}}}.
 
 *** Multiple keyword sets in one file
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Mixing it all, still finding your way.
 :ALT_TITLE: Multiple sets in one file
 :END:
 #+cindex: TODO keyword sets
 
 Sometimes you may want to use different sets of TODO keywords in
 parallel.  For example, you may want to have the basic TODO/DONE, but
 also a workflow for bug fixing, and a separate state indicating that
 an item has been canceled---so it is not DONE, but also does not
 require action.  Your setup would then look like this:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-todo-keywords
       '((sequence "TODO" "|" "DONE")
         (sequence "REPORT" "BUG" "KNOWNCAUSE" "|" "FIXED")
         (sequence "|" "CANCELED")))
 #+end_src
 
 The keywords should all be different, this helps Org mode keep track
 of which subsequence should be used for a given entry.  In this setup,
 {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} only operates within a sub-sequence, so it switches
 from =DONE= to (nothing) to =TODO=, and from =FIXED= to (nothing) to
 =REPORT=.  Therefore you need a mechanism to initially select the
 correct sequence.  In addition to typing a keyword or using completion
 (see [[*Completion]]), you may also apply the following commands:
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c C-t)}}}, {{{kbd(C-S-RIGHT)}}}, {{{kbd(C-S-LEFT)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-S-RIGHT
   #+kindex: C-S-LEFT
   #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c C-t
   These keys jump from one TODO sub-sequence to the next.  In the
   above example, {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c C-t)}}} or {{{kbd(C-S-RIGHT)}}}
   would jump from =TODO= or =DONE= to =REPORT=, and any of the words
   in the second row to =CANCELED=.  Note that the {{{kbd(C-S-)}}} key
   binding conflict with shift-selection (see [[*Packages that conflict
   with Org mode]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}, {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: S-RIGHT
   #+kindex: S-LEFT
   {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} and {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} walk through /all/ keywords
   from all sub-sequences, so for example {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} would
   switch from =DONE= to =REPORT= in the example above.  For
   a discussion of the interaction with shift-selection, see [[*Packages
   that conflict with Org mode]].
 
 *** Fast access to TODO states
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Single letter selection of state.
 :END:
 
 If you would like to quickly change an entry to an arbitrary TODO
 state instead of cycling through the states, you can set up keys for
 single-letter access to the states.  This is done by adding the
 selection character after each keyword, in parentheses[fn:38].  For
 example:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-todo-keywords
       '((sequence "TODO(t)" "|" "DONE(d)")
         (sequence "REPORT(r)" "BUG(b)" "KNOWNCAUSE(k)" "|" "FIXED(f)")
         (sequence "|" "CANCELED(c)")))
 #+end_src
 
 #+vindex: org-fast-tag-selection-include-todo
 If you then press {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} followed by the selection key,
 the entry is switched to this state.  {{{kbd(SPC)}}} can be used to
 remove any TODO keyword from an entry[fn:39].
 
 *** Setting up keywords for individual files
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Different files, different requirements.
 :ALT_TITLE: Per-file keywords
 :END:
 #+cindex: keyword options
 #+cindex: per-file keywords
 #+cindex: @samp{TODO}, keyword
 #+cindex: @samp{TYP_TODO}, keyword
 #+cindex: @samp{SEQ_TODO}, keyword
 
 It can be very useful to use different aspects of the TODO mechanism
 in different files.  For file-local settings, you need to add special
 lines to the file which set the keywords and interpretation for that
 file only.  For example, to set one of the two examples discussed
 above, you need one of the following lines, starting in column zero
 anywhere in the file:
 
 : #+TODO: TODO FEEDBACK VERIFY | DONE CANCELED
 
 You may also write =#+SEQ_TODO= to be explicit about the
 interpretation, but it means the same as =#+TODO=, or
 
 : #+TYP_TODO: Fred Sara Lucy Mike | DONE
 
 A setup for using several sets in parallel would be:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+TODO: TODO(t) | DONE(d)
 ,#+TODO: REPORT(r) BUG(b) KNOWNCAUSE(k) | FIXED(f)
 ,#+TODO: | CANCELED(c)
 #+end_example
 
 #+cindex: completion, of option keywords
 #+kindex: M-TAB
 To make sure you are using the correct keyword, type =#+= into the
 buffer and then use {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} to complete it (see [[*Completion]]).
 
 #+cindex: DONE, final TODO keyword
 Remember that the keywords after the vertical bar---or the last
 keyword if no bar is there---must always mean that the item is DONE,
 although you may use a different word.  After changing one of these
 lines, use {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with point still in the line to make the
 changes known to Org mode[fn:40].
 
 *** Faces for TODO keywords
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Highlighting states.
 :END:
 #+cindex: faces, for TODO keywords
 
 #+vindex: org-todo, face
 #+vindex: org-done, face
 #+vindex: org-todo-keyword-faces
 Org mode highlights TODO keywords with special faces: ~org-todo~ for
 keywords indicating that an item still has to be acted upon, and
 ~org-done~ for keywords indicating that an item is finished.  If you
 are using more than two different states, you might want to use
 special faces for some of them.  This can be done using the variable
 ~org-todo-keyword-faces~.  For example:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-todo-keyword-faces
       '(("TODO" . org-warning) ("STARTED" . "yellow")
         ("CANCELED" . (:foreground "blue" :weight bold))))
 #+end_src
 
 #+vindex: org-faces-easy-properties
 While using a list with face properties as shown for =CANCELED=
 /should/ work, this does not always seem to be the case.  If
 necessary, define a special face and use that.  A string is
 interpreted as a color.  The variable ~org-faces-easy-properties~
 determines if that color is interpreted as a foreground or
 a background color.
 
 *** TODO dependencies
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: When one task needs to wait for others.
 :END:
 #+cindex: TODO dependencies
 #+cindex: dependencies, of TODO states
 
 #+vindex: org-enforce-todo-dependencies
 #+cindex: @samp{ORDERED}, property
 The structure of Org files---hierarchy and lists---makes it easy to
 define TODO dependencies.  Usually, a parent TODO task should not be
 marked as done until all TODO subtasks, or children tasks, are marked
 as done.  Sometimes there is a logical sequence to (sub)tasks, so that
 one subtask cannot be acted upon before all siblings above it have
 been marked as done.  If you customize the variable
 ~org-enforce-todo-dependencies~, Org blocks entries from changing
 state to DONE while they have TODO children that are not DONE.
 Furthermore, if an entry has a property =ORDERED=, each of its TODO
 children is blocked until all earlier siblings are marked as done.
 Here is an example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* TODO Blocked until (two) is done
 ,** DONE one
 ,** TODO two
 
 ,* Parent
 :PROPERTIES:
 :ORDERED:  t
 :END:
 ,** TODO a
 ,** TODO b, needs to wait for (a)
 ,** TODO c, needs to wait for (a) and (b)
 #+end_example
 
 #+cindex: TODO dependencies, @samp{NOBLOCKING}
 #+cindex: @samp{NOBLOCKING}, property
 You can ensure an entry is never blocked by using the =NOBLOCKING=
 property (see [[*Properties and Columns]]):
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* This entry is never blocked
 :PROPERTIES:
 :NOBLOCKING: t
 :END:
 #+end_example
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x o)}}} (~org-toggle-ordered-property~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x o
   #+findex: org-toggle-ordered-property
   #+vindex: org-track-ordered-property-with-tag
   Toggle the =ORDERED= property of the current entry.  A property is
   used for this behavior because this should be local to the current
   entry, not inherited from entries above like a tag (see [[*Tags]]).
   However, if you would like to /track/ the value of this property
   with a tag for better visibility, customize the variable
   ~org-track-ordered-property-with-tag~.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-u C-c C-t)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-u C-u C-u C-c C-t
   Change TODO state, regardless of any state blocking.
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks
 If you set the variable ~org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks~, TODO entries
 that cannot be marked as done because of unmarked children are shown
 in a dimmed font or even made invisible in agenda views (see [[*Agenda
 Views]]).
 
 #+cindex: checkboxes and TODO dependencies
 #+vindex: org-enforce-todo-dependencies
 You can also block changes of TODO states by using checkboxes (see
 [[*Checkboxes]]).  If you set the variable
 ~org-enforce-todo-checkbox-dependencies~, an entry that has unchecked
 checkboxes is blocked from switching to DONE.
 
 If you need more complex dependency structures, for example
 dependencies between entries in different trees or files, check out
 the module =org-depend.el= in the =org-contrib= repository.
 
 ** Progress Logging
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Dates and notes for progress.
 :END:
 #+cindex: progress logging
 #+cindex: logging, of progress
 
 To record a timestamp and a note when changing a TODO state, call the
 command ~org-todo~ with a prefix argument.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-t)}}} (~org-todo~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-c C-t
   Prompt for a note and record a the time of the TODO state change.
   The note is inserted as a list item below the headline, but can also
   be placed into a drawer, see [[*Tracking TODO state changes]].
 
 If you want to be more systematic, Org mode can automatically record a
 timestamp and optionally a note when you mark a TODO item as DONE, or
 even each time you change the state of a TODO item.  This system is
 highly configurable, settings can be on a per-keyword basis and can be
 localized to a file or even a subtree.  For information on how to
 clock working time for a task, see [[*Clocking Work Time]].
 
 *** Closing items
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: When was this entry marked as done?
 :END:
 
 The most basic automatic logging is to keep track of /when/ a certain
 TODO item was marked as done.  This can be achieved with[fn:41]
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-log-done 'time)
 #+end_src
 
 #+vindex: org-closed-keep-when-no-todo
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 Then each time you turn an entry from a TODO (not-done) state into any
 of the DONE states, a line =CLOSED: [timestamp]= is inserted just
 after the headline.  If you turn the entry back into a TODO item
 through further state cycling, that line is removed again.  If you
 turn the entry back to a non-TODO state (by pressing {{{kbd(C-c C-t
 SPC)}}} for example), that line is also removed, unless you set
 ~org-closed-keep-when-no-todo~ to non-~nil~.  If you want to record
 a note along with the timestamp, use[fn:42]
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-log-done 'note)
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 You are then prompted for a note, and that note is stored below the
 entry with a =Closing Note= heading.
 
 *** Tracking TODO state changes
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: When did the status change?
 :END:
 #+cindex: drawer, for state change recording
 
 #+vindex: org-log-states-order-reversed
 #+vindex: org-log-into-drawer
 #+cindex: @samp{LOG_INTO_DRAWER}, property
 You might want to automatically keep track of when a state change
 occurred and maybe take a note about this change.  You can either
 record just a timestamp, or a time-stamped note.  These records are
 inserted after the headline as an itemized list, newest first[fn:43].
 When taking a lot of notes, you might want to get the notes out of the
 way into a drawer (see [[*Drawers]]).  Customize the variable
 ~org-log-into-drawer~ to get this behavior---the recommended drawer
 for this is called =LOGBOOK=[fn:44].  You can also overrule the
 setting of this variable for a subtree by setting a =LOG_INTO_DRAWER=
 property.
 
 Since it is normally too much to record a note for every state, Org
 mode expects configuration on a per-keyword basis for this.  This is
 achieved by adding special markers =!= (for a timestamp) or =@= (for
 a note with timestamp) in parentheses after each keyword.  For
 example, with the setting
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-todo-keywords
       '((sequence "TODO(t)" "WAIT(w@/!)" "|" "DONE(d!)" "CANCELED(c@)")))
 #+end_src
 
 #+vindex: org-log-done
 You not only define global TODO keywords and fast access keys, but
 also request that a time is recorded when the entry is set to =DONE=,
 and that a note is recorded when switching to =WAIT= or
 =CANCELED=[fn:45].  The setting for =WAIT= is even more special: the
 =!= after the slash means that in addition to the note taken when
 entering the state, a timestamp should be recorded when /leaving/ the
 =WAIT= state, if and only if the /target/ state does not configure
 logging for entering it.  So it has no effect when switching from
 =WAIT= to =DONE=, because =DONE= is configured to record a timestamp
 only.  But when switching from =WAIT= back to =TODO=, the =/!= in the
 =WAIT= setting now triggers a timestamp even though =TODO= has no
 logging configured.
 
 You can use the exact same syntax for setting logging preferences local
 to a buffer:
 
 : #+TODO: TODO(t) WAIT(w@/!) | DONE(d!) CANCELED(c@)
 
 To record a timestamp without a note for TODO keywords configured with
 =@=, just type {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} to enter a blank note when prompted.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{LOGGING}, property
 In order to define logging settings that are local to a subtree or
 a single item, define a =LOGGING= property in this entry.  Any
 non-empty =LOGGING= property resets all logging settings to ~nil~.
 You may then turn on logging for this specific tree using =STARTUP=
 keywords like =lognotedone= or =logrepeat=, as well as adding state
 specific settings like =TODO(!)=.  For example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* TODO Log each state with only a time
   :PROPERTIES:
   :LOGGING: TODO(!) WAIT(!) DONE(!) CANCELED(!)
   :END:
 ,* TODO Only log when switching to WAIT, and when repeating
   :PROPERTIES:
   :LOGGING: WAIT(@) logrepeat
   :END:
 ,* TODO No logging at all
   :PROPERTIES:
   :LOGGING: nil
   :END:
 #+end_example
 
 *** Tracking your habits
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How consistent have you been?
 :END:
 #+cindex: habits
 #+cindex: @samp{STYLE}, property
 
 Org has the ability to track the consistency of a special category of
 TODO, called "habits."  To use habits, you have to enable the ~habits~
 module by customizing the variable ~org-modules~.
 
 A habit has the following properties:
 
 1. The habit is a TODO item, with a TODO keyword representing an open
    state.
 
 2. The property =STYLE= is set to the value =habit= (see [[*Properties
    and Columns]]).
 
 3. The TODO has a scheduled date, usually with a =.+= style repeat
    interval.  A =++= style may be appropriate for habits with time
    constraints, e.g., must be done on weekends, or a =+= style for an
    unusual habit that can have a backlog, e.g., weekly reports.
 
 4. The TODO may also have minimum and maximum ranges specified by
    using the syntax =.+2d/3d=, which says that you want to do the task
    at least every three days, but at most every two days.
 
 5. State logging for the DONE state is enabled (see [[*Tracking TODO
    state changes]]), in order for historical data to be represented in
    the consistency graph.  If it is not enabled it is not an error,
    but the consistency graphs are largely meaningless.
 
 To give you an idea of what the above rules look like in action, here's an
 actual habit with some history:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,** TODO Shave
    SCHEDULED: <2009-10-17 Sat .+2d/4d>
    :PROPERTIES:
    :STYLE:    habit
    :LAST_REPEAT: [2009-10-19 Mon 00:36]
    :END:
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-15 Thu]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-12 Mon]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-10 Sat]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-04 Sun]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-02 Fri]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-29 Tue]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-25 Fri]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-19 Sat]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-16 Wed]
    - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-12 Sat]
 #+end_example
 
 What this habit says is: I want to shave at most every 2 days---given
 by the =SCHEDULED= date and repeat interval---and at least every
 4 days.  If today is the 15th, then the habit first appears in the
 agenda (see [[*Agenda Views]]) on Oct 17, after the minimum of 2 days has
 elapsed, and will appear overdue on Oct 19, after four days have
 elapsed.
 
 What's really useful about habits is that they are displayed along
 with a consistency graph, to show how consistent you've been at
 getting that task done in the past.  This graph shows every day that
 the task was done over the past three weeks, with colors for each day.
 The colors used are:
 
 - Blue :: If the task was not to be done yet on that day.
 - Green :: If the task could have been done on that day.
 - Yellow :: If the task was going to be overdue the next day.
 - Red :: If the task was overdue on that day.
 
 In addition to coloring each day, the day is also marked with an
 asterisk if the task was actually done that day, and an exclamation
 mark to show where the current day falls in the graph.
 
 There are several configuration variables that can be used to change
 the way habits are displayed in the agenda.
 
 - ~org-habit-graph-column~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-habit-graph-column
   The buffer column at which the consistency graph should be drawn.
   This overwrites any text in that column, so it is a good idea to
   keep your habits' titles brief and to the point.
 
 - ~org-habit-preceding-days~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-habit-preceding-days
   The amount of history, in days before today, to appear in
   consistency graphs.
 
 - ~org-habit-following-days~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-habit-following-days
   The number of days after today that appear in consistency graphs.
 
 - ~org-habit-show-habits-only-for-today~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-habit-show-habits-only-for-today
   If non-~nil~, only show habits in today's agenda view.  The default
   value is ~t~.  Pressing {{{kbd(C-u K)}}} in the agenda toggles this
   variable.
 
 Lastly, pressing {{{kbd(K)}}} in the agenda buffer causes habits to
 temporarily be disabled and do not appear at all.  Press {{{kbd(K)}}}
 again to bring them back.  They are also subject to tag filtering, if
 you have habits which should only be done in certain contexts, for
 example.
 
 ** Priorities
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Some things are more important than others.
 :END:
 #+cindex: priorities
 #+cindex: priority cookie
 
 If you use Org mode extensively, you may end up with enough TODO items
 that it starts to make sense to prioritize them.  Prioritizing can be
 done by placing a /priority cookie/ into the headline of a TODO item
 right after the TODO keyword, like this:
 
 : *** TODO [#A] Write letter to Sam Fortune
 
 #+vindex: org-priority-faces
 By default, Org mode supports three priorities: =A=, =B=, and =C=.
 =A= is the highest priority.  An entry without a cookie is treated as
 equivalent if it had priority =B=.  Priorities make a difference only
 for sorting in the agenda (see [[*Weekly/daily agenda]]).  Outside the
 agenda, they have no inherent meaning to Org mode.  The cookies are
 displayed with the face defined by the variable ~org-priority-faces~,
 which can be customized.
 
 You can also use numeric values for priorities, such as
 
 : *** TODO [#1] Write letter to Sam Fortune
 
 When using numeric priorities, you need to set ~org-priority-highest~,
 ~org-priority-lowest~ and ~org-priority-default~ to integers, which
 must all be strictly inferior to 65.
 
 Priorities can be attached to any outline node; they do not need to be
 TODO items.
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ;
 - {{{kbd(C-c \,)}}} (~org-priority~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c ,
   #+findex: org-priority
   Set the priority of the current headline.  The command prompts for
   a priority character =A=, =B= or =C=.  When you press {{{kbd(SPC)}}}
   instead, the priority cookie, if one is set, is removed from the
   headline.  The priorities can also be changed "remotely" from the
   agenda buffer with the {{{kbd(\,)}}} command (see [[*Commands in the
   Agenda Buffer]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(S-UP)}}} (~org-priority-up~); {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} (~org-priority-down~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-UP
   #+kindex: S-DOWN
   #+findex: org-priority-up
   #+findex: org-priority-down
   #+vindex: org-priority-start-cycle-with-default
   Increase/decrease the priority of the current headline[fn:46].  Note
   that these keys are also used to modify timestamps (see [[*Creating
   Timestamps]]).  See also [[*Packages that conflict with Org mode]], for
   a discussion of the interaction with shift-selection.
 
 #+vindex: org-priority-highest
 #+vindex: org-priority-lowest
 #+vindex: org-priority-default
 You can change the range of allowed priorities by setting the
 variables ~org-priority-highest~, ~org-priority-lowest~, and
 ~org-priority-default~.  For an individual buffer, you may set these
 values (highest, lowest, default) like this (please make sure that the
 highest priority is earlier in the alphabet than the lowest priority):
 
 #+cindex: @samp{PRIORITIES}, keyword
 : #+PRIORITIES: A C B
 
 Or, using numeric values:
 
 : #+PRIORITIES: 1 10 5
 
 ** Breaking Down Tasks into Subtasks
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Splitting a task into manageable pieces.
 :ALT_TITLE: Breaking Down Tasks
 :END:
 #+cindex: tasks, breaking down
 #+cindex: statistics, for TODO items
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels
 It is often advisable to break down large tasks into smaller,
 manageable subtasks.  You can do this by creating an outline tree
 below a TODO item, with detailed subtasks on the tree[fn:47].  To keep
 an overview of the fraction of subtasks that have already been marked
 as done, insert either =[/]= or =[%]= anywhere in the headline.  These
 cookies are updated each time the TODO status of a child changes, or
 when pressing {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} on the cookie.  For example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* Organize Party [33%]
 ,** TODO Call people [1/2]
 ,*** TODO Peter
 ,*** DONE Sarah
 ,** TODO Buy food
 ,** DONE Talk to neighbor
 #+end_example
 
 #+cindex: @samp{COOKIE_DATA}, property
 If a heading has both checkboxes and TODO children below it, the
 meaning of the statistics cookie become ambiguous.  Set the property
 =COOKIE_DATA= to either =checkbox= or =todo= to resolve this issue.
 
 #+vindex: org-hierarchical-todo-statistics
 If you would like to have the statistics cookie count any TODO entries
 in the subtree (not just direct children), configure the variable
 ~org-hierarchical-todo-statistics~.  To do this for a single subtree,
 include the word =recursive= into the value of the =COOKIE_DATA=
 property.
 
 #+begin_example org
 ,* Parent capturing statistics [2/20]
   :PROPERTIES:
   :COOKIE_DATA: todo recursive
   :END:
 #+end_example
 
 If you would like a TODO entry to automatically change to DONE when
 all children are done, you can use the following setup:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (defun org-summary-todo (n-done n-not-done)
   "Switch entry to DONE when all subentries are done, to TODO otherwise."
   (let (org-log-done org-log-states)   ; turn off logging
     (org-todo (if (= n-not-done 0) "DONE" "TODO"))))
 
 (add-hook 'org-after-todo-statistics-hook #'org-summary-todo)
 #+end_src
 
 Another possibility is the use of checkboxes to identify (a hierarchy
 of) a large number of subtasks (see [[*Checkboxes]]).
 
 ** Checkboxes
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Tick-off lists.
 :END:
 #+cindex: checkboxes
 
 #+vindex: org-list-automatic-rules
 Every item in a plain list[fn:48] (see [[*Plain Lists]]) can be made into
 a checkbox by starting it with the string =[ ]=.  This feature is
 similar to TODO items (see [[*TODO Items]]), but is more lightweight.
 Checkboxes are not included into the global TODO list, so they are
 often great to split a task into a number of simple steps.  Or you can
 use them in a shopping list.
 
 Here is an example of a checkbox list.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* TODO Organize party [2/4]
   - [-] call people [1/3]
     - [ ] Peter
     - [X] Sarah
     - [ ] Sam
   - [X] order food
   - [ ] think about what music to play
   - [X] talk to the neighbors
 #+end_example
 
 Checkboxes work hierarchically, so if a checkbox item has children
 that are checkboxes, toggling one of the children checkboxes makes the
 parent checkbox reflect if none, some, or all of the children are
 checked.
 
 #+cindex: statistics, for checkboxes
 #+cindex: checkbox statistics
 #+cindex: @samp{COOKIE_DATA}, property
 #+vindex: org-hierarchical-checkbox-statistics
 The =[2/4]= and =[1/3]= in the first and second line are cookies
 indicating how many checkboxes present in this entry have been checked
 off, and the total number of checkboxes present.  This can give you an
 idea on how many checkboxes remain, even without opening a folded
 entry.  The cookies can be placed into a headline or into (the first
 line of) a plain list item.  Each cookie covers checkboxes of direct
 children structurally below the headline/item on which the cookie
 appears[fn:49].  You have to insert the cookie yourself by typing
 either =[/]= or =[%]=.  With =[/]= you get an =n out of m= result, as
 in the examples above.  With =[%]= you get information about the
 percentage of checkboxes checked (in the above example, this would be
 =[50%]= and =[33%]=, respectively).  In a headline, a cookie can count
 either checkboxes below the heading or TODO states of children, and it
 displays whatever was changed last.  Set the property =COOKIE_DATA= to
 either =checkbox= or =todo= to resolve this issue.
 
 #+cindex: blocking, of checkboxes
 #+cindex: checkbox blocking
 #+cindex: @samp{ORDERED}, property
 If the current outline node has an =ORDERED= property, checkboxes must
 be checked off in sequence, and an error is thrown if you try to check
 off a box while there are unchecked boxes above it.
 
 The following commands work with checkboxes:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-toggle-checkbox~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c
   #+findex: org-toggle-checkbox
   Toggle checkbox status or---with prefix argument---checkbox presence
   at point.  With a single prefix argument, add an empty checkbox or
   remove the current one[fn:50].  With a double prefix argument, set
   it to =[-]=, which is considered to be an intermediate state.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-b)}}} (~org-toggle-checkbox~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-b
   Toggle checkbox status or---with prefix argument---checkbox presence
   at point.  With double prefix argument, set it to =[-]=, which is
   considered to be an intermediate state.
 
   - If there is an active region, toggle the first checkbox in the
     region and set all remaining boxes to the same status as the
     first.  With a prefix argument, add or remove the checkbox for all
     items in the region.
 
   - If point is in a headline, toggle checkboxes in the region between
     this headline and the next---so /not/ the entire subtree.
 
   - If there is no active region, just toggle the checkbox at point.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-r)}}} (~org-toggle-radio-button~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-r
   #+findex: org-toggle-radio-button
   #+cindex: radio button, checkbox as
   Toggle checkbox status by using the checkbox of the item at point as
   a radio button: when the checkbox is turned on, all other checkboxes
   on the same level will be turned off.  With a universal prefix
   argument, toggle the presence of the checkbox.  With a double prefix
   argument, set it to =[-]=.
 
   #+findex: org-list-checkbox-radio-mode
   {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} can be told to consider checkboxes as radio buttons by
   setting =#+ATTR_ORG: :radio t= right before the list or by calling
   {{{kbd(M-x org-list-checkbox-radio-mode)}}} to activate this minor mode.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-S-RET)}}} (~org-insert-todo-heading~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-S-RET
   #+findex: org-insert-todo-heading
   Insert a new item with a checkbox.  This works only if point is
   already in a plain list item (see [[*Plain Lists]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x o)}}} (~org-toggle-ordered-property~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x o
   #+findex: org-toggle-ordered-property
   #+vindex: org-track-ordered-property-with-tag
   Toggle the =ORDERED= property of the entry, to toggle if checkboxes
   must be checked off in sequence.  A property is used for this
   behavior because this should be local to the current entry, not
   inherited like a tag.  However, if you would like to /track/ the
   value of this property with a tag for better visibility, customize
   ~org-track-ordered-property-with-tag~.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c #)}}} (~org-update-statistics-cookies~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c #
   #+findex: org-update-statistics-cookies
   Update the statistics cookie in the current outline entry.  When
   called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, update the entire file.
   Checkbox statistic cookies are updated automatically if you toggle
   checkboxes with {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} and make new ones with
   {{{kbd(M-S-RET)}}}.  TODO statistics cookies update when changing
   TODO states.  If you delete boxes/entries or add/change them by
   hand, use this command to get things back into sync.
 
 * Tags
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Tagging headlines and matching sets of tags.
 :END:
 #+cindex: tags
 #+cindex: headline tagging
 #+cindex: matching, tags
 #+cindex: sparse tree, tag based
 
 An excellent way to implement labels and contexts for
 cross-correlating information is to assign /tags/ to headlines.  Org
 mode has extensive support for tags.
 
 #+vindex: org-tag-faces
 Every headline can contain a list of tags; they occur at the end of
 the headline.  Tags are normal words containing letters, numbers, =_=,
 and =@=.  Tags must be preceded and followed by a single colon, e.g.,
 =:work:=.  Several tags can be specified, as in =:work:urgent:=.  Tags
 by default are in bold face with the same color as the headline.  You
 may specify special faces for specific tags using the variable
 ~org-tag-faces~, in much the same way as you can for TODO keywords
 (see [[*Faces for TODO keywords]]).
 
 ** Tag Inheritance
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Tags use the tree structure of an outline.
 :END:
 #+cindex: tag inheritance
 #+cindex: inheritance, of tags
 #+cindex: sublevels, inclusion into tags match
 
 /Tags/ make use of the hierarchical structure of outline trees.  If
 a heading has a certain tag, all subheadings inherit the tag as well.
 For example, in the list
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* Meeting with the French group      :work:
 ,** Summary by Frank                  :boss:notes:
 ,*** TODO Prepare slides for him      :action:
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 the final heading has the tags =work=, =boss=, =notes=, and =action=
 even though the final heading is not explicitly marked with those
 tags.  You can also set tags that all entries in a file should inherit
 just as if these tags were defined in a hypothetical level zero that
 surrounds the entire file.  Use a line like this[fn:51]
 
 #+cindex: @samp{FILETAGS}, keyword
 : #+FILETAGS: :Peter:Boss:Secret:
 
 #+vindex: org-use-tag-inheritance
 #+vindex: org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance
 To limit tag inheritance to specific tags, or to turn it off entirely,
 use the variables ~org-use-tag-inheritance~ and
 ~org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance~.
 
 #+vindex: org-tags-match-list-sublevels
 When a headline matches during a tags search while tag inheritance is
 turned on, all the sublevels in the same tree---for a simple match
 form---match as well[fn:52].  The list of matches may then become
 very long.  If you only want to see the first tags match in a subtree,
 configure the variable ~org-tags-match-list-sublevels~ (not
 recommended).
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance
 Tag inheritance is relevant when the agenda search tries to match
 a tag, either in the ~tags~ or ~tags-todo~ agenda types.  In other
 agenda types, ~org-use-tag-inheritance~ has no effect.  Still, you may
 want to have your tags correctly set in the agenda, so that tag
 filtering works fine, with inherited tags.  Set
 ~org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance~ to control this: the default value
 includes all agenda types, but setting this to ~nil~ can really speed
 up agenda generation.
 
 ** Setting Tags
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How to assign tags to a headline.
 :END:
 #+cindex: setting tags
 #+cindex: tags, setting
 
 #+kindex: M-TAB
 Tags can simply be typed into the buffer at the end of a headline.
 After a colon, {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} offers completion on tags.  There is
 also a special command for inserting tags:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-q)}}} (~org-set-tags-command~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-q
   #+findex: org-set-tags-command
   #+cindex: completion, of tags
   #+vindex: org-tags-column
   Enter new tags for the current headline.  Org mode either offers
   completion or a special single-key interface for setting tags, see
   below.  After pressing {{{kbd(RET)}}}, the tags are inserted and
   aligned to ~org-tags-column~.  When called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}}
   prefix, all tags in the current buffer are aligned to that column,
   just to make things look nice.  Tags are automatically realigned
   after promotion, demotion, and TODO state changes (see [[*Basic TODO
   Functionality]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-set-tags-command~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c
   When point is in a headline, this does the same as {{{kbd(C-c
   C-q)}}}.
 
 #+vindex: org-complete-tags-always-offer-all-agenda-tags
 #+vindex: org-tag-alist
 #+cindex: @samp{TAGS}, keyword
 Org supports tag insertion based on a /list of tags/.  By default this
 list is constructed dynamically, containing all tags currently used in
 the buffer[fn:53].  You may also globally specify a hard list of tags
 with the variable ~org-tag-alist~.  Finally you can set the default
 tags for a given file using the =TAGS= keyword, like
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+TAGS: @work @home @tennisclub
 ,#+TAGS: laptop car pc sailboat
 #+end_example
 
 If you have globally defined your preferred set of tags using the
 variable ~org-tag-alist~, but would like to use a dynamic tag list in
 a specific file, add an empty =TAGS= keyword to that file:
 
 : #+TAGS:
 
 #+vindex: org-tag-persistent-alist
 If you have a preferred set of tags that you would like to use in
 every file, in addition to those defined on a per-file basis by =TAGS=
 keyword, then you may specify a list of tags with the variable
 ~org-tag-persistent-alist~.  You may turn this off on a per-file basis
 by adding a =STARTUP= keyword to that file:
 
 : #+STARTUP: noptag
 
 By default Org mode uses the standard minibuffer completion facilities
 for entering tags.  However, it also implements another, quicker, tag
 selection method called /fast tag selection/.  This allows you to
 select and deselect tags with just a single key press.  For this to
 work well you should assign unique letters to most of your commonly
 used tags.  You can do this globally by configuring the variable
 ~org-tag-alist~ in your Emacs init file.  For example, you may find
 the need to tag many items in different files with =@home=.  In this
 case you can set something like:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-tag-alist '(("@work" . ?w) ("@home" . ?h) ("laptop" . ?l)))
 #+end_src
 
 If the tag is only relevant to the file you are working on, then you
 can instead set the =TAGS= keyword as:
 
 : #+TAGS: @work(w)  @home(h)  @tennisclub(t)  laptop(l)  pc(p)
 
 The tags interface shows the available tags in a splash window.  If
 you want to start a new line after a specific tag, insert =\n= into
 the tag list
 
 : #+TAGS: @work(w) @home(h) @tennisclub(t) \n laptop(l) pc(p)
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 or write them in two lines:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+TAGS: @work(w)  @home(h)  @tennisclub(t)
 ,#+TAGS: laptop(l)  pc(p)
 #+end_example
 
 You can also group together tags that are mutually exclusive by using
 braces, as in:
 
 : #+TAGS: { @work(w)  @home(h)  @tennisclub(t) }  laptop(l)  pc(p)
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 you indicate that at most one of =@work=, =@home=, and =@tennisclub=
 should be selected.  Multiple such groups are allowed.
 
 Do not forget to press {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with point in one of these
 lines to activate any changes.
 
 To set these mutually exclusive groups in the variable
 ~org-tags-alist~, you must use the dummy tags ~:startgroup~ and
 ~:endgroup~ instead of the braces.  Similarly, you can use ~:newline~
 to indicate a line break.  The previous example would be set globally
 by the following configuration:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-tag-alist '((:startgroup . nil)
                       ("@work" . ?w) ("@home" . ?h)
                       ("@tennisclub" . ?t)
                       (:endgroup . nil)
                       ("laptop" . ?l) ("pc" . ?p)))
 #+end_src
 
 If at least one tag has a selection key then pressing {{{kbd(C-c
 C-c)}}} automatically presents you with a special interface, listing
 inherited tags, the tags of the current headline, and a list of all
 valid tags with corresponding keys[fn:54].
 
 Pressing keys assigned to tags adds or removes them from the list of
 tags in the current line.  Selecting a tag in a group of mutually
 exclusive tags turns off any other tag from that group.
 
 In this interface, you can also use the following special keys:
 
 - {{{kbd(TAB)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: TAB
   Enter a tag in the minibuffer, even if the tag is not in the
   predefined list.  You can complete on all tags present in the buffer
   and globally pre-defined tags from ~org-tag-alist~ and
   ~org-tag-persistent-alist~.  You can also add several tags: just
   separate them with a comma.
 
 - {{{kbd(SPC)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: SPC
   Clear all tags for this line.
 
 - {{{kbd(RET)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: RET
   Accept the modified set.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-g)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-g
   Abort without installing changes.
 
 - {{{kbd(q)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: q
   If {{{kbd(q)}}} is not assigned to a tag, it aborts like
   {{{kbd(C-g)}}}.
 
 - {{{kbd(!)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: !
   Turn off groups of mutually exclusive tags.  Use this to (as an
   exception) assign several tags from such a group.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c
   Toggle auto-exit after the next change (see below).  If you are
   using expert mode, the first {{{kbd(C-c)}}} displays the selection
   window.
 
 This method lets you assign tags to a headline with very few keys.
 With the above setup, you could clear the current tags and set
 =@home=, =laptop= and =pc= tags with just the following keys:
 {{{kbd(C-c C-c SPC h l p RET)}}}.  Switching from =@home= to =@work=
 would be done with {{{kbd(C-c C-c w RET)}}} or alternatively with
 {{{kbd(C-c C-c C-c w)}}}.  Adding the non-predefined tag =sarah= could
 be done with {{{kbd(C-c C-c TAB s a r a h RET)}}}.
 
 #+vindex: org-fast-tag-selection-single-key
 If you find that most of the time you need only a single key press to
 modify your list of tags, set the variable
 ~org-fast-tag-selection-single-key~.  Then you no longer have to press
 {{{kbd(RET)}}} to exit fast tag selection---it exits after the first
 change.  If you then occasionally need more keys, press {{{kbd(C-c)}}}
 to turn off auto-exit for the current tag selection process (in
 effect: start selection with {{{kbd(C-c C-c C-c)}}} instead of
 {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}}).  If you set the variable to the value ~expert~,
 the special window is not even shown for single-key tag selection, it
 comes up only when you press an extra {{{kbd(C-c)}}}.
 
 ** Tag Hierarchy
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Create a hierarchy of tags.
 :END:
 #+cindex: group tags
 #+cindex: tags, groups
 #+cindex: tags hierarchy
 
 Tags can be defined in hierarchies.  A tag can be defined as a /group
 tag/ for a set of other tags.  The group tag can be seen as the
 "broader term" for its set of tags.  Defining multiple group tags and
 nesting them creates a tag hierarchy.
 
 One use-case is to create a taxonomy of terms (tags) that can be used
 to classify nodes in a document or set of documents.
 
 When you search for a group tag, it return matches for all members in
 the group and its subgroups.  In an agenda view, filtering by a group
 tag displays or hide headlines tagged with at least one of the members
 of the group or any of its subgroups.  This makes tag searches and
 filters even more flexible.
 
 You can set group tags by using brackets and inserting a colon between
 the group tag and its related tags---beware that all whitespaces are
 mandatory so that Org can parse this line correctly:
 
 : #+TAGS: [ GTD : Control Persp ]
 
 In this example, =GTD= is the group tag and it is related to two other
 tags: =Control=, =Persp=.  Defining =Control= and =Persp= as group
 tags creates a hierarchy of tags:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+TAGS: [ Control : Context Task ]
 ,#+TAGS: [ Persp : Vision Goal AOF Project ]
 #+end_example
 
 That can conceptually be seen as a hierarchy of tags:
 
 - =GTD=
   - =Persp=
     - =Vision=
     - =Goal=
     - =AOF=
     - =Project=
   - =Control=
     - =Context=
     - =Task=
 
 You can use the ~:startgrouptag~, ~:grouptags~ and ~:endgrouptag~
 keyword directly when setting ~org-tag-alist~ directly:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-tag-alist '((:startgrouptag)
                       ("GTD")
                       (:grouptags)
                       ("Control")
                       ("Persp")
                       (:endgrouptag)
                       (:startgrouptag)
                       ("Control")
                       (:grouptags)
                       ("Context")
                       ("Task")
                       (:endgrouptag)))
 #+end_src
 
 The tags in a group can be mutually exclusive if using the same group
 syntax as is used for grouping mutually exclusive tags together; using
 curly brackets.
 
 : #+TAGS: { Context : @Home @Work @Call }
 
 When setting ~org-tag-alist~ you can use ~:startgroup~ and ~:endgroup~
 instead of ~:startgrouptag~ and ~:endgrouptag~ to make the tags
 mutually exclusive.
 
 Furthermore, the members of a group tag can also be regular
 expressions, creating the possibility of a more dynamic and rule-based
 tag structure (see [[*Regular Expressions]]).  The regular expressions in
 the group must be specified within curly brackets.  Here is an
 expanded example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+TAGS: [ Vision : {V@.+} ]
 ,#+TAGS: [ Goal : {G@.+} ]
 ,#+TAGS: [ AOF : {AOF@.+} ]
 ,#+TAGS: [ Project : {P@.+} ]
 #+end_example
 
 Searching for the tag =Project= now lists all tags also including
 regular expression matches for =P@.+=, and similarly for tag searches
 on =Vision=, =Goal= and =AOF=.  For example, this would work well for
 a project tagged with a common project-identifier, e.g.,
 =P@2014_OrgTags=.
 
 #+kindex: C-c C-x q
 #+findex: org-toggle-tags-groups
 #+vindex: org-group-tags
 If you want to ignore group tags temporarily, toggle group tags
 support with ~org-toggle-tags-groups~, bound to {{{kbd(C-c C-x q)}}}.
 If you want to disable tag groups completely, set ~org-group-tags~ to
 ~nil~.
 
 ** Tag Searches
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Searching for combinations of tags.
 :END:
 #+cindex: tag searches
 #+cindex: searching for tags
 
 Once a system of tags has been set up, it can be used to collect
 related information into special lists.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c / m)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c \)}}} (~org-match-sparse-tree~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c / m
   #+kindex: C-c \
   #+findex: org-match-sparse-tree
   Create a sparse tree with all headlines matching a tags search.
   With a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument, ignore headlines that are not
   a TODO line.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda m)}}} (~org-tags-view~) ::
 
   #+kindex: m @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   #+findex: org-tags-view
   Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files.  See
   [[*Matching tags and properties]].
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda M)}}} (~org-tags-view~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   #+vindex: org-tags-match-list-sublevels
   Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files, but check
   only TODO items and force checking subitems (see the option
   ~org-tags-match-list-sublevels~).
 
 These commands all prompt for a match string which allows basic
 Boolean logic like =+boss+urgent-project1=, to find entries with tags
 =boss= and =urgent=, but not =project1=, or =Kathy|Sally= to find
 entries which are tagged, like =Kathy= or =Sally=.  The full syntax of
 the search string is rich and allows also matching against TODO
 keywords, entry levels and properties.  For a complete description
 with many examples, see [[*Matching tags and properties]].
 
 * Properties and Columns
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Storing information about an entry.
 :END:
 #+cindex: properties
 
 A property is a key-value pair associated with an entry.  Properties
 can be set so they are associated with a single entry, with every
 entry in a tree, or with the whole buffer.
 
 There are two main applications for properties in Org mode.  First,
 properties are like tags, but with a value.  Imagine maintaining
 a file where you document bugs and plan releases for a piece of
 software.  Instead of using tags like =release_1=, =release_2=, you
 can use a property, say =Release=, that in different subtrees has
 different values, such as =1.0= or =2.0=.  Second, you can use
 properties to implement (very basic) database capabilities in an Org
 buffer.  Imagine keeping track of your music CDs, where properties
 could be things such as the album, artist, date of release, number of
 tracks, and so on.
 
 Properties can be conveniently edited and viewed in column view (see
 [[*Column View]]).
 
 ** Property Syntax
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How properties are spelled out.
 :END:
 #+cindex: property syntax
 #+cindex: drawer, for properties
 
 Properties are key--value pairs.  When they are associated with
 a single entry or with a tree they need to be inserted into a special
 drawer (see [[*Drawers]]) with the name =PROPERTIES=, which has to be
 located right below a headline, and its planning line (see [[*Deadlines
 and Scheduling]]) when applicable.  Each property is specified on
 a single line, with the key---surrounded by colons---first, and the
 value after it.  Keys are case-insensitive.  Here is an example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* CD collection
 ,** Classic
 ,*** Goldberg Variations
     :PROPERTIES:
     :Title:     Goldberg Variations
     :Composer:  J.S. Bach
     :Artist:    Glenn Gould
     :Publisher: Deutsche Grammophon
     :NDisks:    1
     :END:
 #+end_example
 
 Depending on the value of ~org-use-property-inheritance~, a property
 set this way is associated either with a single entry, or with the
 sub-tree defined by the entry, see [[*Property Inheritance]].
 
 You may define the allowed values for a particular property =Xyz= by
 setting a property =Xyz_ALL=.  This special property is /inherited/,
 so if you set it in a level 1 entry, it applies to the entire tree.
 When allowed values are defined, setting the corresponding property
 becomes easier and is less prone to typing errors.  For the example
 with the CD collection, we can pre-define publishers and the number of
 disks in a box like this:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* CD collection
   :PROPERTIES:
   :NDisks_ALL:  1 2 3 4
   :Publisher_ALL: "Deutsche Grammophon" Philips EMI
   :END:
 #+end_example
 
 Properties can be inserted on buffer level.  That means they apply
 before the first headline and can be inherited by all entries in a
 file.  Property blocks defined before first headline needs to be
 located at the top of the buffer, allowing only comments above.
 
 Properties can also be defined using lines like:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{_ALL} suffix, in properties
 #+cindex: @samp{PROPERTY}, keyword
 : #+PROPERTY: NDisks_ALL 1 2 3 4
 
 #+cindex: @samp{+} suffix, in properties
 If you want to add to the value of an existing property, append a =+=
 to the property name.  The following results in the property =var=
 having the value =foo=1 bar=2=.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+PROPERTY: var  foo=1
 ,#+PROPERTY: var+ bar=2
 #+end_example
 
 It is also possible to add to the values of inherited properties.  The
 following results in the =Genres= property having the value =Classic
 Baroque= under the =Goldberg Variations= subtree.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* CD collection
 ,** Classic
     :PROPERTIES:
     :Genres: Classic
     :END:
 ,*** Goldberg Variations
     :PROPERTIES:
     :Title:     Goldberg Variations
     :Composer:  J.S. Bach
     :Artist:    Glenn Gould
     :Publisher: Deutsche Grammophon
     :NDisks:    1
     :Genres+:   Baroque
     :END:
 #+end_example
 
 Note that a property can only have one entry per drawer.
 
 #+vindex: org-global-properties
 Property values set with the global variable ~org-global-properties~
 can be inherited by all entries in all Org files.
 
 The following commands help to work with properties:
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} (~pcomplete~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-TAB
   #+findex: pcomplete
   After an initial colon in a line, complete property keys.  All keys
   used in the current file are offered as possible completions.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x p)}}} (~org-set-property~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x p
   #+findex: org-set-property
   Set a property.  This prompts for a property name and a value.  If
   necessary, the property drawer is created as well.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u M-x org-insert-drawer)}}} ::
 
   #+findex: org-insert-drawer
   Insert a property drawer into the current entry.  The drawer is
   inserted early in the entry, but after the lines with planning
   information like deadlines.  If before first headline the drawer is
   inserted at the top of the drawer after any potential comments.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-property-action~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c
   #+findex: org-property-action
   With point in a property drawer, this executes property commands.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c s)}}} (~org-set-property~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c s
   #+findex: org-set-property
   Set a property in the current entry.  Both the property and the
   value can be inserted using completion.
 
 - {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-property-next-allowed-values~),  {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} (~org-property-previous-allowed-value~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-RIGHT
   #+kindex: S-LEFT
   Switch property at point to the next/previous allowed value.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c d)}}} (~org-delete-property~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c d
   #+findex: org-delete-property
   Remove a property from the current entry.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c D)}}} (~org-delete-property-globally~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c D
   #+findex: org-delete-property-globally
   Globally remove a property, from all entries in the current file.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c c)}}} (~org-compute-property-at-point~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c c
   #+findex: org-compute-property-at-point
   Compute the property at point, using the operator and scope from the
   nearest column format definition.
 
 ** Special Properties
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Access to other Org mode features.
 :END:
 #+cindex: properties, special
 
 Special properties provide an alternative access method to Org mode
 features, like the TODO state or the priority of an entry, discussed
 in the previous chapters.  This interface exists so that you can
 include these states in a column view (see [[*Column View]]), or to use
 them in queries.  The following property names are special and should
 not be used as keys in the properties drawer:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ALLTAGS}, special property
 #+cindex: @samp{BLOCKED}, special property
 #+cindex: @samp{CLOCKSUM}, special property
 #+cindex: @samp{CLOCKSUM_T}, special property
 #+cindex: @samp{CLOSED}, special property
 #+cindex: @samp{DEADLINE}, special property
 #+cindex: @samp{FILE}, special property
 #+cindex: @samp{ITEM}, special property
 #+cindex: @samp{PRIORITY}, special property
 #+cindex: @samp{SCHEDULED}, special property
 #+cindex: @samp{TAGS}, special property
 #+cindex: @samp{TIMESTAMP}, special property
 #+cindex: @samp{TIMESTAMP_IA}, special property
 #+cindex: @samp{TODO}, special property
 | =ALLTAGS=      | All tags, including inherited ones.                            |
 | =BLOCKED=      | ~t~ if task is currently blocked by children or siblings.      |
 | =CATEGORY=     | The category of an entry.                                      |
 | =CLOCKSUM=     | The sum of CLOCK intervals in the subtree.  ~org-clock-sum~    |
 |                | must be run first to compute the values in the current buffer. |
 | =CLOCKSUM_T=   | The sum of CLOCK intervals in the subtree for today.           |
 |                | ~org-clock-sum-today~ must be run first to compute the         |
 |                | values in the current buffer.                                  |
 | =CLOSED=       | When was this entry closed?                                    |
 | =DEADLINE=     | The deadline timestamp.                                        |
 | =FILE=         | The filename the entry is located in.                          |
 | =ITEM=         | The headline of the entry.                                     |
 | =PRIORITY=     | The priority of the entry, a string with a single letter.      |
 | =SCHEDULED=    | The scheduling timestamp.                                      |
 | =TAGS=         | The tags defined directly in the headline.                     |
 | =TIMESTAMP=    | The first keyword-less timestamp in the entry.                 |
 | =TIMESTAMP_IA= | The first inactive timestamp in the entry.                     |
 | =TODO=         | The TODO keyword of the entry.                                 |
 
 ** Property Searches
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Matching property values.
 :END:
 #+cindex: properties, searching
 #+cindex: searching, of properties
 
 To create sparse trees and special lists with selection based on
 properties, the same commands are used as for tag searches (see [[*Tag
 Searches]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c / m)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c \)}}} (~org-match-sparse-tree~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c / m
   #+kindex: C-c \
   #+findex: org-match-sparse-tree
   Create a sparse tree with all matching entries.  With
   a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument, ignore headlines that are not
   a TODO line.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda m)}}} (~org-tags-view~) ::
 
   #+kindex: m @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   #+findex: org-tags-view
   Create a global list of tag/property matches from all agenda files.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda M)}}} (~org-tags-view~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   #+vindex: org-tags-match-list-sublevels
   Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files, but check
   only TODO items and force checking of subitems (see the option
   ~org-tags-match-list-sublevels~).
 
 The syntax for the search string is described in [[*Matching tags and
 properties]].
 
 There is also a special command for creating sparse trees based on a
 single property:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c / p)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c / p
   Create a sparse tree based on the value of a property.  This first
   prompts for the name of a property, and then for a value.  A sparse
   tree is created with all entries that define this property with the
   given value.  If you enclose the value in curly braces, it is
   interpreted as a regular expression and matched against the property
   values (see [[*Regular Expressions]]).
 
 ** Property Inheritance
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Passing values down a tree.
 :END:
 #+cindex: properties, inheritance
 #+cindex: inheritance, of properties
 
 #+vindex: org-use-property-inheritance
 The outline structure of Org documents lends itself to an inheritance
 model of properties: if the parent in a tree has a certain property,
 the children can inherit this property.  Org mode does not turn this
 on by default, because it can slow down property searches
 significantly and is often not needed.  However, if you find
 inheritance useful, you can turn it on by setting the variable
 ~org-use-property-inheritance~.  It may be set to ~t~ to make all
 properties inherited from the parent, to a list of properties that
 should be inherited, or to a regular expression that matches inherited
 properties.  If a property has the value ~nil~, this is interpreted as
 an explicit un-define of the property, so that inheritance search
 stops at this value and returns ~nil~.
 
 Org mode has a few properties for which inheritance is hard-coded, at
 least for the special applications for which they are used:
 
 - ~COLUMNS~ ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{COLUMNS}, property
   The =COLUMNS= property defines the format of column view (see
   [[*Column View]]).  It is inherited in the sense that the level where
   a =COLUMNS= property is defined is used as the starting point for
   a column view table, independently of the location in the subtree
   from where columns view is turned on.
 
 - ~CATEGORY~ ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{CATEGORY}, property
   For agenda view, a category set through a =CATEGORY= property
   applies to the entire subtree.
 
 - ~ARCHIVE~ ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{ARCHIVE}, property
   For archiving, the =ARCHIVE= property may define the archive
   location for the entire subtree (see [[*Moving a tree to an archive
   file]]).
 
 - ~LOGGING~ ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{LOGGING}, property
   The =LOGGING= property may define logging settings for an entry or
   a subtree (see [[*Tracking TODO state changes]]).
 
 ** Column View
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Tabular viewing and editing.
 :END:
 
 A great way to view and edit properties in an outline tree is /column
 view/.  In column view, each outline node is turned into a table row.
 Columns in this table provide access to properties of the entries.
 Org mode implements columns by overlaying a tabular structure over the
 headline of each item.  While the headlines have been turned into
 a table row, you can still change the visibility of the outline tree.
 For example, you get a compact table by switching to "contents"
 view---{{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}}, or simply {{{kbd(c)}}}
 while column view is active---but you can still open, read, and edit
 the entry below each headline.  Or, you can switch to column view
 after executing a sparse tree command and in this way get a table only
 for the selected items.  Column view also works in agenda buffers (see
 [[*Agenda Views]]) where queries have collected selected items, possibly
 from a number of files.
 
 *** Defining columns
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: The COLUMNS format property.
 :END:
 #+cindex: column view, for properties
 #+cindex: properties, column view
 
 Setting up a column view first requires defining the columns.  This is
 done by defining a column format line.
 
 **** Scope of column definitions
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Where defined, where valid?
 :END:
 
 To specify a format that only applies to a specific tree, add
 a =COLUMNS= property to the top node of that tree, for example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,** Top node for columns view
    :PROPERTIES:
    :COLUMNS: %25ITEM %TAGS %PRIORITY %TODO
    :END:
 #+end_example
 
 A =COLUMNS= property within a property drawer before first headline
 will apply to the entire file.  As an addition to property drawers,
 keywords can also be defined for an entire file using a line like:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{COLUMNS}, keyword
 : #+COLUMNS: %25ITEM %TAGS %PRIORITY %TODO
 
 If a =COLUMNS= property is present in an entry, it defines columns for
 the entry itself, and for the entire subtree below it.  Since the
 column definition is part of the hierarchical structure of the
 document, you can define columns on level 1 that are general enough
 for all sublevels, and more specific columns further down, when you
 edit a deeper part of the tree.
 
 **** Column attributes
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Appearance and content of a column.
 :END:
 
 A column definition sets the attributes of a column.  The general
 definition looks like this:
 
 : %[WIDTH]PROPERTY[(TITLE)][{SUMMARY-TYPE}]
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 Except for the percent sign and the property name, all items are
 optional.  The individual parts have the following meaning:
 
 - {{{var(WIDTH)}}} ::
 
   An integer specifying the width of the column in characters.  If
   omitted, the width is determined automatically.
 
 - {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} ::
 
   The property that should be edited in this column.  Special
   properties representing meta data are allowed here as well (see
   [[*Special Properties]]).
 
 - {{{var(TITLE)}}} ::
 
   The header text for the column.  If omitted, the property name is
   used.
 
 - {{{var(SUMMARY-TYPE)}}} ::
 
   The summary type.  If specified, the column values for parent nodes
   are computed from the children[fn:55].
 
   Supported summary types are:
 
   | =+=      | Sum numbers in this column.                           |
   | =+;%.1f= | Like =+=, but format result with =%.1f=.              |
   | =$=      | Currency, short for =+;%.2f=.                         |
   | =min=    | Smallest number in column.                            |
   | =max=    | Largest number.                                       |
   | =mean=   | Arithmetic mean of numbers.                           |
   | =X=      | Checkbox status, =[X]= if all children are =[X]=.     |
   | =X/=     | Checkbox status, =[n/m]=.                             |
   | =X%=     | Checkbox status, =[n%]=.                              |
   | =:=      | Sum times, HH:MM, plain numbers are minutes.          |
   | =:min=   | Smallest time value in column.                        |
   | =:max=   | Largest time value.                                   |
   | =:mean=  | Arithmetic mean of time values.                       |
   | =@min=   | Minimum age[fn:56] (in days/hours/mins/seconds).      |
   | =@max=   | Maximum age (in days/hours/mins/seconds).             |
   | =@mean=  | Arithmetic mean of ages (in days/hours/mins/seconds). |
   | =est+=   | Add low-high estimates.                               |
 
   #+vindex: org-columns-summary-types
   You can also define custom summary types by setting
   ~org-columns-summary-types~.
 
 The =est+= summary type requires further explanation.  It is used for
 combining estimates, expressed as low-high ranges.  For example,
 instead of estimating a particular task will take 5 days, you might
 estimate it as 5--6 days if you're fairly confident you know how much
 work is required, or 1--10 days if you do not really know what needs
 to be done.  Both ranges average at 5.5 days, but the first represents
 a more predictable delivery.
 
 When combining a set of such estimates, simply adding the lows and
 highs produces an unrealistically wide result.  Instead, =est+= adds
 the statistical mean and variance of the subtasks, generating a final
 estimate from the sum.  For example, suppose you had ten tasks, each
 of which was estimated at 0.5 to 2 days of work.  Straight addition
 produces an estimate of 5 to 20 days, representing what to expect if
 everything goes either extremely well or extremely poorly.  In
 contrast, =est+= estimates the full job more realistically, at 10--15
 days.
 
 Here is an example for a complete columns definition, along with
 allowed values[fn:57].
 
 #+begin_example
 :COLUMNS:  %25ITEM %9Approved(Approved?){X} %Owner %11Status \
                    %10Time_Estimate{:} %CLOCKSUM %CLOCKSUM_T
 :Owner_ALL:    Tammy Mark Karl Lisa Don
 :Status_ALL:   "In progress" "Not started yet" "Finished" ""
 :Approved_ALL: "[ ]" "[X]"
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 The first column, =%25ITEM=, means the first 25 characters of the item
 itself, i.e., of the headline.  You probably always should start the
 column definition with the =ITEM= specifier.  The other specifiers
 create columns =Owner= with a list of names as allowed values, for
 =Status= with four different possible values, and for a checkbox field
 =Approved=.  When no width is given after the =%= character, the
 column is exactly as wide as it needs to be in order to fully display
 all values.  The =Approved= column does have a modified title
 (=Approved?=, with a question mark).  Summaries are created for the
 =Time_Estimate= column by adding time duration expressions like HH:MM,
 and for the =Approved= column, by providing an =[X]= status if all
 children have been checked.  The =CLOCKSUM= and =CLOCKSUM_T= columns
 are special, they lists the sums of CLOCK intervals in the subtree,
 either for all clocks or just for today.
 
 *** Using column view
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How to create and use column view.
 :END:
 
 **** Turning column view on or off
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-c)}}} (~org-columns~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-c
   #+vindex: org-columns
   #+vindex: org-columns-default-format
   Turn on column view.  If point is before the first headline in the
   file, column view is turned on for the entire file, using the
   =#+COLUMNS= definition.  If point is somewhere inside the outline,
   this command searches the hierarchy, up from point, for a =COLUMNS=
   property that defines a format.  When one is found, the column view
   table is established for the tree starting at the entry that
   contains the =COLUMNS= property.  If no such property is found, the
   format is taken from the =#+COLUMNS= line or from the variable
   ~org-columns-default-format~, and column view is established for the
   current entry and its subtree.
 
 - {{{kbd(r)}}} or {{{kbd(g)}}} on a columns view line (~org-columns-redo~) ::
 
   #+kindex: r
   #+kindex: g
   #+findex: org-columns-redo
   Recreate the column view, to include recent changes made in the
   buffer.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} or {{{kbd(q)}}} on a columns view line (~org-columns-quit~) ::
 
   #+kindex: q
   #+kindex: C-c C-c
   #+findex: org-columns-quit
   Exit column view.
 
 **** Editing values
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep and
 - {{{kbd(LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(RIGHT)}}}, {{{kbd(UP)}}}, {{{kbd(DOWN)}}} ::
 
   Move through the column view from field to field.
 
 - {{{kbd(1..9\,0)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: 1..9,0
   Directly select the Nth allowed value, {{{kbd(0)}}} selects the
   10th value.
 
 - {{{kbd(n)}}} or {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-columns-next-allowed-value~) and {{{kbd(p)}}} or {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} (~org-columns-previous-allowed-value~) ::
 
   #+kindex: n
   #+kindex: S-RIGHT
   #+kindex: p
   #+kindex: S-LEFT
   #+findex: org-columns-next-allowed-value
   #+findex: org-columns-previous-allowed-value
   Switch to the next/previous allowed value of the field.  For this,
   you have to have specified allowed values for a property.
 
 - {{{kbd(e)}}} (~org-columns-edit-value~) ::
 
   #+kindex: e
   #+findex: org-columns-edit-value
   Edit the property at point.  For the special properties, this
   invokes the same interface that you normally use to change that
   property.  For example, the tag completion or fast selection
   interface pops up when editing a =TAGS= property.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-columns-toggle-or-columns-quit~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c
   #+findex: org-columns-toggle-or-columns-quit
   When there is a checkbox at point, toggle it.  Else exit column
   view.
 
 - {{{kbd(v)}}} (~org-columns-show-value~) ::
 
   #+kindex: v
   #+findex: org-columns-show-value
   View the full value of this property.  This is useful if the width
   of the column is smaller than that of the value.
 
 - {{{kbd(a)}}} (~org-columns-edit-allowed~) ::
 
   #+kindex: a
   #+findex: org-columns-edit-allowed
   Edit the list of allowed values for this property.  If the list is
   found in the hierarchy, the modified values is stored there.  If no
   list is found, the new value is stored in the first entry that is
   part of the current column view.
 
 **** Modifying column view on-the-fly
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep and
 - {{{kbd(<)}}} (~org-columns-narrow~) and {{{kbd(>)}}} (~org-columns-widen~) ::
 
   #+kindex: <
   #+kindex: >
   #+findex: org-columns-narrow
   #+findex: org-columns-widen
   Make the column narrower/wider by one character.
 
 - {{{kbd(S-M-RIGHT)}}} (~org-columns-new~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-M-RIGHT
   #+findex: org-columns-new
   Insert a new column, to the left of the current column.
 
 - {{{kbd(S-M-LEFT)}}} (~org-columns-delete~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-M-LEFT
   #+findex: org-columns-delete
   Delete the current column.
 
 *** Capturing column view
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: A dynamic block for column view.
 :END:
 
 Since column view is just an overlay over a buffer, it cannot be
 exported or printed directly.  If you want to capture a column view,
 use a =columnview= dynamic block (see [[*Dynamic Blocks]]).  The frame of
 this block looks like this:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{BEGIN columnview}
 #+begin_example
 ,* The column view
 ,#+BEGIN: columnview :hlines 1 :id "label"
 
 ,#+END:
 #+end_example
 
 This dynamic block has the following parameters:
 
 - =:id= ::
 
   This is the most important parameter.  Column view is a feature that
   is often localized to a certain (sub)tree, and the capture block
   might be at a different location in the file.  To identify the tree
   whose view to capture, you can use four values:
 
   - =local= ::
 
     Use the tree in which the capture block is located.
 
   - =global= ::
 
     Make a global view, including all headings in the file.
 
   - =file:FILENAME= ::
 
     Run column view at the top of the {{{var(FILENAME)}}} file.
 
   - =LABEL= ::
 
     #+cindex: @samp{ID}, property
     Call column view in the tree that has an =ID= property with the
     value {{{var(LABEL)}}}.  You can use {{{kbd(M-x org-id-copy)}}} to
     create a globally unique ID for the current entry and copy it to
     the kill-ring.
 
 - =:match= ::
 
   When set to a string, use this as a tags/property match filter to
   select only a subset of the headlines in the scope set by the ~:id~
   parameter.
 
 
 - =:hlines= ::
 
   When ~t~, insert an hline after every line.  When a number N, insert
   an hline before each headline with level ~<= N~.
 
 - =:vlines= ::
 
   When non-~nil~, force column groups to get vertical lines.
 
 - =:maxlevel= ::
 
   When set to a number, do not capture entries below this level.
 
 - =:skip-empty-rows= ::
 
   When non-~nil~, skip rows where the only non-empty specifier of
   the column view is =ITEM=.
 
 - =:exclude-tags= ::
 
   List of tags to exclude from column view table: entries with these
   tags will be excluded from the column view.
 
 - =:indent= ::
 
   When non-~nil~, indent each =ITEM= field according to its level.
 
 - =:format= ::
 
   Specify a column attribute (see [[*Column attributes]]) for the dynamic
   block.
 
 The following commands insert or update the dynamic block:
 
 - ~org-columns-insert-dblock~ ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x x
   #+findex: org-columns-insert-dblock
   Insert a dynamic block capturing a column view.  Prompt for the
   scope or ID of the view.
 
   This command can be invoked by calling
   ~org-dynamic-block-insert-dblock~ ({{{kbd(C-c C-x x)}}}) and
   selecting "columnview" (see [[*Dynamic Blocks]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-u)}}} (~org-dblock-update~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-u
   #+findex: org-dblock-update
   Update dynamic block at point.  point needs to be in the =#+BEGIN=
   line of the dynamic block.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-x C-u)}}} (~org-update-all-dblocks~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-c C-x C-u
   Update all dynamic blocks (see [[*Dynamic Blocks]]).  This is useful if
   you have several clock table blocks, column-capturing blocks or
   other dynamic blocks in a buffer.
 
 You can add formulas to the column view table and you may add plotting
 instructions in front of the table---these survive an update of the
 block.  If there is a =TBLFM= keyword after the table, the table is
 recalculated automatically after an update.
 
 An alternative way to capture and process property values into a table
 is provided by Eric Schulte's =org-collector.el=, which is a package
 in =org-contrib=[fn:58].  It provides a general API to collect
 properties from entries in a certain scope, and arbitrary Lisp
 expressions to process these values before inserting them into a table
 or a dynamic block.
 
 * Dates and Times
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Making items useful for planning.
 :END:
 #+cindex: dates
 #+cindex: times
 #+cindex: timestamp
 #+cindex: date stamp
 
 To assist project planning, TODO items can be labeled with a date
 and/or a time.  The specially formatted string carrying the date and
 time information is called a /timestamp/ in Org mode.  This may be
 a little confusing because timestamp is often used as indicating when
 something was created or last changed.  However, in Org mode this term
 is used in a much wider sense.
 
 ** Timestamps
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Assigning a time to a tree entry.
 :END:
 #+cindex: timestamps
 #+cindex: ranges, time
 #+cindex: date stamps
 #+cindex: deadlines
 #+cindex: scheduling
 
 A timestamp is a specification of a date (possibly with a time or
 a range of times) in a special format, either =<2003-09-16 Tue>= or
 =<2003-09-16 Tue 09:39>= or =<2003-09-16 Tue 12:00-12:30>=[fn:59].
 A timestamp can appear anywhere in the headline or body of an Org tree
 entry.  Its presence causes entries to be shown on specific dates in
 the agenda (see [[*Weekly/daily agenda]]).  We distinguish:
 
 - Plain timestamp; Event; Appointment ::
 
   #+cindex: timestamp
   #+cindex: appointment
   A simple timestamp just assigns a date/time to an item.  This is
   just like writing down an appointment or event in a paper agenda.
   In the agenda display, the headline of an entry associated with
   a plain timestamp is shown exactly on that date.
 
   #+begin_example
   ,* Meet Peter at the movies
     <2006-11-01 Wed 19:15>
   ,* Discussion on climate change
     <2006-11-02 Thu 20:00-22:00>
   #+end_example
 
 - Timestamp with repeater interval ::
 
   #+cindex: timestamp, with repeater interval
   A timestamp may contain a /repeater interval/, indicating that it
   applies not only on the given date, but again and again after
   a certain interval of N days (d), weeks (w), months (m), or years
   (y).  The following shows up in the agenda every Wednesday:
 
   #+begin_example
   ,* Pick up Sam at school
     <2007-05-16 Wed 12:30 +1w>
   #+end_example
 
 - Diary-style expression entries ::
 
   #+cindex: diary style timestamps
   #+cindex: sexp timestamps
   For more complex date specifications, Org mode supports using the
   special expression diary entries implemented in the Emacs Calendar
   package[fn:60].  For example, with optional time:
 
   #+begin_example
   ,* 22:00-23:00 The nerd meeting on every 2nd Thursday of the month
     <%%(diary-float t 4 2)>
   #+end_example
 
 - Time/Date range ::
 
   #+cindex: timerange
   #+cindex: date range
   Two timestamps connected by =--= denote a range.  The headline is
   shown on the first and last day of the range, and on any dates that
   are displayed and fall in the range.  Here is an example:
 
   #+begin_example
   ,** Meeting in Amsterdam
      <2004-08-23 Mon>--<2004-08-26 Thu>
   #+end_example
 
 - Inactive timestamp ::
 
   #+cindex: timestamp, inactive
   #+cindex: inactive timestamp
   Just like a plain timestamp, but with square brackets instead of
   angular ones.  These timestamps are inactive in the sense that they
   do /not/ trigger an entry to show up in the agenda.
 
   #+begin_example
   ,* Gillian comes late for the fifth time
     [2006-11-01 Wed]
   #+end_example
 
 ** Creating Timestamps
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Commands to insert timestamps.
 :END:
 
 For Org mode to recognize timestamps, they need to be in the specific
 format.  All commands listed below produce timestamps in the correct
 format.
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - {{{kbd(C-c .)}}} (~org-time-stamp~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c .
   #+findex: org-time-stamp
   Prompt for a date and insert a corresponding timestamp.  When point
   is at an existing timestamp in the buffer, the command is used to
   modify this timestamp instead of inserting a new one.  When this
   command is used twice in succession, a time range is inserted.
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-c .
   #+vindex: org-time-stamp-rounding-minutes
   When called with a prefix argument, use the alternative format which
   contains date and time.  The default time can be rounded to
   multiples of 5 minutes.  See the option
   ~org-time-stamp-rounding-minutes~.
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c .
   With two prefix arguments, insert an active timestamp with the
   current time without prompting.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c !)}}} (~org-time-stamp-inactive~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c !
   #+kindex: C-u C-c !
   #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c !
   #+findex: org-time-stamp-inactive
   Like {{{kbd(C-c .)}}}, but insert an inactive timestamp that does
   not cause an agenda entry.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c
   Normalize timestamp, insert or fix day name if missing or wrong.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c <)}}} (~org-date-from-calendar~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c <
   #+findex: org-date-from-calendar
   Insert a timestamp corresponding to point date in the calendar.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c >)}}} (~org-goto-calendar~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c >
   #+findex: org-goto-calendar
   Access the Emacs calendar for the current date.  If there is
   a timestamp in the current line, go to the corresponding date
   instead.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} (~org-open-at-point~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-o
   #+findex: org-open-at-point
   Access the agenda for the date given by the timestamp or -range at
   point (see [[*Weekly/daily agenda]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} (~org-timestamp-down-day~), {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-timestamp-up-day~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-LEFT
   #+kindex: S-RIGHT
   #+findex: org-timestamp-down-day
   #+findex: org-timestamp-up-day
   Change date at point by one day.  These key bindings conflict with
   shift-selection and related modes (see [[*Packages that conflict with
   Org mode]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(S-UP)}}} (~org-timestamp-up~), {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} (~org-timestamp-down~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-UP
   #+kindex: S-DOWN
   On the beginning or enclosing bracket of a timestamp, change its
   type.  Within a timestamp, change the item under point.  Point can
   be on a year, month, day, hour or minute.  When the timestamp
   contains a time range like =15:30-16:30=, modifying the first time
   also shifts the second, shifting the time block with constant
   length.  To change the length, modify the second time.  Note that if
   point is in a headline and not at a timestamp, these same keys
   modify the priority of an item (see [[*Priorities]]).  The key bindings
   also conflict with shift-selection and related modes (see [[*Packages
   that conflict with Org mode]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-y)}}} (~org-evaluate-time-range~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-y
   #+findex: org-evaluate-time-range
   #+cindex: evaluate time range
   Evaluate a time range by computing the difference between start and
   end.  With a prefix argument, insert result after the time range (in
   a table: into the following column).
 
 *** The date/time prompt
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How Org mode helps you enter dates and times.
 :END:
 #+cindex: date, reading in minibuffer
 #+cindex: time, reading in minibuffer
 
 #+vindex: org-read-date-prefer-future
 When Org mode prompts for a date/time, the default is shown in default
 date/time format, and the prompt therefore seems to ask for a specific
 format.  But it in fact accepts date/time information in a variety of
 formats.  Generally, the information should start at the beginning of
 the string.  Org mode finds whatever information is in there and
 derives anything you have not specified from the /default date and
 time/.  The default is usually the current date and time, but when
 modifying an existing timestamp, or when entering the second stamp of
 a range, it is taken from the stamp in the buffer.  When filling in
 information, Org mode assumes that most of the time you want to enter
 a date in the future: if you omit the month/year and the given
 day/month is /before/ today, it assumes that you mean a future
 date[fn:61].  If the date has been automatically shifted into the
 future, the time prompt shows this with =(=>F)=.
 
 For example, let's assume that today is *June 13, 2006*.  Here is how
 various inputs are interpreted, the items filled in by Org mode are in
 *bold*.
 
 | =3-2-5=        | \rArr{} 2003-02-05                              |
 | =2/5/3=        | \rArr{} 2003-02-05                              |
 | =14=           | \rArr{} *2006*-*06*-14                          |
 | =12=           | \rArr{} *2006*-*07*-12                          |
 | =2/5=          | \rArr{} *2007*-02-05                            |
 | =Fri=          | \rArr{} nearest Friday (default date or later)  |
 | =sep 15=       | \rArr{} *2006*-09-15                            |
 | =feb 15=       | \rArr{} *2007*-02-15                            |
 | =sep 12 9=     | \rArr{} 2009-09-12                              |
 | =12:45=        | \rArr{} *2006*-*06*-*13* 12:45                  |
 | =22 sept 0:34= | \rArr{} *2006*-09-22 0:34                       |
 | =w4=           | \rArr{} ISO week for of the current year *2006* |
 | =2012 w4 fri=  | \rArr{} Friday of ISO week 4 in 2012            |
 | =2012-w04-5=   | \rArr{} Same as above                           |
 
 Furthermore you can specify a relative date by giving, as the /first/
 thing in the input: a plus/minus sign, a number and a letter---=h=,
 =d=, =w=, =m= or =y=---to indicate a change in hours, days, weeks,
 months, or years.  With =h= the date is relative to the current time,
 with the other letters and a single plus or minus, the date is
 relative to today at 00:00.  With a double plus or minus, it is
 relative to the default date.  If instead of a single letter, you use
 the abbreviation of day name, the date is the Nth such day, e.g.:
 
 | =+0=    | \rArr{} today                       |
 | =.=     | \rArr{} today                       |
 | =+2h=   | \rArr{} two hours from now          |
 | =+4d=   | \rArr{} four days from today        |
 | =+4=    | \rArr{} same as +4d                 |
 | =+2w=   | \rArr{} two weeks from today        |
 | =++5=   | \rArr{} five days from default date |
 | =+2tue= | \rArr{} second Tuesday from now     |
 
 #+vindex: parse-time-months
 #+vindex: parse-time-weekdays
 The function understands English month and weekday abbreviations.  If
 you want to use un-abbreviated names and/or other languages, configure
 the variables ~parse-time-months~ and ~parse-time-weekdays~.
 
 #+vindex: org-read-date-force-compatible-dates
 Not all dates can be represented in a given Emacs implementation.  By
 default Org mode forces dates into the compatibility range 1970--2037
 which works on all Emacs implementations.  If you want to use dates
 outside of this range, read the docstring of the variable
 ~org-read-date-force-compatible-dates~.
 
 You can specify a time range by giving start and end times or by
 giving a start time and a duration (in HH:MM format).  Use one or two
 dash(es) as the separator in the former case and use =+= as the
 separator in the latter case, e.g.:
 
 | =11am-1:15pm=  | \rArr{} 11:00-13:15   |
 | =11h-13h15=    | \rArr{} same as above |
 | =11am--1:15pm= | \rArr{} same as above |
 | =11am+2:15=    | \rArr{} same as above |
 
 #+cindex: calendar, for selecting date
 #+vindex: org-popup-calendar-for-date-prompt
 Parallel to the minibuffer prompt, a calendar is popped up[fn:62].
 When you exit the date prompt, either by clicking on a date in the
 calendar, or by pressing {{{kbd(RET)}}}, the date selected in the
 calendar is combined with the information entered at the prompt.  You
 can control the calendar fully from the minibuffer:
 
 #+kindex: <
 #+kindex: >
 #+kindex: M-v
 #+kindex: C-v
 #+kindex: mouse-1
 #+kindex: S-RIGHT
 #+kindex: S-LEFT
 #+kindex: S-DOWN
 #+kindex: S-UP
 #+kindex: M-S-RIGHT
 #+kindex: M-S-LEFT
 #+kindex: RET
 #+kindex: .
 #+kindex: C-.
 #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.25 0.55
 | {{{kbd(RET)}}}       | Choose date at point in calendar.      |
 | {{{kbd(mouse-1)}}}   | Select date by clicking on it.         |
 | {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}   | One day forward.                       |
 | {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}    | One day backward.                      |
 | {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}}    | One week forward.                      |
 | {{{kbd(S-UP)}}}      | One week backward.                     |
 | {{{kbd(M-S-RIGHT)}}} | One month forward.                     |
 | {{{kbd(M-S-LEFT)}}}  | One month backward.                    |
 | {{{kbd(>)}}}         | Scroll calendar forward by one month.  |
 | {{{kbd(<)}}}         | Scroll calendar backward by one month. |
 | {{{kbd(M-v)}}}       | Scroll calendar forward by 3 months.   |
 | {{{kbd(C-v)}}}       | Scroll calendar backward by 3 months.  |
 | {{{kbd(C-.)}}}       | Select today's date[fn:63]             |
 
 #+vindex: org-read-date-display-live
 The actions of the date/time prompt may seem complex, but I assure you
 they will grow on you, and you will start getting annoyed by pretty
 much any other way of entering a date/time out there.  To help you
 understand what is going on, the current interpretation of your input
 is displayed live in the minibuffer[fn:64].
 
 *** Custom time format
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Making dates look different.
 :END:
 #+cindex: custom date/time format
 #+cindex: time format, custom
 #+cindex: date format, custom
 
 #+vindex: org-display-custom-times
 #+vindex: org-time-stamp-custom-formats
 Org mode uses the standard ISO notation for dates and times as it is
 defined in ISO 8601.  If you cannot get used to this and require
 another representation of date and time to keep you happy, you can get
 it by customizing the variables ~org-display-custom-times~ and
 ~org-time-stamp-custom-formats~.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-t)}}} (~org-toggle-time-stamp-overlays~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-t
   #+findex: org-toggle-time-stamp-overlays
   Toggle the display of custom formats for dates and times.
 
 Org mode needs the default format for scanning, so the custom
 date/time format does not /replace/ the default format.  Instead, it
 is put /over/ the default format using text properties.  This has the
 following consequences:
 
 - You cannot place point onto a timestamp anymore, only before or
   after.
 
 - The {{{kbd(S-UP)}}} and {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} keys can no longer be used
   to adjust each component of a timestamp.  If point is at the
   beginning of the stamp, {{{kbd(S-UP)}}} and {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} change
   the stamp by one day, just like {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}
   {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}.  At the end of the stamp, change the time by one
   minute.
 
 - If the timestamp contains a range of clock times or a repeater,
   these are not overlaid, but remain in the buffer as they were.
 
 - When you delete a timestamp character-by-character, it only
   disappears from the buffer after /all/ (invisible) characters
   belonging to the ISO timestamp have been removed.
 
 - If the custom timestamp format is longer than the default and you
   are using dates in tables, table alignment will be messed up.  If
   the custom format is shorter, things do work as expected.
 
 ** Deadlines and Scheduling
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Planning your work.
 :END:
 
 A timestamp may be preceded by special keywords to facilitate
 planning.  Both the timestamp and the keyword have to be positioned
 immediately after the task they refer to.
 
 - =DEADLINE= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{DEADLINE} marker
   Meaning: the task---most likely a TODO item, though not
   necessarily---is supposed to be finished on that date.
 
   #+vindex: org-deadline-warning-days
   On the deadline date, the task is listed in the agenda.  In
   addition, the agenda for /today/ carries a warning about the
   approaching or missed deadline, starting ~org-deadline-warning-days~
   before the due date, and continuing until the entry is marked as
   done.  An example:
 
   #+begin_example
   ,*** TODO write article about the Earth for the Guide
       DEADLINE: <2004-02-29 Sun>
       The editor in charge is [[bbdb:Ford Prefect]]
   #+end_example
 
   #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-deadline-prewarning-if-scheduled
   You can specify a different lead time for warnings for a specific
   deadlines using the following syntax.  Here is an example with
   a warning period of 5 days =DEADLINE: <2004-02-29 Sun -5d>=.  This
   warning is deactivated if the task gets scheduled and you set
   ~org-agenda-skip-deadline-prewarning-if-scheduled~ to ~t~.
 
 - =SCHEDULED= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{SCHEDULED} marker
   Meaning: you are planning to start working on that task on the given
   date.
 
   #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-done
   The headline is listed under the given date[fn:65].  In addition,
   a reminder that the scheduled date has passed is present in the
   compilation for /today/, until the entry is marked as done, i.e.,
   the task is automatically forwarded until completed.
 
   #+begin_example
   ,*** TODO Call Trillian for a date on New Years Eve.
       SCHEDULED: <2004-12-25 Sat>
   #+end_example
 
   #+vindex: org-scheduled-delay-days
   #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-scheduled-delay-if-deadline
   If you want to /delay/ the display of this task in the agenda, use
   =SCHEDULED: <2004-12-25 Sat -2d>=: the task is still scheduled on
   the 25th but will appear two days later.  In case the task contains
   a repeater, the delay is considered to affect all occurrences; if
   you want the delay to only affect the first scheduled occurrence of
   the task, use =--2d= instead.  See ~org-scheduled-delay-days~ and
   ~org-agenda-skip-scheduled-delay-if-deadline~ for details on how to
   control this globally or per agenda.
 
   #+attr_texinfo: :tag Important
   #+begin_quote
   Scheduling an item in Org mode should /not/ be understood in the
   same way that we understand /scheduling a meeting/.  Setting a date
   for a meeting is just a simple appointment, you should mark this
   entry with a simple plain timestamp, to get this item shown on the
   date where it applies.  This is a frequent misunderstanding by Org
   users.  In Org mode, /scheduling/ means setting a date when you want
   to start working on an action item.
   #+end_quote
 
 You may use timestamps with repeaters in scheduling and deadline
 entries.  Org mode issues early and late warnings based on the
 assumption that the timestamp represents the /nearest instance/ of the
 repeater.  However, the use of diary expression entries like
 
 : <%%(diary-float t 42)>
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 in scheduling and deadline timestamps is limited.  Org mode does not
 know enough about the internals of each function to issue early and
 late warnings.  However, it shows the item on each day where the
 expression entry matches.
 
 *** Inserting deadlines or schedules
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Planning items.
 :ALT_TITLE: Inserting deadline/schedule
 :END:
 
 The following commands allow you to quickly insert a deadline or to
 schedule an item:[fn:66]
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-d)}}} (~org-deadline~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-d
   #+findex: org-deadline
   #+vindex: org-log-redeadline
   Insert =DEADLINE= keyword along with a stamp.  The insertion happens
   in the line directly following the headline.  Remove any =CLOSED=
   timestamp .  When called with a prefix argument, also remove any
   existing deadline from the entry.  Depending on the variable
   ~org-log-redeadline~, take a note when changing an existing
   deadline[fn:67].
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-s)}}} (~org-schedule~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-s
   #+findex: org-schedule
   #+vindex: org-log-reschedule
   Insert =SCHEDULED= keyword along with a stamp.  The insertion
   happens in the line directly following the headline.  Remove any
   =CLOSED= timestamp.  When called with a prefix argument, also remove
   the scheduling date from the entry.  Depending on the variable
   ~org-log-reschedule~, take a note when changing an existing
   scheduling time[fn:68].
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c / d)}}} (~org-check-deadlines~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c / d
   #+findex: org-check-deadlines
   #+cindex: sparse tree, for deadlines
   #+vindex: org-deadline-warning-days
   Create a sparse tree with all deadlines that are either past-due, or
   which will become due within ~org-deadline-warning-days~.  With
   {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, show all deadlines in the file.  With
   a numeric prefix, check that many days.  For example, {{{kbd(C-1 C-c
   / d)}}} shows all deadlines due tomorrow.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c / b)}}} (~org-check-before-date~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c / b
   #+findex: org-check-before-date
   Sparse tree for deadlines and scheduled items before a given date.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c / a)}}} (~org-check-after-date~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c / a
   #+findex: org-check-after-date
   Sparse tree for deadlines and scheduled items after a given date.
 
 Note that ~org-schedule~ and ~org-deadline~ supports setting the date
 by indicating a relative time e.g., =+1d= sets the date to the next
 day after today, and =--1w= sets the date to the previous week before
 any current timestamp.
 
 *** Repeated tasks
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Items that show up again and again.
 :END:
 #+cindex: tasks, repeated
 #+cindex: repeated tasks
 
 Some tasks need to be repeated again and again.  Org mode helps to
 organize such tasks using a so-called repeater in a =DEADLINE=,
 =SCHEDULED=, or plain timestamps[fn:69].  In the following example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,** TODO Pay the rent
    DEADLINE: <2005-10-01 Sat +1m>
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 the =+1m= is a repeater; the intended interpretation is that the task
 has a deadline on =<2005-10-01>= and repeats itself every (one) month
 starting from that time.  You can use yearly, monthly, weekly, daily
 and hourly repeat cookies by using the =y=, =m=, =w=, =d= and =h=
 letters.  If you need both a repeater and a special warning period in
 a deadline entry, the repeater should come first and the warning
 period last
 
 : DEADLINE: <2005-10-01 Sat +1m -3d>
 
 #+vindex: org-todo-repeat-to-state
 Deadlines and scheduled items produce entries in the agenda when they
 are over-due, so it is important to be able to mark such an entry as
 done once you have done so.  When you mark a =DEADLINE= or
 a =SCHEDULED= with the TODO keyword =DONE=, it no longer produces
 entries in the agenda.  The problem with this is, however, is that
 then also the /next/ instance of the repeated entry will not be
 active.  Org mode deals with this in the following way: when you try
 to mark such an entry as done, using {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}}, it shifts the
 base date of the repeating timestamp by the repeater interval, and
 immediately sets the entry state back to TODO[fn:70].  In the example
 above, setting the state to =DONE= would actually switch the date like
 this:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,** TODO Pay the rent
    DEADLINE: <2005-11-01 Tue +1m>
 #+end_example
 
 To mark a task with a repeater as DONE, use {{{kbd(C-- 1 C-c C-t)}}},
 i.e., ~org-todo~ with a numeric prefix argument of =-1=.
 
 #+vindex: org-log-repeat
 A timestamp[fn:71] is added under the deadline, to keep a record that
 you actually acted on the previous instance of this deadline.
 
 As a consequence of shifting the base date, this entry is no longer
 visible in the agenda when checking past dates, but all future
 instances will be visible.
 
 With the =+1m= cookie, the date shift is always exactly one month.  So
 if you have not paid the rent for three months, marking this entry
 DONE still keeps it as an overdue deadline.  Depending on the task,
 this may not be the best way to handle it.  For example, if you forgot
 to call your father for 3 weeks, it does not make sense to call him
 3 times in a single day to make up for it.  Finally, there are tasks,
 like changing batteries, which should always repeat a certain time
 /after/ the last time you did it.  For these tasks, Org mode has
 special repeaters =++= and =.+=.  For example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,** TODO Call Father
    DEADLINE: <2008-02-10 Sun ++1w>
    Marking this DONE shifts the date by at least one week, but also
    by as many weeks as it takes to get this date into the future.
    However, it stays on a Sunday, even if you called and marked it
    done on Saturday.
 
 ,** TODO Empty kitchen trash
    DEADLINE: <2008-02-08 Fri 20:00 ++1d>
    Marking this DONE shifts the date by at least one day, and also
    by as many days as it takes to get the timestamp into the future.
    Since there is a time in the timestamp, the next deadline in the
    future will be on today's date if you complete the task before
    20:00.
 
 ,** TODO Check the batteries in the smoke detectors
    DEADLINE: <2005-11-01 Tue .+1m>
    Marking this DONE shifts the date to one month after today.
 
 ,** TODO Wash my hands
    DEADLINE: <2019-04-05 08:00 Sun .+1h>
    Marking this DONE shifts the date to exactly one hour from now.
 #+end_example
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-deadline-is-shown
 You may have both scheduling and deadline information for a specific
 task.  If the repeater is set for the scheduling information only, you
 probably want the repeater to be ignored after the deadline.  If so,
 set the variable ~org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-deadline-is-shown~ to
 ~repeated-after-deadline~.  However, any scheduling information
 without a repeater is no longer relevant once the task is done, and
 thus, removed upon repeating the task.  If you want both scheduling
 and deadline information to repeat after the same interval, set the
 same repeater for both timestamps.
 
 An alternative to using a repeater is to create a number of copies of
 a task subtree, with dates shifted in each copy.  The command
 {{{kbd(C-c C-x c)}}} was created for this purpose; it is described in
 [[*Structure Editing]].
 
 ** Clocking Work Time
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Tracking how long you spend on a task.
 :END:
 #+cindex: clocking time
 #+cindex: time clocking
 
 Org mode allows you to clock the time you spend on specific tasks in
 a project.  When you start working on an item, you can start the
 clock.  When you stop working on that task, or when you mark the task
 done, the clock is stopped and the corresponding time interval is
 recorded.  It also computes the total time spent on each
 subtree[fn:72] of a project.  And it remembers a history or tasks
 recently clocked, so that you can jump quickly between a number of
 tasks absorbing your time.
 
 To save the clock history across Emacs sessions, use:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-clock-persist 'history)
 (org-clock-persistence-insinuate)
 #+end_src
 
 #+vindex: org-clock-persist
 When you clock into a new task after resuming Emacs, the incomplete
 clock[fn:73] is retrieved (see [[*Resolving idle time]]) and you are
 prompted about what to do with it.
 
 *** Clocking commands
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Starting and stopping a clock.
 :END:
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-i)}}} (~org-clock-in~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-i
   #+findex: org-clock-in
   #+vindex: org-clock-into-drawer
   #+vindex: org-clock-continuously
   #+cindex: @samp{LOG_INTO_DRAWER}, property
   Start the clock on the current item (clock-in).  This inserts the
   =CLOCK= keyword together with a timestamp.  If this is not the first
   clocking of this item, the multiple =CLOCK= lines are wrapped into
   a =LOGBOOK= drawer (see also the variable ~org-clock-into-drawer~).
   You can also overrule the setting of this variable for a subtree by
   setting a =CLOCK_INTO_DRAWER= or =LOG_INTO_DRAWER= property.  When
   called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument, select the task from
   a list of recently clocked tasks.  With two {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}}
   prefixes, clock into the task at point and mark it as the default
   task; the default task is always be available with letter
   {{{kbd(d)}}} when selecting a clocking task.  With three {{{kbd(C-u
   C-u C-u)}}} prefixes, force continuous clocking by starting the
   clock when the last clock stopped.
 
   #+cindex: @samp{CLOCK_MODELINE_TOTAL}, property
   #+cindex: @samp{LAST_REPEAT}, property
   #+vindex: org-clock-mode-line-total
   #+vindex: org-clock-in-prepare-hook
   While the clock is running, Org shows the current clocking time in
   the mode line, along with the title of the task.  The clock time
   shown is all time ever clocked for this task and its children.  If
   the task has an effort estimate (see [[*Effort Estimates]]), the mode
   line displays the current clocking time against it[fn:74].  If the
   task is a repeating one (see [[*Repeated tasks]]), show only the time
   since the last reset of the task[fn:75].  You can exercise more
   control over show time with the =CLOCK_MODELINE_TOTAL= property.  It
   may have the values =current= to show only the current clocking
   instance, =today= to show all time clocked on this tasks today---see
   also the variable ~org-extend-today-until~, ~all~ to include all
   time, or ~auto~ which is the default[fn:76].  Clicking with
   {{{kbd(mouse-1)}}} onto the mode line entry pops up a menu with
   clocking options.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-o)}}} (~org-clock-out~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-o
   #+findex: org-clock-out
   #+vindex: org-log-note-clock-out
   Stop the clock (clock-out).  This inserts another timestamp at the
   same location where the clock was last started.  It also directly
   computes the resulting time in inserts it after the time range as
   ==>HH:MM=.  See the variable ~org-log-note-clock-out~ for the
   possibility to record an additional note together with the clock-out
   timestamp[fn:77].
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-x)}}} (~org-clock-in-last~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-x
   #+findex: org-clock-in-last
   #+vindex: org-clock-continuously
   Re-clock the last clocked task.  With one {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix
   argument, select the task from the clock history.  With two
   {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefixes, force continuous clocking by starting the
   clock when the last clock stopped.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-e)}}} (~org-clock-modify-effort-estimate~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-e
   #+findex: org-clock-modify-effort-estimate
   Update the effort estimate for the current clock task.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-y)}}} (~org-evaluate-time-range~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c
   #+kindex: C-c C-y
   #+findex: org-evaluate-time-range
   Recompute the time interval after changing one of the timestamps.
   This is only necessary if you edit the timestamps directly.  If you
   change them with {{{kbd(S-<cursor>)}}} keys, the update is
   automatic.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-S-UP)}}} (~org-clock-timestamps-up~), {{{kbd(C-S-DOWN)}}} (~org-clock-timestamps-down~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-S-UP
   #+findex: org-clock-timestamps-up
   #+kindex: C-S-DOWN
   #+findex: org-clock-timestamps-down
   On CLOCK log lines, increase/decrease both timestamps so that the
   clock duration keeps the same value.
 
 - {{{kbd(S-M-UP)}}} (~org-timestamp-up~), {{{kbd(S-M-DOWN)}}} (~org-timestamp-down~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-M-UP
   #+findex: org-clock-timestamp-up
   #+kindex: S-M-DOWN
   #+findex: org-clock-timestamp-down
   On =CLOCK= log lines, increase/decrease the timestamp at point and
   the one of the previous, or the next, clock timestamp by the same
   duration.  For example, if you hit {{{kbd(S-M-UP)}}} to increase
   a clocked-out timestamp by five minutes, then the clocked-in
   timestamp of the next clock is increased by five minutes.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} (~org-todo~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-t
   #+findex: org-todo
   Changing the TODO state of an item to DONE automatically stops the
   clock if it is running in this same item.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-q)}}} (~org-clock-cancel~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-q
   #+findex: org-clock-cancel
   Cancel the current clock.  This is useful if a clock was started by
   mistake, or if you ended up working on something else.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-j)}}} (~org-clock-goto~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-j
   #+findex: or-clock-goto
   Jump to the headline of the currently clocked in task.  With
   a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument, select the target task from a list
   of recently clocked tasks.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-d)}}} (~org-clock-display~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-d
   #+findex: org-clock-display
   #+vindex: org-remove-highlights-with-change
   Display time summaries for each subtree in the current buffer.  This
   puts overlays at the end of each headline, showing the total time
   recorded under that heading, including the time of any subheadings.
   You can use visibility cycling to study the tree, but the overlays
   disappear when you change the buffer (see variable
   ~org-remove-highlights-with-change~) or press {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}}.
 
 The {{{kbd(l)}}} key may be used in the agenda (see [[*Weekly/daily
 agenda]]) to show which tasks have been worked on or closed during
 a day.
 
 *Important:* note that both ~org-clock-out~ and ~org-clock-in-last~
 can have a global keybinding and do not modify the window disposition.
 
 *** The clock table
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Detailed reports.
 :END:
 #+cindex: clocktable, dynamic block
 #+cindex: report, of clocked time
 
 Org mode can produce quite complex reports based on the time clocking
 information.  Such a report is called a /clock table/, because it is
 formatted as one or several Org tables.
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - ~org-clock-report~ ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x x
   #+findex: org-clock-report
   Insert or update a clock table.  When called with a prefix argument,
   jump to the first clock table in the current document and update it.
   The clock table includes archived trees.
 
   This command can be invoked by calling
   ~org-dynamic-block-insert-dblock~ ({{{kbd(C-c C-x x)}}}) and
   selecting "clocktable" (see [[*Dynamic Blocks]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-u)}}} (~org-dblock-update~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-u
   #+findex: org-dblock-update
   Update dynamic block at point.  Point needs to be in the =BEGIN=
   line of the dynamic block.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-x C-u)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-c C-x C-u
   Update all dynamic blocks (see [[*Dynamic Blocks]]).  This is useful if
   you have several clock table blocks in a buffer.
 
 - {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-clocktable-try-shift~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-LEFT
   #+kindex: S-RIGHT
   #+findex: org-clocktable-try-shift
   Shift the current =:block= interval and update the table.  Point
   needs to be in the =#+BEGIN: clocktable= line for this command.  If
   =:block= is =today=, it is shifted to =today-1=, etc.
 
 Here is an example of the frame for a clock table as it is inserted
 into the buffer by ~org-clock-report~:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{BEGIN clocktable}
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN: clocktable :maxlevel 2 :emphasize nil :scope file
 ,#+END: clocktable
 #+end_example
 
 #+vindex: org-clocktable-defaults
 The =#+BEGIN= line contains options to define the scope, structure,
 and formatting of the report.  Defaults for all these options can be
 configured in the variable ~org-clocktable-defaults~.
 
 First there are options that determine which clock entries are to
 be selected:
 
 - =:maxlevel= ::
 
   Maximum level depth to which times are listed in the table.  Clocks
   at deeper levels are summed into the upper level.
 
 - =:scope= ::
 
   The scope to consider.  This can be any of the following:
 
   | =nil=                  | the current buffer or narrowed region                               |
   | =file=                 | the full current buffer                                             |
   | =subtree=              | the subtree where the clocktable is located                         |
   | =treeN=                | the surrounding level N tree, for example =tree3=                   |
   | =tree=                 | the surrounding level 1 tree                                        |
   | =agenda=               | all agenda files                                                    |
   | =("file" ...)=         | scan these files                                                    |
   | =FUNCTION=             | scan files returned by calling {{{var(FUNCTION)}}} with no argument |
   | =file-with-archives=   | current file and its archives                                       |
   | =agenda-with-archives= | all agenda files, including archives                                |
 
 - =:block= ::
 
   The time block to consider.  This block is specified either
   absolutely, or relative to the current time and may be any of these
   formats:
 
   | =2007-12-31=                            | New year eve 2007     |
   | =2007-12=                               | December 2007         |
   | =2007-W50=                              | ISO-week 50 in 2007   |
   | =2007-Q2=                               | 2nd quarter in 2007   |
   | =2007=                                  | the year 2007         |
   | =today=, =yesterday=, =today-N=         | a relative day        |
   | =thisweek=, =lastweek=, =thisweek-N=    | a relative week       |
   | =thismonth=, =lastmonth=, =thismonth-N= | a relative month      |
   | =thisyear=, =lastyear=, =thisyear-N=    | a relative year       |
   | =untilnow=[fn:78]                       | all clocked time ever |
 
   #+vindex: org-clock-display-default-range
   When this option is not set, Org falls back to the value in
   ~org-clock-display-default-range~, which defaults to the current
   year.
 
   Use {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} or {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} to shift the time
   interval.
 
 - =:tstart= ::
 
   A time string specifying when to start considering times.  Relative
   times like ="<-2w>"= can also be used.  See [[*Matching tags and
   properties]] for relative time syntax.
 
 - =:tend= ::
 
   A time string specifying when to stop considering times.  Relative
   times like ="<now>"= can also be used.  See [[*Matching tags and
   properties]] for relative time syntax.
 
 - =:wstart= ::
 
   The starting day of the week.  The default is 1 for Monday.
 
 - =:mstart= ::
 
   The starting day of the month.  The default is 1 for the first.
 
 - =:step= ::
 
   Set to =day=, =week=, =semimonth=, =month=, or =year= to split the
   table into chunks.  To use this, either =:block=, or =:tstart= and
   =:tend= are required.
 
 - =:stepskip0= ::
 
   When non-~nil~, do not show steps that have zero time.
 
 - =:fileskip0= ::
 
   When non-~nil~, do not show table sections from files which did not
   contribute.
 
 - =:match= ::
 
   A tags match to select entries that should contribute.  See
   [[*Matching tags and properties]] for the match syntax.
 
 #+findex: org-clocktable-write-default
 Then there are options that determine the formatting of the table.
 There options are interpreted by the function
 ~org-clocktable-write-default~, but you can specify your own function
 using the =:formatter= parameter.
 
 - =:emphasize= ::
 
   When non-~nil~, emphasize level one and level two items.
 
 - =:lang= ::
 
   Language[fn:79] to use for descriptive cells like "Task".
 
 - =:link= ::
 
   Link the item headlines in the table to their origins.
 
 - =:narrow= ::
 
   An integer to limit the width of the headline column in the Org
   table.  If you write it like =50!=, then the headline is also
   shortened in export.
 
 - =:indent= ::
 
   Indent each headline field according to its level.
 
 - =:hidefiles= ::
 
   Hide the file column when multiple files are used to produce the
   table.
 
 - =:tcolumns= ::
 
   Number of columns to be used for times.  If this is smaller than
   =:maxlevel=, lower levels are lumped into one column.
 
 - =:level= ::
 
   Should a level number column be included?
 
 - =:sort= ::
 
   A cons cell containing the column to sort and a sorting type.  E.g.,
   =:sort (1 . ?a)= sorts the first column alphabetically.
 
 - =:compact= ::
 
   Abbreviation for =:level nil :indent t :narrow 40! :tcolumns 1=.
   All are overwritten except if there is an explicit =:narrow=.
 
 - =:timestamp= ::
 
   A timestamp for the entry, when available.  Look for =SCHEDULED=,
   =DEADLINE=, =TIMESTAMP= and =TIMESTAMP_IA= special properties (see
   [[*Special Properties]]), in this order.
 
 - =:tags= ::
 
   When this flag is non-~nil~, show the headline's tags.
 
 - =:properties= ::
 
   List of properties shown in the table.  Each property gets its own
   column.
 
 - =:inherit-props= ::
 
   When this flag is non-~nil~, the values for =:properties= are
   inherited.
 
 - =:formula= ::
 
   Content of a =TBLFM= keyword to be added and evaluated.  As
   a special case, =:formula %= adds a column with % time.  If you do
   not specify a formula here, any existing formula below the clock
   table survives updates and is evaluated.
 
 - =:formatter= ::
 
   A function to format clock data and insert it into the buffer.
 
 To get a clock summary of the current level 1 tree, for the current
 day, you could write:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN: clocktable :maxlevel 2 :block today :scope tree1 :link t
 ,#+END: clocktable
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 To use a specific time range you could write[fn:80]
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN: clocktable :tstart "<2006-08-10 Thu 10:00>"
                     :tend "<2006-08-10 Thu 12:00>"
 ,#+END: clocktable
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 A range starting a week ago and ending right now could be written as
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN: clocktable :tstart "<-1w>" :tend "<now>"
 ,#+END: clocktable
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 A summary of the current subtree with % times would be
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN: clocktable :scope subtree :link t :formula %
 ,#+END: clocktable
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 A horizontally compact representation of everything clocked during
 last week would be
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN: clocktable :scope agenda :block lastweek :compact t
 ,#+END: clocktable
 #+end_example
 
 *** Resolving idle time and continuous clocking
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Resolving time when you've been idle.
 :ALT_TITLE: Resolving idle time
 :END:
 
 **** Resolving idle time
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: resolve idle time
 #+cindex: idle, resolve, dangling
 
 If you clock in on a work item, and then walk away from your
 computer---perhaps to take a phone call---you often need to
 "resolve" the time you were away by either subtracting it from the
 current clock, or applying it to another one.
 
 #+vindex: org-clock-idle-time
 #+vindex: org-clock-x11idle-program-name
 By customizing the variable ~org-clock-idle-time~ to some integer,
 such as 10 or 15, Emacs can alert you when you get back to your
 computer after being idle for that many minutes[fn:81], and ask what
 you want to do with the idle time.  There will be a question waiting
 for you when you get back, indicating how much idle time has passed
 constantly updated with the current amount, as well as a set of
 choices to correct the discrepancy:
 
 - {{{kbd(k)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: k
   To keep some or all of the minutes and stay clocked in, press
   {{{kbd(k)}}}.  Org asks how many of the minutes to keep.  Press
   {{{kbd(RET)}}} to keep them all, effectively changing nothing, or
   enter a number to keep that many minutes.
 
 - {{{kbd(K)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: K
   If you use the shift key and press {{{kbd(K)}}}, it keeps however
   many minutes you request and then immediately clock out of that
   task.  If you keep all of the minutes, this is the same as just
   clocking out of the current task.
 
 - {{{kbd(s)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: s
   To keep none of the minutes, use {{{kbd(s)}}} to subtract all the
   away time from the clock, and then check back in from the moment you
   returned.
 
 - {{{kbd(S)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: S
   To keep none of the minutes and just clock out at the start of the
   away time, use the shift key and press {{{kbd(S)}}}.  Remember that
   using shift always leave you clocked out, no matter which option you
   choose.
 
 - {{{kbd(C)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C
   To cancel the clock altogether, use {{{kbd(C)}}}.  Note that if
   instead of canceling you subtract the away time, and the resulting
   clock amount is less than a minute, the clock is still canceled
   rather than cluttering up the log with an empty entry.
 
 What if you subtracted those away minutes from the current clock, and
 now want to apply them to a new clock?  Simply clock in to any task
 immediately after the subtraction.  Org will notice that you have
 subtracted time "on the books", so to speak, and will ask if you want
 to apply those minutes to the next task you clock in on.
 
 There is one other instance when this clock resolution magic occurs.
 Say you were clocked in and hacking away, and suddenly your cat chased
 a mouse who scared a hamster that crashed into your UPS's power
 button!  You suddenly lose all your buffers, but thanks to auto-save
 you still have your recent Org mode changes, including your last clock
 in.
 
 If you restart Emacs and clock into any task, Org will notice that you
 have a dangling clock which was never clocked out from your last
 session.  Using that clock's starting time as the beginning of the
 unaccounted-for period, Org will ask how you want to resolve that
 time.  The logic and behavior is identical to dealing with away time
 due to idleness; it is just happening due to a recovery event rather
 than a set amount of idle time.
 
 You can also check all the files visited by your Org agenda for
 dangling clocks at any time using {{{kbd(M-x org-resolve-clocks
 RET)}}} (or {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-z)}}}).
 
 **** Continuous clocking
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: continuous clocking
 
 #+vindex: org-clock-continuously
 You may want to start clocking from the time when you clocked out the
 previous task.  To enable this systematically, set
 ~org-clock-continuously~ to non-~nil~.  Each time you clock in, Org
 retrieves the clock-out time of the last clocked entry for this
 session, and start the new clock from there.
 
 If you only want this from time to time, use three universal prefix
 arguments with ~org-clock-in~ and two {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}} with
 ~org-clock-in-last~.
 
 **** Clocking out automatically after some idle time
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: auto clocking out after idle time
 
 #+vindex: org-clock-auto-clockout-timer
 When you often forget to clock out before being idle and you don't
 want to manually set the clocking time to take into account, you can
 set ~org-clock-auto-clockout-timer~ to a number of seconds and add
 =(org-clock-auto-clockout-insinuate)= to your =.emacs= file.
 
 When the clock is running and Emacs is idle for more than this number
 of seconds, the clock will be clocked out automatically.
 
 Use =M-x org-clock-toggle-auto-clockout RET= to temporarily turn this
 on or off.
 
 ** Effort Estimates
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Planning work effort in advance.
 :END:
 #+cindex: effort estimates
 #+cindex: @samp{EFFORT}, property
 #+vindex: org-effort-property
 
 If you want to plan your work in a very detailed way, or if you need
 to produce offers with quotations of the estimated work effort, you
 may want to assign effort estimates to entries.  If you are also
 clocking your work, you may later want to compare the planned effort
 with the actual working time, a great way to improve planning
 estimates.
 
 Effort estimates are stored in a special property =EFFORT=.  Multiple
 formats are supported, such as =3:12=, =1:23:45=, or =1d3h5min=; see
 the file =org-duration.el= for more detailed information about the
 format.
 
 You can set the effort for an entry with the following commands:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x e)}}}  (~org-set-effort~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x e
   #+findex: org-set-effort
   Set the effort estimate for the current entry.  With a prefix
   argument, set it to the next allowed value---see below.  This
   command is also accessible from the agenda with the {{{kbd(e)}}}
   key.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-e)}}} (~org-clock-modify-effort-estimate~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-e
   #+findex: org-clock-modify-effort-estimate
   Modify the effort estimate of the item currently being clocked.
 
 Clearly the best way to work with effort estimates is through column
 view (see [[*Column View]]).  You should start by setting up discrete
 values for effort estimates, and a =COLUMNS= format that displays
 these values together with clock sums---if you want to clock your
 time.  For a specific buffer you can use:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+PROPERTY: Effort_ALL 0 0:10 0:30 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00
 ,#+COLUMNS: %40ITEM(Task) %17Effort(Estimated Effort){:} %CLOCKSUM
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 #+vindex: org-global-properties
 #+vindex: org-columns-default-format
 or, even better, you can set up these values globally by customizing
 the variables ~org-global-properties~ and
 ~org-columns-default-format~.  In particular if you want to use this
 setup also in the agenda, a global setup may be advised.
 
 The way to assign estimates to individual items is then to switch to
 column mode, and to use {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} and {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} to
 change the value.  The values you enter are immediately summed up in
 the hierarchy.  In the column next to it, any clocked time is
 displayed.
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-columns-add-appointments-to-effort-sum
 If you switch to column view in the daily/weekly agenda, the effort
 column summarizes the estimated work effort for each day[fn:82], and
 you can use this to find space in your schedule.  To get an overview
 of the entire part of the day that is committed, you can set the
 option ~org-agenda-columns-add-appointments-to-effort-sum~.  The
 appointments on a day that take place over a specified time interval
 are then also added to the load estimate of the day.
 
 Effort estimates can be used in secondary agenda filtering that is
 triggered with the {{{kbd(/)}}} key in the agenda (see [[*Commands in
 the Agenda Buffer]]).  If you have these estimates defined consistently,
 two or three key presses narrow down the list to stuff that fits into
 an available time slot.
 
 ** Taking Notes with a Relative Timer
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Notes with a running timer.
 :ALT_TITLE: Timers
 :END:
 #+cindex: relative timer
 #+cindex: countdown timer
 
 Org provides two types of timers.  There is a relative timer that
 counts up, which can be useful when taking notes during, for example,
 a meeting or a video viewing.  There is also a countdown timer.
 
 The relative and countdown are started with separate commands.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x 0)}}} (~org-timer-start~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x 0
   #+findex: org-timer-start
   Start or reset the relative timer.  By default, the timer is set
   to 0.  When called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, prompt the user for
   a starting offset.  If there is a timer string at point, this is
   taken as the default, providing a convenient way to restart taking
   notes after a break in the process.  When called with a double
   prefix argument {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}}, change all timer strings in the
   active region by a certain amount.  This can be used to fix timer
   strings if the timer was not started at exactly the right moment.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x ;)}}} (~org-timer-set-timer~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x ;
   #+findex: org-timer-set-timer
   #+vindex: org-timer-default-timer
   Start a countdown timer.  The user is prompted for a duration.
   ~org-timer-default-timer~ sets the default countdown value.  Giving
   a numeric prefix argument overrides this default value.  This
   command is available as {{{kbd(;)}}} in agenda buffers.
 
 Once started, relative and countdown timers are controlled with the
 same commands.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x .)}}} (~org-timer~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x .
   #+findex: org-timer
   Insert a relative time into the buffer.  The first time you use
   this, the timer starts.  Using a prefix argument restarts it.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x -)}}} (~org-timer-item~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x -
   #+findex: org-timer-item
   Insert a description list item with the current relative time.  With
   a prefix argument, first reset the timer to 0.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-RET)}}} (~org-insert-heading~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-RET
   #+findex: org-insert-heading
   Once the timer list is started, you can also use {{{kbd(M-RET)}}} to
   insert new timer items.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x \,)}}} (~org-timer-pause-or-continue~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x ,
   #+findex: org-timer-pause-or-continue
   Pause the timer, or continue it if it is already paused.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x _)}}} (~org-timer-stop~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x _
   #+findex: org-timer-stop
   Stop the timer.  After this, you can only start a new timer, not
   continue the old one.  This command also removes the timer from the
   mode line.
 
 * Refiling and Archiving
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Moving and copying information with ease.
 :END:
 #+cindex: refiling notes
 #+cindex: copying notes
 #+cindex: archiving
 
 Once information is in the system, it may need to be moved around.
 Org provides Refile, Copy and Archive commands for this.  Refile and
 Copy helps with moving and copying outlines.  Archiving helps to keep
 the system compact and fast.
 
 ** Refile and Copy
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Moving/copying a tree from one place to another.
 :END:
 #+cindex: refiling notes
 #+cindex: copying notes
 
 When reviewing the captured data, you may want to refile or to copy
 some of the entries into a different list, for example into a project.
 Cutting, finding the right location, and then pasting the note is
 cumbersome.  To simplify this process, you can use the following
 special command:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-w)}}} (~org-refile~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-w
   #+findex: org-refile
   #+vindex: org-reverse-note-order
   #+vindex: org-refile-targets
   #+vindex: org-refile-use-outline-path
   #+vindex: org-outline-path-complete-in-steps
   #+vindex: org-refile-allow-creating-parent-nodes
   #+vindex: org-log-refile
   Refile the entry or region at point.  This command offers possible
   locations for refiling the entry and lets you select one with
   completion.  The item (or all items in the region) is filed below
   the target heading as a subitem.  Depending on
   ~org-reverse-note-order~, it is either the first or last subitem.
 
   By default, all level 1 headlines in the current buffer are
   considered to be targets, but you can have more complex definitions
   across a number of files.  See the variable ~org-refile-targets~ for
   details.  If you would like to select a location via
   a file-path-like completion along the outline path, see the
   variables ~org-refile-use-outline-path~ and
   ~org-outline-path-complete-in-steps~.  If you would like to be able
   to create new nodes as new parents for refiling on the fly, check
   the variable ~org-refile-allow-creating-parent-nodes~.  When the
   variable ~org-log-refile~[fn:83] is set, a timestamp or a note is
   recorded whenever an entry is refiled.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-w)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-c C-w
   Use the refile interface to jump to a heading.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c C-w)}}} (~org-refile-goto-last-stored~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c C-w
   #+findex: org-refile-goto-last-stored
   Jump to the location where ~org-refile~ last moved a tree to.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-2 C-c C-w)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-2 C-c C-w
   Refile as the child of the item currently being clocked.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-3 C-c C-w)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-3 C-c C-w
   #+vindex: org-refile-keep
   Refile and keep the entry in place.  Also see ~org-refile-keep~ to
   make this the default behavior, and beware that this may result in
   duplicated =ID= properties.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-0 C-c C-w)}}} or {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-u C-c C-w)}}} (~org-refile-cache-clear~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-u C-u C-c C-w
   #+kindex: C-0 C-c C-w
   #+findex: org-refile-cache-clear
   #+vindex: org-refile-use-cache
   Clear the target cache.  Caching of refile targets can be turned on
   by setting ~org-refile-use-cache~.  To make the command see new
   possible targets, you have to clear the cache with this command.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c M-w)}}} (~org-refile-copy~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c M-w
   #+findex: org-refile-copy
   Copying works like refiling, except that the original note is not
   deleted.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-M-w)}}} (~org-refile-reverse~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-M-w
   #+findex: org-refile-reverse
   Works like refiling, except that it temporarily toggles how the
   value of ~org-reverse-note-order~ applies to the current buffer.  So
   if ~org-refile~ would append the entry as the last entry under the
   target header, ~org-refile-reverse~ will prepend it as the first
   entry, and vice-versa.
 
 ** Archiving
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: What to do with finished products.
 :END:
 #+cindex: archiving
 
 When a project represented by a (sub)tree is finished, you may want to
 move the tree out of the way and to stop it from contributing to the
 agenda.  Archiving is important to keep your working files compact and
 global searches like the construction of agenda views fast.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-a)}}} (~org-archive-subtree-default~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-a
   #+findex: org-archive-subtree-default
   #+vindex: org-archive-default-command
   Archive the current entry using the command specified in the
   variable ~org-archive-default-command~.
 
 *** Moving a tree to an archive file
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Moving a tree to an archive file.
 :ALT_TITLE: Moving subtrees
 :END:
 #+cindex: external archiving
 
 The most common archiving action is to move a project tree to another
 file, the archive file.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-s)}}} or short {{{kbd(C-c $)}}} (~org-archive-subtree~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-s
   #+kindex: C-c $
   #+findex: org-archive-subtree
   #+vindex: org-archive-location
   Archive the subtree starting at point position to the location given
   by ~org-archive-location~.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-x C-s)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-c C-x C-s
   Check if any direct children of the current headline could be moved
   to the archive.  To do this, check each subtree for open TODO
   entries.  If none is found, the command offers to move it to the
   archive location.  If point is /not/ on a headline when this command
   is invoked, check level 1 trees.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c C-x C-s)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c C-x C-s
   As above, but check subtree for timestamps instead of TODO entries.
   The command offers to archive the subtree if it /does/ contain
   a timestamp, and that timestamp is in the past.
 
 #+cindex: archive locations
 The default archive location is a file in the same directory as the
 current file, with the name derived by appending =_archive= to the
 current file name.  You can also choose what heading to file archived
 items under, with the possibility to add them to a datetree in a file.
 For information and examples on how to specify the file and the
 heading, see the documentation string of the variable
 ~org-archive-location~.
 
 There is also an in-buffer option for setting this variable, for
 example:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ARCHIVE}, keyword
 : #+ARCHIVE: %s_done::
 
 #+cindex: ARCHIVE, property
 If you would like to have a special archive location for a single
 entry or a (sub)tree, give the entry an =ARCHIVE= property with the
 location as the value (see [[*Properties and Columns]]).
 
 #+vindex: org-archive-save-context-info
 When a subtree is moved, it receives a number of special properties
 that record context information like the file from where the entry
 came, its outline path the archiving time etc.  Configure the variable
 ~org-archive-save-context-info~ to adjust the amount of information
 added.
 
 #+vindex: org-archive-subtree-save-file-p
 When ~org-archive-subtree-save-file-p~ is non-~nil~, save the target
 archive buffer.
 
 *** Internal archiving
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Switch off a tree but keep it in the file.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ARCHIVE}, tag
 If you want to just switch off---for agenda views---certain subtrees
 without moving them to a different file, you can use the =ARCHIVE=
 tag.
 
 A headline that is marked with the =ARCHIVE= tag (see [[*Tags]]) stays at
 its location in the outline tree, but behaves in the following way:
 
 -
   #+vindex: org-cycle-open-archived-trees
   It does not open when you attempt to do so with a visibility cycling
   command (see [[*Visibility Cycling]]).  You can force cycling archived
   subtrees with {{{kbd(C-TAB)}}}, or by setting the option
   ~org-cycle-open-archived-trees~.  Also normal outline commands, like
   ~outline-show-all~, open archived subtrees.
 
 -
   #+vindex: org-sparse-tree-open-archived-trees
   During sparse tree construction (see [[*Sparse Trees]]), matches in
   archived subtrees are not exposed, unless you configure the option
   ~org-sparse-tree-open-archived-trees~.
 
 -
   #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-archived-trees
   During agenda view construction (see [[*Agenda Views]]), the content of
   archived trees is ignored unless you configure the option
   ~org-agenda-skip-archived-trees~, in which case these trees are
   always included.  In the agenda you can press {{{kbd(v a)}}} to get
   archives temporarily included.
 
 -
   #+vindex: org-export-with-archived-trees
   Archived trees are not exported (see [[*Exporting]]), only the headline
   is.  Configure the details using the variable
   ~org-export-with-archived-trees~.
 
 -
   #+vindex: org-columns-skip-archived-trees
   Archived trees are excluded from column view unless the variable
   ~org-columns-skip-archived-trees~ is configured to ~nil~.
 
 The following commands help manage the =ARCHIVE= tag:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x a)}}} (~org-toggle-archive-tag~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x a
   #+findex: org-toggle-archive-tag
   Toggle the archive tag for the current headline.  When the tag is
   set, the headline changes to a shadowed face, and the subtree below
   it is hidden.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-x a)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-c C-x a
   Check if any direct children of the current headline should be
   archived.  To do this, check each subtree for open TODO entries.  If
   none is found, the command offers to set the =ARCHIVE= tag for the
   child.  If point is /not/ on a headline when this command is
   invoked, check the level 1 trees.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-TAB)}}} (~org-force-cycle-archived~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-TAB
   Cycle a tree even if it is tagged with =ARCHIVE=.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x A)}}} (~org-archive-to-archive-sibling~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x A
   #+findex: org-archive-to-archive-sibling
   Move the current entry to the /Archive Sibling/.  This is a sibling
   of the entry with the heading =Archive= and the archive tag.  The
   entry becomes a child of that sibling and in this way retains a lot
   of its original context, including inherited tags and approximate
   position in the outline.
 
 * Capture and Attachments
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Dealing with external data.
 :END:
 #+cindex: capture
 #+cindex: attachments
 #+cindex: RSS feeds
 #+cindex: Atom feeds
 #+cindex: protocols, for external access
 
 An important part of any organization system is the ability to quickly
 capture new ideas and tasks, and to associate reference material with
 them.  Org does this using a process called /capture/.  It also can
 store files related to a task (/attachments/) in a special directory.
 Finally, it can parse RSS feeds for information.  To learn how to let
 external programs (for example a web browser) trigger Org to capture
 material, see [[*Protocols for External Access]].
 
 ** Capture
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Capturing new stuff.
 :END:
 #+cindex: capture
 
 Capture lets you quickly store notes with little interruption of your
 work flow.  Org's method for capturing new items is heavily inspired
 by John Wiegley's excellent Remember package.
 
 *** Setting up capture
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Where notes will be stored.
 :END:
 
 The following customization sets a default target file for notes.
 
 #+vindex: org-default-notes-file
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-default-notes-file (concat org-directory "/notes.org"))
 #+end_src
 
 You may also define a global key for capturing new material (see
 [[*Activation]]).
 
 *** Using capture
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Commands to invoke and terminate capture.
 :END:
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-capture)}}} (~org-capture~) ::
 
   #+findex: org-capture
   #+cindex: date tree
   Display the capture templates menu.  If you have templates defined
   (see [[*Capture templates]]), it offers these templates for selection or
   use a new Org outline node as the default template.  It inserts the
   template into the target file and switch to an indirect buffer
   narrowed to this new node.  You may then insert the information you
   want.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-capture-finalize~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c @r{(Capture buffer)}
   #+findex: org-capture-finalize
   Once you have finished entering information into the capture buffer,
   {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} returns you to the window configuration before
   the capture process, so that you can resume your work without
   further distraction.  When called with a prefix argument, finalize
   and then jump to the captured item.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-w)}}} (~org-capture-refile~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-w @r{(Capture buffer)}
   #+findex: org-capture-refile
   Finalize the capture process by refiling the note to a different
   place (see [[*Refile and Copy]]).  Please realize that this is a normal
   refiling command that will be executed---so point position at the
   moment you run this command is important.  If you have inserted
   a tree with a parent and children, first move point back to the
   parent.  Any prefix argument given to this command is passed on to
   the ~org-refile~ command.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-k)}}} (~org-capture-kill~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-k @r{(Capture buffer)}
   #+findex: org-capture-kill
   Abort the capture process and return to the previous state.
 
 #+kindex: k c @r{(Agenda)}
 You can also call ~org-capture~ in a special way from the agenda,
 using the {{{kbd(k c)}}} key combination.  With this access, any
 timestamps inserted by the selected capture template defaults to the
 date at point in the agenda, rather than to the current date.
 
 To find the locations of the last stored capture, use ~org-capture~
 with prefix commands:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u M-x org-capture)}}} ::
 
   Visit the target location of a capture template.  You get to select
   the template in the usual way.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-u M-x org-capture)}}} ::
 
   Visit the last stored capture item in its buffer.
 
 #+vindex: org-capture-bookmark
 #+vindex: org-capture-last-stored
 You can also jump to the bookmark ~org-capture-last-stored~, which is
 automatically created unless you set ~org-capture-bookmark~ to ~nil~.
 
 To insert the capture at point in an Org buffer, call ~org-capture~
 with a {{{kbd(C-0)}}} prefix argument.
 
 *** Capture templates
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Define the outline of different note types.
 :END:
 #+cindex: templates, for Capture
 
 You can use templates for different types of capture items, and for
 different target locations.  The easiest way to create such templates
 is through the customize interface.
 
 - {{{kbd(C)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C @r{(Capture menu}
   #+vindex: org-capture-templates
   Customize the variable ~org-capture-templates~.
 
 Before we give the formal description of template definitions, let's
 look at an example.  Say you would like to use one template to create
 general TODO entries, and you want to put these entries under the
 heading =Tasks= in your file =~/org/gtd.org=.  Also, a date tree in
 the file =journal.org= should capture journal entries.  A possible
 configuration would look like:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-capture-templates
       '(("t" "Todo" entry (file+headline "~/org/gtd.org" "Tasks")
          "* TODO %?\n  %i\n  %a")
         ("j" "Journal" entry (file+datetree "~/org/journal.org")
          "* %?\nEntered on %U\n  %i\n  %a")))
 #+end_src
 
 If you then press {{{kbd(t)}}} from the capture menu, Org will prepare
 the template for you like this:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* TODO
   [[file:LINK TO WHERE YOU INITIATED CAPTURE]]
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 During expansion of the template, =%a= has been replaced by a link to
 the location from where you called the capture command.  This can be
 extremely useful for deriving tasks from emails, for example.  You
 fill in the task definition, press {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} and Org returns
 you to the same place where you started the capture process.
 
 To define special keys to capture to a particular template without
 going through the interactive template selection, you can create your
 key binding like this:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (define-key global-map (kbd "C-c x")
   (lambda () (interactive) (org-capture nil "x")))
 #+end_src
 
 **** Template elements
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: What is needed for a complete template entry.
 :END:
 
 Now lets look at the elements of a template definition.  Each entry in
 ~org-capture-templates~ is a list with the following items:
 
 - keys ::
 
   The keys that selects the template, as a string, characters only,
   for example ="a"=, for a template to be selected with a single key,
   or ="bt"= for selection with two keys.  When using several keys,
   keys using the same prefix key must be sequential in the list and
   preceded by a 2-element entry explaining the prefix key, for
   example:
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   ("b" "Templates for marking stuff to buy")
   #+end_src
 
   If you do not define a template for the {{{kbd(C)}}} key, this key
   opens the Customize buffer for this complex variable.
 
 - description ::
 
   A short string describing the template, shown during selection.
 
 - type ::
 
   The type of entry, a symbol.  Valid values are:
 
   - ~entry~ ::
 
     An Org mode node, with a headline.  Will be filed as the child of
     the target entry or as a top-level entry.  The target file should
     be an Org file.
 
   - ~item~ ::
 
     A plain list item, placed in the first plain list at the target
     location.  Again the target file should be an Org file.
 
   - ~checkitem~ ::
 
     A checkbox item.  This only differs from the plain list item by
     the default template.
 
   - ~table-line~ ::
 
     A new line in the first table at the target location.  Where
     exactly the line will be inserted depends on the properties
     ~:prepend~ and ~:table-line-pos~ (see below).
 
   - ~plain~ ::
 
     Text to be inserted as it is.
 
 - target ::
 
   #+vindex: org-default-notes-file
   #+vindex: org-directory
   Specification of where the captured item should be placed.  In Org
   files, targets usually define a node.  Entries will become children
   of this node.  Other types will be added to the table or list in the
   body of this node.  Most target specifications contain a file name.
   If that file name is the empty string, it defaults to
   ~org-default-notes-file~.  A file can also be given as a variable or
   as a function called with no argument.  When an absolute path is not
   specified for a target, it is taken as relative to ~org-directory~.
 
   Valid values are:
 
   - =(file "path/to/file")= ::
 
     Text will be placed at the beginning or end of that file.
 
   - =(id "id of existing org entry")= ::
 
     Filing as child of this entry, or in the body of the entry.
 
   - =(file+headline "filename" "node headline")= ::
 
     Fast configuration if the target heading is unique in the file.
 
   - =(file+olp "filename" "Level 1 heading" "Level 2" ...)= ::
 
     For non-unique headings, the full path is safer.
 
   - =(file+regexp "filename" "regexp to find location")= ::
 
     Use a regular expression to position point.
 
   - =(file+olp+datetree "filename" [ "Level 1 heading" ...])= ::
 
     This target[fn:84] creates a heading in a date tree[fn:85] for
     today's date.  If the optional outline path is given, the tree
     will be built under the node it is pointing to, instead of at top
     level.  Check out the ~:time-prompt~ and ~:tree-type~ properties
     below for additional options.
 
   - =(file+function "filename" function-finding-location)= ::
 
     A function to find the right location in the file.
 
   - =(clock)= ::
 
     File to the entry that is currently being clocked.
 
   - =(function function-finding-location)= ::
 
     Most general way: write your own function which both visits the
     file and moves point to the right location.
 
 - template ::
 
   The template for creating the capture item.  If you leave this
   empty, an appropriate default template will be used.  Otherwise this
   is a string with escape codes, which will be replaced depending on
   time and context of the capture call.  You may also get this
   template string from a file[fn:86], or dynamically, from a function
   using either syntax:
 
   : (file "/path/to/template-file")
   : (function FUNCTION-RETURNING-THE-TEMPLATE)
 
 - properties ::
 
   The rest of the entry is a property list of additional options.
   Recognized properties are:
 
   - ~:prepend~ ::
 
     Normally new captured information will be appended at the target
     location (last child, last table line, last list item, ...).
     Setting this property changes that.
 
   - ~:immediate-finish~ ::
 
     When set, do not offer to edit the information, just file it away
     immediately.  This makes sense if the template only needs
     information that can be added automatically.
 
   - ~:jump-to-captured~ ::
 
     When set, jump to the captured entry when finished.
 
   - ~:empty-lines~ ::
 
     Set this to the number of lines to insert before and after the new
     item.  Default 0, and the only other common value is 1.
 
   - ~:empty-lines-after~ ::
 
     Set this to the number of lines that should be inserted after the
     new item.  Overrides ~:empty-lines~ for the number of lines
     inserted after.
 
   - ~:empty-lines-before~ ::
 
     Set this to the number of lines that should be inserted before the
     new item.  Overrides ~:empty-lines~ for the number lines inserted
     before.
 
   - ~:clock-in~ ::
 
     Start the clock in this item.
 
   - ~:clock-keep~ ::
 
     Keep the clock running when filing the captured entry.
 
   - ~:clock-resume~ ::
 
     If starting the capture interrupted a clock, restart that clock
     when finished with the capture.  Note that ~:clock-keep~ has
     precedence over ~:clock-resume~.  When setting both to non-~nil~,
     the current clock will run and the previous one will not be
     resumed.
 
   - ~:time-prompt~ ::
 
     Prompt for a date/time to be used for date/week trees and when
     filling the template.  Without this property, capture uses the
     current date and time.  Even if this property has not been set,
     you can force the same behavior by calling ~org-capture~ with
     a {{{kbd(C-1)}}} prefix argument.
 
   - ~:tree-type~ ::
 
     Use ~week~ to make a week tree instead of the month-day tree,
     i.e., place the headings for each day under a heading with the
     current ISO week.  Use ~month~ to group entries by month
     only.  Default is to group entries by day.
 
   - ~:unnarrowed~ ::
 
     Do not narrow the target buffer, simply show the full buffer.
     Default is to narrow it so that you only see the new material.
 
   - ~:table-line-pos~ ::
 
     Specification of the location in the table where the new line
     should be inserted.  It should be a string like =II-3= meaning
     that the new line should become the third line before the second
     horizontal separator line.
 
   - ~:kill-buffer~ ::
 
     If the target file was not yet visited when capture was invoked,
     kill the buffer again after capture is completed.
 
   - ~:no-save~ ::
 
     Do not save the target file after finishing the capture.
 
   - ~:refile-targets :: Temporarily set ~org-refile-targets~ to the
     value of this property.
 
 **** Template expansion
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Filling in information about time and context.
 :END:
 
 In the template itself, special "%-escapes"[fn:87] allow dynamic
 insertion of content.  The templates are expanded in the order given
 here:
 
 - =%[FILE]= ::
 
   Insert the contents of the file given by {{{var(FILE)}}}.
 
 - =%(EXP)= ::
 
   Evaluate Elisp expression {{{var(EXP)}}} and replace it with the
   result.  The {{{var(EXP)}}} form must return a string.  Only
   placeholders pre-existing within the template, or introduced with
   =%[file]=, are expanded this way.  Since this happens after
   expanding non-interactive "%-escapes", those can be used to fill the
   expression.
 
 - =%<FORMAT>= ::
 
   The result of format-time-string on the {{{var(FORMAT)}}}
   specification.
 
 - =%t= ::
 
   Timestamp, date only.
 
 - =%T= ::
 
   Timestamp, with date and time.
 
 - =%u=, =%U= ::
 
   Like =%t=, =%T= above, but inactive timestamps.
 
 - =%i= ::
 
   Initial content, the region when capture is called while the region
   is active.  If there is text before =%i= on the same line, such as
   indentation, and =%i= is not inside a =%(exp)= form, that prefix is
   added before every line in the inserted text.
 
 - =%a= ::
 
   Annotation, normally the link created with ~org-store-link~.
 
 - =%A= ::
 
   Like =%a=, but prompt for the description part.
 
 - =%l= ::
 
   Like =%a=, but only insert the literal link.
 
 - =%L= ::
 
   Like =%l=, but without brackets (the link content itself).
 
 - =%c= ::
 
   Current kill ring head.
 
 - =%x= ::
 
   Content of the X clipboard.
 
 - =%k= ::
 
   Title of the currently clocked task.
 
 - =%K= ::
 
   Link to the currently clocked task.
 
 - =%n= ::
 
   User name (taken from ~user-full-name~).
 
 - =%f= ::
 
   File visited by current buffer when org-capture was called.
 
 - =%F= ::
 
   Full path of the file or directory visited by current buffer.
 
 - =%:keyword= ::
 
   Specific information for certain link types, see below.
 
 - =%^g= ::
 
   Prompt for tags, with completion on tags in target file.
 
 - =%^G= ::
 
   Prompt for tags, with completion all tags in all agenda files.
 
 - =%^t= ::
 
   Like =%t=, but prompt for date.  Similarly =%^T=, =%^u=, =%^U=.  You
   may define a prompt like =%^{Birthday}t=.
 
 - =%^C= ::
 
   Interactive selection of which kill or clip to use.
 
 - =%^L= ::
 
   Like =%^C=, but insert as link.
 
 - =%^{PROP}p= ::
 
   Prompt the user for a value for property {{{var(PROP)}}}.  You may
   specify a default value with =%^{PROP|default}=.
 
 - =%^{PROMPT}= ::
 
   Prompt the user for a string and replace this sequence with it.  You
   may specify a default value and a completion table with
   =%^{prompt|default|completion2|completion3...}=.  The arrow keys
   access a prompt-specific history.
 
 - =%\N= ::
 
   Insert the text entered at the {{{var(N)}}}th =%^{PROMPT}=, where
   {{{var(N)}}} is a number, starting from 1.
 
 - =%?= ::
 
   After completing the template, position point here.
 
 #+vindex: org-store-link-props
 For specific link types, the following keywords are defined[fn:88]:
 
 #+vindex: org-link-from-user-regexp
 | Link type    | Available keywords                                       |
 |--------------+----------------------------------------------------------|
 | bbdb         | =%:name=, =%:company=                                    |
 | irc          | =%:server=, =%:port=, =%:nick=                           |
 | mh, rmail    | =%:type=, =%:subject=, =%:message-id=                    |
 |              | =%:from=, =%:fromname=, =%:fromaddress=                  |
 |              | =%:to=, =%:toname=, =%:toaddress=                        |
 |              | =%:date= (message date header field)                     |
 |              | =%:date-timestamp= (date as active timestamp)            |
 |              | =%:date-timestamp-inactive= (date as inactive timestamp) |
 |              | =%:fromto= (either "to NAME" or "from NAME")[fn:89]      |
 | gnus         | =%:group=, for messages also all email fields            |
 | w3, w3m      | =%:url=                                                  |
 | info         | =%:file=, =%:node=                                       |
 | calendar     | =%:date=                                                 |
 | org-protocol | =%:link=, =%:description=, =%:annotation=                |
 
 **** Templates in contexts
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Only show a template in a specific context.
 :END:
 
 #+vindex: org-capture-templates-contexts
 To control whether a capture template should be accessible from
 a specific context, you can customize
 ~org-capture-templates-contexts~.  Let's say, for example, that you
 have a capture template "p" for storing Gnus emails containing
 patches.  Then you would configure this option like this:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-capture-templates-contexts
       '(("p" (in-mode . "message-mode"))))
 #+end_src
 
 You can also tell that the command key {{{kbd(p)}}} should refer to
 another template.  In that case, add this command key like this:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-capture-templates-contexts
       '(("p" "q" (in-mode . "message-mode"))))
 #+end_src
 
 See the docstring of the variable for more information.
 
 ** Attachments
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Attach files to outlines.
 :END:
 #+cindex: attachments
 
 It is often useful to associate reference material with an outline
 node.  Small chunks of plain text can simply be stored in the subtree
 of a project.  Hyperlinks (see [[*Hyperlinks]]) can establish associations
 with files that live elsewhere on a local, or even remote, computer,
 like emails or source code files belonging to a project.
 
 Another method is /attachments/, which are files located in a
 directory belonging to an outline node.  Org uses directories either
 named by a unique ID of each entry, or by a =DIR= property.
 
 *** Attachment defaults and dispatcher
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How to access attachment commands
 :END:
 
 By default, Org attach uses ID properties when adding attachments to
 outline nodes.  This makes working with attachments fully automated.
 There is no decision needed for folder-name or location.  ID-based
 directories are by default located in the =data/= directory, which
 lives in the same directory where your Org file lives[fn:90].
 
 When attachments are made using ~org-attach~ a default tag =ATTACH= is
 added to the node that gets the attachments.
 
 For more control over the setup, see [[*Attachment options]].
 
 The following commands deal with attachments:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-a)}}} (~org-attach~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-a
   #+findex: org-attach
   The dispatcher for commands related to the attachment system.  After
   these keys, a list of commands is displayed and you must press an
   additional key to select a command:
 
   - {{{kbd(a)}}} (~org-attach-attach~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c C-a a
     #+findex: org-attach-attach
     #+vindex: org-attach-method
     Select a file and move it into the task's attachment directory.
     The file is copied, moved, or linked, depending on
     ~org-attach-method~.  Note that hard links are not supported on
     all systems.
 
   - {{{kbd(c)}}}/{{{kbd(m)}}}/{{{kbd(l)}}} ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c C-a c
     #+kindex: C-c C-a m
     #+kindex: C-c C-a l
     Attach a file using the copy/move/link method.  Note that hard
     links are not supported on all systems.
 
   - {{{kbd(b)}}} (~org-attach-buffer~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c C-a b
     #+findex: org-attach-buffer
     Select a buffer and save it as a file in the task's attachment
     directory.
 
   - {{{kbd(n)}}} (~org-attach-new~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c C-a n
     #+findex: org-attach-new
     Create a new attachment as an Emacs buffer.
 
   - {{{kbd(z)}}} (~org-attach-sync~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c C-a z
     #+findex: org-attach-sync
     Synchronize the current task with its attachment directory, in
     case you added attachments yourself.
 
   - {{{kbd(o)}}} (~org-attach-open~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c C-a o
     #+findex: org-attach-open
     #+vindex: org-file-apps
     Open current task's attachment.  If there is more than one, prompt
     for a file name first.  Opening follows the rules set by
     ~org-file-apps~.  For more details, see the information on
     following hyperlinks (see [[*Handling Links]]).
 
   - {{{kbd(O)}}} (~org-attach-open-in-emacs~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c C-a O
     #+findex: org-attach-open-in-emacs
     Also open the attachment, but force opening the file in Emacs.
 
   - {{{kbd(f)}}} (~org-attach-reveal~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c C-a f
     #+findex: org-attach-reveal
     Open the current task's attachment directory.
 
   - {{{kbd(F)}}} (~org-attach-reveal-in-emacs~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c C-a F
     #+findex: org-attach-reveal-in-emacs
     Also open the directory, but force using Dired in Emacs.
 
   - {{{kbd(d)}}} (~org-attach-delete-one~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c C-a d
     Select and delete a single attachment.
 
   - {{{kbd(D)}}} (~org-attach-delete-all~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c C-a D
     Delete all of a task's attachments.  A safer way is to open the
     directory in Dired and delete from there.
 
   - {{{kbd(s)}}} (~org-attach-set-directory~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c C-a s
     #+cindex: @samp{DIR}, property
     Set a specific directory as the entry's attachment directory.
     This works by putting the directory path into the =DIR=
     property.
 
   - {{{kbd(S)}}} (~org-attach-unset-directory~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c C-a S
     #+cindex: @samp{DIR}, property
     Remove the attachment directory.  This command removes the =DIR=
     property and asks the user to either move content inside that
     folder, if an =ID= property is set, delete the content, or to
     leave the attachment directory as is but no longer attached to the
     outline node.
 
 *** Attachment options
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Configuring the attachment system
 :END:
 
 There are a couple of options for attachments that are worth
 mentioning.
 
 - ~org-attach-id-dir~ ::
   #+vindex: org-attach-id-dir
   The directory where attachments are stored when =ID= is used as
   method.
 
 - ~org-attach-dir-relative~ ::
   #+vindex: org-attach-dir-relative
   When setting the =DIR= property on a node using {{{kbd(C-c C-a s)}}}
   (~org-attach-set-directory~), absolute links are entered by default.
   This option changes that to relative links.
 
 - ~org-attach-use-inheritance~ ::
   #+vindex: org-attach-use-inheritance
   By default folders attached to an outline node are inherited from
   parents according to ~org-use-property-inheritance~.  If one instead
   want to set inheritance specifically for Org attach that can be done
   using ~org-attach-use-inheritance~.  Inheriting documents through
   the node hierarchy makes a lot of sense in most cases.  Especially
   when using attachment links (see [[*Attachment links]]).  The following
   example shows one use case for attachment inheritance:
 
   #+begin_example
   ,* Chapter A ...
     :PROPERTIES:
     :DIR: Chapter A/
     :END:
   ,** Introduction
   Some text
 
   #+NAME: Image 1
   [[attachment:image 1.jpg]]
   #+end_example
 
   Without inheritance one would not be able to resolve the link to
   =image 1.jpg=, since the link is inside a sub-heading to =Chapter
   A=.
 
   Inheritance works the same way for both =ID= and =DIR= property.  If
   both properties are defined on the same headline then =DIR= takes
   precedence.  This is also true if inheritance is enabled.  If =DIR=
   is inherited from a parent node in the outline, that property still
   takes precedence over an =ID= property defined on the node itself.
 
 - ~org-attach-method~ ::
   #+vindex: org-attach-method
   When attaching files using the dispatcher {{{kbd(C-c C-a)}}} it
   defaults to copying files.  The behavior can be changed by
   customizing ~org-attach-method~.  Options are Copy, Move/Rename,
   Hard link or Symbolic link.
 
 - ~org-attach-preferred-new-method~ ::
   #+vindex: org-attach-preferred-new-method
   This customization lets you choose the default way to attach to
   nodes without existing =ID= and =DIR= property.  It defaults to ~id~
   but can also be set to ~dir~, ~ask~ or ~nil~.
 
 - ~org-attach-archive-delete~ ::
   #+vindex: org-attach-archive-delete
   Configure this to determine if attachments should be deleted or not
   when a subtree that has attachments is archived.
 
 - ~org-attach-auto-tag~ ::
   #+vindex: org-attach-auto-tag
   When attaching files to a heading it will be assigned a tag
   according to what is set here.
 
 - ~org-attach-id-to-path-function-list~ ::
   #+vindex: org-attach-id-to-path-function-list
   When =ID= is used for attachments, the ID is parsed into a part of a
   directory-path.  See ~org-attach-id-uuid-folder-format~ for the
   default function.  Define a new one and add it as first element in
   ~org-attach-id-to-path-function-list~ if you want the folder
   structure in any other way.  All functions in this list will be
   tried when resolving existing ID's into paths, to maintain backward
   compatibility with existing folders in your system.
 
 - ~org-attach-store-link-p~ ::
   #+vindex: org-attach-store-link-p
   Stores a link to the file that is being attached.  The link is
   stored in ~org-stored-links~ for later insertion with {{{kbd(C-c
   C-l)}}} (see [[*Handling Links]]).  Depending on what option is set in
   ~org-attach-store-link-p~, the link is stored to either the original
   location as a file link, the attachment location as an attachment
   link or to the attachment location as a file link.
 
 - ~org-attach-commands~ ::
   #+vindex: org-attach-commands
   List of all commands used in the attach dispatcher.
 
 - ~org-attach-expert~ ::
   #+vindex: org-attach-expert
   Do not show the splash buffer with the attach dispatcher when
   ~org-attach-expert~ is set to non-~nil~.
 
 See customization group =Org Attach= if you want to change the
 default settings.
 
 *** Attachment links
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Hyperlink access to attachments
 :END:
 
 Attached files and folders can be referenced using attachment links.
 This makes it easy to refer to the material added to an outline node.
 Especially if it was attached using the unique ID of the entry!
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* TODO Some task
   :PROPERTIES:
   :ID:       95d50008-c12e-479f-a4f2-cc0238205319
   :END:
 See attached document for more information: [[attachment:info.org]]
 #+end_example
 
 See [[*External Links]] for more information about these links.
 
 *** Automatic version-control with Git
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Everything safely stored away
 :END:
 
 If the directory attached to an outline node is a Git repository, Org
 can be configured to automatically commit changes to that repository
 when it sees them.
 
 To make Org mode take care of versioning of attachments for you, add
 the following to your Emacs config:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (require 'org-attach-git)
 #+end_src
 
 *** Attach from Dired
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Using dired to select an attachment
 :END:
 #+cindex: attach from Dired
 #+findex: org-attach-dired-to-subtree
 
 It is possible to attach files to a subtree from a Dired buffer.  To
 use this feature, have one window in Dired mode containing the file(s)
 to be attached and another window with point in the subtree that shall
 get the attachments.  In the Dired window, with point on a file,
 {{{kbd(M-x org-attach-dired-to-subtree)}}} attaches the file to the
 subtree using the attachment method set by variable
 ~org-attach-method~.  When files are marked in the Dired window then
 all marked files get attached.
 
 Add the following lines to the Emacs init file to have {{{kbd(C-c C-x
 a)}}} attach files in Dired buffers.
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (add-hook 'dired-mode-hook
           (lambda ()
             (define-key dired-mode-map
               (kbd "C-c C-x a")
               #'org-attach-dired-to-subtree)))
 #+end_src
 
 The following code shows how to bind the previous command with
 a specific attachment method.
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (add-hook 'dired-mode-hook
           (lambda ()
             (define-key dired-mode-map (kbd "C-c C-x c")
               (lambda ()
                 (interactive)
                 (let ((org-attach-method 'cp))
                   (call-interactively #'org-attach-dired-to-subtree))))))
 #+end_src
 
 ** RSS Feeds
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Getting input from RSS feeds.
 :END:
 #+cindex: RSS feeds
 #+cindex: Atom feeds
 
 Org can add and change entries based on information found in RSS feeds
 and Atom feeds.  You could use this to make a task out of each new
 podcast in a podcast feed.  Or you could use a phone-based
 note-creating service on the web to import tasks into Org.  To access
 feeds, configure the variable ~org-feed-alist~.  The docstring of this
 variable has detailed information.  With the following
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-feed-alist
       '(("Slashdot"
          "https://rss.slashdot.org/Slashdot/slashdot"
          "~/txt/org/feeds.org" "Slashdot Entries")))
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 new items from the feed provided by =rss.slashdot.org= result in new
 entries in the file =~/org/feeds.org= under the heading =Slashdot
 Entries=, whenever the following command is used:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x g)}}} (~org-feed-update-all~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x g
   Collect items from the feeds configured in ~org-feed-alist~ and act
   upon them.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x G)}}} (~org-feed-goto-inbox~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x G
   Prompt for a feed name and go to the inbox configured for this feed.
 
 Under the same headline, Org creates a drawer =FEEDSTATUS= in which it
 stores information about the status of items in the feed, to avoid
 adding the same item several times.
 
 For more information, including how to read atom feeds, see
 =org-feed.el= and the docstring of ~org-feed-alist~.
 
 * Agenda Views
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Collecting information into views.
 :END:
 #+cindex: agenda views
 
 Due to the way Org works, TODO items, time-stamped items, and tagged
 headlines can be scattered throughout a file or even a number of
 files.  To get an overview of open action items, or of events that are
 important for a particular date, this information must be collected,
 sorted and displayed in an organized way.
 
 Org can select items based on various criteria and display them in
 a separate buffer.  Six different view types are provided:
 
 - an /agenda/ that is like a calendar and shows information for
   specific dates,
 
 - a /TODO list/ that covers all unfinished action items,
 
 - a /match view/, showings headlines based on the tags, properties,
   and TODO state associated with them,
 
 - a /text search view/ that shows all entries from multiple files that
   contain specified keywords,
 
 - a /stuck projects view/ showing projects that currently do not move
   along, and
 
 - /custom views/ that are special searches and combinations of
   different views.
 
 The extracted information is displayed in a special /agenda buffer/.
 This buffer is read-only, but provides commands to visit the
 corresponding locations in the original Org files, and even to edit
 these files remotely.
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-comment-trees
 #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-archived-trees
 #+cindex: commented entries, in agenda views
 #+cindex: archived entries, in agenda views
 By default, the report ignores commented (see [[*Comment Lines]]) and
 archived (see [[*Internal archiving]]) entries.  You can override this by
 setting ~org-agenda-skip-comment-trees~ and
 ~org-agenda-skip-archived-trees~ to ~nil~.
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-window-setup
 #+vindex: org-agenda-restore-windows-after-quit
 Two variables control how the agenda buffer is displayed and whether
 the window configuration is restored when the agenda exits:
 ~org-agenda-window-setup~ and ~org-agenda-restore-windows-after-quit~.
 
 ** Agenda Files
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Files being searched for agenda information.
 :END:
 #+cindex: agenda files
 #+cindex: files for agenda
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-files
 The information to be shown is normally collected from all /agenda
 files/, the files listed in the variable ~org-agenda-files~[fn:91].
 If a directory is part of this list, all files with the extension
 =.org= in this directory are part of the list.
 
 Thus, even if you only work with a single Org file, that file should
 be put into the list[fn:92].  You can customize ~org-agenda-files~,
 but the easiest way to maintain it is through the following commands
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep and
 - {{{kbd(C-c [)}}} (~org-agenda-file-to-front~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c [
   #+findex: org-agenda-file-to-front
   #+cindex: files, adding to agenda list
   Add current file to the list of agenda files.  The file is added to
   the front of the list.  If it was already in the list, it is moved
   to the front.  With a prefix argument, file is added/moved to the
   end.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c ])}}} (~org-remove-file~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c ]
   #+findex: org-remove-file
   Remove current file from the list of agenda files.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-')}}} and {{{kbd(C-\,)}}} (~org-cycle-agenda-files~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-'
   #+kindex: C-,
   #+findex: org-cycle-agenda-files
   #+cindex: cycling, of agenda files
   Cycle through agenda file list, visiting one file after the other.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-switchb)}}} ::
 
   #+findex: org-switchb
   Command to use an Iswitchb-like interface to switch to and between
   Org buffers.
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 The Org menu contains the current list of files and can be used to
 visit any of them.
 
 If you would like to focus the agenda temporarily on a file not in
 this list, or on just one file in the list, or even on only a subtree
 in a file, then this can be done in different ways.  For a single
 agenda command, you may press {{{kbd(<)}}} once or several times in
 the dispatcher (see [[*The Agenda Dispatcher]]).  To restrict the agenda
 scope for an extended period, use the following commands:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x <)}}} (~org-agenda-set-restriction-lock~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x <
   #+findex: org-agenda-set-restriction-lock
   Restrict the agenda to the current subtree.  If there already is
   a restriction at point, remove it.  When called with a universal
   prefix argument or with point before the first headline in a file,
   set the agenda scope to the entire file.  This restriction remains
   in effect until removed with {{{kbd(C-c C-x >)}}}, or by typing
   either {{{kbd(<)}}} or {{{kbd(>)}}} in the agenda dispatcher.  If
   there is a window displaying an agenda view, the new restriction
   takes effect immediately.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x >)}}} (~org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x >
   #+findex: org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock
   Remove the restriction created by {{{kbd(C-c C-x <)}}}.
 
 When working with Speedbar, you can use the following commands in the
 Speedbar frame:
 
 - {{{kbd(<)}}} (~org-speedbar-set-agenda-restriction~) ::
 
   #+findex: org-speedbar-set-agenda-restriction
   Restrict the agenda to the item---either an Org file or a subtree in
   such a file---at point in the Speedbar frame.  If agenda is already
   restricted there, remove the restriction.  If there is a window
   displaying an agenda view, the new restriction takes effect
   immediately.
 
 - {{{kbd(>)}}} (~org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock~) ::
 
   #+findex: org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock
   Remove the restriction.
 
 ** The Agenda Dispatcher
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Keyboard access to agenda views.
 :ALT_TITLE: Agenda Dispatcher
 :END:
 #+cindex: agenda dispatcher
 #+cindex: dispatching agenda commands
 
 The views are created through a dispatcher, accessible with {{{kbd(M-x
 org-agenda)}}}, or, better, bound to a global key (see [[*Activation]]).
 It displays a menu from which an additional letter is required to
 execute a command.  The dispatcher offers the following default
 commands:
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - {{{kbd(a)}}} ::
 
   Create the calendar-like agenda (see [[*Weekly/daily agenda]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(t)}}}, {{{kbd(T)}}} ::
 
   Create a list of all TODO items (see [[*The global TODO list]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(m)}}}, {{{kbd(M)}}} ::
 
   Create a list of headlines matching a given expression (see
   [[*Matching tags and properties]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(s)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: s @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   Create a list of entries selected by a boolean expression of
   keywords and/or regular expressions that must or must not occur in
   the entry.
 
 - {{{kbd(/)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: / @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   #+vindex: org-agenda-text-search-extra-files
   Search for a regular expression in all agenda files and additionally
   in the files listed in ~org-agenda-text-search-extra-files~.  This
   uses the Emacs command ~multi-occur~.  A prefix argument can be used
   to specify the number of context lines for each match, default is
   1.
 
 - {{{kbd(#)}}} ::
 
   Create a list of stuck projects (see [[*Stuck projects]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(!)}}} ::
 
   Configure the list of stuck projects (see [[*Stuck projects]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(<)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: < @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   Restrict an agenda command to the current buffer[fn:93].  If
   narrowing is in effect restrict to the narrowed part of the buffer.
   After pressing {{{kbd(<)}}}, you still need to press the character
   selecting the command.
 
 - {{{kbd(< <)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: < < @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   If there is an active region, restrict the following agenda command
   to the region.  Otherwise, restrict it to the current
   subtree[fn:94].  After pressing {{{kbd(< <)}}}, you still need to
   press the character selecting the command.
 
 - {{{kbd(*)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: * @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   #+vindex: org-agenda-sticky
   #+findex: org-toggle-sticky-agenda
   Toggle sticky agenda views.  By default, Org maintains only a single
   agenda buffer and rebuilds it each time you change the view, to make
   sure everything is always up to date.  If you switch between views
   often and the build time bothers you, you can turn on sticky agenda
   buffers (make this the default by customizing the variable
   ~org-agenda-sticky~).  With sticky agendas, the dispatcher only
   switches to the selected view, you need to update it by hand with
   {{{kbd(r)}}} or {{{kbd(g)}}}.  You can toggle sticky agenda view any
   time with ~org-toggle-sticky-agenda~.
 
 You can also define custom commands that are accessible through the
 dispatcher, just like the default commands.  This includes the
 possibility to create extended agenda buffers that contain several
 blocks together, for example the weekly agenda, the global TODO list
 and a number of special tags matches.  See [[*Custom Agenda Views]].
 
 ** The Built-in Agenda Views
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: What is available out of the box?
 :ALT_TITLE: Built-in Agenda Views
 :END:
 
 In this section we describe the built-in views.
 
 *** Weekly/daily agenda
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: The calendar page with current tasks.
 :END:
 #+cindex: agenda
 #+cindex: weekly agenda
 #+cindex: daily agenda
 
 The purpose of the weekly/daily /agenda/ is to act like a page of
 a paper agenda, showing all the tasks for the current week or day.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda a)}}} (~org-agenda-list~) ::
 
   #+kindex: a @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   #+findex: org-agenda-list
   #+cindex: org-agenda, command
   Compile an agenda for the current week from a list of Org files.
   The agenda shows the entries for each day.  With a numeric prefix
   argument[fn:95]---like {{{kbd(C-u 2 1 M-x org-agenda a)}}}---you may
   set the number of days to be displayed.
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-span
 #+vindex: org-agenda-start-day
 #+vindex: org-agenda-start-on-weekday
 The default number of days displayed in the agenda is set by the
 variable ~org-agenda-span~.  This variable can be set to any number of
 days you want to see by default in the agenda, or to a span name, such
 a ~day~, ~week~, ~month~ or ~year~.  For weekly agendas, the default
 is to start on the previous Monday (see
 ~org-agenda-start-on-weekday~).  You can also set the start date using
 a date shift: =(setq org-agenda-start-day "+10d")= starts the agenda
 ten days from today in the future.
 
 Remote editing from the agenda buffer means, for example, that you can
 change the dates of deadlines and appointments from the agenda buffer.
 The commands available in the Agenda buffer are listed in [[*Commands in
 the Agenda Buffer]].
 
 **** Calendar/Diary integration
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: calendar integration
 #+cindex: diary integration
 
 Emacs contains the calendar and diary by Edward\nbsp{}M.\nbsp{}Reingold.  The
 calendar displays a three-month calendar with holidays from different
 countries and cultures.  The diary allows you to keep track of
 anniversaries, lunar phases, sunrise/set, recurrent appointments
 (weekly, monthly) and more.  In this way, it is quite complementary to
 Org.  It can be very useful to combine output from Org with the diary.
 
 In order to include entries from the Emacs diary into Org mode's
 agenda, you only need to customize the variable
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-agenda-include-diary t)
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 After that, everything happens automatically.  All diary entries
 including holidays, anniversaries, etc., are included in the agenda
 buffer created by Org mode.  {{{kbd(SPC)}}}, {{{kbd(TAB)}}}, and
 {{{kbd(RET)}}} can be used from the agenda buffer to jump to the diary
 file in order to edit existing diary entries.  The {{{kbd(i)}}}
 command to insert new entries for the current date works in the agenda
 buffer, as well as the commands {{{kbd(S)}}}, {{{kbd(M)}}}, and
 {{{kbd(C)}}} to display Sunrise/Sunset times, show lunar phases and to
 convert to other calendars, respectively.  {{{kbd(c)}}} can be used to
 switch back and forth between calendar and agenda.
 
 If you are using the diary only for expression entries and holidays,
 it is faster to not use the above setting, but instead to copy or even
 move the entries into an Org file.  Org mode evaluates diary-style
 expression entries, and does it faster because there is no overhead
 for first creating the diary display.  Note that the expression
 entries must start at the left margin, no whitespace is allowed before
 them, as seen in the following segment of an Org file:[fn:96]
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* Holidays
   :PROPERTIES:
   :CATEGORY: Holiday
   :END:
 %%(org-calendar-holiday)   ; special function for holiday names
 
 ,* Birthdays
   :PROPERTIES:
   :CATEGORY: Ann
   :END:
 %%(org-anniversary 1956  5 14) Arthur Dent is %d years old
 %%(org-anniversary 1869 10  2) Mahatma Gandhi would be %d years old
 #+end_example
 
 **** Anniversaries from BBDB
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: BBDB, anniversaries
 #+cindex: anniversaries, from BBDB
 
 #+findex: org-bbdb-anniversaries
 If you are using the Insidious Big Brother Database to store your
 contacts, you very likely prefer to store anniversaries in BBDB rather
 than in a separate Org or diary file.  Org supports this and can show
 BBDB anniversaries as part of the agenda.  All you need to do is to
 add the following to one of your agenda files:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* Anniversaries
   :PROPERTIES:
   :CATEGORY: Anniv
   :END:
 %%(org-bbdb-anniversaries)
 #+end_example
 
 You can then go ahead and define anniversaries for a BBDB record.
 Basically, you need a field named =anniversary= for the BBDB record
 which contains the date in the format =YYYY-MM-DD= or =MM-DD=,
 followed by a space and the class of the anniversary (=birthday=,
 =wedding=, or a format string).  If you omit the class, it defaults to
 =birthday=.  Here are a few examples, the header for the file
 =ol-bbdb.el= contains more detailed information.
 
 #+begin_example
 1973-06-22
 06-22
 1955-08-02 wedding
 2008-04-14 %s released version 6.01 of Org mode, %d years ago
 #+end_example
 
 After a change to BBDB, or for the first agenda display during an
 Emacs session, the agenda display suffers a short delay as Org updates
 its hash with anniversaries.  However, from then on things will be
 very fast, much faster in fact than a long list of
 =%%(diary-anniversary)= entries in an Org or Diary file.
 
 #+findex: org-bbdb-anniversaries-future
 If you would like to see upcoming anniversaries with a bit of
 forewarning, you can use the following instead:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* Anniversaries
   :PROPERTIES:
   :CATEGORY: Anniv
   :END:
 %%(org-bbdb-anniversaries-future 3)
 #+end_example
 
 That will give you three days' warning: on the anniversary date itself
 and the two days prior.  The argument is optional: if omitted, it
 defaults to 7.
 
 **** Appointment reminders
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: @file{appt.el}
 #+cindex: appointment reminders
 #+cindex: appointment
 #+cindex: reminders
 
 #+cindex: APPT_WARNTIME, keyword
 Org can interact with Emacs appointments notification facility.  To
 add the appointments of your agenda files, use the command
 ~org-agenda-to-appt~.  This command lets you filter through the list
 of your appointments and add only those belonging to a specific
 category or matching a regular expression.  It also reads
 a =APPT_WARNTIME= property which overrides the value of
 ~appt-message-warning-time~ for this appointment.  See the docstring
 for details.
 
 *** The global TODO list
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: All unfinished action items.
 :ALT_TITLE: Global TODO list
 :END:
 #+cindex: global TODO list
 #+cindex: TODO list, global
 
 The global TODO list contains all unfinished TODO items formatted and
 collected into a single place.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda t)}}} (~org-todo-list~) ::
 
   #+kindex: t @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   #+findex: org-todo-list
   Show the global TODO list.  This collects the TODO items from all
   agenda files (see [[*Agenda Views]]) into a single buffer.  By default,
   this lists items with a state the is not a DONE state.  The buffer
   is in Agenda mode, so there are commands to examine and manipulate
   the TODO entries directly from that buffer (see [[*Commands in the
   Agenda Buffer]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda T)}}} (~org-todo-list~) ::
 
   #+kindex: T @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   #+findex: org-todo-list
   #+cindex: TODO keyword matching
   #+vindex: org-todo-keywords
   Like the above, but allows selection of a specific TODO keyword.
   You can also do this by specifying a prefix argument to
   {{{kbd(t)}}}.  You are prompted for a keyword, and you may also
   specify several keywords by separating them with =|= as the boolean
   OR operator.  With a numeric prefix, the Nth keyword in
   ~org-todo-keywords~ is selected.
 
   #+kindex: r
   The {{{kbd(r)}}} key in the agenda buffer regenerates it, and you
   can give a prefix argument to this command to change the selected
   TODO keyword, for example {{{kbd(3 r)}}}.  If you often need
   a search for a specific keyword, define a custom command for it (see
   [[*The Agenda Dispatcher]]).
 
   Matching specific TODO keywords can also be done as part of a tags
   search (see [[*Tag Searches]]).
 
 Remote editing of TODO items means that you can change the state of
 a TODO entry with a single key press.  The commands available in the
 TODO list are described in [[*Commands in the Agenda Buffer]].
 
 #+cindex: sublevels, inclusion into TODO list
 Normally the global TODO list simply shows all headlines with TODO
 keywords.  This list can become very long.  There are two ways to keep
 it more compact:
 
 -
   #+vindex: org-agenda-todo-ignore-scheduled
   #+vindex: org-agenda-todo-ignore-deadlines
   #+vindex: org-agenda-todo-ignore-timestamp
   #+vindex: org-agenda-todo-ignore-with-date
   Some people view a TODO item that has been /scheduled/ for execution
   or have a /deadline/ (see [[*Timestamps]]) as no longer /open/.
   Configure the variables ~org-agenda-todo-ignore-scheduled~ to
   exclude some or all scheduled items from the global TODO list,
   ~org-agenda-todo-ignore-deadlines~ to exclude some or all items with
   a deadline set, ~org-agenda-todo-ignore-timestamp~ to exclude some
   or all items with an active timestamp other than a DEADLINE or
   a SCHEDULED timestamp and/or ~org-agenda-todo-ignore-with-date~ to
   exclude items with at least one active timestamp.
 
 -
   #+vindex: org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels
   TODO items may have sublevels to break up the task into subtasks.
   In such cases it may be enough to list only the highest level TODO
   headline and omit the sublevels from the global list.  Configure the
   variable ~org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels~ to get this behavior.
 
 *** Matching tags and properties
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Structured information with fine-tuned search.
 :END:
 #+cindex: matching, of tags
 #+cindex: matching, of properties
 #+cindex: tags view
 #+cindex: match view
 
 If headlines in the agenda files are marked with /tags/ (see [[*Tags]]),
 or have properties (see [[*Properties and Columns]]), you can select
 headlines based on this metadata and collect them into an agenda
 buffer.  The match syntax described here also applies when creating
 sparse trees with {{{kbd(C-c / m)}}}.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda m)}}} (~org-tags-view~) ::
 
   #+kindex: m @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   #+findex: org-tags-view
   Produce a list of all headlines that match a given set of tags.  The
   command prompts for a selection criterion, which is a boolean logic
   expression with tags, like =+work+urgent-withboss= or =work|home=
   (see [[*Tags]]).  If you often need a specific search, define a custom
   command for it (see [[*The Agenda Dispatcher]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda M)}}} (~org-tags-view~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   #+findex: org-tags-view
   #+vindex: org-tags-match-list-sublevels
   #+vindex: org-agenda-tags-todo-honor-ignore-options
   Like {{{kbd(m)}}}, but only select headlines that are also TODO
   items and force checking subitems (see the variable
   ~org-tags-match-list-sublevels~).  To exclude scheduled/deadline
   items, see the variable ~org-agenda-tags-todo-honor-ignore-options~.
   Matching specific TODO keywords together with a tags match is also
   possible, see [[*Tag Searches]].
 
 The commands available in the tags list are described in [[*Commands in
 the Agenda Buffer]].
 
 #+cindex: boolean logic, for agenda searches
 A search string can use Boolean operators =&= for AND and =|= for OR.
 =&= binds more strongly than =|=.  Parentheses are currently not
 implemented.  Each element in the search is either a tag, a regular
 expression matching tags, or an expression like =PROPERTY OPERATOR
 VALUE= with a comparison operator, accessing a property value.  Each
 element may be preceded by =-= to select against it, and =+= is
 syntactic sugar for positive selection.  The AND operator =&= is
 optional when =+= or =-= is present.  Here are some examples, using
 only tags.
 
 - =+work-boss= ::
 
   Select headlines tagged =work=, but discard those also tagged
   =boss=.
 
 - =work|laptop= ::
 
   Selects lines tagged =work= or =laptop=.
 
 - =work|laptop+night= ::
 
   Like before, but require the =laptop= lines to be tagged also
   =night=.
 
 #+cindex: regular expressions, with tags search
 Instead of a tag, you may also specify a regular expression enclosed
 in curly braces (see [[*Regular Expressions]]).  For example,
 =work+{^boss.*}= matches headlines that contain the tag =:work:= and
 any tag /starting/ with =boss=.
 
 #+cindex: group tags, as regular expressions
 Group tags (see [[*Tag Hierarchy]]) are expanded as regular expressions.
 E.g., if =work= is a group tag for the group =:work:lab:conf:=, then
 searching for =work= also searches for ={\(?:work\|lab\|conf\)}= and
 searching for =-work= searches for all headlines but those with one of
 the tags in the group (i.e., =-{\(?:work\|lab\|conf\)}=).
 
 #+cindex: TODO keyword matching, with tags search
 #+cindex: level, for tags/property match
 #+cindex: category, for tags/property match
 #+vindex: org-odd-levels-only
 You may also test for properties (see [[*Properties and Columns]]) at the
 same time as matching tags.  The properties may be real properties, or
 special properties that represent other metadata (see [[*Special
 Properties]]).  For example, the property =TODO= represents the TODO
 keyword of the entry.  Or, the property =LEVEL= represents the level
 of an entry.  So searching =+LEVEL=3+boss-TODO​="DONE"= lists all level
 three headlines that have the tag =boss= and are /not/ marked with the
 TODO keyword =DONE=.  In buffers with ~org-odd-levels-only~ set,
 =LEVEL= does not count the number of stars, but =LEVEL=2= corresponds
 to 3 stars etc.
 
 Here are more examples:
 
 - =work+TODO​="WAITING"= ::
 
   Select =work=-tagged TODO lines with the specific TODO keyword
   =WAITING=.
 
 - =work+TODO​="WAITING"|home+TODO​="WAITING"= ::
 
   Waiting tasks both at work and at home.
 
 When matching properties, a number of different operators can be used
 to test the value of a property.  Here is a complex example:
 
 #+begin_example
 +work-boss+PRIORITY="A"+Coffee="unlimited"+Effort<2
          +With={Sarah\|Denny}+SCHEDULED>="<2008-10-11>"
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 The type of comparison depends on how the comparison value is written:
 
 - If the comparison value is a plain number, a numerical comparison is
   done, and the allowed operators are =<=, ===, =>=, =<==, =>==, and
   =<>=.
 
 - If the comparison value is enclosed in double-quotes, a string
   comparison is done, and the same operators are allowed.
 
 - If the comparison value is enclosed in double-quotes /and/ angular
   brackets (like =DEADLINE<​="<2008-12-24 18:30>"=), both values are
   assumed to be date/time specifications in the standard Org way, and
   the comparison is done accordingly.  Valid values also include
   ="<now>"= for now (including time), ="<today>"=, and ="<tomorrow>"=
   for these days at 0:00 hours, i.e., without a time specification.
   You can also use strings like ="<+5d>"= or ="<-2m>"= with units =d=,
   =w=, =m=, and =y= for day, week, month, and year, respectively.
 
 - If the comparison value is enclosed in curly braces, a regexp match
   is performed, with === meaning that the regexp matches the property
   value, and =<>= meaning that it does not match.
 
 So the search string in the example finds entries tagged =work= but
 not =boss=, which also have a priority value =A=, a =Coffee= property
 with the value =unlimited=, an =EFFORT= property that is numerically
 smaller than 2, a =With= property that is matched by the regular
 expression =Sarah\|Denny=, and that are scheduled on or after October
 11, 2008.
 
 You can configure Org mode to use property inheritance during
 a search, but beware that this can slow down searches considerably.
 See [[*Property Inheritance]], for details.
 
 For backward compatibility, and also for typing speed, there is also
 a different way to test TODO states in a search.  For this, terminate
 the tags/property part of the search string (which may include several
 terms connected with =|=) with a =/= and then specify a Boolean
 expression just for TODO keywords.  The syntax is then similar to that
 for tags, but should be applied with care: for example, a positive
 selection on several TODO keywords cannot meaningfully be combined
 with boolean AND.  However, /negative selection/ combined with AND can
 be meaningful.  To make sure that only lines are checked that actually
 have any TODO keyword (resulting in a speed-up), use {{{kbd(M-x
 org-agenda M)}}}, or equivalently start the TODO part after the slash
 with =!=.  Using {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda M)}}} or =/!= does not match
 TODO keywords in a DONE state.  Examples:
 
 - =work/WAITING= ::
 
   Same as =work+TODO​="WAITING"=.
 
 - =work/!-WAITING-NEXT= ::
 
   Select =work=-tagged TODO lines that are neither =WAITING= nor
   =NEXT=.
 
 - =work/!+WAITING|+NEXT= ::
 
   Select =work=-tagged TODO lines that are either =WAITING= or =NEXT=.
 
 *** Search view
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Find entries by searching for text.
 :END:
 #+cindex: search view
 #+cindex: text search
 #+cindex: searching, for text
 
 This agenda view is a general text search facility for Org mode
 entries.  It is particularly useful to find notes.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda s)}}} (~org-search-view~) ::
 
   #+kindex: s @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   #+findex: org-search-view
   This is a special search that lets you select entries by matching
   a substring or specific words using a boolean logic.
 
 For example, the search string =computer equipment= matches entries
 that contain =computer equipment= as a substring, even if the two
 words are separated by more space or a line break.
 
 Search view can also search for specific keywords in the entry, using
 Boolean logic.  The search string =+computer
 +wifi -ethernet -{8\.11[bg]}= matches note entries that contain the
 keywords =computer= and =wifi=, but not the keyword =ethernet=, and
 which are also not matched by the regular expression =8\.11[bg]=,
 meaning to exclude both =8.11b= and =8.11g=.  The first =+= is
 necessary to turn on boolean search, other =+= characters are
 optional.  For more details, see the docstring of the command
 ~org-search-view~.
 
 You can incrementally and conveniently adjust a boolean search from
 the agenda search view with the following keys
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.1 0.6
 | {{{kbd([)}}} | Add a positive search word        |
 | {{{kbd(])}}} | Add a negative search word        |
 | {{{kbd({)}}} | Add a positive regular expression |
 | {{{kbd(})}}} | Add a negative regular expression |
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-text-search-extra-files
 Note that in addition to the agenda files, this command also searches
 the files listed in ~org-agenda-text-search-extra-files~.
 
 *** Stuck projects
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Find projects you need to review.
 :END:
 #+pindex: GTD, Getting Things Done
 
 If you are following a system like David Allen's GTD to organize your
 work, one of the "duties" you have is a regular review to make sure
 that all projects move along.  A /stuck/ project is a project that has
 no defined next actions, so it never shows up in the TODO lists Org
 mode produces.  During the review, you need to identify such projects
 and define next actions for them.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda #)}}} (~org-agenda-list-stuck-projects~) ::
 
   #+kindex: # @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   #+findex: org-agenda-list-stuck-projects
   List projects that are stuck.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda !)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: ! @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   #+vindex: org-stuck-projects
   Customize the variable ~org-stuck-projects~ to define what a stuck
   project is and how to find it.
 
 You almost certainly need to configure this view before it works for
 you.  The built-in default assumes that all your projects are level-2
 headlines, and that a project is not stuck if it has at least one
 entry marked with a TODO keyword =TODO= or =NEXT= or =NEXTACTION=.
 
 Let's assume that you, in your own way of using Org mode, identify
 projects with a tag =:PROJECT:=, and that you use a TODO keyword
 =MAYBE= to indicate a project that should not be considered yet.
 Let's further assume that the TODO keyword =DONE= marks finished
 projects, and that =NEXT= and =TODO= indicate next actions.  The tag
 =:@shop:= indicates shopping and is a next action even without the
 NEXT tag.  Finally, if the project contains the special word =IGNORE=
 anywhere, it should not be listed either.  In this case you would
 start by identifying eligible projects with a tags/TODO match (see
 [[*Tag Searches]]) =+PROJECT/-MAYBE-DONE=, and then check for =TODO=,
 =NEXT=, =@shop=, and =IGNORE= in the subtree to identify projects that
 are not stuck.  The correct customization for this is:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-stuck-projects
       '("+PROJECT/-MAYBE-DONE" ("NEXT" "TODO") ("@shop")
         "\\<IGNORE\\>"))
 #+end_src
 
 Note that if a project is identified as non-stuck, the subtree of this
 entry is searched for stuck projects.
 
 ** Presentation and Sorting
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How agenda items are prepared for display.
 :END:
 #+cindex: presentation, of agenda items
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-prefix-format
 #+vindex: org-agenda-tags-column
 Before displaying items in an agenda view, Org mode visually prepares
 the items and sorts them.  Each item occupies a single line.  The line
 starts with a /prefix/ that contains the /category/ (see [[*Categories]])
 of the item and other important information.  You can customize in
 which column tags are displayed through ~org-agenda-tags-column~.  You
 can also customize the prefix using the option
 ~org-agenda-prefix-format~.  This prefix is followed by a cleaned-up
 version of the outline headline associated with the item.
 
 *** Categories
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Not all tasks are equal.
 :END:
 #+cindex: category
 #+cindex: @samp{CATEGORY}, keyword
 
 The category is a broad label assigned to each agenda item.  By
 default, the category is simply derived from the file name, but you
 can also specify it with a special line in the buffer, like
 this:
 
 : #+CATEGORY: Thesis
 
 #+cindex: @samp{CATEGORY}, property
 If you would like to have a special category for a single entry or
 a (sub)tree, give the entry a =CATEGORY= property with the special
 category you want to apply as the value.
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-category-icon-alist
 The display in the agenda buffer looks best if the category is not
 longer than 10 characters.  You can set up icons for category by
 customizing the ~org-agenda-category-icon-alist~ variable.
 
 *** Time-of-day specifications
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How the agenda knows the time.
 :END:
 #+cindex: time-of-day specification
 
 Org mode checks each agenda item for a time-of-day specification.  The
 time can be part of the timestamp that triggered inclusion into the
 agenda, for example
 
 : <2005-05-10 Tue 19:00>
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 Time ranges can be specified with two timestamps:
 
 : <2005-05-10 Tue 20:30>--<2005-05-10 Tue 22:15>
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-search-headline-for-time
 In the headline of the entry itself, a time(range)---like =12:45= or
 a =8:30-1pm=---may also appear as plain text[fn:97].
 
 If the agenda integrates the Emacs diary (see [[*Weekly/daily agenda]]),
 time specifications in diary entries are recognized as well.
 
 For agenda display, Org mode extracts the time and displays it in
 a standard 24 hour format as part of the prefix.  The example times in
 the previous paragraphs would end up in the agenda like this:
 
 #+begin_example
  8:30-13:00 Arthur Dent lies in front of the bulldozer
 12:45...... Ford Prefect arrives and takes Arthur to the pub
 19:00...... The Vogon reads his poem
 20:30-22:15 Marvin escorts the Hitchhikers to the bridge
 #+end_example
 
 #+cindex: time grid
 If the agenda is in single-day mode, or for the display of today, the
 timed entries are embedded in a time grid, like
 
 #+begin_example
  8:00...... ------------------
  8:30-13:00 Arthur Dent lies in front of the bulldozer
 10:00...... ------------------
 12:00...... ------------------
 12:45...... Ford Prefect arrives and takes Arthur to the pub
 14:00...... ------------------
 16:00...... ------------------
 18:00...... ------------------
 19:00...... The Vogon reads his poem
 20:00...... ------------------
 20:30-22:15 Marvin escorts the Hitchhikers to the bridge
 #+end_example
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-use-time-grid
 #+vindex: org-agenda-time-grid
 The time grid can be turned on and off with the variable
 ~org-agenda-use-time-grid~, and can be configured with
 ~org-agenda-time-grid~.
 
 *** Sorting of agenda items
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: The order of things.
 :END:
 #+cindex: sorting, of agenda items
 #+cindex: priorities, of agenda items
 
 Before being inserted into a view, the items are sorted.  How this is
 done depends on the type of view.
 
 -
   #+vindex: org-agenda-files
   For the daily/weekly agenda, the items for each day are sorted.  The
   default order is to first collect all items containing an explicit
   time-of-day specification.  These entries are shown at the beginning
   of the list, as a /schedule/ for the day.  After that, items remain
   grouped in categories, in the sequence given by ~org-agenda-files~.
   Within each category, items are sorted by priority (see
   [[*Priorities]]), which is composed of the base priority (2000 for
   priority =A=, 1000 for =B=, and 0 for =C=), plus additional
   increments for overdue scheduled or deadline items.
 
 - For the TODO list, items remain in the order of categories, but
   within each category, sorting takes place according to priority (see
   [[*Priorities]]).  The priority used for sorting derives from the
   priority cookie, with additions depending on how close an item is to
   its due or scheduled date.
 
 - For tags matches, items are not sorted at all, but just appear in
   the sequence in which they are found in the agenda files.
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-sorting-strategy
 Sorting can be customized using the variable
 ~org-agenda-sorting-strategy~, and may also include criteria based on
 the estimated effort of an entry (see [[*Effort Estimates]]).
 
 *** Filtering/limiting agenda items
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Dynamically narrow the agenda.
 :END:
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-category-filter-preset
 #+vindex: org-agenda-tag-filter-preset
 #+vindex: org-agenda-effort-filter-preset
 #+vindex: org-agenda-regexp-filter-preset
 Agenda built-in or custom commands are statically defined.  Agenda
 filters and limits allow to flexibly narrow down the list of agenda
 entries.
 
 /Filters/ only change the visibility of items, are very fast and are
 mostly used interactively[fn:98].  You can switch quickly between
 different filters without having to recreate the agenda.  /Limits/ on
 the other hand take effect before the agenda buffer is populated, so
 they are mostly useful when defined as local variables within custom
 agenda commands.
 
 **** Filtering in the agenda
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: agenda filtering
 #+cindex: filtering entries, in agenda
 #+cindex: tag filtering, in agenda
 #+cindex: category filtering, in agenda
 #+cindex: top headline filtering, in agenda
 #+cindex: effort filtering, in agenda
 #+cindex: query editing, in agenda
 
 The general filtering command is ~org-agenda-filter~, bound to
 {{{kbd(/)}}}.  Before we introduce it, we describe commands for
 individual filter types.  All filtering commands handle prefix
 arguments in the same way:  A single {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix negates the
 filter, so it removes lines selected by the filter.  A double prefix
 adds the new filter condition to the one(s) already in place, so
 filter elements are accumulated.
 
 - {{{kbd(\)}}} (~org-agenda-filter-by-tag~) ::
 
   #+findex: org-agenda-filter-by-tag
   Filter the agenda view with respect to a tag.  You are prompted for
   a tag selection letter; {{{kbd(SPC)}}} means any tag at all.
   Pressing {{{kbd(TAB)}}} at that prompt offers completion to select a
   tag, including any tags that do not have a selection character.  The
   command then hides all entries that do not contain or inherit this
   tag.  Pressing {{{kbd(+)}}} or {{{kbd(-)}}} at the prompt switches
   between filtering for and against the next tag.  To clear the
   filter, press {{{kbd(\)}}} twice (once to call the command again,
   and once at the prompt).
 
 - {{{kbd(<)}}} (~org-agenda-filter-by-category~) ::
 
   #+findex: org-agenda-filter-by-category
   Filter by category of the line at point, and show only entries with
   this category.  When called with a prefix argument, hide all entries
   with the category at point.  To clear the filter, call this command
   again by pressing {{{kbd(<)}}}.
 
 - {{{kbd(=)}}} (~org-agenda-filter-by-regexp~) ::
 
   #+findex: org-agenda-filter-by-regexp
   Filter the agenda view by a regular expression: only show agenda
   entries matching the regular expression the user entered.  To clear
   the filter, call the command again by pressing {{{kbd(=)}}}.
 
 - {{{kbd(_)}}} (~org-agenda-filter-by-effort~) ::
 
   #+findex: org-agenda-filter-by-effort
   Filter the agenda view with respect to effort estimates, so select
   tasks that take the right amount of time.  You first need to set up
   a list of efforts globally, for example
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (setq org-global-properties
         '(("Effort_ALL". "0 0:10 0:30 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00")))
   #+end_src
 
   #+vindex: org-sort-agenda-noeffort-is-high
   You can then filter for an effort by first typing an operator, one
   of {{{kbd(<)}}}, {{{kbd(>)}}} and {{{kbd(=)}}}, and then the
   one-digit index of an effort estimate in your array of allowed
   values, where {{{kbd(0)}}} means the 10th value.  The filter then
   restricts to entries with effort smaller-or-equal, equal, or
   larger-or-equal than the selected value.  For application of the
   operator, entries without a defined effort are treated according to
   the value of ~org-sort-agenda-noeffort-is-high~.  To clear the
   filter, press {{{kbd(_)}}} twice (once to call the command again,
   and once at the first prompt).
 
 - {{{kbd(^)}}} (~org-agenda-filter-by-top-headline~) ::
 
   #+findex: org-agenda-filter-by-top-headline
   Filter the current agenda view and only display items that fall
   under the same top-level headline as the current entry.  To clear
   the filter, call this command again by pressing {{{kbd(^)}}}.
 
 - {{{kbd(/)}}} (~org-agenda-filter~) ::
 
   #+findex: org-agenda-filter
   This is the unified interface to four of the five filter methods
   described above.  At the prompt, specify different filter elements
   in a single string, with full completion support.  For example,
 
   : +work-John+<0:10-/plot/
 
   selects entries with category =work= and effort estimates below 10
   minutes, and deselects entries with tag =John= or matching the
   regexp =plot= (see [[*Regular Expressions]]).  You can leave =+= out if
   that does not lead to ambiguities.  The sequence of elements is
   arbitrary.  The filter syntax assumes that there is no overlap
   between categories and tags.  Otherwise, tags take priority.  If you
   reply to the prompt with the empty string, all filtering is removed.
   If a filter is specified, it replaces all current filters.  But if
   you call the command with a double prefix argument, or if you add an
   additional =+= (e.g., =++work=) to the front of the string, the new
   filter elements are added to the active ones.  A single prefix
   argument applies the entire filter in a negative sense.
 
 - {{{kbd(|)}}} (~org-agenda-filter-remove-all~) ::
 
   Remove all filters in the current agenda view.
 
 **** Computed tag filtering
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-auto-exclude-function
 If the variable ~org-agenda-auto-exclude-function~ is set to
 a user-defined function, that function can select tags that should be
 used as a tag filter when requested.  The function will be called with
 lower-case versions of all tags represented in the current view.  The
 function should return ="-tag"= if the filter should remove
 entries with that tag, ="+tag"= if only entries with this tag should
 be kept, or =nil= if that tag is irrelevant.  For example, let's say
 you use a =Net= tag to identify tasks which need network access, an
 =Errand= tag for errands in town, and a =Call= tag for making phone
 calls.  You could auto-exclude these tags based on the availability of
 the Internet, and outside of business hours, with something like this:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (defun my-auto-exclude-fn (tag)
   (when (cond ((string= tag "net")
 	       (/= 0 (call-process "/sbin/ping" nil nil nil
 			           "-c1" "-q" "-t1" "mail.gnu.org")))
               ((member tag '("errand" "call"))
 	       (let ((hr (nth 2 (decode-time))))
 	         (or (< hr 8) (> hr 21)))))
     (concat "-" tag)))
 
 (setq org-agenda-auto-exclude-function #'my-auto-exclude-fn)
 #+end_src
 
 You can apply this self-adapting filter by using a triple prefix
 argument to ~org-agenda-filter~, i.e.\nbsp{}press {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-u /)}}},
 or by pressing {{{kbd(RET)}}} in ~org-agenda-filter-by-tag~.
 
 **** Setting limits for the agenda
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: limits, in agenda
 
 Here is a list of options that you can set, either globally, or
 locally in your custom agenda views (see [[*Custom Agenda Views]]).
 
 - ~org-agenda-max-entries~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-agenda-max-entries
   Limit the number of entries.
 
 - ~org-agenda-max-effort~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-agenda-max-effort
   Limit the duration of accumulated efforts (as minutes).
 
 - ~org-agenda-max-todos~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-agenda-max-todos
   Limit the number of entries with TODO keywords.
 
 - ~org-agenda-max-tags~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-agenda-max-tags
   Limit the number of tagged entries.
 
 When set to a positive integer, each option excludes entries from
 other categories: for example, =(setq org-agenda-max-effort 100)=
 limits the agenda to 100 minutes of effort and exclude any entry that
 has no effort property.  If you want to include entries with no effort
 property, use a negative value for ~org-agenda-max-effort~.  One
 useful setup is to use ~org-agenda-max-entries~ locally in a custom
 command.  For example, this custom command displays the next five
 entries with a =NEXT= TODO keyword.
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
       '(("n" todo "NEXT"
          ((org-agenda-max-entries 5)))))
 #+end_src
 
 Once you mark one of these five entry as DONE, rebuilding the agenda
 will again the next five entries again, including the first entry that
 was excluded so far.
 
 You can also dynamically set temporary limits, which are lost when
 rebuilding the agenda:
 
 - {{{kbd(~ )}}} (~org-agenda-limit-interactively~) ::
 
   #+findex: org-agenda-limit-interactively
   This prompts for the type of limit to apply and its value.
 
 ** Commands in the Agenda Buffer
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Remote editing of Org trees.
 :ALT_TITLE: Agenda Commands
 :END:
 #+cindex: commands, in agenda buffer
 
 Entries in the agenda buffer are linked back to the Org file or diary
 file where they originate.  You are not allowed to edit the agenda
 buffer itself, but commands are provided to show and jump to the
 original entry location, and to edit the Org files "remotely" from the
 agenda buffer.  In this way, all information is stored only once,
 removing the risk that your agenda and note files may diverge.
 
 Some commands can be executed with mouse clicks on agenda lines.  For
 the other commands, point needs to be in the desired line.
 
 *** Motion
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: motion commands in agenda
 
 - {{{kbd(n)}}} (~org-agenda-next-line~) ::
 
   #+kindex: n
   #+findex: org-agenda-next-line
   Next line (same as {{{kbd(DOWN)}}} and {{{kbd(C-n)}}}).
 
 - {{{kbd(p)}}} (~org-agenda-previous-line~) ::
 
   #+kindex: p
   #+findex: org-agenda-previous-line
   Previous line (same as {{{kbd(UP)}}} and {{{kbd(C-p)}}}).
 
 *** View/Go to Org file
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: view file commands in agenda
 
 - {{{kbd(SPC)}}} or {{{kbd(mouse-3)}}} (~org-agenda-show-and-scroll-up~) ::
 
   #+kindex: SPC
   #+kindex: mouse-3
   #+findex: org-agenda-show-and-scroll-up
   Display the original location of the item in another window.
   With a prefix argument, make sure that drawers stay folded.
 
 - {{{kbd(L)}}} (~org-agenda-recenter~) ::
 
   #+findex: org-agenda-recenter
   Display original location and recenter that window.
 
 - {{{kbd(TAB)}}} or {{{kbd(mouse-2)}}} (~org-agenda-goto~) ::
 
   #+kindex: TAB
   #+kindex: mouse-2
   #+findex: org-agenda-goto
   Go to the original location of the item in another window.
 
 - {{{kbd(RET)}}} (~org-agenda-switch-to~) ::
 
   #+kindex: RET
   #+findex: org-agenda-switch-to
   Go to the original location of the item and delete other windows.
 
 - {{{kbd(F)}}} (~org-agenda-follow-mode~) ::
 
   #+kindex: F
   #+findex: org-agenda-follow-mode
   #+vindex: org-agenda-start-with-follow-mode
   Toggle Follow mode.  In Follow mode, as you move point through the
   agenda buffer, the other window always shows the corresponding
   location in the Org file.  The initial setting for this mode in new
   agenda buffers can be set with the variable
   ~org-agenda-start-with-follow-mode~.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x b)}}} (~org-agenda-tree-to-indirect-buffer~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x b
   #+findex: org-agenda-tree-to-indirect-buffer
   Display the entire subtree of the current item in an indirect
   buffer.  With a numeric prefix argument N, go up to level N and then
   take that tree.  If N is negative, go up that many levels.  With
   a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, do not remove the previously used indirect
   buffer.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} (~org-agenda-open-link~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-o
   #+findex: org-agenda-open-link
   Follow a link in the entry.  This offers a selection of any links in
   the text belonging to the referenced Org node.  If there is only one
   link, follow it without a selection prompt.
 
 *** Change display
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: change agenda display
 #+cindex: display changing, in agenda
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - {{{kbd(A)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: A
   Interactively select another agenda view and append it to the
   current view.
 
 - {{{kbd(o)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: o
   Delete other windows.
 
 - {{{kbd(v d)}}} or short {{{kbd(d)}}} (~org-agenda-day-view~) ::
 
   #+kindex: v d
   #+kindex: d
   #+findex: org-agenda-day-view
   Switch to day view.  When switching to day view, this setting
   becomes the default for subsequent agenda refreshes.  A numeric
   prefix argument may be used to jump directly to a specific day of
   the year.  For example, {{{kbd(32 d)}}} jumps to February 1st.  When
   setting day view, a year may be encoded in the prefix argument as
   well.  For example, {{{kbd(200712 d)}}} jumps to January 12, 2007.
   If such a year specification has only one or two digits, it is
   expanded into one of the 30 next years or the last 69 years.
 
 - {{{kbd(v w)}}} or short {{{kbd(w)}}} (~org-agenda-week-view~) ::
 
   #+kindex: v w
   #+kindex: w
   #+findex: org-agenda-week-view
   Switch to week view.  When switching week view, this setting becomes
   the default for subsequent agenda refreshes.  A numeric prefix
   argument may be used to jump directly to a specific day of the ISO
   week.  For example {{{kbd(9 w)}}} to ISO week number 9.  When
   setting week view, a year may be encoded in the prefix argument as
   well.  For example, {{{kbd(200712 w)}}} jumps to week 12 in 2007.
   If such a year specification has only one or two digits, it is
   expanded into one of the 30 next years or the last 69 years.
 
 - {{{kbd(v m)}}} (~org-agenda-month-view~) ::
 
   #+kindex: v m
   #+findex: org-agenda-month-view
   Switch to month view.  Because month views are slow to create, they
   do not become the default for subsequent agenda refreshes.
   A numeric prefix argument may be used to jump directly to a specific
   day of the month.  When setting month view, a year may be encoded in
   the prefix argument as well.  For example, {{{kbd(200712 m)}}} jumps
   to December, 2007.  If such a year specification has only one or two
   digits, it is expanded into one of the 30 next years or the last 69
   years.
 
 - {{{kbd(v y)}}} (~org-agenda-year-view~) ::
 
   #+kindex: v y
   #+findex: org-agenda-year-view
   Switch to year view.  Because year views are slow to create, they do
   not become the default for subsequent agenda refreshes.  A numeric
   prefix argument may be used to jump directly to a specific day of
   the year.
 
 - {{{kbd(v SPC)}}} (~org-agenda-reset-view~) ::
 
   #+kindex: v SPC
   #+findex: org-agenda-reset-view
   #+vindex: org-agenda-span
   Reset the current view to ~org-agenda-span~.
 
 - {{{kbd(f)}}} (~org-agenda-later~) ::
 
   #+kindex: f
   #+findex: org-agenda-later
   Go forward in time to display the span following the current one.
   For example, if the display covers a week, switch to the following
   week.  With a prefix argument, repeat that many times.
 
 - {{{kbd(b)}}} (~org-agenda-earlier~) ::
 
   #+kindex: b
   #+findex: org-agenda-earlier
   Go backward in time to display earlier dates.
 
 - {{{kbd(.)}}} (~org-agenda-goto-today~) ::
 
   #+kindex: .
   #+findex: org-agenda-goto-today
   Go to today.
 
 - {{{kbd(j)}}} (~org-agenda-goto-date~) ::
 
   #+kindex: j
   #+findex: org-agenda-goto-date
   Prompt for a date and go there.
 
 - {{{kbd(J)}}} (~org-agenda-clock-goto~) ::
 
   #+kindex: J
   #+findex: org-agenda-clock-goto
   Go to the currently clocked-in task /in the agenda buffer/.
 
 - {{{kbd(D)}}} (~org-agenda-toggle-diary~) ::
 
   #+kindex: D
   #+findex: org-agenda-toggle-diary
   Toggle the inclusion of diary entries.  See [[*Weekly/daily agenda]].
 
 - {{{kbd(v l)}}} or {{{kbd(v L)}}} or short {{{kbd(l)}}} (~org-agenda-log-mode~) ::
 
   #+kindex: v l
   #+kindex: l
   #+kindex: v L
   #+findex: org-agenda-log-mode
   #+vindex: org-log-done
   #+vindex: org-agenda-log-mode-items
   Toggle Logbook mode.  In Logbook mode, entries that were marked as
   done while logging was on (see the variable ~org-log-done~) are
   shown in the agenda, as are entries that have been clocked on that
   day.  You can configure the entry types that should be included in
   log mode using the variable ~org-agenda-log-mode-items~.  When
   called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument, show all possible
   logbook entries, including state changes.  When called with two
   prefix arguments {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}}, show only logging information,
   nothing else.  {{{kbd(v L)}}} is equivalent to {{{kbd(C-u v l)}}}.
 
 - {{{kbd(v [)}}} or short {{{kbd([)}}} (~org-agenda-manipulate-query-add~) ::
 
   #+kindex: v [
   #+kindex: [
   #+findex: org-agenda-manipulate-query-add
   Include inactive timestamps into the current view.  Only for
   weekly/daily agenda.
 
 - {{{kbd(v a)}}} (~org-agenda-archives-mode~) ::
 
   #+kindex: v a
   #+findex: org-agenda-archives-mode
   Toggle Archives mode.  In Archives mode, trees that are archived
   (see [[*Internal archiving]]) are also scanned when producing the
   agenda.  To exit archives mode, press {{{kbd(v a)}}} again.
 
 - {{{kbd(v A)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: v A
   Toggle Archives mode.  Include all archive files as well.
 
 - {{{kbd(v R)}}} or short {{{kbd(R)}}} (~org-agenda-clockreport-mode~) ::
 
   #+kindex: v R
   #+kindex: R
   #+findex: org-agenda-clockreport-mode
   #+vindex: org-agenda-start-with-clockreport-mode
   #+vindex: org-clock-report-include-clocking-task
   Toggle Clockreport mode.  In Clockreport mode, the daily/weekly
   agenda always shows a table with the clocked times for the time span
   and file scope covered by the current agenda view.  The initial
   setting for this mode in new agenda buffers can be set with the
   variable ~org-agenda-start-with-clockreport-mode~.  By using
   a prefix argument when toggling this mode (i.e., {{{kbd(C-u R)}}}),
   the clock table does not show contributions from entries that are
   hidden by agenda filtering[fn:99].  See also the variable
   ~org-clock-report-include-clocking-task~.
 
 - {{{kbd(v c)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: v c
   #+vindex: org-agenda-clock-consistency-checks
   Show overlapping clock entries, clocking gaps, and other clocking
   problems in the current agenda range.  You can then visit clocking
   lines and fix them manually.  See the variable
   ~org-agenda-clock-consistency-checks~ for information on how to
   customize the definition of what constituted a clocking problem.  To
   return to normal agenda display, press {{{kbd(l)}}} to exit Logbook
   mode.
 
 - {{{kbd(v E)}}} or short {{{kbd(E)}}} (~org-agenda-entry-text-mode~) ::
 
   #+kindex: v E
   #+kindex: E
   #+findex: org-agenda-entry-text-mode
   #+vindex: org-agenda-start-with-entry-text-mode
   #+vindex: org-agenda-entry-text-maxlines
   Toggle entry text mode.  In entry text mode, a number of lines from
   the Org outline node referenced by an agenda line are displayed
   below the line.  The maximum number of lines is given by the
   variable ~org-agenda-entry-text-maxlines~.  Calling this command
   with a numeric prefix argument temporarily modifies that number to
   the prefix value.
 
 - {{{kbd(G)}}} (~org-agenda-toggle-time-grid~) ::
 
   #+kindex: G
   #+vindex: org-agenda-use-time-grid
   #+vindex: org-agenda-time-grid
   Toggle the time grid on and off.  See also the variables
   ~org-agenda-use-time-grid~ and ~org-agenda-time-grid~.
 
 - {{{kbd(r)}}} (~org-agenda-redo~), {{{kbd(g)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: r
   #+kindex: g
   #+findex: org-agenda-redo
   Recreate the agenda buffer, for example to reflect the changes after
   modification of the timestamps of items with {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} and
   {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}.  When the buffer is the global TODO list,
   a prefix argument is interpreted to create a selective list for
   a specific TODO keyword.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-x C-s)}}} or short {{{kbd(s)}}} (~org-save-all-org-buffers~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-x C-s
   #+findex: org-save-all-org-buffers
   #+kindex: s
   Save all Org buffers in the current Emacs session, and also the
   locations of IDs.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-c)}}} (~org-agenda-columns~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-c
   #+findex: org-agenda-columns
   #+vindex: org-columns-default-format
   Invoke column view (see [[*Column View]]) in the agenda buffer.  The
   column view format is taken from the entry at point, or, if there is
   no entry at point, from the first entry in the agenda view.  So
   whatever the format for that entry would be in the original buffer
   (taken from a property, from a =COLUMNS= keyword, or from the
   default variable ~org-columns-default-format~) is used in the
   agenda.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x >)}}} (~org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x >
   #+findex: org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock
   Remove the restriction lock on the agenda, if it is currently
   restricted to a file or subtree (see [[*Agenda Files]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(M-UP)}}} (~org-agenda-drag-line-backward~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-UP
   #+findex: org-agenda-drag-line-backward
   Drag the line at point backward one line.  With a numeric prefix
   argument, drag backward by that many lines.
 
   Moving agenda lines does not persist after an agenda refresh and
   does not modify the contributing Org files.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}} (~org-agenda-drag-line-forward~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M-DOWN
   #+findex: org-agenda-drag-line-forward
   Drag the line at point forward one line.  With a numeric prefix
   argument, drag forward by that many lines.
 
 *** Remote editing
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: remote editing, from agenda
 
 - {{{kbd(0--9)}}} ::
 
   Digit argument.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-_)}}} (~org-agenda-undo~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-_
   #+findex: org-agenda-undo
   #+cindex: undoing remote-editing events
   #+cindex: remote editing, undo
   Undo a change due to a remote editing command.  The change is undone
   both in the agenda buffer and in the remote buffer.
 
 - {{{kbd(t)}}} (~org-agenda-todo~) ::
 
   #+kindex: t
   #+findex: org-agenda-todo
   Change the TODO state of the item, both in the agenda and in the
   original Org file.  A prefix arg is passed through to the ~org-todo~
   command, so for example a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix are will trigger
   taking a note to document the state change.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-agenda-todo-nextset~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-S-RIGHT
   #+findex: org-agenda-todo-nextset
   Switch to the next set of TODO keywords.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-S-LEFT)}}}, ~org-agenda-todo-previousset~ ::
 
   #+kindex: C-S-LEFT
   Switch to the previous set of TODO keywords.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-k)}}} (~org-agenda-kill~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-k
   #+findex: org-agenda-kill
   #+vindex: org-agenda-confirm-kill
   Delete the current agenda item along with the entire subtree
   belonging to it in the original Org file.  If the text to be deleted
   remotely is longer than one line, the kill needs to be confirmed by
   the user.  See variable ~org-agenda-confirm-kill~.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-w)}}} (~org-agenda-refile~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-w
   #+findex: org-agenda-refile
   Refile the entry at point.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-a)}}} or short {{{kbd(a)}}} (~org-agenda-archive-default-with-confirmation~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-a
   #+kindex: a
   #+findex: org-agenda-archive-default-with-confirmation
   #+vindex: org-archive-default-command
   Archive the subtree corresponding to the entry at point using the
   default archiving command set in ~org-archive-default-command~.
   When using the {{{kbd(a)}}} key, confirmation is required.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x a)}}} (~org-agenda-toggle-archive-tag~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x a
   #+findex: org-agenda-toggle-archive-tag
   Toggle the archive tag (see [[*Internal archiving]]) for the current
   headline.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x A)}}} (~org-agenda-archive-to-archive-sibling~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x A
   #+findex: org-agenda-archive-to-archive-sibling
   Move the subtree corresponding to the current entry to its /archive
   sibling/.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-s)}}} or short {{{kbd($)}}} (~org-agenda-archive~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-s
   #+kindex: $
   #+findex: org-agenda-archive
   Archive the subtree corresponding to the current headline.  This
   means the entry is moved to the configured archive location, most
   likely a different file.
 
 - {{{kbd(T)}}} (~org-agenda-show-tags~) ::
 
   #+kindex: T
   #+findex: org-agenda-show-tags
   #+vindex: org-agenda-show-inherited-tags
   Show all tags associated with the current item.  This is useful if
   you have turned off ~org-agenda-show-inherited-tags~, but still want
   to see all tags of a headline occasionally.
 
 - {{{kbd(:)}}} (~org-agenda-set-tags~) ::
 
   #+kindex: :
   #+findex: org-agenda-set-tags
   Set tags for the current headline.  If there is an active region in
   the agenda, change a tag for all headings in the region.
 
 - {{{kbd(\,)}}} (~org-agenda-priority~) ::
 
   #+kindex: ,
   #+findex: org-agenda-priority
   Set the priority for the current item.  Org mode prompts for the
   priority character.  If you reply with {{{kbd(SPC)}}}, the priority
   cookie is removed from the entry.
 
 - {{{kbd(+)}}} or {{{kbd(S-UP)}}} (~org-agenda-priority-up~) ::
 
   #+kindex: +
   #+kindex: S-UP
   #+findex: org-agenda-priority-up
   Increase the priority of the current item.  The priority is changed
   in the original buffer, but the agenda is not resorted.  Use the
   {{{kbd(r)}}} key for this.
 
 - {{{kbd(-)}}} or {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} (~org-agenda-priority-down~) ::
 
   #+kindex: -
   #+kindex: S-DOWN
   #+findex: org-agenda-priority-down
   Decrease the priority of the current item.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x e)}}} or short {{{kbd(e)}}} (~org-agenda-set-effort~) ::
 
   #+kindex: e
   #+kindex: C-c C-x e
   #+findex: org-agenda-set-effort
   Set the effort property for the current item.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-z)}}} or short {{{kbd(z)}}} (~org-agenda-add-note~) ::
 
   #+kindex: z
   #+kindex: C-c C-z
   #+findex: org-agenda-add-note
   #+vindex: org-log-into-drawer
   Add a note to the entry.  This note is recorded, and then filed to
   the same location where state change notes are put.  Depending on
   ~org-log-into-drawer~, this may be inside a drawer.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-a)}}} (~org-attach~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-a
   #+findex: org-attach
   Dispatcher for all command related to attachments.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-s)}}} (~org-agenda-schedule~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-s
   #+findex: org-agenda-schedule
   Schedule this item.  With a prefix argument, remove the
   scheduling timestamp
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-d)}}} (~org-agenda-deadline~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-d
   #+findex: org-agenda-deadline
   Set a deadline for this item.  With a prefix argument, remove the
   deadline.
 
 - {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-agenda-do-date-later~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-RIGHT
   #+findex: org-agenda-do-date-later
   Change the timestamp associated with the current line by one day
   into the future.  If the date is in the past, the first call to this
   command moves it to today.  With a numeric prefix argument, change
   it by that many days.  For example, {{{kbd(3 6 5 S-RIGHT)}}} changes
   it by a year.  With a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, change the time by one
   hour.  If you immediately repeat the command, it will continue to
   change hours even without the prefix argument.  With a double
   {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}} prefix, do the same for changing minutes.  The
   stamp is changed in the original Org file, but the change is not
   directly reflected in the agenda buffer.  Use {{{kbd(r)}}} or
   {{{kbd(g)}}} to update the buffer.
 
 - {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} (~org-agenda-do-date-earlier~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S-LEFT
   #+findex: org-agenda-do-date-earlier
   Change the timestamp associated with the current line by one day
   into the past.
 
 - {{{kbd(>)}}} (~org-agenda-date-prompt~) ::
 
   #+kindex: >
   #+findex: org-agenda-date-prompt
   Change the timestamp associated with the current line.  The key
   {{{kbd(>)}}} has been chosen, because it is the same as
   {{{kbd(S-.)}}}  on my keyboard.
 
 - {{{kbd(I)}}} (~org-agenda-clock-in~) ::
 
   #+kindex: I
   #+findex: org-agenda-clock-in
   Start the clock on the current item.  If a clock is running already,
   it is stopped first.
 
 - {{{kbd(O)}}} (~org-agenda-clock-out~) ::
 
   #+kindex: O
   #+findex: org-agenda-clock-out
   Stop the previously started clock.
 
 - {{{kbd(X)}}} (~org-agenda-clock-cancel~) ::
 
   #+kindex: X
   #+findex: org-agenda-clock-cancel
   Cancel the currently running clock.
 
 - {{{kbd(J)}}} (~org-agenda-clock-goto~) ::
 
   #+kindex: J
   #+findex: org-agenda-clock-goto
   Jump to the running clock in another window.
 
 - {{{kbd(k)}}} (~org-agenda-capture~) ::
 
   #+kindex: k
   #+findex: org-agenda-capture
   #+cindex: capturing, from agenda
   #+vindex: org-capture-use-agenda-date
   Like ~org-capture~, but use the date at point as the default date
   for the capture template.  See ~org-capture-use-agenda-date~ to make
   this the default behavior of ~org-capture~.
 
 *** Bulk remote editing selected entries
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: remote editing, bulk, from agenda
 #+vindex: org-agenda-bulk-custom-functions
 
 - {{{kbd(m)}}} (~org-agenda-bulk-mark~) ::
   #+kindex: m
   #+findex: org-agenda-bulk-mark
 
   Mark the entry at point for bulk action.  If there is an active
   region in the agenda, mark the entries in the region.  With numeric
   prefix argument, mark that many successive entries.
 
 - {{{kbd(*)}}} (~org-agenda-bulk-mark-all~) ::
   #+kindex: *
   #+findex: org-agenda-bulk-mark-all
 
   Mark all visible agenda entries for bulk action.
 
 - {{{kbd(u)}}} (~org-agenda-bulk-unmark~) ::
   #+kindex: u
   #+findex: org-agenda-bulk-unmark
 
   Unmark entry for bulk action.
 
 - {{{kbd(U)}}} (~org-agenda-bulk-remove-all-marks~) ::
   #+kindex: U
   #+findex: org-agenda-bulk-remove-all-marks
 
   Unmark all marked entries for bulk action.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-m)}}} (~org-agenda-bulk-toggle~) ::
   #+kindex: M-m
   #+findex: org-agenda-bulk-toggle
 
   Toggle mark of the entry at point for bulk action.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-*)}}} (~org-agenda-bulk-toggle-all~) ::
   #+kindex: M-*
   #+findex: org-agenda-bulk-toggle-all
 
   Toggle mark of every entry for bulk action.
 
 - {{{kbd(%)}}} (~org-agenda-bulk-mark-regexp~) ::
   #+kindex: %
   #+findex: org-agenda-bulk-mark-regexp
 
   Mark entries matching a regular expression for bulk action.
 
 - {{{kbd(B)}}} (~org-agenda-bulk-action~) ::
   #+kindex: B
   #+findex: org-agenda-bulk-action
   #+vindex: org-agenda-bulk-persistent-marks
 
   Bulk action: act on all marked entries in the agenda.  This prompts
   for another key to select the action to be applied.  The prefix
   argument to {{{kbd(B)}}} is passed through to the {{{kbd(s)}}} and
   {{{kbd(d)}}} commands, to bulk-remove these special timestamps.  By
   default, marks are removed after the bulk.  If you want them to
   persist, set ~org-agenda-bulk-persistent-marks~ to ~t~ or hit
   {{{kbd(p)}}} at the prompt.
 
   - {{{kbd(p)}}} ::
 
     Toggle persistent marks.
 
   - {{{kbd($)}}} ::
 
     Archive all selected entries.
 
   - {{{kbd(A)}}} ::
 
     Archive entries by moving them to their respective archive
     siblings.
 
   - {{{kbd(t)}}} ::
 
     Change TODO state.  This prompts for a single TODO keyword and
     changes the state of all selected entries, bypassing blocking and
     suppressing logging notes---but not timestamps.
 
   - {{{kbd(+)}}} ::
 
     Add a tag to all selected entries.
 
   - {{{kbd(-)}}} ::
 
     Remove a tag from all selected entries.
 
   - {{{kbd(s)}}} ::
 
     Schedule all items to a new date.  To shift existing schedule
     dates by a fixed number of days, use something starting with
     double plus at the prompt, for example =++8d= or =++2w=.
 
   - {{{kbd(d)}}} ::
 
     Set deadline to a specific date.
 
   - {{{kbd(r)}}} ::
 
     Prompt for a single refile target and move all entries.  The
     entries are no longer in the agenda; refresh ({{{kbd(g)}}}) to
     bring them back.
 
   - {{{kbd(S)}}} ::
 
     Reschedule randomly into the coming N days.  N is prompted for.
     With a prefix argument ({{{kbd(C-u B S)}}}), scatter only across
     weekdays.
 
   - {{{kbd(f)}}} ::
 
     #+vindex: org-agenda-bulk-custom-functions
     Apply a function[fn:100] to marked entries.  For example, the
     function below sets the =CATEGORY= property of the entries to
     =web=.
 
     #+begin_src emacs-lisp
     (defun set-category ()
       (interactive "P")
       (let ((marker (or (org-get-at-bol 'org-hd-marker)
                         (org-agenda-error))))
         (org-with-point-at marker
           (org-back-to-heading t)
           (org-set-property "CATEGORY" "web"))))
     #+end_src
 
 *** Calendar commands
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: calendar commands, from agenda
 
 - {{{kbd(c)}}} (~org-agenda-goto-calendar~) ::
 
   #+kindex: c
   #+findex: org-agenda-goto-calendar
   Open the Emacs calendar and go to the date at point in the agenda.
 
 - {{{kbd(c)}}} (~org-calendar-goto-agenda~) ::
 
   #+kindex: c
   #+findex: org-calendar-goto-agenda
   When in the calendar, compute and show the Org agenda for the date
   at point.
 
 - {{{kbd(i)}}} (~org-agenda-diary-entry~) ::
   #+kindex: i
   #+findex: org-agenda-diary-entry
 
   #+cindex: diary entries, creating from agenda
   Insert a new entry into the diary, using the date at point and (for
   block entries) the date at the mark.  This adds to the Emacs diary
   file[fn:101], in a way similar to the {{{kbd(i)}}} command in the
   calendar.  The diary file pops up in another window, where you can
   add the entry.
 
   #+vindex: org-agenda-diary-file
   If you configure ~org-agenda-diary-file~ to point to an Org file,
   Org creates entries in that file instead.  Most entries are stored
   in a date-based outline tree that will later make it easy to archive
   appointments from previous months/years.  The tree is built under an
   entry with a =DATE_TREE= property, or else with years as top-level
   entries.  Emacs prompts you for the entry text---if you specify it,
   the entry is created in ~org-agenda-diary-file~ without further
   interaction.  If you directly press {{{kbd(RET)}}} at the prompt
   without typing text, the target file is shown in another window for
   you to finish the entry there.  See also the {{{kbd(k r)}}} command.
 
 - {{{kbd(M)}}} (~org-agenda-phases-of-moon~) ::
 
   #+kindex: M
   #+findex: org-agenda-phases-of-moon
   Show the phases of the moon for the three months around current
   date.
 
 - {{{kbd(S)}}} (~org-agenda-sunrise-sunset~) ::
 
   #+kindex: S
   #+findex: org-agenda-sunrise-sunset
   Show sunrise and sunset times.  The geographical location must be
   set with calendar variables, see the documentation for the Emacs
   calendar.
 
 - {{{kbd(C)}}} (~org-agenda-convert-date~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C
   #+findex: org-agenda-convert-date
   Convert the date at point into many other cultural and historic
   calendars.
 
 - {{{kbd(H)}}} (~org-agenda-holidays~) ::
 
   #+kindex: H
   #+findex: org-agenda-holidays
   Show holidays for three months around point date.
 
 *** Quit and exit
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 - {{{kbd(q)}}} (~org-agenda-quit~) ::
   #+kindex: q
   #+findex: org-agenda-quit
 
   Quit agenda, remove the agenda buffer.
 
 - {{{kbd(x)}}} (~org-agenda-exit~) ::
   #+kindex: x
   #+findex: org-agenda-exit
 
   #+cindex: agenda files, removing buffers
   Exit agenda, remove the agenda buffer and all buffers loaded by
   Emacs for the compilation of the agenda.  Buffers created by the
   user to visit Org files are not removed.
 
 ** Custom Agenda Views
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Defining special searches and views.
 :END:
 #+cindex: custom agenda views
 #+cindex: agenda views, custom
 
 Custom agenda commands serve two purposes: to store and quickly access
 frequently used TODO and tags searches, and to create special
 composite agenda buffers.  Custom agenda commands are accessible
 through the dispatcher (see [[*The Agenda Dispatcher]]), just like the
 default commands.
 
 *** Storing searches
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Type once, use often.
 :END:
 
 The first application of custom searches is the definition of keyboard
 shortcuts for frequently used searches, either creating an agenda
 buffer, or a sparse tree (the latter covering of course only the
 current buffer).
 
 #+kindex: C @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 #+vindex: org-agenda-custom-commands
 #+cindex: agenda views, main example
 #+cindex: agenda, as an agenda views
 #+cindex: agenda*, as an agenda views
 #+cindex: tags, as an agenda view
 #+cindex: todo, as an agenda view
 #+cindex: tags-todo
 #+cindex: todo-tree
 #+cindex: occur-tree
 #+cindex: tags-tree
 Custom commands are configured in the variable
 ~org-agenda-custom-commands~.  You can customize this variable, for
 example by pressing {{{kbd(C)}}} from the agenda dispatcher (see [[*The
 Agenda Dispatcher]]).  You can also directly set it with Emacs Lisp in
 the Emacs init file.  The following example contains all valid agenda
 views:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
       '(("x" agenda)
         ("y" agenda*)
         ("w" todo "WAITING")
         ("W" todo-tree "WAITING")
         ("u" tags "+boss-urgent")
         ("v" tags-todo "+boss-urgent")
         ("U" tags-tree "+boss-urgent")
         ("f" occur-tree "\\<FIXME\\>")
         ("h" . "HOME+Name tags searches") ;description for "h" prefix
         ("hl" tags "+home+Lisa")
         ("hp" tags "+home+Peter")
         ("hk" tags "+home+Kim")))
 #+end_src
 
 The initial string in each entry defines the keys you have to press
 after the dispatcher command in order to access the command.  Usually
 this is just a single character, but if you have many similar
 commands, you can also define two-letter combinations where the first
 character is the same in several combinations and serves as a prefix
 key[fn:102].  The second parameter is the search type, followed by the
 string or regular expression to be used for the matching.  The example
 above will therefore define:
 
 - {{{kbd(x)}}} ::
 
   as a global search for agenda entries planned[fn:103] this week/day.
 
 - {{{kbd(y)}}} ::
 
   as the same search, but only for entries with an hour specification
   like =[h]h:mm=---think of them as appointments.
 
 - {{{kbd(w)}}} ::
 
   as a global search for TODO entries with =WAITING= as the TODO
   keyword.
 
 - {{{kbd(W)}}} ::
 
   as the same search, but only in the current buffer and displaying
   the results as a sparse tree.
 
 - {{{kbd(u)}}} ::
 
   as a global tags search for headlines tagged =boss= but not
   =urgent=.
 
 - {{{kbd(v)}}} ::
 
   The same search, but limiting it to headlines that are also TODO
   items.
 
 - {{{kbd(U)}}} ::
 
   as the same search, but only in the current buffer and displaying
   the result as a sparse tree.
 
 - {{{kbd(f)}}} ::
 
   to create a sparse tree (again, current buffer only) with all
   entries containing the word =FIXME=.
 
 - {{{kbd(h)}}} ::
 
   as a prefix command for a =HOME= tags search where you have to press
   an additional key ({{{kbd(l)}}}, {{{kbd(p)}}} or {{{kbd(k)}}}) to
   select a name (Lisa, Peter, or Kim) as additional tag to match.
 
 Note that ~*-tree~ agenda views need to be called from an Org buffer
 as they operate on the current buffer only.
 
 *** Block agenda
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: All the stuff you need in a single buffer.
 :END:
 #+cindex: block agenda
 #+cindex: agenda, with block views
 
 Another possibility is the construction of agenda views that comprise
 the results of /several/ commands, each of which creates a block in
 the agenda buffer.  The available commands include ~agenda~ for the
 daily or weekly agenda (as created with {{{kbd(a)}}}) , ~alltodo~ for
 the global TODO list (as constructed with {{{kbd(t)}}}), ~stuck~ for
 the list of stuck projects (as obtained with {{{kbd(#)}}}) and the
 matching commands discussed above: ~todo~, ~tags~, and ~tags-todo~.
 
 Here are two examples:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
       '(("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks"
          ((agenda "")
           (tags-todo "home")
           (tags "garden")))
         ("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks"
          ((agenda "")
           (tags-todo "work")
           (tags "office")))))
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 This defines {{{kbd(h)}}} to create a multi-block view for stuff you
 need to attend to at home.  The resulting agenda buffer contains your
 agenda for the current week, all TODO items that carry the tag =home=,
 and also all lines tagged with =garden=.  Finally the command
 {{{kbd(o)}}} provides a similar view for office tasks.
 
 *** Setting options for custom commands
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Changing the rules.
 :ALT_TITLE: Setting options
 :END:
 #+cindex: options, for custom agenda views
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-custom-commands
 Org mode contains a number of variables regulating agenda construction
 and display.  The global variables define the behavior for all agenda
 commands, including the custom commands.  However, if you want to
 change some settings just for a single custom view, you can do so.
 Setting options requires inserting a list of variable names and values
 at the right spot in ~org-agenda-custom-commands~.  For example:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
       '(("w" todo "WAITING"
          ((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-down))
           (org-agenda-prefix-format "  Mixed: ")))
         ("U" tags-tree "+boss-urgent"
          ((org-show-context-detail 'minimal)))
         ("N" search ""
          ((org-agenda-files '("~org/notes.org"))
           (org-agenda-text-search-extra-files nil)))))
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 Now the {{{kbd(w)}}} command sorts the collected entries only by
 priority, and the prefix format is modified to just say =Mixed:=
 instead of giving the category of the entry.  The sparse tags tree of
 {{{kbd(U)}}} now turns out ultra-compact, because neither the headline
 hierarchy above the match, nor the headline following the match are
 shown.  The command {{{kbd(N)}}} does a text search limited to only
 a single file.
 
 For command sets creating a block agenda, ~org-agenda-custom-commands~
 has two separate spots for setting options.  You can add options that
 should be valid for just a single command in the set, and options that
 should be valid for all commands in the set.  The former are just
 added to the command entry; the latter must come after the list of
 command entries.  Going back to the block agenda example (see [[*Block
 agenda]]), let's change the sorting strategy for the {{{kbd(h)}}}
 commands to ~priority-down~, but let's sort the results for =garden=
 tags query in the opposite order, ~priority-up~.  This would look like
 this:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
       '(("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks"
          ((agenda)
           (tags-todo "home")
           (tags "garden"
                 ((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-up)))))
          ((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-down))))
         ("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks"
          ((agenda)
           (tags-todo "work")
           (tags "office")))))
 #+end_src
 
 As you see, the values and parentheses setting is a little complex.
 When in doubt, use the customize interface to set this variable---it
 fully supports its structure.  Just one caveat: when setting options
 in this interface, the /values/ are just Lisp expressions.  So if the
 value is a string, you need to add the double-quotes around the value
 yourself.
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts
 To control whether an agenda command should be accessible from
 a specific context, you can customize
 ~org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts~.  Let's say for example that you
 have an agenda command {{{kbd(o)}}} displaying a view that you only
 need when reading emails.  Then you would configure this option like
 this:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts
       '(("o" (in-mode . "message-mode"))))
 #+end_src
 
 You can also tell that the command key {{{kbd(o)}}} should refer to
 another command key {{{kbd(r)}}}.  In that case, add this command key
 like this:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts
       '(("o" "r" (in-mode . "message-mode"))))
 #+end_src
 
 See the docstring of the variable for more information.
 
 ** Exporting Agenda Views
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Writing a view to a file.
 :END:
 #+cindex: agenda views, exporting
 
 If you are away from your computer, it can be very useful to have
 a printed version of some agenda views to carry around.  Org mode can
 export custom agenda views as plain text, HTML[fn:104], Postscript,
 PDF[fn:105], and iCalendar files.  If you want to do this only
 occasionally, use the following command:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-x C-w)}}} (~org-agenda-write~) ::
   #+kindex: C-x C-w
   #+findex: org-agenda-write
   #+cindex: exporting agenda views
   #+cindex: agenda views, exporting
 
   #+vindex: org-agenda-exporter-settings
   Write the agenda view to a file.
 
 If you need to export certain agenda views frequently, you can
 associate any custom agenda command with a list of output file
 names[fn:106].  Here is an example that first defines custom commands
 for the agenda and the global TODO list, together with a number of
 files to which to export them.  Then we define two block agenda
 commands and specify file names for them as well.  File names can be
 relative to the current working directory, or absolute.
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
       '(("X" agenda "" nil ("agenda.html" "agenda.ps"))
         ("Y" alltodo "" nil ("todo.html" "todo.txt" "todo.ps"))
         ("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks"
          ((agenda "")
           (tags-todo "home")
           (tags "garden"))
          nil
          ("~/views/home.html"))
         ("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks"
          ((agenda)
           (tags-todo "work")
           (tags "office"))
          nil
          ("~/views/office.ps" "~/calendars/office.ics"))))
 #+end_src
 
 The extension of the file name determines the type of export.  If it
 is =.html=, Org mode uses the htmlize package to convert the buffer to
 HTML and save it to this file name.  If the extension is =.ps=,
 ~ps-print-buffer-with-faces~ is used to produce Postscript output.  If
 the extension is =.ics=, iCalendar export is run export over all files
 that were used to construct the agenda, and limit the export to
 entries listed in the agenda.  Any other extension produces a plain
 ASCII file.
 
 The export files are /not/ created when you use one of those
 commands interactively because this might use too much overhead.
 Instead, there is a special command to produce /all/ specified
 files in one step:
 
 - {{{kbd(e)}}} (~org-store-agenda-views~) ::
 
   #+kindex: e @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
   #+findex: org-store-agenda-views
   Export all agenda views that have export file names associated with
   them.
 
 You can use the options section of the custom agenda commands to also
 set options for the export commands.  For example:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
       '(("X" agenda ""
          ((ps-number-of-columns 2)
           (ps-landscape-mode t)
           (org-agenda-prefix-format " [ ] ")
           (org-agenda-with-colors nil)
           (org-agenda-remove-tags t))
          ("theagenda.ps"))))
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 #+vindex: org-agenda-exporter-settings
 This command sets two options for the Postscript exporter, to make it
 print in two columns in landscape format---the resulting page can be
 cut in two and then used in a paper agenda.  The remaining settings
 modify the agenda prefix to omit category and scheduling information,
 and instead include a checkbox to check off items.  We also remove the
 tags to make the lines compact, and we do not want to use colors for
 the black-and-white printer.  Settings specified in
 ~org-agenda-exporter-settings~ also apply, e.g.,
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-agenda-exporter-settings
       '((ps-number-of-columns 2)
         (ps-landscape-mode t)
         (org-agenda-add-entry-text-maxlines 5)
         (htmlize-output-type 'css)))
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 but the settings in ~org-agenda-custom-commands~ take precedence.
 
 From the command line you may also use:
 
 #+begin_src shell
 emacs -eval (org-batch-store-agenda-views) -kill
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 or, if you need to modify some parameters[fn:107]
 
 #+begin_src shell
 emacs -eval '(org-batch-store-agenda-views                      \
               org-agenda-span (quote month)                     \
               org-agenda-start-day "2007-11-01"                 \
               org-agenda-include-diary nil                      \
               org-agenda-files (quote ("~/org/project.org")))'  \
       -kill
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 which creates the agenda views restricted to the file
 =~/org/project.org=, without diary entries and with a 30-day extent.
 
 You can also extract agenda information in a way that allows further
 processing by other programs.  See [[*Extracting Agenda Information]], for
 more information.
 
 ** Using Column View in the Agenda
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Using column view for collected entries.
 :ALT_TITLE: Agenda Column View
 :END:
 #+cindex: column view, in agenda
 #+cindex: agenda, column view
 
 Column view (see [[*Column View]]) is normally used to view and edit
 properties embedded in the hierarchical structure of an Org file.  It
 can be quite useful to use column view also from the agenda, where
 entries are collected by certain criteria.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-c)}}} (~org-agenda-columns~) ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-c
   #+findex: org-agenda-columns
 
   Turn on column view in the agenda.
 
 To understand how to use this properly, it is important to realize
 that the entries in the agenda are no longer in their proper outline
 environment.  This causes the following issues:
 
 1.
    #+vindex: org-columns-default-format-for-agenda
    #+vindex: org-columns-default-format
    Org needs to make a decision which columns format to use.  Since
    the entries in the agenda are collected from different files, and
    different files may have different columns formats, this is a
    non-trivial problem.  Org first checks if
    ~org-overriding-columns-format~ is currently set, and if so, takes
    the format from there.  You should set this variable only in the
    /local settings section/ of a custom agenda command (see [[*Custom
    Agenda Views]]) to make it valid for that specific agenda view.  If
    no such binding exists, it checks, in sequence,
    ~org-columns-default-format-for-agenda~, the format associated with
    the first item in the agenda (through a property or a =#+COLUMNS=
    setting in that buffer) and finally ~org-columns-default-format~.
 
 2.
    #+cindex: @samp{CLOCKSUM}, special property
    If any of the columns has a summary type defined (see [[*Column
    attributes]]), turning on column view in the agenda visits all
    relevant agenda files and make sure that the computations of this
    property are up to date.  This is also true for the special
    =CLOCKSUM= property.  Org then sums the values displayed in the
    agenda.  In the daily/weekly agenda, the sums cover a single day;
    in all other views they cover the entire block.
 
    It is important to realize that the agenda may show the same entry
    /twice/---for example as scheduled and as a deadline---and it may
    show two entries from the same hierarchy (for example a /parent/
    and its /child/).  In these cases, the summation in the agenda
    leads to incorrect results because some values count double.
 
 3. When the column view in the agenda shows the =CLOCKSUM= property,
    that is always the entire clocked time for this item.  So even in
    the daily/weekly agenda, the clocksum listed in column view may
    originate from times outside the current view.  This has the
    advantage that you can compare these values with a column listing
    the planned total effort for a task---one of the major
    applications for column view in the agenda.  If you want
    information about clocked time in the displayed period use clock
    table mode (press {{{kbd(R)}}} in the agenda).
 
 4.
    #+cindex: @samp{CLOCKSUM_T}, special property
    When the column view in the agenda shows the =CLOCKSUM_T= property,
    that is always today's clocked time for this item.  So even in the
    weekly agenda, the clocksum listed in column view only originates
    from today.  This lets you compare the time you spent on a task for
    today, with the time already spent---via =CLOCKSUM=---and with
    the planned total effort for it.
 
 * Markup for Rich Contents
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Compose beautiful documents.
 :END:
 
 Org is primarily about organizing and searching through your
 plain-text notes.  However, it also provides a lightweight yet robust
 markup language for rich text formatting and more.  For instance, you
 may want to center or emphasize text.  Or you may need to insert
 a formula or image in your writing.  Org offers syntax for all of this
 and more.  Used in conjunction with the export framework (see
 [[*Exporting]]), you can author beautiful documents in Org---like the fine
 manual you are currently reading.
 
 ** Paragraphs
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: The basic unit of text.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: paragraphs, markup rules
 Paragraphs are separated by at least one empty line.  If you need to
 enforce a line break within a paragraph, use =\\= at the end of
 a line.
 
 #+cindex: line breaks, markup rules
 To preserve the line breaks, indentation and blank lines in a region,
 but otherwise use normal formatting, you can use this construct, which
 can also be used to format poetry.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_VERSE}
 #+cindex: verse blocks
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_VERSE
  Great clouds overhead
  Tiny black birds rise and fall
  Snow covers Emacs
 
     ---AlexSchroeder
 ,#+END_VERSE
 #+end_example
 
 When quoting a passage from another document, it is customary to
 format this as a paragraph that is indented on both the left and the
 right margin.  You can include quotations in Org documents like this:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_QUOTE}
 #+cindex: quote blocks
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_QUOTE
 Everything should be made as simple as possible,
 but not any simpler ---Albert Einstein
 ,#+END_QUOTE
 #+end_example
 
 If you would like to center some text, do it like this:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_CENTER}
 #+cindex: center blocks
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_CENTER
 Everything should be made as simple as possible, \\
 but not any simpler
 ,#+END_CENTER
 #+end_example
 
 ** Emphasis and Monospace
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Bold, italic, etc.
 :END:
 #+cindex: underlined text, markup rules
 #+cindex: bold text, markup rules
 #+cindex: italic text, markup rules
 #+cindex: verbatim text, markup rules
 #+cindex: code text, markup rules
 #+cindex: strike-through text, markup rules
 
 You can make words =*bold*=, =/italic/=, =_underlined_=, ==verbatim==
 and =~code~=, and, if you must, =+strike-through+=.  Text in the code
 and verbatim string is not processed for Org specific syntax; it is
 exported verbatim.
 
 #+vindex: org-fontify-emphasized-text
 To turn off fontification for marked up text, you can set
 ~org-fontify-emphasized-text~ to ~nil~.  To narrow down the list of
 available markup syntax, you can customize ~org-emphasis-alist~.
 
 ** Subscripts and Superscripts
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Simple syntax for raising/lowering text.
 :END:
 #+cindex: subscript
 #+cindex: superscript
 
 =^= and =_= are used to indicate super- and subscripts.  To increase
 the readability of ASCII text, it is not necessary, but OK, to
 surround multi-character sub- and superscripts with curly braces.  For
 example
 
 #+begin_example
 The radius of the sun is R_sun = 6.96 x 10^8 m.  On the other hand,
 the radius of Alpha Centauri is R_{Alpha Centauri} = 1.28 x R_{sun}.
 #+end_example
 
 #+vindex: org-use-sub-superscripts
 If you write a text where the underscore is often used in a different
 context, Org's convention to always interpret these as subscripts can
 get in your way.  Configure the variable ~org-use-sub-superscripts~ to
 change this convention.  For example, when setting this variable to
 ~{}~, =a_b= is not interpreted as a subscript, but =a_{b}= is.
 
 You can set ~org-use-sub-superscripts~ in a file using the export
 option =^:= (see [[*Export Settings][Export Settings]]).  For example, =#+OPTIONS: ^:{}=
 sets ~org-use-sub-superscripts~ to ~{}~ and limits super- and
 subscripts to the curly bracket notation.
 
 You can also toggle the visual display of super- and subscripts:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x \)}}} (~org-toggle-pretty-entities~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x \
   #+findex: org-toggle-pretty-entities
   This command formats sub- and superscripts in a WYSIWYM way.
 
 #+vindex: org-pretty-entities
 #+vindex: org-pretty-entities-include-sub-superscripts
 Set both ~org-pretty-entities~ and
 ~org-pretty-entities-include-sub-superscripts~ to ~t~ to start with
 super- and subscripts /visually/ interpreted as specified by the
 option ~org-use-sub-superscripts~.
 
 ** Special Symbols
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Greek letters and other symbols.
 :END:
 #+cindex: math symbols
 #+cindex: special symbols
 #+cindex: entities
 
 You can use LaTeX-like syntax to insert special symbols---named
 entities---like =\alpha= to indicate the Greek letter, or =\to= to indicate
 an arrow.  Completion for these symbols is available, just type =\=
 and maybe a few letters, and press {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} to see possible
 completions.  If you need such a symbol inside a word, terminate it
 with a pair of curly brackets.  For example
 
 #+begin_example
 Pro tip: Given a circle \Gamma of diameter d, the length of its
 circumference is \pi{}d.
 #+end_example
 
 #+findex: org-entities-help
 #+vindex: org-entities-user
 A large number of entities is provided, with names taken from both
 HTML and LaTeX; you can comfortably browse the complete list from
 a dedicated buffer using the command ~org-entities-help~.  It is also
 possible to provide your own special symbols in the variable
 ~org-entities-user~.
 
 During export, these symbols are transformed into the native format of
 the exporter back-end.  Strings like =\alpha= are exported as =&alpha;= in
 the HTML output, and as =\(\alpha\)= in the LaTeX output.  Similarly, =\nbsp=
 becomes =&nbsp;= in HTML and =~= in LaTeX.
 
 #+cindex: special symbols, in-buffer display
 If you would like to see entities displayed as UTF-8 characters, use
 the following command[fn:108]:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x \)}}} (~org-toggle-pretty-entities~) ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-x \
   #+findex: org-toggle-pretty-entities
 
   Toggle display of entities as UTF-8 characters.  This does not
   change the buffer content which remains plain ASCII, but it overlays
   the UTF-8 character for display purposes only.
 
 #+cindex: shy hyphen, special symbol
 #+cindex: dash, special symbol
 #+cindex: ellipsis, special symbol
 In addition to regular entities defined above, Org exports in
 a special way[fn:109] the following commonly used character
 combinations: =\-= is treated as a shy hyphen, =--= and =---= are
 converted into dashes, and =...= becomes a compact set of dots.
 
 ** Embedded LaTeX
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: LaTeX can be freely used inside Org documents.
 :END:
 #+cindex: @TeX{} interpretation
 #+cindex: @LaTeX{} interpretation
 
 Plain ASCII is normally sufficient for almost all note taking.
 Exceptions include scientific notes, which often require mathematical
 symbols and the occasional formula.  LaTeX[fn:110] is widely used to
 typeset scientific documents.  Org mode supports embedding LaTeX code
 into its files, because many academics are used to writing and reading
 LaTeX source code, and because it can be readily processed to produce
 pretty output for a number of export back-ends.
 
 *** LaTeX fragments
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Complex formulas made easy.
 :END:
 #+cindex: @LaTeX{} fragments
 
 #+vindex: org-format-latex-header
 Org mode can contain LaTeX math fragments, and it supports ways to
 process these for several export back-ends.  When exporting to LaTeX,
 the code is left as it is.  When exporting to HTML, Org can use either
 [[https://www.mathjax.org][MathJax]] (see [[*Math formatting in HTML export]]) or transcode the math
 into images (see [[*Previewing LaTeX fragments]]).
 
 LaTeX fragments do not need any special marking at all.  The following
 snippets are identified as LaTeX source code:
 
 - Environments of any kind[fn:111].  The only requirement is that the
   =\begin= statement appears on a new line, preceded by only
   whitespace.
 
 - Text within the usual LaTeX math delimiters.  To avoid conflicts
   with currency specifications, single =$= characters are only
   recognized as math delimiters if the enclosed text contains at most
   two line breaks, is directly attached to the =$= characters with no
   whitespace in between, and if the closing =$= is followed by
   whitespace, punctuation or a dash.  For the other delimiters, there
   is no such restriction, so when in doubt, use =\(...\)= as inline
   math delimiters.
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 For example:
 
 #+begin_example
 \begin{equation}                        % arbitrary environments,
 x=\sqrt{b}                              % even tables, figures
 \end{equation}                          % etc
 
 If $a^2=b$ and \( b=2 \), then the solution must be
 either $$ a=+\sqrt{2} $$ or \[ a=-\sqrt{2} \].
 #+end_example
 
 #+vindex: org-export-with-latex
 LaTeX processing can be configured with the variable
 ~org-export-with-latex~.  The default setting is ~t~ which means
 MathJax for HTML, and no processing for ASCII and LaTeX back-ends.
 You can also set this variable on a per-file basis using one of these
 lines:
 
 | =#+OPTIONS: tex:t=        | Do the right thing automatically (MathJax) |
 | =#+OPTIONS: tex:nil=      | Do not process LaTeX fragments at all      |
 | =#+OPTIONS: tex:verbatim= | Verbatim export, for jsMath or so          |
 
 *** Previewing LaTeX fragments
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: What will this snippet look like?
 :END:
 #+cindex: @LaTeX{} fragments, preview
 
 #+vindex: org-preview-latex-default-process
 If you have a working LaTeX installation and =dvipng=, =dvisvgm= or
 =convert= installed[fn:112], LaTeX fragments can be processed to
 produce images of the typeset expressions to be used for inclusion
 while exporting to HTML (see [[*LaTeX fragments]]), or for inline
 previewing within Org mode.
 
 #+vindex: org-format-latex-options
 #+vindex: org-format-latex-header
 You can customize the variables ~org-format-latex-options~ and
 ~org-format-latex-header~ to influence some aspects of the preview.
 In particular, the ~:scale~ (and for HTML export, ~:html-scale~)
 property of the former can be used to adjust the size of the preview
 images.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-l)}}} (~org-latex-preview~) ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-l
   #+findex: org-latex-preview
 
   Produce a preview image of the LaTeX fragment at point and overlay
   it over the source code.  If there is no fragment at point, process
   all fragments in the current entry---between two headlines.
 
   When called with a single prefix argument, clear all images in the
   current entry.  Two prefix arguments produce a preview image for all
   fragments in the buffer, while three of them clear all the images in
   that buffer.
 
 #+vindex: org-startup-with-latex-preview
 You can turn on the previewing of all LaTeX fragments in a file with
 
 : #+STARTUP: latexpreview
 
 To disable it, simply use
 
 : #+STARTUP: nolatexpreview
 
 *** Using CDLaTeX to enter math
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Speed up entering of formulas.
 :ALT_TITLE: CDLaTeX mode
 :END:
 #+cindex: CD@LaTeX{}
 
 CDLaTeX mode is a minor mode that is normally used in combination with
 a major LaTeX mode like AUCTeX in order to speed-up insertion of
 environments and math templates.  Inside Org mode, you can make use of
 some of the features of CDLaTeX mode.  You need to install
 =cdlatex.el= and =texmathp.el= (the latter comes also with AUCTeX)
 using [[https://melpa.org/][MELPA]] with the [[https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Package-Installation.html][Emacs packaging system]] or alternatively from
 [[https://staff.fnwi.uva.nl/c.dominik/Tools/cdlatex/]].  Do not use
 CDLaTeX mode itself under Org mode, but use the special version Org
 CDLaTeX minor mode that comes as part of Org.  Turn it on for the
 current buffer with {{{kbd(M-x org-cdlatex-mode)}}}, or for all Org
 files with
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (add-hook 'org-mode-hook #'turn-on-org-cdlatex)
 #+end_src
 
 When this mode is enabled, the following features are present (for
 more details see the documentation of CDLaTeX mode):
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - {{{kbd(C-c {)}}} ::
   #+kindex: C-c @{
 
   Insert an environment template.
 
 - {{{kbd(TAB)}}} ::
   #+kindex: TAB
 
   The {{{kbd(TAB)}}} key expands the template if point is inside
   a LaTeX fragment[fn:113].  For example, {{{kbd(TAB)}}} expands =fr=
   to =\frac{}{}= and position point correctly inside the first brace.
   Another {{{kbd(TAB)}}} gets you into the second brace.
 
   Even outside fragments, {{{kbd(TAB)}}} expands environment
   abbreviations at the beginning of a line.  For example, if you write
   =equ= at the beginning of a line and press {{{kbd(TAB)}}}, this
   abbreviation is expanded to an =equation= environment.  To get
   a list of all abbreviations, type {{{kbd(M-x
   cdlatex-command-help)}}}.
 
 - {{{kbd(^)}}}, {{{kbd(_)}}} ::
   #+kindex: _
   #+kindex: ^
   #+vindex: cdlatex-simplify-sub-super-scripts
 
   Pressing {{{kbd(_)}}} and {{{kbd(^)}}} inside a LaTeX fragment
   inserts these characters together with a pair of braces.  If you use
   {{{kbd(TAB)}}} to move out of the braces, and if the braces surround
   only a single character or macro, they are removed again (depending
   on the variable ~cdlatex-simplify-sub-super-scripts~).
 
 - {{{kbd(`)}}} ::
   #+kindex: `
 
   Pressing the backquote followed by a character inserts math macros,
   also outside LaTeX fragments.  If you wait more than 1.5 seconds
   after the backquote, a help window pops up.
 
 - {{{kbd(')}}} ::
   #+kindex: '
 
   Pressing the single-quote followed by another character modifies the
   symbol before point with an accent or a font.  If you wait more than
   1.5 seconds after the single-quote, a help window pops up.
   Character modification works only inside LaTeX fragments; outside
   the quote is normal.
 
 ** Literal Examples
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Source code examples with special formatting.
 :END:
 #+cindex: literal examples, markup rules
 #+cindex: code line references, markup rules
 
 You can include literal examples that should not be subjected to
 markup.  Such examples are typeset in monospace, so this is well
 suited for source code and similar examples.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_EXAMPLE}
 #+cindex: example block
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
   Some example from a text file.
 ,#+END_EXAMPLE
 #+end_example
 
 #+cindex: comma escape, in literal examples
 There is one limitation, however.  You must insert a comma right
 before lines starting with either =*=, =,*=, =#+= or =,#+=, as those
 may be interpreted as outlines nodes or some other special syntax.
 Org transparently strips these additional commas whenever it accesses
 the contents of the block.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
 ,,* I am no real headline
 ,#+END_EXAMPLE
 #+end_example
 
 For simplicity when using small examples, you can also start the
 example lines with a colon followed by a space.  There may also be
 additional whitespace before the colon:
 
 #+begin_example
 Here is an example
    : Some example from a text file.
 #+end_example
 
 #+cindex: formatting source code, markup rules
 #+vindex: org-latex-listings
 If the example is source code from a programming language, or any
 other text that can be marked up by Font Lock in Emacs, you can ask
 for the example to look like the fontified Emacs buffer[fn:114].  This
 is done with the code block, where you also need to specify the name
 of the major mode that should be used to fontify the example[fn:115],
 see [[*Structure Templates]] for shortcuts to easily insert code blocks.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_SRC}
 #+cindex: source block
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
   (defun org-xor (a b)
     "Exclusive or."
     (if a (not b) b))
  ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 Both in =example= and in =src= snippets, you can add a =-n= switch to
 the end of the =#+BEGIN= line, to get the lines of the example
 numbered.  The =-n= takes an optional numeric argument specifying the
 starting line number of the block.  If you use a =+n= switch, the
 numbering from the previous numbered snippet is continued in the
 current one.  The =+n= switch can also take a numeric argument.  This
 adds the value of the argument to the last line of the previous block
 to determine the starting line number.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp -n 20
   ;; This exports with line number 20.
   (message "This is line 21")
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp +n 10
   ;; This is listed as line 31.
   (message "This is line 32")
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 In literal examples, Org interprets strings like =(ref:name)= as
 labels, and use them as targets for special hyperlinks like
 =[[(name)]]=---i.e., the reference name enclosed in single parenthesis.
 In HTML, hovering the mouse over such a link remote-highlights the
 corresponding code line, which is kind of cool.
 
 You can also add a =-r= switch which /removes/ the labels from the
 source code[fn:116].  With the =-n= switch, links to these references
 are labeled by the line numbers from the code listing.  Otherwise
 links use the labels with no parentheses.  Here is an example:
 
 #+begin_example -l "(dumb-reference:%s)"
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp -n -r
   (save-excursion                 (ref:sc)
      (goto-char (point-min))      (ref:jump)
 ,#+END_SRC
 In line [[(sc)]] we remember the current position. [[(jump)][Line (jump)]]
 jumps to point-min.
 #+end_example
 
 #+cindex: indentation, in source blocks
 Source code and examples may be /indented/ in order to align nicely
 with the surrounding text, and in particular with plain list structure
 (see [[*Plain Lists]]).  By default, Org only retains the relative
 indentation between lines, e.g., when exporting the contents of the
 block.  However, you can use the =-i= switch to also preserve the
 global indentation, if it does matter.  See [[*Editing Source Code]].
 
 #+vindex: org-coderef-label-format
 If the syntax for the label format conflicts with the language syntax,
 use a =-l= switch to change the format, for example
 
 : #+BEGIN_SRC pascal -n -r -l "((%s))"
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 See also the variable ~org-coderef-label-format~.
 
 HTML export also allows examples to be published as text areas (see
 [[*Text areas in HTML export]]).
 
 Because the =#+BEGIN= ... =#+END= patterns need to be added so often,
 a shortcut is provided (see [[*Structure Templates]]).
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} (~org-edit-special~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c '
   #+findex: org-edit-special
   Edit the source code example at point in its native mode.  This
   works by switching to a temporary buffer with the source code.  You
   need to exit by pressing {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} again.  The edited version
   then replaces the old version in the Org buffer.  Fixed-width
   regions---where each line starts with a colon followed by
   a space---are edited using Artist mode[fn:117] to allow creating
   ASCII drawings easily.  Using this command in an empty line creates
   a new fixed-width region.
 
 #+cindex: storing link, in a source code buffer
 Calling ~org-store-link~ (see [[*Handling Links]]) while editing a source
 code example in a temporary buffer created with {{{kbd(C-c ')}}}
 prompts for a label.  Make sure that it is unique in the current
 buffer, and insert it with the proper formatting like =(ref:label)= at
 the end of the current line.  Then the label is stored as a link
 =(label)=, for retrieval with {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}}.
 
 ** Images
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Display an image.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: inlining images
 #+cindex: images, markup rules
 An image is a link to an image file[fn:118] that does not have
 a description part, for example
 
 : ./img/cat.jpg
 
 If you wish to define a caption for the image (see [[*Captions]]) and
 maybe a label for internal cross references (see [[*Internal Links]]),
 make sure that the link is on a line by itself and precede it with
 =CAPTION= and =NAME= keywords as follows:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+CAPTION: This is the caption for the next figure link (or table)
 ,#+NAME:   fig:SED-HR4049
 [[./img/a.jpg]]
 #+end_example
 
 Such images can be displayed within the buffer with the following
 command:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-v)}}} (~org-toggle-inline-images~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-v
   #+findex: org-toggle-inline-images
   #+vindex: org-startup-with-inline-images
   Toggle the inline display of linked images.  When called with
   a prefix argument, also display images that do have a link
   description.  You can ask for inline images to be displayed at
   startup by configuring the variable
   ~org-startup-with-inline-images~[fn:119].
 
 ** Captions
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Describe tables, images...
 :END:
 #+cindex: captions, markup rules
 #+cindex: @samp{CAPTION}, keyword
 
 You can assign a caption to a specific part of a document by inserting
 a =CAPTION= keyword immediately before it:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+CAPTION: This is the caption for the next table (or link)
 | ... | ... |
 |-----+-----|
 #+end_example
 
 Optionally, the caption can take the form:
 
 : #+CAPTION[Short caption]: Longer caption.
 
 Even though images and tables are prominent examples of captioned
 structures, the same caption mechanism can apply to many
 others---e.g., LaTeX equations, source code blocks.  Depending on the
 export back-end, those may or may not be handled.
 
 ** Horizontal Rules
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Make a line.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: horizontal rules, markup rules
 A line consisting of only dashes, and at least 5 of them, is exported
 as a horizontal line.
 
 ** Creating Footnotes
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Edit and read footnotes.
 :END:
 #+cindex: footnotes
 
 A footnote is started by a footnote marker in square brackets in
 column 0, no indentation allowed.  It ends at the next footnote
 definition, headline, or after two consecutive empty lines.  The
 footnote reference is simply the marker in square brackets, inside
 text.  Markers always start with =fn:=.  For example:
 
 #+begin_example
 The Org homepage[fn:1] now looks a lot better than it used to.
 ...
 [fn:1] The link is: https://orgmode.org
 #+end_example
 
 Org mode extends the number-based syntax to /named/ footnotes and
 optional inline definition.  Here are the valid references:
 
 - =[fn:NAME]= ::
 
   A named footnote reference, where {{{var(NAME)}}} is a unique
   label word, or, for simplicity of automatic creation, a number.
 
 - =[fn:: This is the inline definition of this footnote]= ::
 
   An anonymous footnote where the definition is given directly at the
   reference point.
 
 - =[fn:NAME: a definition]= ::
 
   An inline definition of a footnote, which also specifies a name for
   the note.  Since Org allows multiple references to the same note,
   you can then use =[fn:NAME]= to create additional references.
 
 #+vindex: org-footnote-auto-label
 Footnote labels can be created automatically, or you can create names
 yourself.  This is handled by the variable ~org-footnote-auto-label~
 and its corresponding =STARTUP= keywords.  See the docstring of that
 variable for details.
 
 The following command handles footnotes:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x f)}}} ::
 
   The footnote action command.
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x f
   When point is on a footnote reference, jump to the definition.  When
   it is at a definition, jump to the---first---reference.
 
   #+vindex: org-footnote-define-inline
   #+vindex: org-footnote-section
   Otherwise, create a new footnote.  Depending on the variable
   ~org-footnote-define-inline~[fn:120], the definition is placed right
   into the text as part of the reference, or separately into the
   location determined by the variable ~org-footnote-section~.
 
   When this command is called with a prefix argument, a menu of
   additional options is offered:
 
   #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.1 0.9
   | {{{kbd(s)}}} | Sort the footnote definitions by reference sequence.               |
   | {{{kbd(r)}}} | Renumber the simple =fn:N= footnotes.                              |
   | {{{kbd(S)}}} | Short for first {{{kbd(r)}}}, then {{{kbd(s)}}} action.                        |
   | {{{kbd(n)}}} | Rename all footnotes into a =fn:1= ... =fn:n= sequence.            |
   | {{{kbd(d)}}} | Delete the footnote at point, including definition and references. |
 
   #+vindex: org-footnote-auto-adjust
   Depending on the variable ~org-footnote-auto-adjust~[fn:121],
   renumbering and sorting footnotes can be automatic after each
   insertion or deletion.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c
   If point is on a footnote reference, jump to the definition.  If it
   is at the definition, jump back to the reference.  When called at
   a footnote location with a prefix argument, offer the same menu as
   {{{kbd(C-c C-x f)}}}.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} or {{{kbd(mouse-1/2)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-o
   #+kindex: mouse-1
   #+kindex: mouse-2
   Footnote labels are also links to the corresponding definition or
   reference, and you can use the usual commands to follow these links.
 
 * Exporting
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Sharing and publishing notes.
 :END:
 #+cindex: exporting
 
 At some point you might want to print your notes, publish them on the
 web, or share them with people not using Org.  Org can convert and
 export documents to a variety of other formats while retaining as much
 structure (see [[*Document Structure]]) and markup (see [[*Markup for Rich
 Contents]]) as possible.
 
 #+cindex: export back-end
 The libraries responsible for translating Org files to other formats
 are called /back-ends/.  Org ships with support for the following
 back-ends:
 
 - /ascii/ (ASCII format)
 - /beamer/ (LaTeX Beamer format)
 - /html/ (HTML format)
 - /icalendar/ (iCalendar format)
 - /latex/ (LaTeX format)
 - /md/ (Markdown format)
 - /odt/ (OpenDocument Text format)
 - /org/ (Org format)
 - /texinfo/ (Texinfo format)
 - /man/ (Man page format)
 
 Users can install libraries for additional formats from the Emacs
 packaging system.  For easy discovery, these packages have a common
 naming scheme: ~ox-NAME~, where {{{var(NAME)}}} is a format.  For
 example, ~ox-koma-letter~ for /koma-letter/ back-end.  More libraries
 can be found in the =org-contrib= repository (see [[*Installation]]).
 
 #+vindex: org-export-backends
 Org only loads back-ends for the following formats by default: ASCII,
 HTML, iCalendar, LaTeX, and ODT.  Additional back-ends can be loaded
 in either of two ways: by configuring the ~org-export-backends~
 variable, or by requiring libraries in the Emacs init file.  For
 example, to load the Markdown back-end, add this to your Emacs config:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (require 'ox-md)
 #+end_src
 
 ** The Export Dispatcher
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: The main interface.
 :END:
 #+cindex: dispatcher, for export commands
 #+cindex: export, dispatcher
 
 The export dispatcher is the main interface for Org's exports.
 A hierarchical menu presents the currently configured export formats.
 Options are shown as easy toggle switches on the same screen.
 
 #+vindex: org-export-dispatch-use-expert-ui
 Org also has a minimal prompt interface for the export dispatcher.
 When the variable ~org-export-dispatch-use-expert-ui~ is set to
 a non-~nil~ value, Org prompts in the minibuffer.  To switch back to
 the hierarchical menu, press {{{kbd(?)}}}.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e)}}} (~org-export~) ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-e
   #+findex: org-export
 
   Invokes the export dispatcher interface.  The options show default
   settings.  The {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument preserves options from
   the previous export, including any sub-tree selections.
 
 Org exports the entire buffer by default.  If the Org buffer has an
 active region, then Org exports just that region.
 
 Within the dispatcher interface, the following key combinations can
 further alter what is exported, and how.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-a)}}} ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-e C-a
 
   Toggle asynchronous export.  Asynchronous export uses an external
   Emacs process with a specially configured initialization file to
   complete the exporting process in the background, without tying-up
   Emacs.  This is particularly useful when exporting long documents.
 
   Output from an asynchronous export is saved on the /export stack/.
   To view this stack, call the export dispatcher with a double
   {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument.  If already in the export dispatcher
   menu, {{{kbd(&)}}} displays the stack.
 
   #+vindex: org-export-in-background
   You can make asynchronous export the default by setting
   ~org-export-in-background~.
 
   #+vindex: org-export-async-init-file
   You can set the initialization file used by the background process
   by setting ~org-export-async-init-file~.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-b)}}} ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-e C-b
 
   Toggle body-only export.  Useful for excluding headers and footers
   in the export.  Affects only those back-end formats that have
   sections like =<head>...</head>= in HTML.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-s)}}} ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-e C-s
 
   Toggle sub-tree export.  When turned on, Org exports only the
   sub-tree starting from point position at the time the export
   dispatcher was invoked.  Org uses the top heading of this sub-tree
   as the document's title.  If point is not on a heading, Org uses the
   nearest enclosing header.  If point is in the document preamble, Org
   signals an error and aborts export.
 
   #+vindex: org-export-initial-scope
   To make sub-tree export the default, customize the variable
   ~org-export-initial-scope~.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-v)}}} ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-e C-v
 
   Toggle visible-only export.  This is useful for exporting only
   certain parts of an Org document by adjusting the visibility of
   particular headings.  See also [[*Sparse Trees]].
 
 ** Export Settings
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Common export settings.
 :END:
 #+cindex: options, for export
 #+cindex: Export, settings
 
 #+cindex: @samp{OPTIONS}, keyword
 Export options can be set: globally with variables; for an individual
 file by making variables buffer-local with in-buffer settings (see
 [[*Summary of In-Buffer Settings]]); by setting individual keywords or
 specifying them in compact form with the =OPTIONS= keyword; or for
 a tree by setting properties (see [[*Properties and Columns]]).  Options
 set at a specific level override options set at a more general level.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{SETUPFILE}, keyword
 In-buffer settings may appear anywhere in the file, either directly or
 indirectly through a file included using =#+SETUPFILE: filename or
 URL= syntax.  Option keyword sets tailored to a particular back-end
 can be inserted from the export dispatcher (see [[*The Export
 Dispatcher]]) using the =Insert template= command by pressing
 {{{kbd(#)}}}.  To insert keywords individually, a good way to make
 sure the keyword is correct is to type =#+= and then to use
 {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}}[fn:16] for completion.
 
 The export keywords available for every back-end, and their equivalent
 global variables, include:
 
 - =AUTHOR= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{AUTHOR}, keyword
   #+vindex: user-full-name
   The document author (~user-full-name~).
 
 - =CREATOR= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{CREATOR}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-expot-creator-string
   Entity responsible for output generation
   (~org-export-creator-string~).
 
 - =DATE= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{DATE}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-export-date-timestamp-format
   A date or a time-stamp[fn:122].
 
 - =EMAIL= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{EMAIL}, keyword
   #+vindex: user-mail-address
   The email address (~user-mail-address~).
 
 - =LANGUAGE= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{LANGUAGE}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-export-default-language
   Language to use for translating certain strings
   (~org-export-default-language~).  With =#+LANGUAGE: fr=, for
   example, Org translates =Table of contents= to the French =Table des
   matières=[fn:123].
 
 - =SELECT_TAGS= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{SELECT_TAGS}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-export-select-tags
   The default value is =("export")=.  When a tree is tagged with
   =export= (~org-export-select-tags~), Org selects that tree and its
   sub-trees for export.  Org excludes trees with =noexport= tags, see
   below.  When selectively exporting files with =export= tags set, Org
   does not export any text that appears before the first headline.
 
 - =EXCLUDE_TAGS= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{EXCLUDE_TAGS}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-export-exclude-tags
   The default value is =("noexport")=.  When a tree is tagged with
   =noexport= (~org-export-exclude-tags~), Org excludes that tree and
   its sub-trees from export.  Entries tagged with =noexport= are
   unconditionally excluded from the export, even if they have an
   =export= tag.  Even if a sub-tree is not exported, Org executes any
   code blocks contained there.
 
 - =TITLE= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{TITLE}, keyword
   #+cindex: document title
   Org displays this title.  For long titles, use multiple =#+TITLE=
   lines.
 
 - =EXPORT_FILE_NAME= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{EXPORT_FILE_NAME}, keyword
   The name of the output file to be generated.  Otherwise, Org
   generates the file name based on the buffer name and the extension
   based on the back-end format.
 
 The =OPTIONS= keyword is a compact form.  To configure multiple
 options, use several =OPTIONS= lines.  =OPTIONS= recognizes the
 following arguments.
 
 - ~'~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-smart-quotes
   Toggle smart quotes (~org-export-with-smart-quotes~).  Depending on
   the language used, when activated, Org treats pairs of double quotes
   as primary quotes, pairs of single quotes as secondary quotes, and
   single quote marks as apostrophes.
 
 - ~*~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-emphasize
   Toggle emphasized text (~org-export-with-emphasize~).
 
 - ~-~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-special-strings
   Toggle conversion of special strings
   (~org-export-with-special-strings~).
 
 - ~:~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-fixed-width
   Toggle fixed-width sections (~org-export-with-fixed-width~).
 
 - ~<~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-timestamps
   Toggle inclusion of time/date active/inactive stamps
   (~org-export-with-timestamps~).
 
 - ~\n~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-preserve-breaks
   Toggles whether to preserve line breaks
   (~org-export-preserve-breaks~).
 
 - ~^~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-sub-superscripts
   Toggle TeX-like syntax for sub- and superscripts.  If you write
   =^:{}=, =a_{b}= is interpreted, but the simple =a_b= is left as it
   is (~org-export-with-sub-superscripts~).
 
 - ~arch~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-archived-trees
   Configure how archived trees are exported.  When set to ~headline~,
   the export process skips the contents and processes only the
   headlines (~org-export-with-archived-trees~).
 
 - ~author~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-author
   Toggle inclusion of author name into exported file
   (~org-export-with-author~).
 
 - ~broken-links~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-broken-links
   Toggles if Org should continue exporting upon finding a broken
   internal link.  When set to ~mark~, Org clearly marks the problem
   link in the output (~org-export-with-broken-links~).
 
 - ~c~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-clocks
   Toggle inclusion of =CLOCK= keywords (~org-export-with-clocks~).
 
 - ~creator~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-creator
   Toggle inclusion of creator information in the exported file
   (~org-export-with-creator~).
 
 - ~d~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-drawers
   Toggles inclusion of drawers, or list of drawers to include, or list
   of drawers to exclude (~org-export-with-drawers~).
 
 - ~date~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-date
   Toggle inclusion of a date into exported file
   (~org-export-with-date~).
 
 - ~e~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-entities
   Toggle inclusion of entities (~org-export-with-entities~).
 
 - ~email~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-email
   Toggle inclusion of the author's e-mail into exported file
   (~org-export-with-email~).
 
 - ~f~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-footnotes
   Toggle the inclusion of footnotes (~org-export-with-footnotes~).
 
 - ~H~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-headline-levels
   Set the number of headline levels for export
   (~org-export-headline-levels~).  Below that level, headlines are
   treated differently.  In most back-ends, they become list items.
 
 - ~inline~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-inlinetasks
   Toggle inclusion of inlinetasks (~org-export-with-inlinetasks~).
 
 - ~num~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-section-numbers
   #+cindex: @samp{UNNUMBERED}, property
   Toggle section-numbers (~org-export-with-section-numbers~).  When
   set to number N, Org numbers only those headlines at level N or
   above.  Set =UNNUMBERED= property to non-~nil~ to disable numbering
   of heading and subheadings entirely.  Moreover, when the value is
   =notoc= the headline, and all its children, do not appear in the
   table of contents either (see [[*Table of Contents]]).
 
 - ~p~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-planning
   Toggle export of planning information (~org-export-with-planning~).
   "Planning information" comes from lines located right after the
   headline and contain any combination of these cookies: =SCHEDULED=,
   =DEADLINE=, or =CLOSED=.
 
 - ~pri~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-priority
   Toggle inclusion of priority cookies
   (~org-export-with-priority~).
 
 - ~prop~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-properties
   Toggle inclusion of property drawers, or list the properties to
   include (~org-export-with-properties~).
 
 - ~stat~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-statistics-cookies
   Toggle inclusion of statistics cookies
   (~org-export-with-statistics-cookies~).
 
 - ~tags~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-tags
   Toggle inclusion of tags, may also be ~not-in-toc~
   (~org-export-with-tags~).
 
 - ~tasks~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-tasks
   Toggle inclusion of tasks (TODO items); or ~nil~ to remove all
   tasks; or ~todo~ to remove done tasks; or list the keywords to keep
   (~org-export-with-tasks~).
 
 - ~tex~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-latex
   ~nil~ does not export; ~t~ exports; ~verbatim~ keeps everything in
   verbatim (~org-export-with-latex~).
 
 - ~timestamp~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-time-stamp-file
   Toggle inclusion of the creation time in the exported file
   (~org-export-time-stamp-file~).
 
 - ~title~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-title
   Toggle inclusion of title (~org-export-with-title~).
 
 - ~toc~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-toc
   Toggle inclusion of the table of contents, or set the level limit
   (~org-export-with-toc~).
 
 - ~todo~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-todo-keywords
   Toggle inclusion of TODO keywords into exported text
   (~org-export-with-todo-keywords~).
 
 - ~|~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-with-tables
   Toggle inclusion of tables (~org-export-with-tables~).
 
 When exporting sub-trees, special node properties can override the
 above keywords.  These properties have an =EXPORT_= prefix.  For
 example, =DATE= becomes, =EXPORT_DATE= when used for a specific
 sub-tree.  Except for =SETUPFILE=, all other keywords listed above
 have an =EXPORT_= equivalent.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{BIND}, keyword
 #+vindex: org-export-allow-bind-keywords
 If ~org-export-allow-bind-keywords~ is non-~nil~, Emacs variables can
 become buffer-local during export by using the =BIND= keyword.  Its
 syntax is =#+BIND: variable value=.  This is particularly useful for
 in-buffer settings that cannot be changed using keywords.
 
 ** Table of Contents
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: The if and where of the table of contents.
 :END:
 #+cindex: table of contents
 #+cindex: list of tables
 #+cindex: list of listings
 
 #+cindex: @samp{toc}, in @samp{OPTIONS} keyword
 #+vindex: org-export-with-toc
 The table of contents includes all headlines in the document.  Its
 depth is therefore the same as the headline levels in the file.  If
 you need to use a different depth, or turn it off entirely, set the
 ~org-export-with-toc~ variable accordingly.  You can achieve the same
 on a per file basis, using the following =toc= item in =OPTIONS=
 keyword:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+OPTIONS: toc:2          (only include two levels in TOC)
 ,#+OPTIONS: toc:nil        (no default TOC at all)
 #+end_example
 
 #+cindex: excluding entries from table of contents
 #+cindex: table of contents, exclude entries
 Org includes both numbered and unnumbered headlines in the table of
 contents[fn:124].  If you need to exclude an unnumbered headline,
 along with all its children, set the =UNNUMBERED= property to =notoc=
 value.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* Subtree not numbered, not in table of contents either
   :PROPERTIES:
   :UNNUMBERED: notoc
   :END:
 #+end_example
 
 #+cindex: @samp{TOC}, keyword
 Org normally inserts the table of contents directly before the first
 headline of the file.  To move the table of contents to a different
 location, first turn off the default with ~org-export-with-toc~
 variable or with =#+OPTIONS: toc:nil=.  Then insert =#+TOC: headlines
 N= at the desired location(s).
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+OPTIONS: toc:nil
 ...
 ,#+TOC: headlines 2
 #+end_example
 
 To adjust the table of contents depth for a specific section of the
 Org document, append an additional =local= parameter.  This parameter
 becomes a relative depth for the current level.  The following example
 inserts a local table of contents, with direct children only.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* Section
 ,#+TOC: headlines 1 local
 #+end_example
 
 Note that for this feature to work properly in LaTeX export, the Org
 file requires the inclusion of the titletoc package.  Because of
 compatibility issues, titletoc has to be loaded /before/ hyperref.
 Customize the ~org-latex-default-packages-alist~ variable.
 
 The following example inserts a table of contents that links to the
 children of the specified target.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* Target
   :PROPERTIES:
   :CUSTOM_ID: TargetSection
   :END:
 ,** Heading A
 ,** Heading B
 ,* Another section
 ,#+TOC: headlines 1 :target #TargetSection
 #+end_example
 
 The =:target= attribute is supported in HTML, Markdown, ODT, and ASCII export.
 
 Use the =TOC= keyword to generate list of tables---respectively, all
 listings---with captions.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+TOC: listings
 ,#+TOC: tables
 #+end_example
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ALT_TITLE}, property
 Normally Org uses the headline for its entry in the table of contents.
 But with =ALT_TITLE= property, a different entry can be specified for
 the table of contents.
 
 ** Include Files
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Include additional files into a document.
 :END:
 #+cindex: include files, during export
 #+cindex: export, include files
 #+cindex: @samp{INCLUDE}, keyword
 
 During export, you can include the content of another file.  For
 example, to include your =.emacs= file, you could use:
 
 : #+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" src emacs-lisp
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 The first parameter is the file name to include.  The optional second
 parameter specifies the block type: =example=, =export= or =src=.  The
 optional third parameter specifies the source code language to use for
 formatting the contents.  This is relevant to both =export= and =src=
 block types.
 
 If an included file is specified as having a markup language, Org
 neither checks for valid syntax nor changes the contents in any way.
 For example and source blocks, Org code-escapes the contents before
 inclusion.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{minlevel}, include
 If an included file is not specified as having any markup language,
 Org assumes it be in Org format and proceeds as usual with a few
 exceptions.  Org makes the footnote labels (see [[*Creating Footnotes]])
 in the included file local to that file.  The contents of the included
 file belong to the same structure---headline, item---containing the
 =INCLUDE= keyword.  In particular, headlines within the file become
 children of the current section.  That behavior can be changed by
 providing an additional keyword parameter, =:minlevel=.  It shifts the
 headlines in the included file to become the lowest level.  For
 example, this syntax makes the included file a sibling of the current
 top-level headline:
 
 : #+INCLUDE: "~/my-book/chapter2.org" :minlevel 1
 
 #+cindex: @samp{lines}, include
 Inclusion of only portions of files are specified using ranges
 parameter with =:lines= keyword.  The line at the upper end of the
 range will not be included.  The start and/or the end of the range may
 be omitted to use the obvious defaults.
 
 | =#+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" :lines "5-10"= | Include lines 5 to 10, 10 excluded |
 | =#+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" :lines "-10"=  | Include lines 1 to 10, 10 excluded |
 | =#+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" :lines "10-"=  | Include lines from 10 to EOF       |
 
 Inclusions may specify a file-link to extract an object matched by
 ~org-link-search~[fn:125] (see [[*Search Options in File Links]]).  The
 ranges for =:lines= keyword are relative to the requested element.
 Therefore,
 
 : #+INCLUDE: "./paper.org::*conclusion" :lines 1-20
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 includes the first 20 lines of the headline named =conclusion=.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{only-contents}, include
 To extract only the contents of the matched object, set
 =:only-contents= property to non-~nil~.  This omits any planning lines
 or property drawers.  For example, to include the body of the heading
 with the custom ID =theory=, you can use
 
 : #+INCLUDE: "./paper.org::#theory" :only-contents t
 
 The following command allows navigating to the included document:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} (~org-edit~special~) ::
   #+kindex: C-c '
   #+findex: org-edit-special
 
   Visit the included file at point.
 
 ** Macro Replacement
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Use macros to create templates.
 :END:
 #+cindex: macro replacement, during export
 #+cindex: @samp{MACRO}, keyword
 
 #+vindex: org-export-global-macros
 Macros replace text snippets during export.  Macros are defined
 globally in ~org-export-global-macros~, or document-wise with the
 following syntax:
 
 : #+MACRO: name   replacement text; $1, $2 are arguments
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 which can be referenced using ={{{name(arg1, arg2)}}}=[fn:126].  For
 example
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+MACRO: poem Rose is $1, violet's $2. Life's ordered: Org assists you.
 {{{poem(red,blue)}}}
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 becomes
 
 : Rose is red, violet's blue.  Life's ordered: Org assists you.
 
 As a special case, Org parses any replacement text starting with
 =(eval= as an Emacs Lisp expression and evaluates it accordingly.
 Within such templates, arguments become strings.  Thus, the following
 macro
 
 : #+MACRO: gnustamp (eval (concat "GNU/" (capitalize $1)))
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 turns ={{{gnustamp(linux)}}}= into =GNU/Linux= during export.
 
 Org recognizes macro references in following Org markup areas:
 paragraphs, headlines, verse blocks, tables cells and lists.  Org also
 recognizes macro references in keywords, such as =CAPTION=, =TITLE=,
 =AUTHOR=, =DATE=, and for some back-end specific export options.
 
 Org comes with following pre-defined macros:
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ;
 - ={{{keyword(NAME)}}}=; ={{{title}}}=; ={{{author}}}=; ={{{email}}}= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{keyword}, macro
   #+cindex: @samp{title}, macro
   #+cindex: @samp{author}, macro
   #+cindex: @samp{email}, macro
   The =keyword= macro collects all values from {{{var(NAME)}}}
   keywords throughout the buffer, separated with white space.
   =title=, =author= and =email= macros are shortcuts for,
   respectively, ={{{keyword(TITLE)}}}=, ={{{keyword(AUTHOR)}}}= and
   ={{{keyword(EMAIL)}}}=.
 
 - ={{{date}}}=; ={{{date(FORMAT)}}}= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{date}, macro
   This macro refers to the =DATE= keyword.  {{{var(FORMAT)}}} is an
   optional argument to the =date= macro that is used only if =DATE= is
   a single timestamp.  {{{var(FORMAT)}}} should be a format string
   understood by ~format-time-string~.
 
 - ={{{time(FORMAT)}}}=; ={{{modification-time(FORMAT, VC)}}}= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{time}, macro
   #+cindex: @samp{modification-time}, macro
   These macros refer to the document's date and time of export and
   date and time of modification.  {{{var(FORMAT)}}} is a string
   understood by ~format-time-string~.  If the second argument to the
   ~modification-time~ macro is non-~nil~, Org uses =vc.el= to retrieve
   the document's modification time from the version control system.
   Otherwise Org reads the file attributes.
 
 - ={{{input-file}}}= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{input-file}, macro
   This macro refers to the filename of the exported file.
 
 - ={{{property(PROPERTY-NAME)}}}=; ={{{property(PROPERTY-NAME, SEARCH OPTION)}}}= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{property}, macro
   This macro returns the value of property {{{var(PROPERTY-NAME)}}} in
   the current entry.  If {{{var(SEARCH-OPTION)}}} (see [[*Search
   Options in File Links]]) refers to a remote entry, use it instead.
 
 - ={{{n}}}=; ={{{n(NAME)}}}=; ={{{n(NAME, ACTION)}}}= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{n}, macro
   #+cindex: counter, macro
   This macro implements custom counters by returning the number of
   times the macro has been expanded so far while exporting the buffer.
   You can create more than one counter using different {{{var(NAME)}}}
   values.  If {{{var(ACTION)}}} is =-=, previous value of the counter
   is held, i.e., the specified counter is not incremented.  If the
   value is a number, the specified counter is set to that value.  If
   it is any other non-empty string, the specified counter is reset
   to 1.  You may leave {{{var(NAME)}}} empty to reset the default
   counter.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{results}, macro
 Moreover, inline source blocks (see [[*Structure of Code Blocks]]) use the
 special =results= macro to mark their output.  As such, you are
 advised against re-defining it, unless you know what you are doing.
 
 #+vindex: org-hide-macro-markers
 The surrounding brackets can be made invisible by setting
 ~org-hide-macro-markers~ to a non-~nil~ value.
 
 Org expands macros at the very beginning of the export process.
 
 ** Comment Lines
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: What will not be exported.
 :END:
 #+cindex: exporting, not
 
 #+cindex: comment lines
 Lines starting with zero or more whitespace characters followed by one
 =#= and a whitespace are treated as comments and, as such, are not
 exported.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_COMMENT}
 #+cindex: comment block
 Likewise, regions surrounded by =#+BEGIN_COMMENT= ... =#+END_COMMENT=
 are not exported.
 
 #+cindex: comment trees
 Finally, a =COMMENT= keyword at the beginning of an entry, but after
 any other keyword or priority cookie, comments out the entire subtree.
 In this case, the subtree is not exported and no code block within it
 is executed either[fn:127].  The command below helps changing the
 comment status of a headline.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c ;)}}} (~org-toggle-comment~) ::
   #+kindex: C-c ;
   #+findex: org-toggle-comment
 
   Toggle the =COMMENT= keyword at the beginning of an entry.
 
 ** ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Exporting to flat files with encoding.
 :END:
 #+cindex: ASCII export
 #+cindex: Latin-1 export
 #+cindex: UTF-8 export
 
 ASCII export produces an output file containing only plain ASCII
 characters.  This is the simplest and most direct text output.  It
 does not contain any Org markup.  Latin-1 and UTF-8 export use
 additional characters and symbols available in these encoding
 standards.  All three of these export formats offer the most basic of
 text output for maximum portability.
 
 #+vindex: org-ascii-text-width
 On export, Org fills and justifies text according to the text width
 set in ~org-ascii-text-width~.
 
 #+vindex: org-ascii-links-to-notes
 Org exports links using a footnote-like style where the descriptive
 part is in the text and the link is in a note before the next heading.
 See the variable ~org-ascii-links-to-notes~ for details.
 
 *** ASCII export commands
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e t a)}}} (~org-ascii-export-to-ascii~), {{{kbd(C-c C-e t l)}}}, {{{kbd(C-c C-e t u)}}} ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-e t a
   #+kindex: C-c C-e t l
   #+kindex: C-c C-e t u
   #+findex: org-ascii-export-to-ascii
 
   Export as an ASCII file with a =.txt= extension.  For =myfile.org=,
   Org exports to =myfile.txt=, overwriting without warning.  For
   =myfile.txt=, Org exports to =myfile.txt.txt= in order to prevent
   data loss.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e t A)}}} (~org-ascii-export-to-ascii~), {{{kbd(C-c C-e t L)}}}, {{{kbd(C-c C-e t U)}}} ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-e t A
   #+kindex: C-c C-e t L
   #+kindex: C-c C-e t U
   #+findex: org-ascii-export-as-ascii
 
   Export to a temporary buffer.  Does not create a file.
 
 *** ASCII specific export settings
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 The ASCII export back-end has one extra keyword for customizing ASCII
 output.  Setting this keyword works similar to the general options
 (see [[*Export Settings]]).
 
 - =SUBTITLE= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
   The document subtitle.  For long subtitles, use multiple
   =#+SUBTITLE= lines in the Org file.  Org prints them on one
   continuous line, wrapping into multiple lines if necessary.
 
 *** Header and sectioning structure
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 Org converts the first three outline levels into headlines for ASCII
 export.  The remaining levels are turned into lists.  To change this
 cut-off point where levels become lists, see [[*Export Settings]].
 
 *** Quoting ASCII text
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 To insert text within the Org file by the ASCII back-end, use one the
 following constructs, inline, keyword, or export block:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ASCII}, keyword
 #+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT ascii}
 #+begin_example
 Inline text @@ascii:and additional text@@ within a paragraph.
 
 ,#+ASCII: Some text
 
 ,#+BEGIN_EXPORT ascii
 Org exports text in this block only when using ASCII back-end.
 ,#+END_EXPORT
 #+end_example
 
 *** ASCII specific attributes
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_ASCII}, keyword
 #+cindex: horizontal rules, in ASCII export
 
 ASCII back-end recognizes only one attribute, =:width=, which
 specifies the width of a horizontal rule in number of characters.  The
 keyword and syntax for specifying widths is:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_ASCII: :width 10
 -----
 #+end_example
 
 *** ASCII special blocks
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: special blocks, in ASCII export
 #+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_JUSTIFYLEFT}
 #+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_JUSTIFYRIGHT}
 
 Besides =#+BEGIN_CENTER= blocks (see [[*Paragraphs]]), ASCII back-end has
 these two left and right justification blocks:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_JUSTIFYLEFT
 It's just a jump to the left...
 ,#+END_JUSTIFYLEFT
 
 ,#+BEGIN_JUSTIFYRIGHT
 ...and then a step to the right.
 ,#+END_JUSTIFYRIGHT
 #+end_example
 
 ** Beamer Export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Producing presentations and slides.
 :END:
 #+cindex: Beamer export
 
 Org uses Beamer export to convert an Org file tree structure into
 high-quality interactive slides for presentations.  Beamer is a LaTeX
 document class for creating presentations in PDF, HTML, and other
 popular display formats.
 
 *** Beamer export commands
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: For creating Beamer documents.
 :END:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e l b)}}} (~org-beamer-export-to-latex~) ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-e l b
   #+findex: org-beamer-export-to-latex
 
   Export as LaTeX file with a =.tex= extension.  For =myfile.org=, Org
   exports to =myfile.tex=, overwriting without warning.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e l B)}}} (~org-beamer-export-as-latex~) ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-e l B
   #+findex: org-beamer-export-as-latex
 
   Export to a temporary buffer.  Does not create a file.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e l P)}}} (~org-beamer-export-to-pdf~) ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-e l P
   #+findex: org-beamer-export-to-pdf
 
   Export as LaTeX file and then convert it to PDF format.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e l O)}}} ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-e l O
 
   Export as LaTeX file, convert it to PDF format, and then open the
   PDF file.
 
 *** Beamer specific export settings
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: For customizing Beamer export.
 :END:
 
 Beamer export back-end has several additional keywords for customizing
 Beamer output.  These keywords work similar to the general options
 settings (see [[*Export Settings]]).
 
 - =BEAMER_THEME= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_THEME}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-beamer-theme
   The Beamer layout theme (~org-beamer-theme~).  Use square brackets
   for options.  For example:
 
   : #+BEAMER_THEME: Rochester [height=20pt]
 
 - =BEAMER_FONT_THEME= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_FONT_THEME}, keyword
   The Beamer font theme.
 
 - =BEAMER_INNER_THEME= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_INNER_THEME}, keyword
   The Beamer inner theme.
 
 - =BEAMER_OUTER_THEME= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_OUTER_THEME}, keyword
   The Beamer outer theme.
 
 - =BEAMER_HEADER= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_HEADER}, keyword
   Arbitrary lines inserted in the preamble, just before the =hyperref=
   settings.
 
 - =DESCRIPTION= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{DESCRIPTION}, keyword
   The document description.  For long descriptions, use multiple
   =DESCRIPTION= keywords.  By default, =hyperref= inserts
   =DESCRIPTION= as metadata.  Use ~org-latex-hyperref-template~ to
   configure document metadata.  Use ~org-latex-title-command~ to
   configure typesetting of description as part of front matter.
 
 - =KEYWORDS= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{KEYWORDS}, keyword
   The keywords for defining the contents of the document.  Use
   multiple =KEYWORDS= lines if necessary.  By default, =hyperref=
   inserts =KEYWORDS= as metadata.  Use ~org-latex-hyperref-template~
   to configure document metadata.  Use ~org-latex-title-command~ to
   configure typesetting of keywords as part of front matter.
 
 - =SUBTITLE= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
   Document's subtitle.  For typesetting, use
   ~org-beamer-subtitle-format~ string.  Use
   ~org-latex-hyperref-template~ to configure document metadata.  Use
   ~org-latex-title-command~ to configure typesetting of subtitle as
   part of front matter.
 
 *** Frames and Blocks in Beamer
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: For composing Beamer slides.
 :END:
 
 Org transforms heading levels into Beamer's sectioning elements,
 frames and blocks.  Any Org tree with a not-too-deep-level nesting
 should in principle be exportable as a Beamer presentation.
 
 -
   #+vindex: org-beamer-frame-level
   Org headlines become Beamer frames when the heading level in Org is
   equal to ~org-beamer-frame-level~ or =H= value in a =OPTIONS= line
   (see [[*Export Settings]]).
 
   #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_ENV}, property
   Org overrides headlines to frames conversion for the current tree of
   an Org file if it encounters the =BEAMER_ENV= property set to
   =frame= or =fullframe=.  Org ignores whatever
   ~org-beamer-frame-level~ happens to be for that headline level in
   the Org tree.  In Beamer terminology, a full frame is a frame
   without its title.
 
 - Org exports a Beamer frame's objects as block environments.  Org can
   enforce wrapping in special block types when =BEAMER_ENV= property
   is set[fn:128].  For valid values see
   ~org-beamer-environments-default~.  To add more values, see
   ~org-beamer-environments-extra~.
   #+vindex: org-beamer-environments-default
   #+vindex: org-beamer-environments-extra
 
 -
   #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_REF}, property
   If =BEAMER_ENV= is set to =appendix=, Org exports the entry as an
   appendix.  When set to =note=, Org exports the entry as a note
   within the frame or between frames, depending on the entry's heading
   level.  When set to =noteNH=, Org exports the entry as a note
   without its title.  When set to =againframe=, Org exports the entry
   with =\againframe= command, which makes setting the =BEAMER_REF=
   property mandatory because =\againframe= needs frame to resume.
 
   When =ignoreheading= is set, Org export ignores the entry's headline
   but not its content.  This is useful for inserting content between
   frames.  It is also useful for properly closing a =column=
   environment.  @end itemize
 
   #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_ACT}, property
   #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_OPT}, property
   When =BEAMER_ACT= is set for a headline, Org export translates that
   headline as an overlay or action specification.  When enclosed in
   square brackets, Org export makes the overlay specification
   a default.  Use =BEAMER_OPT= to set any options applicable to the
   current Beamer frame or block.  The Beamer export back-end wraps
   with appropriate angular or square brackets.  It also adds the
   =fragile= option for any code that may require a verbatim block.
 
   #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_COL}, property
   To create a column on the Beamer slide, use the =BEAMER_COL=
   property for its headline in the Org file.  Set the value of
   =BEAMER_COL= to a decimal number representing the fraction of the
   total text width.  Beamer export uses this value to set the column's
   width and fills the column with the contents of the Org entry.  If
   the Org entry has no specific environment defined, Beamer export
   ignores the heading.  If the Org entry has a defined environment,
   Beamer export uses the heading as title.  Behind the scenes, Beamer
   export automatically handles LaTeX column separations for contiguous
   headlines.  To manually adjust them for any unique configurations
   needs, use the =BEAMER_ENV= property.
 
 *** Beamer specific syntax
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: For using in Org documents.
 :END:
 
 Since Org's Beamer export back-end is an extension of the LaTeX
 back-end, it recognizes other LaTeX specific syntax---for example,
 =#+LATEX:= or =#+ATTR_LATEX:=.  See [[*LaTeX Export]], for details.
 
 Beamer export wraps the table of contents generated with =toc:t=
 =OPTION= keyword in a =frame= environment.  Beamer export does not
 wrap the table of contents generated with =TOC= keyword (see [[*Table of
 Contents]]).  Use square brackets for specifying options.
 
 : #+TOC: headlines [currentsection]
 
 Insert Beamer-specific code using the following constructs:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER}, keyword
 #+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT beamer}
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEAMER: \pause
 
 ,#+BEGIN_EXPORT beamer
   Only Beamer export back-end exports this.
 ,#+END_BEAMER
 
 Text @@beamer:some code@@ within a paragraph.
 #+end_example
 
 Inline constructs, such as the last one above, are useful for adding
 overlay specifications to objects with ~bold~, ~item~, ~link~,
 ~radio-target~ and ~target~ types.  Enclose the value in angular
 brackets and place the specification at the beginning of the object as
 shown in this example:
 
 :  A *@@beamer:<2->@@useful* feature
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_BEAMER}, keyword
 Beamer export recognizes the =ATTR_BEAMER= keyword with the following
 attributes from Beamer configurations: =:environment= for changing
 local Beamer environment, =:overlay= for specifying Beamer overlays in
 angular or square brackets, and =:options= for inserting optional
 arguments.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_BEAMER: :environment nonindentlist
 - item 1, not indented
 - item 2, not indented
 - item 3, not indented
 #+end_example
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_BEAMER: :overlay <+->
 - item 1
 - item 2
 #+end_example
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_BEAMER: :options [Lagrange]
 Let $G$ be a finite group, and let $H$ be
 a subgroup of $G$.  Then the order of $H$ divides the order of $G$.
 #+end_example
 
 *** Editing support
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Editing support.
 :END:
 
 Org Beamer mode is a special minor mode for faster editing of Beamer
 documents.
 
 : #+STARTUP: beamer
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-b)}}} (~org-beamer-select-environment~) ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-b
   #+findex: org-beamer-select-environment
 
   Org Beamer mode provides this key for quicker selections in Beamer
   normal environments, and for selecting the =BEAMER_COL= property.
 
 *** A Beamer example
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: A complete presentation.
 :END:
 
 Here is an example of an Org document ready for Beamer export.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+TITLE: Example Presentation
 ,#+AUTHOR: Carsten Dominik
 ,#+OPTIONS: H:2 toc:t num:t
 ,#+LATEX_CLASS: beamer
 ,#+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [presentation]
 ,#+BEAMER_THEME: Madrid
 ,#+COLUMNS: %45ITEM %10BEAMER_ENV(Env) %10BEAMER_ACT(Act) %4BEAMER_COL(Col)
 
 ,* This is the first structural section
 
 ,** Frame 1
 ,*** Thanks to Eric Fraga                                           :B_block:
     :PROPERTIES:
     :BEAMER_COL: 0.48
     :BEAMER_ENV: block
     :END:
     for the first viable Beamer setup in Org
 ,*** Thanks to everyone else                                        :B_block:
     :PROPERTIES:
     :BEAMER_COL: 0.48
     :BEAMER_ACT: <2->
     :BEAMER_ENV: block
     :END:
     for contributing to the discussion
 ,**** This will be formatted as a beamer note                       :B_note:
      :PROPERTIES:
      :BEAMER_env: note
      :END:
 ,** Frame 2 (where we will not use columns)
 ,*** Request
     Please test this stuff!
 #+end_example
 
 ** HTML Export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Exporting to HTML.
 :END:
 #+cindex: HTML export
 
 Org mode contains an HTML exporter with extensive HTML formatting
 compatible with XHTML 1.0 strict standard.
 
 *** HTML export commands
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Invoking HTML export.
 :END:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e h h)}}} (~org-html-export-to-html~) ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-e h h
   #+kindex: C-c C-e h o
   #+findex: org-html-export-to-html
 
   Export as HTML file with a =.html= extension.  For =myfile.org=, Org
   exports to =myfile.html=, overwriting without warning.  {{{kbd(C-c
   C-e h o)}}} exports to HTML and opens it in a web browser.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e h H)}}} (~org-html-export-as-html~) ::
   #+kindex: C-c C-e h H
   #+findex: org-html-export-as-html
 
   Exports to a temporary buffer.  Does not create a file.
 
 *** HTML specific export settings
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Settings for HTML export.
 :END:
 
 HTML export has a number of keywords, similar to the general options
 settings described in [[*Export Settings]].
 
 - =DESCRIPTION= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{DESCRIPTION}, keyword
   This is the document's description, which the HTML exporter inserts
   it as a HTML meta tag in the HTML file.  For long descriptions, use
   multiple =DESCRIPTION= lines.  The exporter takes care of wrapping
   the lines properly.
 
   The exporter includes a number of other meta tags, which can be customized
   by modifying ~org-html-meta-tags~.
 
 - =HTML_DOCTYPE= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{HTML_DOCTYPE}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-html-doctype
   Specify the document type, for example: HTML5 (~org-html-doctype~).
 
 - =HTML_CONTAINER= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{HTML_CONTAINER}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-html-container-element
   Specify the HTML container, such as =div=, for wrapping sections and
   elements (~org-html-container-element~).
 
 - =HTML_LINK_HOME= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{HTML_LINK_HOME}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-html-link-home
   The URL for home link (~org-html-link-home~).
 
 - =HTML_LINK_UP= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{HTML_LINK_UP}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-html-link-up
   The URL for the up link of exported HTML pages (~org-html-link-up~).
 
 - =HTML_MATHJAX= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{HTML_MATHJAX}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-html-mathjax-options
   Options for MathJax (~org-html-mathjax-options~).  MathJax is used
   to typeset LaTeX math in HTML documents.  See [[*Math formatting in
   HTML export]], for an example.
 
 - =HTML_HEAD= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{HTML_HEAD}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-html-head
   Arbitrary lines for appending to the HTML document's head
   (~org-html-head~).
 
 - =HTML_HEAD_EXTRA= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{HTML_HEAD_EXTRA}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-html-head-extra
   More arbitrary lines for appending to the HTML document's head
   (~org-html-head-extra~).
 
 - =KEYWORDS= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{KEYWORDS}, keyword
   Keywords to describe the document's content.  HTML exporter inserts
   these keywords as HTML meta tags.  For long keywords, use multiple
   =KEYWORDS= lines.
 
 - =LATEX_HEADER= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_HEADER}, keyword
   Arbitrary lines for appending to the preamble; HTML exporter appends
   when transcoding LaTeX fragments to images (see [[*Math formatting in
   HTML export]]).
 
 - =SUBTITLE= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
   The document's subtitle.  HTML exporter formats subtitle if document
   type is =HTML5= and the CSS has a =subtitle= class.
 
 Some of these keywords are explained in more detail in the following
 sections of the manual.
 
 *** HTML doctypes
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Exporting various (X)HTML flavors.
 :END:
 
 Org can export to various (X)HTML flavors.
 
 #+vindex: org-html-doctype
 #+vindex: org-html-doctype-alist
 Set the ~org-html-doctype~ variable for different (X)HTML variants.
 Depending on the variant, the HTML exporter adjusts the syntax of HTML
 conversion accordingly.  Org includes the following ready-made
 variants:
 
 - ~"html4-strict"~
 - ~"html4-transitional"~
 - ~"html4-frameset"~
 - ~"xhtml-strict"~
 - ~"xhtml-transitional"~
 - ~"xhtml-frameset"~
 - ~"xhtml-11"~
 - ~"html5"~
 - ~"xhtml5"~
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 See the variable ~org-html-doctype-alist~ for details.  The default is
 ~"xhtml-strict"~.
 
 #+vindex: org-html-html5-fancy
 #+cindex: @samp{HTML5}, export new elements
 Org's HTML exporter does not by default enable new block elements
 introduced with the HTML5 standard.  To enable them, set
 ~org-html-html5-fancy~ to non-~nil~.  Or use an =OPTIONS= line in the
 file to set =html5-fancy=.
 
 HTML5 documents can now have arbitrary =#+BEGIN= ... =#+END= blocks.
 For example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_aside
   Lorem ipsum
 ,#+END_aside
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 exports to:
 
 #+begin_src html
 <aside>
   <p>Lorem ipsum</p>
 </aside>
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 while this:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_HTML: :controls controls :width 350
 ,#+BEGIN_video
 ,#+HTML: <source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
 ,#+HTML: <source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg">
 Your browser does not support the video tag.
 ,#+END_video
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 exports to:
 
 #+begin_src html
 <video controls="controls" width="350">
   <source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
   <source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg">
   <p>Your browser does not support the video tag.</p>
 </video>
 #+end_src
 
 #+vindex: org-html-html5-elements
 When special blocks do not have a corresponding HTML5 element, the
 HTML exporter reverts to standard translation (see
 ~org-html-html5-elements~).  For example, =#+BEGIN_lederhosen= exports
 to ~<div class="lederhosen">~.
 
 Special blocks cannot have headlines.  For the HTML exporter to wrap
 the headline and its contents in ~<section>~ or ~<article>~ tags, set
 the =HTML_CONTAINER= property for the headline.
 
 *** HTML preamble and postamble
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Inserting preamble and postamble.
 :END:
 #+vindex: org-html-preamble
 #+vindex: org-html-postamble
 #+vindex: org-html-preamble-format
 #+vindex: org-html-postamble-format
 #+vindex: org-html-validation-link
 #+vindex: org-export-creator-string
 #+vindex: org-export-time-stamp-file
 
 The HTML exporter has delineations for preamble and postamble.  The
 default value for ~org-html-preamble~ is ~t~, which makes the HTML
 exporter insert the preamble.  See the variable
 ~org-html-preamble-format~ for the format string.
 
 Set ~org-html-preamble~ to a string to override the default format
 string.  If the string is a function, the HTML exporter expects the
 function to return a string upon execution.  The HTML exporter inserts
 this string in the preamble.  The HTML exporter does not insert
 a preamble if ~org-html-preamble~ is set ~nil~.
 
 The default value for ~org-html-postamble~ is ~auto~, which makes the
 HTML exporter build a postamble from looking up author's name, email
 address, creator's name, and date.  Set ~org-html-postamble~ to ~t~ to
 insert the postamble in the format specified in the
 ~org-html-postamble-format~ variable.  The HTML exporter does not
 insert a postamble if ~org-html-postamble~ is set to ~nil~.
 
 *** Quoting HTML tags
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Using direct HTML in Org files.
 :END:
 
 The HTML export back-end transforms =<= and =>= to =&lt;= and =&gt;=.
 To include raw HTML code in the Org file so the HTML export back-end
 can insert that HTML code in the output, use this inline syntax:
 =@@html:...@@=.  For example:
 
 : @@html:<b>@@bold text@@html:</b>@@
 
 #+cindex: @samp{HTML}, keyword
 #+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT html}
 For larger raw HTML code blocks, use these HTML export code blocks:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+HTML: Literal HTML code for export
 
 ,#+BEGIN_EXPORT html
   All lines between these markers are exported literally
 ,#+END_EXPORT
 #+end_example
 
 *** Headlines in HTML export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Formatting headlines.
 :END:
 #+cindex: headlines, in HTML export
 
 Headlines are exported to =<h1>=, =<h2>=, etc.  Each headline gets the
 =id= attribute from =CUSTOM_ID= property, or a unique generated value,
 see [[*Internal Links]].
 
 #+vindex: org-html-self-link-headlines
 When ~org-html-self-link-headlines~ is set to a non-~nil~ value, the
 text of the headlines is also wrapped in =<a>= tags.  These tags have
 a =href= attribute making the headlines link to themselves.
 
 *** Links in HTML export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Inserting and formatting links.
 :END:
 #+cindex: links, in HTML export
 #+cindex: internal links, in HTML export
 #+cindex: external links, in HTML export
 
 The HTML export back-end transforms Org's internal links (see
 [[*Internal Links]]) to equivalent HTML links in the output.  The back-end
 similarly handles Org's automatic links created by radio targets (see
 [[*Radio Targets]]) similarly.  For Org links to external files, the
 back-end transforms the links to /relative/ paths.
 
 #+vindex: org-html-link-org-files-as-html
 For Org links to other =.org= files, the back-end automatically
 changes the file extension to =.html= and makes file paths relative.
 If the =.org= files have an equivalent =.html= version at the same
 location, then the converted links should work without any further
 manual intervention.  However, to disable this automatic path
 translation, set ~org-html-link-org-files-as-html~ to ~nil~.  When
 disabled, the HTML export back-end substitutes the ID-based links in
 the HTML output.  For more about linking files when publishing to
 a directory, see [[*Publishing links]].
 
 Org files can also have special directives to the HTML export
 back-end.  For example, by using =#+ATTR_HTML= lines to specify new
 format attributes to ~<a>~ or ~<img>~ tags.  This example shows
 changing the link's title and style:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_HTML}, keyword
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_HTML: :title The Org mode homepage :style color:red;
 [[https://orgmode.org]]
 #+end_example
 
 *** Tables in HTML export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How to modify the formatting of tables.
 :END:
 #+cindex: tables, in HTML
 #+vindex: org-export-html-table-tag
 
 The HTML export back-end uses ~org-html-table-default-attributes~ when
 exporting Org tables to HTML.  By default, the exporter does not draw
 frames and cell borders.  To change for this for a table, use the
 following lines before the table in the Org file:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{CAPTION}, keyword
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_HTML}, keyword
 #+begin_example
 ,#+CAPTION: This is a table with lines around and between cells
 ,#+ATTR_HTML: :border 2 :rules all :frame border
 #+end_example
 
 The HTML export back-end preserves column groupings in Org tables (see
 [[*Column Groups]]) when exporting to HTML.
 
 Additional options for customizing tables for HTML export.
 
 - ~org-html-table-align-individual-fields~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-html-table-align-individual-fields
   Non-~nil~ attaches style attributes for alignment to each table
   field.
 
 - ~org-html-table-caption-above~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-html-table-caption-above
   Non-~nil~ places caption string at the beginning of the table.
 
 - ~org-html-table-data-tags~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-html-table-data-tags
   Opening and ending tags for table data fields.
 
 - ~org-html-table-default-attributes~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-html-table-default-attributes
   Default attributes and values for table tags.
 
 - ~org-html-table-header-tags~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-html-table-header-tags
   Opening and ending tags for table's header fields.
 
 - ~org-html-table-row-tags~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-html-table-row-tags
   Opening and ending tags for table rows.
 
 - ~org-html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column
   Non-~nil~ formats column one in tables with header tags.
 
 *** Images in HTML export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How to insert figures into HTML output.
 :END:
 #+cindex: images, inline in HTML
 #+cindex: inlining images in HTML
 
 The HTML export back-end has features to convert Org image links to
 HTML inline images and HTML clickable image links.
 
 #+vindex: org-html-inline-images
 When the link in the Org file has no description, the HTML export
 back-end by default in-lines that image.  For example:
 =[[file:myimg.jpg]]= is in-lined, while =[[file:myimg.jpg][the image]]= links to the text,
 =the image=.  For more details, see the variable
 ~org-html-inline-images~.
 
 On the other hand, if the description part of the Org link is itself
 another link, such as =file:= or =http:= URL pointing to an image, the
 HTML export back-end in-lines this image and links to the main image.
 This Org syntax enables the back-end to link low-resolution thumbnail
 to the high-resolution version of the image, as shown in this example:
 
 : [[file:highres.jpg][file:thumb.jpg]]
 
 To change attributes of in-lined images, use =#+ATTR_HTML= lines in
 the Org file.  This example shows realignment to right, and adds ~alt~
 and ~title~ attributes in support of text viewers and modern web
 accessibility standards.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{CAPTION}, keyword
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_HTML}, keyword
 #+begin_example
 ,#+CAPTION: A black cat stalking a spider
 ,#+ATTR_HTML: :alt cat/spider image :title Action! :align right
 [[./img/a.jpg]]
 #+end_example
 
 The HTML export back-end copies the =http= links from the Org file
 as-is.
 
 *** Math formatting in HTML export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Beautiful math also on the web.
 :END:
 #+cindex: MathJax
 #+cindex: dvipng
 #+cindex: dvisvgm
 #+cindex: ImageMagick
 
 #+vindex: org-html-mathjax-options~
 LaTeX math snippets (see [[*LaTeX fragments]]) can be displayed in two
 different ways on HTML pages.  The default is to use the [[https://www.mathjax.org][MathJax]],
 which should work out of the box with Org[fn:129][fn:130].  Some MathJax
 display options can be configured via ~org-html-mathjax-options~, or
 in the buffer.  For example, with the following settings,
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+HTML_MATHJAX: align: left indent: 5em tagside: left font: Neo-Euler
 ,#+HTML_MATHJAX: cancel.js noErrors.js
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 equation labels are displayed on the left margin and equations are
 five em from the left margin.  In addition, it loads the two MathJax
 extensions =cancel.js= and =noErrors.js=[fn:131].
 
 #+vindex: org-html-mathjax-template
 See the docstring of ~org-html-mathjax-options~ for all supported
 variables.  The MathJax template can be configure via
 ~org-html-mathjax-template~.
 
 If you prefer, you can also request that LaTeX fragments are processed
 into small images that will be inserted into the browser page.  Before
 the availability of MathJax, this was the default method for Org
 files.  This method requires that the dvipng program, dvisvgm or
 ImageMagick suite is available on your system.  You can still get this
 processing with
 
 : #+OPTIONS: tex:dvipng
 
 : #+OPTIONS: tex:dvisvgm
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 or
 
 : #+OPTIONS: tex:imagemagick
 
 *** Text areas in HTML export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: An alternate way to show an example.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: text areas, in HTML
 Before Org mode's Babel, one popular approach to publishing code in
 HTML was by using =:textarea=.  The advantage of this approach was
 that copying and pasting was built into browsers with simple
 JavaScript commands.  Even editing before pasting was made simple.
 
 The HTML export back-end can create such text areas.  It requires an
 =#+ATTR_HTML= line as shown in the example below with the =:textarea=
 option.  This must be followed by either an example or a source code
 block.  Other Org block types do not honor the =:textarea= option.
 
 By default, the HTML export back-end creates a text area 80 characters
 wide and height just enough to fit the content.  Override these
 defaults with =:width= and =:height= options on the =#+ATTR_HTML=
 line.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_HTML: :textarea t :width 40
 ,#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
   (defun org-xor (a b)
      "Exclusive or."
      (if a (not b) b))
 ,#+END_EXAMPLE
 #+end_example
 
 *** CSS support
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Changing the appearance of the output.
 :END:
 #+cindex: CSS, for HTML export
 #+cindex: HTML export, CSS
 
 #+vindex: org-export-html-todo-kwd-class-prefix
 #+vindex: org-export-html-tag-class-prefix
 You can modify the CSS style definitions for the exported file.  The
 HTML exporter assigns the following special CSS classes[fn:132] to
 appropriate parts of the document---your style specifications may
 change these, in addition to any of the standard classes like for
 headlines, tables, etc.
 
 | ~p.author~           | author information, including email                    |
 | ~p.date~             | publishing date                                        |
 | ~p.creator~          | creator info, about org mode version                   |
 | ~.title~             | document title                                         |
 | ~.subtitle~          | document subtitle                                      |
 | ~.todo~              | TODO keywords, all not-done states                     |
 | ~.done~              | the DONE keywords, all states that count as done       |
 | ~.WAITING~           | each TODO keyword also uses a class named after itself |
 | ~.timestamp~         | timestamp                                              |
 | ~.timestamp-kwd~     | keyword associated with a timestamp, like =SCHEDULED=  |
 | ~.timestamp-wrapper~ | span around keyword plus timestamp                     |
 | ~.tag~               | tag in a headline                                      |
 | ~._HOME~             | each tag uses itself as a class, "@" replaced by "_"   |
 | ~.target~            | target for links                                       |
 | ~.linenr~            | the line number in a code example                      |
 | ~.code-highlighted~  | for highlighting referenced code lines                 |
 | ~div.outline-N~      | div for outline level N (headline plus text)           |
 | ~div.outline-text-N~ | extra div for text at outline level N                  |
 | ~.section-number-N~  | section number in headlines, different for each level  |
 | ~.figure-number~     | label like "Figure 1:"                                 |
 | ~.table-number~      | label like "Table 1:"                                  |
 | ~.listing-number~    | label like "Listing 1:"                                |
 | ~div.figure~         | how to format an in-lined image                        |
 | ~pre.src~            | formatted source code                                  |
 | ~pre.example~        | normal example                                         |
 | ~p.verse~            | verse paragraph                                        |
 | ~div.footnotes~      | footnote section headline                              |
 | ~p.footnote~         | footnote definition paragraph, containing a footnote   |
 | ~.footref~           | a footnote reference number (always a <sup>)           |
 | ~.footnum~           | footnote number in footnote definition (always <sup>)  |
 | ~.org-svg~           | default class for a linked =.svg= image                |
 
 #+vindex: org-html-style-default
 #+vindex: org-html-head
 #+vindex: org-html-head-extra
 #+cindex: @samp{HTML_INCLUDE_STYLE}, keyword
 The HTML export back-end includes a compact default style in each
 exported HTML file.  To override the default style with another style,
 use these keywords in the Org file.  They will replace the global
 defaults the HTML exporter uses.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{HTML_HEAD}, keyword
 #+cindex: @samp{HTML_HEAD_EXTRA}, keyword
 #+begin_example
 ,#+HTML_HEAD: <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style1.css" />
 ,#+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <link rel="alternate stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style2.css" />
 #+end_example
 
 #+vindex: org-html-head-include-default-style
 To just turn off the default style, customize
 ~org-html-head-include-default-style~ variable, or use this option
 line in the Org file.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{html-style}, @samp{OPTIONS} item
 : #+OPTIONS: html-style:nil
 
 For longer style definitions, either use several =HTML_HEAD= and
 =HTML_HEAD_EXTRA= keywords, or use ~<style> ... </style>~ blocks
 around them.  Both of these approaches can avoid referring to an
 external file.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{HTML_CONTAINER_CLASS}, property
 #+cindex: @samp{HTML_HEADLINE_CLASS}, property
 In order to add styles to a sub-tree, use the =HTML_CONTAINER_CLASS=
 property to assign a class to the tree.  In order to specify CSS
 styles for a particular headline, you can use the ID specified in
 a =CUSTOM_ID= property.  You can also assign a specific class to
 a headline with the =HTML_HEADLINE_CLASS= property.
 
 Never change the ~org-html-style-default~ constant.  Instead use other
 simpler ways of customizing as described above.
 
 *** JavaScript supported display of web pages
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Info and folding in a web browser.
 :ALT_TITLE: JavaScript support
 :END:
 
 Sebastian Rose has written a JavaScript program especially designed to
 allow two different ways of viewing HTML files created with Org.  One
 is an /Info/-like mode where each section is displayed separately and
 navigation can be done with the {{{kbd(n)}}} and {{{kbd(p)}}} keys, and some other
 keys as well, press {{{kbd(?)}}} for an overview of the available keys.  The
 second one has a /folding/ view, much like Org provides inside Emacs.
 The script is available at https://orgmode.org/org-info.js and the
 documentation at https://orgmode.org/worg/code/org-info-js/.  The
 script is hosted on https://orgmode.org, but for reliability, prefer
 installing it on your own web server.
 
 To use this program, just add this line to the Org file:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{INFOJS_OPT}, keyword
 : #+INFOJS_OPT: view:info toc:nil
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 The HTML header now has the code needed to automatically invoke the
 script.  For setting options, use the syntax from the above line for
 options described below:
 
 - =path:= ::
 
   The path to the script.  The default is to grab the script from
   [[https://orgmode.org/org-info.js]], but you might want to have a local
   copy and use a path like =../scripts/org-info.js=.
 
 - =view:= ::
 
   Initial view when the website is first shown.  Possible values are:
 
   | =info=     | Info-like interface with one section per page          |
   | =overview= | Folding interface, initially showing only top-level    |
   | =content=  | Folding interface, starting with all headlines visible |
   | =showall=  | Folding interface, all headlines and text visible      |
 
 - =sdepth:= ::
 
   Maximum headline level still considered as an independent section
   for info and folding modes.  The default is taken from
   ~org-export-headline-levels~, i.e., the =H= switch in =OPTIONS=.  If
   this is smaller than in ~org-export-headline-levels~, each
   info/folding section can still contain child headlines.
 
 - =toc:= ::
 
   Should the table of contents /initially/ be visible?  Even when
   =nil=, you can always get to the "toc" with {{{kbd(i)}}}.
 
 - =tdepth:= ::
 
   The depth of the table of contents.  The defaults are taken from the
   variables ~org-export-headline-levels~ and ~org-export-with-toc~.
 
 - =ftoc:= ::
 
   Does the CSS of the page specify a fixed position for the "toc"?  If
   yes, the toc is displayed as a section.
 
 - =ltoc:= ::
 
   Should there be short contents (children) in each section?  Make
   this =above= if the section should be above initial text.
 
 - =mouse:= ::
 
   Headings are highlighted when the mouse is over them.  Should be
   =underline= (default) or a background color like =#cccccc=.
 
 - =buttons:= ::
 
   Should view-toggle buttons be everywhere?  When =nil= (the default),
   only one such button is present.
 
 #+vindex: org-infojs-options
 #+vindex: org-export-html-use-infojs
 You can choose default values for these options by customizing the
 variable ~org-infojs-options~.  If you always want to apply the script
 to your pages, configure the variable ~org-export-html-use-infojs~.
 
 ** LaTeX Export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Exporting to @LaTeX{} and processing to PDF.
 :END:
 #+cindex: @LaTeX{} export
 #+cindex: PDF export
 
 The LaTeX export back-end can handle complex documents, incorporate
 standard or custom LaTeX document classes, generate documents using
 alternate LaTeX engines, and produce fully linked PDF files with
 indexes, bibliographies, and tables of contents, destined for
 interactive online viewing or high-quality print publication.
 
 While the details are covered in-depth in this section, here are some
 quick references to variables for the impatient: for engines, see
 ~org-latex-compiler~; for build sequences, see
 ~org-latex-pdf-process~; for packages, see
 ~org-latex-default-packages-alist~ and ~org-latex-packages-alist~.
 
 An important note about the LaTeX export back-end: it is sensitive to
 blank lines in the Org document.  That's because LaTeX itself depends
 on blank lines to tell apart syntactical elements, such as paragraphs.
 
 *** LaTeX/PDF export commands
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: For producing @LaTeX{} and PDF documents.
 :END:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e l l)}}} (~org-latex-export-to-latex~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e l l
   #+findex: org-latex-export-to-latex~
   Export to a LaTeX file with a =.tex= extension.  For =myfile.org=,
   Org exports to =myfile.tex=, overwriting without warning.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e l L)}}} (~org-latex-export-as-latex~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e l L
   #+findex: org-latex-export-as-latex
   Export to a temporary buffer.  Do not create a file.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e l p)}}} (~org-latex-export-to-pdf~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e l p
   #+findex: org-latex-export-to-pdf
   Export as LaTeX file and convert it to PDF file.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e l o)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e l o
   Export as LaTeX file and convert it to PDF, then open the PDF using
   the default viewer.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-export-region-as-latex)}}} ::
 
   Convert the region to LaTeX under the assumption that it was in Org
   mode syntax before.  This is a global command that can be invoked in
   any buffer.
 
 #+vindex: org-latex-compiler
 #+vindex: org-latex-bibtex-compiler
 #+vindex: org-latex-default-packages-alist
 #+cindex: pdflatex
 #+cindex: xelatex
 #+cindex: lualatex
 #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_COMPILER}, keyword
 The LaTeX export back-end can use any of these LaTeX engines:
 =pdflatex=, =xelatex=, and =lualatex=.  These engines compile LaTeX
 files with different compilers, packages, and output options.  The
 LaTeX export back-end finds the compiler version to use from
 ~org-latex-compiler~ variable or the =#+LATEX_COMPILER= keyword in the
 Org file.  See the docstring for the
 ~org-latex-default-packages-alist~ for loading packages with certain
 compilers.  Also see ~org-latex-bibtex-compiler~ to set the
 bibliography compiler[fn:133].
 
 *** LaTeX specific export settings
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Unique to this @LaTeX{} back-end.
 :END:
 
 The LaTeX export back-end has several additional keywords for
 customizing LaTeX output.  Setting these keywords works similar to the
 general options (see [[*Export Settings]]).
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - =DESCRIPTION= ::
   #+cindex: @samp{DESCRIPTION}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-latex-hyperref-template
   #+vindex: org-latex-title-command
   The document's description.  The description along with author name,
   keywords, and related file metadata are inserted in the output file
   by the hyperref package.  See ~org-latex-hyperref-template~ for
   customizing metadata items.  See ~org-latex-title-command~ for
   typesetting description into the document's front matter.  Use
   multiple =DESCRIPTION= keywords for long descriptions.
 
 - =LANGUAGE= ::
   #+cindex: @samp{LANGUAGE}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-latex-packages-alist
   In order to be effective, the =babel= or =polyglossia=
   packages---according to the LaTeX compiler used---must be loaded
   with the appropriate language as argument.  This can be accomplished
   by modifying the ~org-latex-packages-alist~ variable, e.g., with the
   following snippet:
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (add-to-list 'org-latex-packages-alist
                '("AUTO" "babel" t ("pdflatex")))
   (add-to-list 'org-latex-packages-alist
                '("AUTO" "polyglossia" t ("xelatex" "lualatex")))
   #+end_src
 
 - =LATEX_CLASS= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_CLASS}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-latex-default-class
   #+vindex: org-latex-classes
   This is LaTeX document class, such as /article/, /report/, /book/,
   and so on, which contain predefined preamble and headline level
   mapping that the LaTeX export back-end needs.  The back-end reads
   the default class name from the ~org-latex-default-class~ variable.
   Org has /article/ as the default class.  A valid default class must
   be an element of ~org-latex-classes~.
 
 - =LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS}, keyword
   Options the LaTeX export back-end uses when calling the LaTeX
   document class.
 
 - =LATEX_COMPILER= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_COMPILER}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-latex-compiler
   The compiler, such as =pdflatex=, =xelatex=, =lualatex=, for
   producing the PDF.  See ~org-latex-compiler~.
 
 - =LATEX_HEADER=, =LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_HEADER}, keyword
   #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-latex-classes
   Arbitrary lines to add to the document's preamble, before the
   hyperref settings.  See ~org-latex-classes~ for adjusting the
   structure and order of the LaTeX headers.
 
 - =KEYWORDS= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{KEYWORDS}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-latex-hyperref-template
   #+vindex: org-latex-title-command
   The keywords for the document.  The description along with author
   name, keywords, and related file metadata are inserted in the output
   file by the hyperref package.  See ~org-latex-hyperref-template~ for
   customizing metadata items.  See ~org-latex-title-command~ for
   typesetting description into the document's front matter.  Use
   multiple =KEYWORDS= lines if necessary.
 
 - =SUBTITLE= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-latex-subtitle-separate
   #+vindex: org-latex-subtitle-format
   The document's subtitle.  It is typeset as per
   ~org-latex-subtitle-format~.  If ~org-latex-subtitle-separate~ is
   non-~nil~, it is typed outside of the ~\title~ macro.  See
   ~org-latex-hyperref-template~ for customizing metadata items.  See
   ~org-latex-title-command~ for typesetting description into the
   document's front matter.
 
 The following sections have further details.
 
 *** LaTeX header and sectioning structure
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Setting up the export file structure.
 :ALT_TITLE: LaTeX header and sectioning
 :END:
 #+cindex: @LaTeX{} class
 #+cindex: @LaTeX{} sectioning structure
 #+cindex: @LaTeX{} header
 #+cindex: header, for @LaTeX{} files
 #+cindex: sectioning structure, for @LaTeX{} export
 
 The LaTeX export back-end converts the first three of Org's outline
 levels into LaTeX headlines.  The remaining Org levels are exported as
 lists.  To change this globally for the cut-off point between levels
 and lists, (see [[*Export Settings]]).
 
 By default, the LaTeX export back-end uses the /article/ class.
 
 #+vindex: org-latex-default-class
 #+vindex: org-latex-classes
 #+vindex: org-latex-default-packages-alist
 #+vindex: org-latex-packages-alist
 To change the default class globally, edit ~org-latex-default-class~.
 To change the default class locally in an Org file, add option lines
 =#+LATEX_CLASS: myclass=.  To change the default class for just a part
 of the Org file, set a sub-tree property, =EXPORT_LATEX_CLASS=.  The
 class name entered here must be valid member of ~org-latex-classes~.
 This variable defines a header template for each class into which the
 exporter splices the values of ~org-latex-default-packages-alist~ and
 ~org-latex-packages-alist~.  Use the same three variables to define
 custom sectioning or custom classes.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_CLASS}, keyword
 #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS}, keyword
 #+cindex: @samp{EXPORT_LATEX_CLASS}, property
 #+cindex: @samp{EXPORT_LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS}, property
 The LaTeX export back-end sends the =LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS= keyword and
 =EXPORT_LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS= property as options to the LaTeX
 ~\documentclass~ macro.  The options and the syntax for specifying
 them, including enclosing them in square brackets, follow LaTeX
 conventions.
 
 : #+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [a4paper,11pt,twoside,twocolumn]
 
 #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_HEADER}, keyword
 #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA}, keyword
 The LaTeX export back-end appends values from =LATEX_HEADER= and
 =LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA= keywords to the LaTeX header.  The docstring for
 ~org-latex-classes~ explains in more detail.  Also note that LaTeX
 export back-end does not append =LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA= to the header
 when previewing LaTeX snippets (see [[*Previewing LaTeX fragments]]).
 
 A sample Org file with the above headers:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+LATEX_CLASS: article
 ,#+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [a4paper]
 ,#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage{xyz}
 
 ,* Headline 1
   some text
 ,* Headline 2
   some more text
 #+end_example
 
 *** Quoting LaTeX code
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Incorporating literal @LaTeX{} code.
 :END:
 
 The LaTeX export back-end can insert any arbitrary LaTeX code, see
 [[*Embedded LaTeX]].  There are three ways to embed such code in the Org
 file and they all use different quoting syntax.
 
 #+cindex: inline, in @LaTeX{} export
 Inserting in-line quoted with @ symbols:
 
 : Code embedded in-line @@latex:any arbitrary LaTeX code@@ in a paragraph.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{LATEX}, keyword
 Inserting as one or more keyword lines in the Org file:
 
 : #+LATEX: any arbitrary LaTeX code
 
 #+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT latex}
 Inserting as an export block in the Org file, where the back-end
 exports any code between begin and end markers:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_EXPORT latex
   any arbitrary LaTeX code
 ,#+END_EXPORT
 #+end_example
 
 *** Tables in LaTeX export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Options for exporting tables to @LaTeX{}.
 :END:
 #+cindex: tables, in @LaTeX{} export
 
 The LaTeX export back-end can pass several LaTeX attributes for table
 contents and layout.  Besides specifying a label (see [[*Internal Links]])
 and a caption (see [[*Captions]]), the other valid LaTeX attributes
 include:
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - =:mode= ::
 
   #+vindex: org-latex-default-table-mode
   The LaTeX export back-end wraps the table differently depending on
   the mode for accurate rendering of math symbols.  Mode is either
   =table=, =math=, =inline-math= or =verbatim=.
 
   For =math= or =inline-math= mode, LaTeX export back-end wraps the
   table in a math environment, but every cell in it is exported as-is.
   The LaTeX export back-end determines the default mode from
   ~org-latex-default-table-mode~.  The LaTeX export back-end merges
   contiguous tables in the same mode into a single environment.
 
 - =:environment= ::
 
   #+vindex: org-latex-default-table-environment
   Set the default LaTeX table environment for the LaTeX export
   back-end to use when exporting Org tables.  Common LaTeX table
   environments are provided by these packages: tabularx, longtable,
   array, tabu, and bmatrix.  For packages, such as tabularx and tabu,
   or any newer replacements, include them in the
   ~org-latex-packages-alist~ variable so the LaTeX export back-end can
   insert the appropriate load package headers in the converted LaTeX
   file.  Look in the docstring for the ~org-latex-packages-alist~
   variable for configuring these packages for LaTeX snippet previews,
   if any.
 
 - =:caption= ::
 
   Use =CAPTION= keyword to set a simple caption for a table (see
   [[*Captions]]).  For custom captions, use =:caption= attribute, which
   accepts raw LaTeX code.  =:caption= value overrides =CAPTION= value.
 
 - =:float=, =:placement= ::
 
   The table environments by default are not floats in LaTeX.  To make
   them floating objects use =:float= with one of the following
   options: =sideways=, =multicolumn=, =t=, and =nil=.
 
   LaTeX floats can also have additional layout =:placement=
   attributes.  These are the usual =[h t b p ! H]= permissions
   specified in square brackets.  Note that for =:float sideways=
   tables, the LaTeX export back-end ignores =:placement= attributes.
 
 - =:align=, =:font=, =:width= ::
 
   The LaTeX export back-end uses these attributes for regular tables
   to set their alignments, fonts, and widths.
 
 - =:spread= ::
 
   When =:spread= is non-~nil~, the LaTeX export back-end spreads or
   shrinks the table by the =:width= for tabu and longtabu
   environments.  =:spread= has no effect if =:width= is not set.
 
 - =:booktabs=, =:center=, =:rmlines= ::
 
   #+vindex: org-latex-tables-booktabs
   #+vindex: org-latex-tables-centered
   All three commands are toggles.  =:booktabs= brings in modern
   typesetting enhancements to regular tables.  The booktabs package
   has to be loaded through ~org-latex-packages-alist~.  =:center= is
   for centering the table.  =:rmlines= removes all but the very first
   horizontal line made of ASCII characters from "table.el" tables
   only.
 
 - =:math-prefix=, =:math-suffix=, =:math-arguments= ::
 
   The LaTeX export back-end inserts =:math-prefix= string value in
   a math environment before the table.  The LaTeX export back-end
   inserts =:math-suffix= string value in a math environment after the
   table.  The LaTeX export back-end inserts =:math-arguments= string
   value between the macro name and the table's contents.
   =:math-arguments= comes in use for matrix macros that require more
   than one argument, such as =qbordermatrix=.
 
 LaTeX table attributes help formatting tables for a wide range of
 situations, such as matrix product or spanning multiple pages:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :environment longtable :align l|lp{3cm}r|l
 | ... | ... |
 | ... | ... |
 
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :mode math :environment bmatrix :math-suffix \times
 | a | b |
 | c | d |
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :mode math :environment bmatrix
 | 1 | 2 |
 | 3 | 4 |
 #+end_example
 
 Set the caption with the LaTeX command
 =\bicaption{HeadingA}{HeadingB}=:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :caption \bicaption{HeadingA}{HeadingB}
 | ... | ... |
 | ... | ... |
 #+end_example
 
 *** Images in LaTeX export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How to insert figures into @LaTeX{} output.
 :END:
 #+cindex: images, inline in LaTeX
 #+cindex: inlining images in LaTeX
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
 
 The LaTeX export back-end processes image links in Org files that do
 not have descriptions, such as these links =[[file:img.jpg]]= or
 =[[./img.jpg]]=, as direct image insertions in the final PDF output.  In
 the PDF, they are no longer links but actual images embedded on the
 page.  The LaTeX export back-end uses =\includegraphics= macro to
 insert the image.  But for TikZ (http://sourceforge.net/projects/pgf/)
 images, the back-end uses an ~\input~ macro wrapped within
 a ~tikzpicture~ environment.
 
 For specifying image =:width=, =:height=, =:scale= and other =:options=,
 use this syntax:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :width 5cm :options angle=90
 [[./img/sed-hr4049.pdf]]
 #+end_example
 
 A =:scale= attribute overrides both =:width= and =:height= attributes.
 
 For custom commands for captions, use the =:caption= attribute.  It
 overrides the default =#+CAPTION= value:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :caption \bicaption{HeadingA}{HeadingB}
 [[./img/sed-hr4049.pdf]]
 #+end_example
 
 When captions follow the method as described in [[*Captions]], the LaTeX
 export back-end wraps the picture in a floating =figure= environment.
 To float an image without specifying a caption, set the =:float=
 attribute to one of the following:
 
 - =t= ::
 
   For a standard =figure= environment; used by default whenever an
   image has a caption.
 
 - =multicolumn= ::
 
   To span the image across multiple columns of a page; the back-end
   wraps the image in a =figure*= environment.
 
 - =wrap= ::
 
   For text to flow around the image on the right; the figure occupies
   the left half of the page.
 
 - =sideways= ::
 
   For a new page with the image sideways, rotated ninety degrees, in
   a =sidewaysfigure= environment; overrides =:placement= setting.
 
 - =nil= ::
 
   To avoid a =:float= even if using a caption.
 
 Use the =placement= attribute to modify a floating environment's
 placement.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :float wrap :width 0.38\textwidth :placement {r}{0.4\textwidth}
 [[./img/hst.png]]
 #+end_example
 
 #+vindex: org-latex-images-centered
 #+cindex: center image in LaTeX export
 #+cindex: image, centering in LaTeX export
 The LaTeX export back-end centers all images by default.  Setting
 =:center= to =nil= disables centering.  To disable centering globally,
 set ~org-latex-images-centered~ to =nil=.
 
 Set the =:comment-include= attribute to non-~nil~ value for the LaTeX
 export back-end to comment out the =\includegraphics= macro.
 
 *** Plain lists in LaTeX export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Attributes specific to lists.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: plain lists, in @LaTeX{} export
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
 The LaTeX export back-end accepts the =environment= and =options=
 attributes for plain lists.  Both attributes work together for
 customizing lists, as shown in the examples:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage[inline]{enumitem}
 Some ways to say "Hello":
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :environment itemize*
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :options [label={}, itemjoin={,}, itemjoin*={, and}]
 - Hola
 - Bonjour
 - Guten Tag.
 #+end_example
 
 Since LaTeX supports only four levels of nesting for lists, use an
 external package, such as =enumitem= in LaTeX, for levels deeper than
 four:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage{enumitem}
 ,#+LATEX_HEADER: \renewlist{itemize}{itemize}{9}
 ,#+LATEX_HEADER: \setlist[itemize]{label=$\circ$}
 - One
   - Two
     - Three
       - Four
         - Five
 #+end_example
 
 *** Source blocks in LaTeX export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Attributes specific to source code blocks.
 :END:
 #+cindex: source blocks, in @LaTeX{} export
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
 
 The LaTeX export back-end can make source code blocks into floating
 objects through the attributes =:float= and =:options=.  For =:float=:
 
 - =t= ::
 
   Makes a source block float; by default floats any source block with
   a caption.
 
 - =multicolumn= ::
 
   Spans the source block across multiple columns of a page.
 
 - =nil= ::
 
   Avoids a =:float= even if using a caption; useful for source code
   blocks that may not fit on a page.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :float nil
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
   Lisp code that may not fit in a single page.
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 #+vindex: org-latex-listings-options
 #+vindex: org-latex-minted-options
 The LaTeX export back-end passes string values in =:options= to LaTeX
 packages for customization of that specific source block.  In the
 example below, the =:options= are set for Minted.  Minted is a source
 code highlighting LaTeX package with many configurable options[fn:134].
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :options commentstyle=\bfseries
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
   (defun Fib (n)
     (if (< n 2) n (+ (Fib (- n 1)) (Fib (- n 2)))))
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 To apply similar configuration options for all source blocks in
 a file, use the ~org-latex-listings-options~ and
 ~org-latex-minted-options~ variables.
 
 *** Example blocks in LaTeX export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Attributes specific to example blocks.
 :END:
 #+cindex: example blocks, in @LaTeX{} export
 #+cindex: verbatim blocks, in @LaTeX{} export
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
 
 The LaTeX export back-end wraps the contents of example blocks in
 a =verbatim= environment.  To change this behavior to use another
 environment globally, specify an appropriate export filter (see
 [[*Advanced Export Configuration]]).  To change this behavior to use
 another environment for each block, use the =:environment= parameter
 to specify a custom environment.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :environment myverbatim
 ,#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
   This sentence is false.
 ,#+END_EXAMPLE
 #+end_example
 
 *** Special blocks in LaTeX export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Attributes specific to special blocks.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: special blocks, in @LaTeX{} export
 #+cindex: abstract, in @LaTeX{} export
 #+cindex: proof, in @LaTeX{} export
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
 
 For other special blocks in the Org file, the LaTeX export back-end
 makes a special environment of the same name.  The back-end also takes
 =:options=, if any, and appends as-is to that environment's opening
 string.  For example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_abstract
   We demonstrate how to solve the Syracuse problem.
 ,#+END_abstract
 
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :options [Proof of important theorem]
 ,#+BEGIN_proof
   ...
   Therefore, any even number greater than 2 is the sum of two primes.
 ,#+END_proof
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 exports to
 
 #+begin_example
 \begin{abstract}
   We demonstrate how to solve the Syracuse problem.
 \end{abstract}
 
 \begin{proof}[Proof of important theorem]
   ...
   Therefore, any even number greater than 2 is the sum of two primes.
 \end{proof}
 #+end_example
 
 If you need to insert a specific caption command, use =:caption=
 attribute.  It overrides standard =CAPTION= value, if any.  For
 example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :caption \MyCaption{HeadingA}
 ,#+BEGIN_proof
   ...
 ,#+END_proof
 #+end_example
 
 *** Horizontal rules in LaTeX export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Attributes specific to horizontal rules.
 :END:
 #+cindex: horizontal rules, in @LaTeX{} export
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
 
 The LaTeX export back-end converts horizontal rules by the specified
 =:width= and =:thickness= attributes.  For example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :width .6\textwidth :thickness 0.8pt
 -----
 #+end_example
 
 *** Verse blocks in LaTeX export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Attributes specific to special blocks.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: verse blocks, in @LaTeX{} export
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
 
 The LaTeX export back-end accepts four attributes for verse blocks:
 =:lines=, =:center=, =:versewidth= and =:latexcode=.  The three first
 require the external LaTeX package =verse.sty=, which is an extension
 of the standard LaTeX environment.
 
 - =:lines= :: To add marginal verse numbering.  Its value is an
   integer, the sequence in which the verses should be numbered.
 - =:center= :: With value =t= all the verses on the page are optically
   centered (a typographic convention for poetry), taking as a
   reference the longest verse, which must be indicated by the
   attribute =:versewidth=.
 - =:versewidth= :: Its value is a literal text string with the longest
   verse.
 - =:latexcode= :: It accepts any arbitrary LaTeX code that can be
   included within a LaTeX =verse= environment.
 
 A complete example with Shakespeare's first sonnet:
 
 #+begin_src org
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :center t :latexcode \color{red} :lines 5
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :versewidth Feed’st thy light’s flame with self-substantial fuel,
 ,#+BEGIN_VERSE
 From fairest creatures we desire increase,
 That thereby beauty’s rose might never die,
 But as the riper should by time decease
 His tender heir might bear his memory
 But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes,
 Feed’st thy light’s flame with self-substantial fuel,
 Making a famine where abundance lies,
 Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel.
 Thou that art now the world’s fresh ornament,
 And only herald to the gaudy spring,
 Within thine own bud buriest thy content,
 And, tender churl, mak’st waste in niggardly.
 Pity the world, or else this glutton be,
 To eat the world’s due, by the grave and thee.
 ,#+END_VERSE
 #+end_src
 
 *** Quote blocks in LaTeX export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Attributes specific to quote blocks.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: quote blocks, in @LaTeX{} export
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
 #+cindex: org-latex-default-quote-environment
 
 The LaTeX export back-end accepts two attributes for quote blocks:
 =:environment=, for an arbitrary quoting environment (the default
 value is that of ~org-latex-default-quote-environment~: ~"quote"~) and
 =:options=.  For example, to choose the environment =quotation=,
 included as an alternative to =quote= in standard LaTeX classes:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :environment quotation
 ,#+BEGIN_QUOTE
 some text...
 ,#+END_QUOTE
 #+end_example
 
 To choose the =foreigndisplayquote= environment, included in the LaTeX
 package =csquotes=, with the =german= option, use this syntax:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+LATEX_HEADER:\usepackage[autostyle=true]{csquotes}
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX: :environment foreigndisplayquote :options {german}
 ,#+BEGIN_QUOTE
 some text in German...
 ,#+END_QUOTE
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 which is exported to LaTeX as
 
 #+begin_example
 \begin{foreigndisplayquote}{german}
 some text in German...
 \end{foreigndisplayquote}
 #+end_example
 
 ** Markdown Export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Exporting to Markdown.
 :END:
 #+cindex: Markdown export
 
 The Markdown export back-end, "md", converts an Org file to Markdown
 format, as defined at http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/.
 
 Since it is built on top of the HTML back-end (see [[*HTML Export]]), it
 converts every Org construct not defined in Markdown syntax, such as
 tables, to HTML.
 
 *** Markdown export commands
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e m m)}}} (~org-md-export-to-markdown~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c m m
   #+findex: org-md-export-to-markdown
   Export to a text file with Markdown syntax.  For =myfile.org=, Org
   exports to =myfile.md=, overwritten without warning.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e m M)}}} (~org-md-export-as-markdown~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-c m M
   #+findex: org-md-export-as-markdown
   Export to a temporary buffer.  Does not create a file.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e m o)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e m o
   Export as a text file with Markdown syntax, then open it.
 
 *** Header and sectioning structure
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+vindex: org-md-headline-style
 Based on ~org-md-headline-style~, Markdown export can generate
 headlines of both /atx/ and /setext/ types.  /atx/ limits headline
 levels to two whereas /setext/ limits headline levels to six.  Beyond
 these limits, the export back-end converts headlines to lists.  To set
 a limit to a level before the absolute limit (see [[*Export Settings]]).
 
 ** OpenDocument Text Export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Exporting to OpenDocument Text.
 :END:
 #+cindex: ODT
 #+cindex: OpenDocument
 #+cindex: export, OpenDocument
 #+cindex: LibreOffice
 
 The ODT export back-end handles creating of OpenDocument Text (ODT)
 format.  Documents created by this exporter use the
 {{{cite(OpenDocument-v1.2 specification)}}}[fn:135] and are compatible
 with LibreOffice 3.4.
 
 *** Pre-requisites for ODT export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Required packages.
 :END:
 #+cindex: zip
 
 The ODT export back-end relies on the zip program to create the final
 compressed ODT output.  Check if =zip= is locally available and
 executable.  Without it, export cannot finish.
 
 *** ODT export commands
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Invoking export.
 :END:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e o o)}}} (~org-export-to-odt~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e o o
   #+findex: org-export-to-odt
   Export as OpenDocument Text file.
 
   #+cindex: @samp{EXPORT_FILE_NAME}, property
   #+vindex: org-odt-preferred-output-format
 
   If ~org-odt-preferred-output-format~ is specified, the ODT export
   back-end automatically converts the exported file to that format.
 
   For =myfile.org=, Org exports to =myfile.odt=, overwriting without
   warning.  The ODT export back-end exports a region only if a region
   was active.
 
   If the selected region is a single tree, the ODT export back-end
   makes the tree head the document title.  Incidentally, {{{kbd(C-c
   @)}}} selects the current sub-tree.  If the tree head entry has, or
   inherits, an =EXPORT_FILE_NAME= property, the ODT export back-end
   uses that for file name.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e o O)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e o O
   Export as an OpenDocument Text file and open the resulting file.
 
   #+vindex: org-export-odt-preferred-output-format
   If ~org-export-odt-preferred-output-format~ is specified, open the
   converted file instead.  See [[*Automatically exporting to other
   formats]].
 
 *** ODT specific export settings
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Configuration options.
 :END:
 
 The ODT export back-end has several additional keywords for
 customizing ODT output.  Setting these keywords works similar to the
 general options (see [[*Export Settings]]).
 
 - =DESCRIPTION= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{DESCRIPTION}, keyword
   This is the document's description, which the ODT export back-end
   inserts as document metadata.  For long descriptions, use multiple
   lines, prefixed with =DESCRIPTION=.
 
 - =KEYWORDS= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{KEYWORDS}, keyword
   The keywords for the document.  The ODT export back-end inserts the
   description along with author name, keywords, and related file
   metadata as metadata in the output file.  Use multiple =KEYWORDS= if
   necessary.
 
 - =ODT_STYLES_FILE= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{ODT_STYLES_FILE}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-odt-styles-file
   The ODT export back-end uses the ~org-odt-styles-file~ by default.
   See [[*Applying custom styles]] for details.
 
 - =SUBTITLE= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
   The document subtitle.
 
 *** Extending ODT export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Producing DOC, PDF files.
 :END:
 
 The ODT export back-end can produce documents in other formats besides
 ODT using a specialized ODT converter process.  Its common interface
 works with popular converters to produce formats such as =doc=, or
 convert a document from one format, say =csv=, to another format, say
 =xls=.
 
 #+cindex: @file{unoconv}
 #+vindex: org-odt-convert-process
 Customize ~org-odt-convert-process~ variable to point to =unoconv=,
 which is the ODT's preferred converter.  Working installations of
 LibreOffice would already have =unoconv= installed.  Alternatively,
 other converters may be substituted here.  See [[*Configuring
 a document converter]].
 
 **** Automatically exporting to other formats
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+vindex: org-odt-preferred-output-format
 If ODT format is just an intermediate step to get to other formats,
 such as =doc=, =docx=, =rtf=, or =pdf=, etc., then extend the ODT
 export back-end to directly produce that format.  Specify the final
 format in the ~org-odt-preferred-output-format~ variable.  This is one
 way to extend (see [[*ODT export commands]]).
 
 **** Converting between document formats
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 The Org export back-end is made to be inter-operable with a wide range
 of text document format converters.  Newer generation converters, such
 as LibreOffice and Pandoc, can handle hundreds of formats at once.
 Org provides a consistent interaction with whatever converter is
 installed.  Here are some generic commands:
 
 - {{{kbd(M-x org-odt-convert)}}} ::
 
   #+findex: org-odt-convert
   Convert an existing document from one format to another.  With
   a prefix argument, opens the newly produced file.
 
 *** Applying custom styles
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Styling the output.
 :END:
 #+cindex: styles, custom
 #+cindex: template, custom
 
 The ODT export back-end comes with many OpenDocument styles (see
 [[*Working with OpenDocument style files]]).  To expand or further
 customize these built-in style sheets, either edit the style sheets
 directly or generate them using an application such as LibreOffice.
 The example here shows creating a style using LibreOffice.
 
 **** Applying custom styles: the easy way
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 1. Create a sample =example.org= file with settings as shown below,
    and export it to ODT format.
 
    : #+OPTIONS: H:10 num:t
 
 2. Open the above =example.odt= using LibreOffice.  Use the /Stylist/
    to locate the target styles, which typically have the "Org" prefix.
    Open one, modify, and save as either OpenDocument Text (ODT) or
    OpenDocument Template (OTT) file.
 
 3.
    #+vindex: org-odt-styles-file
    Customize the variable ~org-odt-styles-file~ and point it to the
    newly created file.  For additional configuration options, see
    [[x-overriding-factory-styles][Overriding factory styles]].
 
    #+cindex: @samp{ODT_STYLES_FILE}, keyword
    To apply an ODT style to a particular file, use the
    =ODT_STYLES_FILE= keyword as shown in the example below:
 
    : #+ODT_STYLES_FILE: "/path/to/example.ott"
 
    #+texinfo: @noindent
    or
 
    : #+ODT_STYLES_FILE: ("/path/to/file.ott" ("styles.xml" "image/hdr.png"))
 
 **** Using third-party styles and templates
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 The ODT export back-end relies on many templates and style names.
 Using third-party styles and templates can lead to mismatches.
 Templates derived from built in ODT templates and styles seem to have
 fewer problems.
 
 *** Links in ODT export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Handling and formatting links.
 :END:
 #+cindex: links, in ODT export
 
 ODT exporter creates native cross-references for internal links.  It
 creates Internet-style links for all other links.
 
 A link with no description and pointing to a regular, un-itemized,
 outline heading is replaced with a cross-reference and section number
 of the heading.
 
 A =\ref{label}=-style reference to an image, table etc., is replaced
 with a cross-reference and sequence number of the labeled entity.  See
 [[*Labels and captions in ODT export]].
 
 *** Tables in ODT export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Org tables conversions.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: tables, in ODT export
 
 The ODT export back-end handles native Org mode tables (see [[*Tables]])
 and simple =table.el= tables.  Complex =table.el= tables having column
 or row spans are not supported.  Such tables are stripped from the
 exported document.
 
 By default, the ODT export back-end exports a table with top and
 bottom frames and with ruled lines separating row and column groups
 (see [[*Column Groups]]).  All tables are typeset to occupy the same
 width.  The ODT export back-end honors any table alignments and
 relative widths for columns (see [[*Column Width and Alignment]]).
 
 Note that the ODT export back-end interprets column widths as weighted
 ratios, the default weight being 1.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_ODT}, keyword
 Specifying =:rel-width= property on an =ATTR_ODT= line controls the
 width of the table.  For example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_ODT: :rel-width 50
 | Area/Month    |   Jan |   Feb |   Mar |   Sum |
 |---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
 | /             |     < |       |       |     < |
 | <l13>         |  <r5> |  <r5> |  <r5> |  <r6> |
 | North America |     1 |    21 |   926 |   948 |
 | Middle East   |     6 |    75 |   844 |   925 |
 | Asia Pacific  |     9 |    27 |   790 |   826 |
 |---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
 | Sum           |    16 |   123 |  2560 |  2699 |
 #+end_example
 
 On export, the above table takes 50% of text width area.  The exporter
 sizes the columns in the ratio: 13:5:5:5:6.  The first column is
 left-aligned and rest of the columns, right-aligned.  Vertical rules
 separate the header and the last column.  Horizontal rules separate
 the header and the last row.
 
 For even more customization, create custom table styles and associate
 them with a table using the =ATTR_ODT= keyword.  See [[*Customizing
 tables in ODT export]].
 
 *** Images in ODT export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Inserting images.
 :END:
 #+cindex: images, embedding in ODT
 #+cindex: embedding images in ODT
 
 **** Embedding images
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 The ODT export back-end processes image links in Org files that do not
 have descriptions, such as these links =[[file:img.jpg]]= or =[[./img.jpg]]=,
 as direct image insertions in the final output.  Either of these
 examples works:
 
 : [[file:img.png]]
 
 : [[./img.png]]
 
 **** Embedding clickable images
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 For clickable images, provide a link whose description is another link
 to an image file.  For example, to embed an image
 =org-mode-unicorn.png= which when clicked jumps to https://orgmode.org
 website, do the following
 
 : [[https://orgmode.org][./org-mode-unicorn.png]]
 
 **** Sizing and scaling of embedded images
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_ODT}, keyword
 
 Control the size and scale of the embedded images with the =ATTR_ODT=
 attribute.
 
 #+cindex: identify, ImageMagick
 #+vindex: org-odt-pixels-per-inch
 The ODT export back-end starts with establishing the size of the image
 in the final document.  The dimensions of this size are measured in
 centimeters.  The back-end then queries the image file for its
 dimensions measured in pixels.  For this measurement, the back-end
 relies on ImageMagick's identify program or Emacs ~create-image~ and
 ~image-size~ API.  ImageMagick is the preferred choice for large file
 sizes or frequent batch operations.  The back-end then converts the
 pixel dimensions using ~org-odt-pixels-per-inch~ into the familiar 72
 dpi or 96 dpi.  The default value for this is in
 ~display-pixels-per-inch~, which can be tweaked for better results
 based on the capabilities of the output device.  Here are some common
 image scaling operations:
 
 - Explicitly size the image ::
 
   To embed =img.png= as a 10 cm x 10 cm image, do the following:
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+ATTR_ODT: :width 10 :height 10
   [[./img.png]]
   #+end_example
 
 - Scale the image ::
 
   To embed =img.png= at half its size, do the following:
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+ATTR_ODT: :scale 0.5
   [[./img.png]]
   #+end_example
 
 - Scale the image to a specific width ::
 
   To embed =img.png= with a width of 10 cm while retaining the
   original height:width ratio, do the following:
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+ATTR_ODT: :width 10
   [[./img.png]]
   #+end_example
 
 - Scale the image to a specific height ::
 
   To embed =img.png= with a height of 10 cm while retaining the
   original height:width ratio, do the following:
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+ATTR_ODT: :height 10
   [[./img.png]]
   #+end_example
 
 **** Anchoring of images
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_ODT}, keyword
 The ODT export back-end can anchor images to =as-char=, =paragraph=,
 or =page=.  Set the preferred anchor using the =:anchor= property of
 the =ATTR_ODT= line.
 
 To create an image that is anchored to a page:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_ODT: :anchor page
 [[./img.png]]
 #+end_example
 
 *** Math formatting in ODT export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Formatting @LaTeX{} fragments.
 :END:
 
 The ODT exporter has special support for handling math.
 
 **** LaTeX math snippets
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Embedding in @LaTeX{} format.
 :END:
 
 LaTeX math snippets (see [[*LaTeX fragments]]) can be embedded in the ODT
 document in one of the following ways:
 
 - MathML ::
 
   #+cindex: MathML
   Add this line to the Org file.  This option is activated on
   a per-file basis.
 
   : #+OPTIONS: tex:t
 
   With this option, LaTeX fragments are first converted into MathML
   fragments using an external LaTeX-to-MathML converter program.  The
   resulting MathML fragments are then embedded as an OpenDocument
   Formula in the exported document.
 
   #+vindex: org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command
   #+vindex: org-latex-to-mathml-jar-file
   You can specify the LaTeX-to-MathML converter by customizing the
   variables ~org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command~ and
   ~org-latex-to-mathml-jar-file~.
 
   If you prefer to use MathToWeb[fn:136] as your converter, you can
   configure the above variables as shown below.
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (setq org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command
         "java -jar %j -unicode -force -df %o %I"
         org-latex-to-mathml-jar-file
         "/path/to/mathtoweb.jar")
   #+end_src
 
   #+texinfo: @noindent
   or, to use LaTeX​ML[fn:137] instead,
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (setq org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command
         "latexmlmath \"%i\" --presentationmathml=%o")
   #+end_src
 
   To quickly verify the reliability of the LaTeX-to-MathML
   converter, use the following commands:
 
   - {{{kbd(M-x org-export-as-odf)}}} ::
 
     Convert a LaTeX math snippet to an OpenDocument formula (=.odf=)
     file.
 
   - {{{kbd(M-x org-export-as-odf-and-open)}}} ::
 
     Convert a LaTeX math snippet to an OpenDocument formula (=.odf=)
     file and open the formula file with the system-registered
     application.
 
 - PNG images ::
 
   #+cindex: dvipng
   #+cindex: dvisvgm
   #+cindex: ImageMagick
   Add this line to the Org file.  This option is activated on
   a per-file basis.
 
   : #+OPTIONS: tex:dvipng
 
   : #+OPTIONS: tex:dvisvgm
 
   #+texinfo: @noindent
   or
 
   : #+OPTIONS: tex:imagemagick
 
   Under this option, LaTeX fragments are processed into PNG or SVG
   images and the resulting images are embedded in the exported
   document.  This method requires dvipng program, dvisvgm or
   ImageMagick programs.
 
 **** MathML and OpenDocument formula files
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Embedding in native format.
 :END:
 
 When embedding LaTeX math snippets in ODT documents is not reliable,
 there is one more option to try.  Embed an equation by linking to its
 MathML (=.mml=) source or its OpenDocument formula (=.odf=) file as
 shown below:
 
 : [[./equation.mml]]
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 or
 
 : [[./equation.odf]]
 
 *** Labels and captions in ODT export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Rendering objects.
 :END:
 
 ODT format handles labeling and captioning of objects based on their
 types.  Inline images, tables, LaTeX fragments, and Math formulas are
 numbered and captioned separately.  Each object also gets a unique
 sequence number based on its order of first appearance in the Org
 file.  Each category has its own sequence.  A caption is just a label
 applied to these objects.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+CAPTION: Bell curve
 ,#+NAME:   fig:SED-HR4049
 [[./img/a.png]]
 #+end_example
 
 When rendered, it may show as follows in the exported document:
 
 : Figure 2: Bell curve
 
 #+vindex: org-odt-category-map-alist
 To modify the category component of the caption, customize the option
 ~org-odt-category-map-alist~.  For example, to tag embedded images
 with the string "Illustration" instead of the default string "Figure",
 use the following setting:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-odt-category-map-alist
       '(("__Figure__" "Illustration" "value" "Figure" org-odt--enumerable-image-p)))
 #+end_src
 
 With the above modification, the previous example changes to:
 
 : Illustration 2: Bell curve
 
 *** Literal examples in ODT export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: For source code and example blocks.
 :END:
 
 The ODT export back-end supports literal examples (see [[*Literal
 Examples]]) with full fontification.  Internally, the ODT export
 back-end relies on =htmlfontify.el= to generate the style definitions
 needed for fancy listings.  The auto-generated styles get =OrgSrc=
 prefix and inherit colors from the faces used by Emacs Font Lock
 library for that source language.
 
 #+vindex: org-odt-fontify-srcblocks
 For custom fontification styles, customize the
 ~org-odt-create-custom-styles-for-srcblocks~ option.
 
 #+vindex: org-odt-create-custom-styles-for-srcblocks
 To turn off fontification of literal examples, customize the
 ~org-odt-fontify-srcblocks~ option.
 
 *** Advanced topics in ODT export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: For power users.
 :END:
 
 The ODT export back-end has extensive features useful for power users
 and frequent uses of ODT formats.
 
 **** Configuring a document converter
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Registering a document converter.
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: convert
 #+cindex: doc, docx, rtf
 #+cindex: converter
 
 The ODT export back-end works with popular converters with little or
 no extra configuration.  See [[*Extending ODT export]].  The following is
 for unsupported converters or tweaking existing defaults.
 
 - Register the converter ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-odt-convert-processes
   Add the name of the converter to the ~org-odt-convert-processes~
   variable.  Note that it also requires how the converter is invoked
   on the command line.  See the variable's docstring for details.
 
 - Configure its capabilities ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-odt-convert-capabilities
   Specify which formats the converter can handle by customizing the
   variable ~org-odt-convert-capabilities~.  Use the entry for the
   default values in this variable for configuring the new converter.
   Also see its docstring for details.
 
 - Choose the converter ::
 
   #+vindex: org-export-odt-convert-process
   Select the newly added converter as the preferred one by customizing
   the option ~org-odt-convert-process~.
 
 **** Working with OpenDocument style files
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Exploring internals.
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: styles, custom
 #+cindex: template, custom
 
 This section explores the internals of the ODT exporter; the means by which
 it produces styled documents; the use of automatic and custom OpenDocument
 styles.
 
 The ODT exporter relies on two files for generating its output.  These
 files are bundled with the distribution under the directory pointed to
 by the variable ~org-odt-styles-dir~.  The two files are:
 
 - =OrgOdtStyles.xml= <<x-orgodtstyles-xml>> ::
 
   This file contributes to the =styles.xml= file of the final ODT
   document.  This file gets modified for the following purposes:
 
   1. To control outline numbering based on user settings;
 
   2. To add styles generated by =htmlfontify.el= for fontification of
      code blocks.
 
 - =OrgOdtContentTemplate.xml= <<x-orgodtcontenttemplate-xml>> ::
 
   This file contributes to the =content.xml= file of the final ODT
   document.  The contents of the Org outline are inserted between the
   =<office:text>= ... =</office:text>= elements of this file.
 
   Apart from serving as a template file for the final =content.xml=,
   the file serves the following purposes:
 
   1. It contains automatic styles for formatting of tables which are
      referenced by the exporter;
 
   2. It contains =<text:sequence-decl>= ... =</text:sequence-decl>=
      elements that control numbering of tables, images, equations, and
      similar entities.
 
 <<x-overriding-factory-styles>> The following two variables control
 the location from where the ODT exporter picks up the custom styles
 and content template files.  Customize these variables to override the
 factory styles used by the exporter.
 
 - ~org-odt-styles-file~ ::
 
   The ODT export back-end uses the file pointed to by this variable,
   such as =styles.xml=, for the final output.  It can take one of the
   following values:
 
   - =FILE.xml= ::
 
     Use this file instead of the default =styles.xml=
 
   - =FILE.odt= or =FILE.ott= ::
 
     Use the =styles.xml= contained in the specified OpenDocument
     Text or Template file
 
   - =FILE.odt= or =FILE.ott= and a subset of included files ::
 
     Use the =styles.xml= contained in the specified OpenDocument Text
     or Template file.  Additionally extract the specified member files
     and embed those within the final ODT document.
 
     Use this option if the =styles.xml= file references additional
     files like header and footer images.
 
   - ~nil~ ::
 
     Use the default =styles.xml=.
 
 - ~org-odt-content-template-file~ ::
 
   Use this variable to specify the blank =content.xml= used in the
   final output.
 
 **** Creating one-off styles
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Customizing styles, highlighting...
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 The ODT export back-end can read embedded raw OpenDocument XML from
 the Org file.  Such direct formatting is useful for one-off instances.
 
 - Embedding ODT tags as part of regular text ::
 
   Enclose OpenDocument syntax in =@@odt:...@@= for inline markup.  For
   example, to highlight a region of text do the following:
 
   #+begin_example
   @@odt:<text:span text:style-name="Highlight">This is highlighted
   text</text:span>@@.  But this is regular text.
   #+end_example
 
   *Hint:* To see the above example in action, edit the =styles.xml=
   (see [[x-orgodtstyles-xml][Factory styles]]) and add a custom /Highlight/ style as shown
   below:
 
   #+begin_example
   <style:style style:name="Highlight" style:family="text">
     <style:text-properties fo:background-color="#ff0000"/>
   </style:style>
   #+end_example
 
 - Embedding a one-line OpenDocument XML ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{ODT}, keyword
   The ODT export back-end can read one-liner options with =#+ODT:= in
   the Org file.  For example, to force a page break:
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+ODT: <text:p text:style-name="PageBreak"/>
   #+end_example
 
   *Hint:* To see the above example in action, edit your
   =styles.xml= (see [[x-orgodtstyles-xml][Factory styles]]) and add a custom =PageBreak=
   style as shown below.
 
   #+begin_example
   <style:style style:name="PageBreak" style:family="paragraph"
                style:parent-style-name="Text_20_body">
     <style:paragraph-properties fo:break-before="page"/>
   </style:style>
   #+end_example
 
 - Embedding a block of OpenDocument XML ::
 
   The ODT export back-end can also read ODT export blocks for
   OpenDocument XML.  Such blocks use the =#+BEGIN_EXPORT odt=
   ... =#+END_EXPORT= constructs.
 
   For example, to create a one-off paragraph that uses bold text, do
   the following:
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+BEGIN_EXPORT odt
     <text:p text:style-name="Text_20_body_20_bold">
     This paragraph is specially formatted and uses bold text.
     </text:p>
   ,#+END_EXPORT
   #+end_example
 
 **** Customizing tables in ODT export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Defining table templates.
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+cindex: tables, in ODT export
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_ODT}, keyword
 
 Override the default table format by specifying a custom table style
 with the =#+ATTR_ODT= line.  For a discussion on default formatting of
 tables, see [[*Tables in ODT export]].
 
 This feature closely mimics the way table templates are defined in the
 OpenDocument-v1.2 specification[fn:138].
 
 #+vindex: org-odt-table-styles
 For quick preview of this feature, install the settings below and export the
 table that follows:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-export-odt-table-styles
       (append org-export-odt-table-styles
               '(("TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn" "Custom"
                  ((use-first-row-styles . t)
                   (use-first-column-styles . t)))
                 ("TableWithFirstRowandLastRow" "Custom"
                  ((use-first-row-styles . t)
                   (use-last-row-styles . t))))))
 #+end_src
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_ODT: :style TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn
 | Name  | Phone | Age |
 | Peter |  1234 |  17 |
 | Anna  |  4321 |  25 |
 #+end_example
 
 The example above used =Custom= template and installed two table
 styles =TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn= and
 =TableWithFirstRowandLastRow=.  *Important:* The OpenDocument styles
 needed for producing the above template were pre-defined.  They are
 available in the section marked =Custom Table Template= in
 =OrgOdtContentTemplate.xml= (see [[x-orgodtcontenttemplate-xml][Factory styles]]).  For adding new
 templates, define new styles there.
 
 To use this feature proceed as follows:
 
 1. Create a table template[fn:139].
 
    A table template is set of =table-cell= and =paragraph= styles for
    each of the following table cell categories:
 
    - Body
    - First column
    - Last column
    - First row
    - Last row
    - Even row
    - Odd row
    - Even column
    - Odd Column
 
    The names for the above styles must be chosen based on the name of
    the table template using a well-defined convention.
 
    The naming convention is better illustrated with an example.  For
    a table template with the name =Custom=, the needed style names are
    listed in the following table.
 
    | Cell type    | Cell style                   | Paragraph style                   |
    |--------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------|
    | Body         | =CustomTableCell=            | =CustomTableParagraph=            |
    | First column | =CustomFirstColumnTableCell= | =CustomFirstColumnTableParagraph= |
    | Last column  | =CustomLastColumnTableCell=  | =CustomLastColumnTableParagraph=  |
    | First row    | =CustomFirstRowTableCell=    | =CustomFirstRowTableParagraph=    |
    | Last row     | =CustomLastRowTableCell=     | =CustomLastRowTableParagraph=     |
    | Even row     | =CustomEvenRowTableCell=     | =CustomEvenRowTableParagraph=     |
    | Odd row      | =CustomOddRowTableCell=      | =CustomOddRowTableParagraph=      |
    | Even column  | =CustomEvenColumnTableCell=  | =CustomEvenColumnTableParagraph=  |
    | Odd column   | =CustomOddColumnTableCell=   | =CustomOddColumnTableParagraph=   |
 
    To create a table template with the name =Custom=, define the above
    styles in the =<office:automatic-styles>= ...
    =</office:automatic-styles>= element of the content template file
    (see [[x-orgodtcontenttemplate-xml][Factory styles]]).
 
 2. Define a table style[fn:140].
 
    #+vindex: org-odt-table-styles
    To define a table style, create an entry for the style in the
    variable ~org-odt-table-styles~ and specify the following:
 
    - the name of the table template created in step (1),
    - the set of cell styles in that template that are to be activated.
 
    For example, the entry below defines two different table styles
    =TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn= and =TableWithFirstRowandLastRow=
    based on the same template =Custom=.  The styles achieve their
    intended effect by selectively activating the individual cell
    styles in that template.
 
    #+begin_src emacs-lisp
    (setq org-export-odt-table-styles
          (append org-export-odt-table-styles
                  '(("TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn" "Custom"
                     ((use-first-row-styles . t)
                      (use-first-column-styles . t)))
                    ("TableWithFirstRowandLastRow" "Custom"
                     ((use-first-row-styles . t)
                      (use-last-row-styles . t))))))
    #+end_src
 
 3. Associate a table with the table style.
 
    To do this, specify the table style created in step (2) as part of
    the =ATTR_ODT= line as shown below.
 
    #+begin_example
    ,#+ATTR_ODT: :style TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn
    | Name  | Phone | Age |
    | Peter |  1234 |  17 |
    | Anna  |  4321 |  25 |
    #+end_example
 
 **** Validating OpenDocument XML
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Debugging corrupted OpenDocument files.
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 Sometimes ODT format files may not open due to =.odt= file corruption.
 To verify if such a file is corrupt, validate it against the
 OpenDocument Relax NG Compact (RNC) syntax schema.  But first the
 =.odt= files have to be decompressed using =zip=.  Note that =.odt=
 files are ZIP archives: [[info:emacs::File Archives]].  The contents of
 ODT files are in XML.  For general help with validation---and
 schema-sensitive editing---of XML files: [[info:nxml-mode::Introduction]].
 
 #+vindex: org-export-odt-schema-dir
 Customize ~org-odt-schema-dir~ to point to a directory with
 OpenDocument RNC files and the needed schema-locating rules.  The ODT
 export back-end takes care of updating the
 ~rng-schema-locating-files~.
 
 ** Org Export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Exporting to Org.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: Org export
 /org/ export back-end creates a normalized version of the Org document
 in current buffer.  The exporter evaluates Babel code (see [[*Evaluating
 Code Blocks]]) and removes content specific to other back-ends.
 
 *** Org export commands
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e O o)}}} (~org-org-export-to-org~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e O o
   #+findex: org-org-export-to-org
   Export as an Org file with a =.org= extension.  For =myfile.org=,
   Org exports to =myfile.org.org=, overwriting without warning.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e O v)}}} (~~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e O v
   Export to an Org file, then open it.
 
 ** Texinfo Export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Exporting to Texinfo.
 :END:
 
 *** Texinfo export commands
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Invoking commands.
 :END:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e i t)}}} (~org-texinfo-export-to-texinfo~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e i t
   #+findex: org-texinfo-export-to-texinfo
   Export as a Texinfo file with =.texi= extension.  For =myfile.org=,
   Org exports to =myfile.texi=, overwriting without warning.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e i i)}}} (~org-texinfo-export-to-info~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e i i
   #+findex: org-texinfo-export-to-info
   #+vindex: org-texinfo-info-process
   Export to Texinfo format first and then process it to make an Info
   file.  To generate other formats, such as DocBook, customize the
   ~org-texinfo-info-process~ variable.
 
 *** Texinfo specific export settings
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Setting the environment.
 :END:
 
 The Texinfo export back-end has several additional keywords for
 customizing Texinfo output.  Setting these keywords works similar to
 the general options (see [[*Export Settings]]).
 
 - =SUBTITLE= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
   The document subtitle.
 
 - =SUBAUTHOR= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{SUBAUTHOR}, keyword
   Additional authors for the document.
 
 - =TEXINFO_FILENAME= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_FILENAME}, keyword
   The Texinfo filename.
 
 - =TEXINFO_CLASS= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_CLASS}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-texinfo-default-class
   The default document class (~org-texinfo-default-class~), which must
   be a member of ~org-texinfo-classes~.
 
 - =TEXINFO_HEADER= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_HEADER}, keyword
   Arbitrary lines inserted at the end of the header.
 
 - =TEXINFO_POST_HEADER= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_POST_HEADER}, keyword
   Arbitrary lines inserted after the end of the header.
 
 - =TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY}, keyword
   The directory category of the document.
 
 - =TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE}, keyword
   The directory title of the document.
 
 - =TEXINFO_DIR_DESC= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_DESC}, keyword
   The directory description of the document.
 
 - =TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE}, keyword
   The printed title of the document.
 
 *** Texinfo file header
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Generating the header.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_FILENAME}, keyword
 After creating the header for a Texinfo file, the Texinfo back-end
 automatically generates a name and destination path for the Info file.
 To override this default with a more sensible path and name, specify
 the =TEXINFO_FILENAME= keyword.
 
 #+vindex: org-texinfo-coding-system
 #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_HEADER}, keyword
 Along with the output's file name, the Texinfo header also contains
 language details (see [[*Export Settings]]) and encoding system as set in
 the ~org-texinfo-coding-system~ variable.  Insert =TEXINFO_HEADER=
 keywords for each additional command in the header, for example:
 
 : #+TEXINFO_HEADER: @synindex
 
 #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_CLASS}, keyword
 #+vindex: org-texinfo-classes
 Instead of repeatedly installing the same set of commands, define
 a class in ~org-texinfo-classes~ once, and then activate it in the
 document by setting the =TEXINFO_CLASS= keyword to that class.
 
 *** Texinfo title and copyright page
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Creating preamble pages.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE}, keyword
 The default template for hard copy output has a title page with
 =TITLE= and =AUTHOR= keywords (see [[*Export Settings]]).  To replace the
 regular title with something different for the printed version, use
 the =TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE= and =SUBTITLE= keywords.  Both expect raw
 Texinfo code for setting their values.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{SUBAUTHOR}, keyword
 If one =AUTHOR= line is not sufficient, add multiple =SUBAUTHOR=
 keywords.  They have to be set in raw Texinfo code.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+AUTHOR: Jane Smith
 ,#+SUBAUTHOR: John Doe
 ,#+TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE: This Long Title@@inlinefmt{tex,@*} Is Broken in @TeX{}
 #+end_example
 
 #+cindex: @samp{COPYING}, property
 Copying material is defined in a dedicated headline with a non-~nil~
 =COPYING= property.  The back-end inserts the contents within
 a =@copying= command at the beginning of the document.  The heading
 itself does not appear in the structure of the document.
 
 Copyright information is printed on the back of the title page.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* Legalese
   :PROPERTIES:
   :COPYING: t
   :END:
 
   This is a short example of a complete Texinfo file, version 1.0.
 
   Copyright \copy 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 #+end_example
 
 *** Info directory file
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Installing a manual in Info file hierarchy.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{dir} file, in Texinfo export
 #+cindex: Info directory file, in Texinfo export
 #+cindex: @code{install-info}, in Texinfo export
 
 #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY}, keyword
 #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE}, keyword
 #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_DESC}, keyword
 The end result of the Texinfo export process is the creation of an
 Info file.  This Info file's metadata has variables for category,
 title, and description: =TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY=, =TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE=,
 and =TEXINFO_DIR_DESC= keywords that establish where in the Info
 hierarchy the file fits.
 
 Here is an example that writes to the Info directory file:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY: Emacs
 ,#+TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE: Org Mode: (org)
 ,#+TEXINFO_DIR_DESC: Outline-based notes management and organizer
 #+end_example
 
 *** Headings and sectioning structure
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Building document structure.
 :END:
 
 #+vindex: org-texinfo-classes
 #+vindex: org-texinfo-default-class
 #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_CLASS}, keyword
 The Texinfo export back-end uses a pre-defined scheme to convert Org
 headlines to equivalent Texinfo structuring commands.  A scheme like
 this maps top-level headlines to numbered chapters tagged as
 ~@chapter~ and lower-level headlines to unnumbered chapters tagged as
 ~@unnumbered~.  To override such mappings to introduce ~@part~ or
 other Texinfo structuring commands, define a new class in
 ~org-texinfo-classes~.  Activate the new class with the
 =TEXINFO_CLASS= keyword.  When no new class is defined and activated,
 the Texinfo export back-end defaults to the
 ~org-texinfo-default-class~.
 
 If an Org headline's level has no associated Texinfo structuring
 command, or is below a certain threshold (see [[*Export Settings]]), then
 the Texinfo export back-end makes it into a list item.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{APPENDIX}, property
 The Texinfo export back-end makes any headline with a non-~nil~
 =APPENDIX= property into an appendix.  This happens independent of the
 Org headline level or the =TEXINFO_CLASS= keyword.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ALT_TITLE}, property
 #+cindex: @samp{DESCRIPTION}, property
 The Texinfo export back-end creates a menu entry after the Org
 headline for each regular sectioning structure.  To override this with
 a shorter menu entry, use the =ALT_TITLE= property (see [[*Table of
 Contents]]).  Texinfo menu entries also have an option for a longer
 =DESCRIPTION= property.  Here's an example that uses both to override
 the default menu entry:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* Controlling Screen Display
   :PROPERTIES:
   :ALT_TITLE: Display
   :DESCRIPTION: Controlling Screen Display
   :END:
 #+end_example
 
 #+cindex: Top node, in Texinfo export
 The text before the first headline belongs to the /Top/ node, i.e.,
 the node in which a reader enters an Info manual.  As such, it is
 expected not to appear in printed output generated from the =.texi=
 file.  See [[info:texinfo::The Top Node]], for more information.
 
 *** Indices
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Creating indices.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{CINDEX}, keyword
 #+cindex: concept index, in Texinfo export
 #+cindex: @samp{FINDEX}, keyword
 #+cindex: function index, in Texinfo export
 #+cindex: @samp{KINDEX}, keyword
 #+cindex: keystroke index, in Texinfo export
 #+cindex: @samp{PINDEX}, keyword
 #+cindex: program index, in Texinfo export
 #+cindex: @samp{TINDEX}, keyword
 #+cindex: data type index, in Texinfo export
 #+cindex: @samp{VINDEX}, keyword
 #+cindex: variable index, in Texinfo export
 The Texinfo export back-end recognizes these indexing keywords if used
 in the Org file: =CINDEX=, =FINDEX=, =KINDEX=, =PINDEX=, =TINDEX= and
 =VINDEX=.  Write their value as verbatim Texinfo code; in particular,
 ={=, =}= and =@= characters need to be escaped with =@= if they do not
 belong to a Texinfo command.
 
 : #+CINDEX: Defining indexing entries
 
 #+cindex: @samp{INDEX}, property
 For the back-end to generate an index entry for a headline, set the
 =INDEX= property to =cp= or =vr=.  These abbreviations come from
 Texinfo that stand for concept index and variable index.  The Texinfo
 manual has abbreviations for all other kinds of indexes.  The back-end
 exports the headline as an unnumbered chapter or section command, and
 then inserts the index after its contents.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* Concept Index
   :PROPERTIES:
   :INDEX: cp
   :END:
 #+end_example
 
 *** Quoting Texinfo code
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Incorporating literal Texinfo code.
 :END:
 
 Use any of the following three methods to insert or escape raw Texinfo
 code:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO}, keyword
 #+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT texinfo}
 #+begin_example
 Richard @@texinfo:@sc{@@Stallman@@texinfo:}@@ commence' GNU.
 
 ,#+TEXINFO: @need800
 This paragraph is preceded by...
 
 ,#+BEGIN_EXPORT texinfo
   @auindex Johnson, Mark
   @auindex Lakoff, George
 ,#+END_EXPORT
 #+end_example
 
 *** Plain lists in Texinfo export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: List attributes.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_TEXINFO}, keyword
 #+cindex: two-column tables, in Texinfo export
 #+cindex: table-type, Texinfo attribute
 The Texinfo export back-end by default converts description lists in
 the Org file using the default command =@table=, which results in
 a table with two columns.  To change this behavior, set =:table-type=
 attribute to either =ftable= or =vtable= value.  For more information,
 see [[info:texinfo::Two-column Tables]].
 
 #+vindex: org-texinfo-table-default-markup
 #+cindex: indic, Texinfo attribute
 The Texinfo export back-end by default also applies a text highlight
 based on the defaults stored in ~org-texinfo-table-default-markup~.
 To override the default highlight command, specify another one with
 the =:indic= attribute.
 
 #+cindex: multiple items in Texinfo lists
 #+cindex: sep, Texinfo attribute
 Org syntax is limited to one entry per list item.  Nevertheless, the
 Texinfo export back-end can split that entry according to any text
 provided through the =:sep= attribute.  Each part then becomes a new
 entry in the first column of the table.
 
 The following example illustrates all the attributes above:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_TEXINFO: :table-type vtable :sep , :indic asis
 - foo, bar :: This is the common text for variables foo and bar.
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 becomes
 
 #+begin_example
 @vtable @asis
 @item foo
 @itemx bar
 This is the common text for variables foo and bar.
 @end table
 #+end_example
 
 #+cindex: lettered lists, in Texinfo export
 #+cindex: enum, Texinfo attribute
 Ordered lists are numbered when exported to Texinfo format.  Such
 numbering obeys any counter (see [[*Plain Lists]]) in the first item of
 the list.  The =:enum= attribute also let you start the list at
 a specific number, or switch to a lettered list, as illustrated here
 
 #+begin_example
 #+ATTR_TEXINFO: :enum A
 1. Alpha
 2. Bravo
 3. Charlie
 #+end_example
 
 *** Tables in Texinfo export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Table attributes.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_TEXINFO}, keyword
 When exporting tables, the Texinfo export back-end uses the widest
 cell width in each column.  To override this and instead specify as
 fractions of line length, use the =:columns= attribute.  See example
 below.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_TEXINFO: :columns .5 .5
 | a cell | another cell |
 #+end_example
 
 *** Images in Texinfo export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Image attributes.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_TEXINFO}, keyword
 Insert a file link to the image in the Org file, and the Texinfo
 export back-end inserts the image.  These links must have the usual
 supported image extensions and no descriptions.  To scale the image,
 use =:width= and =:height= attributes.  For alternate text, use =:alt=
 and specify the text using Texinfo code, as shown in the example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_TEXINFO: :width 1in :alt Alternate @i{text}
 [[ridt.pdf]]
 #+end_example
 
 *** Quotations in Texinfo export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Quote block attributes.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_TEXINFO}, keyword
 You can write the text of a quotation within a quote block (see
 [[*Paragraphs]]).  You may also emphasize some text at the beginning of
 the quotation with the =:tag= attribute.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_TEXINFO: :tag Warning
 ,#+BEGIN_QUOTE
 Striking your thumb with a hammer may cause severe pain and discomfort.
 ,#+END_QUOTE
 #+end_example
 
 To specify the author of the quotation, use the =:author= attribute.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_TEXINFO: :author King Arthur
 ,#+BEGIN_QUOTE
 The Lady of the Lake, her arm clad in the purest shimmering samite,
 held aloft Excalibur from the bosom of the water, signifying by divine
 providence that I, Arthur, was to carry Excalibur.  That is why I am
 your king.
 ,#+END_QUOTE
 #+end_example
 
 *** Special blocks in Texinfo export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Special block attributes.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ATTR_TEXINFO}, keyword
 
 The Texinfo export back-end converts special blocks to commands with
 the same name.  It also adds any =:options= attributes to the end of
 the command, as shown in this example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+ATTR_TEXINFO: :options org-org-export-to-org ...
 ,#+BEGIN_defun
   A somewhat obsessive function name.
 ,#+END_defun
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 becomes
 
 #+begin_example
 @defun org-org-export-to-org ...
   A somewhat obsessive function name.
 @end defun
 #+end_example
 
 *** A Texinfo example
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Processing Org to Texinfo.
 :END:
 
 Here is a more detailed example Org file.  See
 [[info:texinfo::GNU Sample Texts]] for an equivalent example using
 Texinfo code.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+TITLE: GNU Sample {{{version}}}
 ,#+SUBTITLE: for version {{{version}}}, {{{updated}}}
 ,#+AUTHOR: A.U. Thor
 ,#+EMAIL: bug-sample@gnu.org
 
 ,#+OPTIONS: ':t toc:t author:t email:t
 ,#+LANGUAGE: en
 
 ,#+MACRO: version 2.0
 ,#+MACRO: updated last updated 4 March 2014
 
 ,#+TEXINFO_FILENAME: sample.info
 ,#+TEXINFO_HEADER: @syncodeindex pg cp
 
 ,#+TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY: Texinfo documentation system
 ,#+TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE: sample: (sample)
 ,#+TEXINFO_DIR_DESC: Invoking sample
 
 ,#+TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE: GNU Sample
 
 This manual is for GNU Sample (version {{{version}}},
 {{{updated}}}).
 
 ,* Copying
   :PROPERTIES:
   :COPYING:  t
   :END:
 
   This manual is for GNU Sample (version {{{version}}},
   {{{updated}}}), which is an example in the Texinfo documentation.
 
   Copyright \copy 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 
   ,#+BEGIN_QUOTE
   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
   document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
   Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
   Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
   and with no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in
   the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
   ,#+END_QUOTE
 
 ,* Invoking sample
 
   ,#+PINDEX: sample
   ,#+CINDEX: invoking @command{sample}
 
   This is a sample manual.  There is no sample program to invoke, but
   if there were, you could see its basic usage and command line
   options here.
 
 ,* GNU Free Documentation License
   :PROPERTIES:
   :APPENDIX: t
   :END:
 
   ,#+INCLUDE: fdl.org
 
 ,* Index
   :PROPERTIES:
   :INDEX:    cp
   :END:
 #+end_example
 
 ** iCalendar Export
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Exporting to iCalendar.
 :END:
 #+cindex: iCalendar export
 
 A large part of Org mode's interoperability success is its ability to
 easily export to or import from external applications.  The iCalendar
 export back-end takes calendar data from Org files and exports to the
 standard iCalendar format.
 
 #+vindex: org-icalendar-include-todo
 #+vindex: org-icalendar-use-deadline
 #+vindex: org-icalendar-use-scheduled
 The iCalendar export back-end can also incorporate TODO entries based
 on the configuration of the ~org-icalendar-include-todo~ variable.
 The back-end exports plain timestamps as =VEVENT=, TODO items as
 =VTODO=, and also create events from deadlines that are in non-TODO
 items.  The back-end uses the deadlines and scheduling dates in Org
 TODO items for setting the start and due dates for the iCalendar TODO
 entry.  Consult the ~org-icalendar-use-deadline~ and
 ~org-icalendar-use-scheduled~ variables for more details.
 
 #+vindex: org-icalendar-categories
 #+vindex: org-icalendar-alarm-time
 For tags on the headline, the iCalendar export back-end makes them
 into iCalendar categories.  To tweak the inheritance of tags and TODO
 states, configure the variable ~org-icalendar-categories~.  To assign
 clock alarms based on time, configure the ~org-icalendar-alarm-time~
 variable.
 
 #+vindex: org-icalendar-store-UID
 #+cindex: @samp{ID}, property
 The iCalendar format standard requires globally unique identifier---or
 UID---for each entry.  The iCalendar export back-end creates UIDs
 during export.  To save a copy of the UID in the Org file set the
 variable ~org-icalendar-store-UID~.  The back-end looks for the =ID=
 property of the entry for re-using the same UID for subsequent
 exports.
 
 Since a single Org entry can result in multiple iCalendar
 entries---timestamp, deadline, scheduled item, or TODO item---Org adds
 prefixes to the UID, depending on which part of the Org entry
 triggered the creation of the iCalendar entry.  Prefixing ensures UIDs
 remains unique, yet enable synchronization programs trace the
 connections.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e c f)}}} (~org-icalendar-export-to-ics~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e c f
   #+findex: org-icalendar-export-to-ics
   Create iCalendar entries from the current Org buffer and store them
   in the same directory, using a file extension =.ics=.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e c a)}}} (~org-icalendar-export-agenda-files~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e c a
   #+findex: org-icalendar-export-agenda-files
   Create iCalendar entries from Org files in ~org-agenda-files~ and
   store in a separate iCalendar file for each Org file.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e c c)}}} (~org-icalendar-combine-agenda-files~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e c c
   #+findex: org-icalendar-combine-agenda-files
   #+vindex: org-icalendar-combined-agenda-file
   Create a combined iCalendar file from Org files in
   ~org-agenda-files~ and write it to
   ~org-icalendar-combined-agenda-file~ file name.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{SUMMARY}, property
 #+cindex: @samp{DESCRIPTION}, property
 #+cindex: @samp{LOCATION}, property
 #+cindex: @samp{TIMEZONE}, property
 #+cindex: @samp{CLASS}, property
 The iCalendar export back-end includes =SUMMARY=, =DESCRIPTION=,
 =LOCATION=, =TIMEZONE= and =CLASS= properties from the Org entries
 when exporting.  To force the back-end to inherit the =LOCATION=,
 =TIMEZONE= and =CLASS= properties, configure the
 ~org-use-property-inheritance~ variable.
 
 #+vindex: org-icalendar-include-body
 When Org entries do not have =SUMMARY=, =DESCRIPTION=, =LOCATION= and
 =CLASS= properties, the iCalendar export back-end derives the summary
 from the headline, and derives the description from the body of the
 Org item.  The ~org-icalendar-include-body~ variable limits the
 maximum number of characters of the content are turned into its
 description.
 
 The =TIMEZONE= property can be used to specify a per-entry time zone,
 and is applied to any entry with timestamp information.  Time zones
 should be specified as per the IANA time zone database format, e.g.,
 =Asia/Almaty=.  Alternately, the property value can be =UTC=, to force
 UTC time for this entry only.
 
 The =CLASS= property can be used to specify a per-entry visibility
 class or access restrictions, and is applied to any entry with class
 information.  The iCalendar standard defines three visibility classes:
 - =PUBLIC= :: The entry is publicly visible (this is the default).
 - =CONFIDENTIAL= :: Only a limited group of clients get access to the
   event.
 - =PRIVATE= :: The entry can be retrieved only by its owner.
 The server should treat unknown class properties the same as
 =PRIVATE=.
 
 Exporting to iCalendar format depends in large part on the
 capabilities of the destination application.  Some are more lenient
 than others.  Consult the Org mode FAQ for advice on specific
 applications.
 
 ** Other Built-in Back-ends
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Exporting to a man page.
 :END:
 
 Other export back-ends included with Org are:
 
 - =ox-man.el=: Export to a man page.
 
 To activate such back-ends, either customize ~org-export-backends~ or
 load directly with =(require 'ox-man)=.  On successful load, the
 back-end adds new keys in the export dispatcher (see [[*The Export
 Dispatcher]]).
 
 Follow the comment section of such files, for example, =ox-man.el=,
 for usage and configuration details.
 
 ** Advanced Export Configuration
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Fine-tuning the export output.
 :END:
 
 *** Hooks
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+vindex: org-export-before-processing-hook
 #+vindex: org-export-before-parsing-hook
 The export process executes two hooks before the actual exporting
 begins.  The first hook, ~org-export-before-processing-hook~, runs
 before any expansions of macros, Babel code, and include keywords in
 the buffer.  The second hook, ~org-export-before-parsing-hook~, runs
 before the buffer is parsed.
 
 Functions added to these hooks are called with a single argument: the
 export back-end actually used, as a symbol.  You may use them for
 heavy duty structural modifications of the document.  For example, you
 can remove every headline in the buffer during export like this:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (defun my-headline-removal (backend)
   "Remove all headlines in the current buffer.
 BACKEND is the export back-end being used, as a symbol."
   (org-map-entries
    (lambda () (delete-region (point) (line-beginning-position 2)))))
 
 (add-hook 'org-export-before-parsing-hook #'my-headline-removal)
 #+end_src
 
 *** Filters
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: Filters, exporting
 Filters are lists of functions to be applied to certain parts for
 a given back-end.  The output from the first function in the filter is
 passed on to the next function in the filter.  The final output is the
 output from the final function in the filter.
 
 The Org export process has many filter sets applicable to different
 types of objects, plain text, parse trees, export options, and final
 output formats.  The filters are named after the element type or
 object type: ~org-export-filter-TYPE-functions~, where {{{var(TYPE)}}}
 is the type targeted by the filter.  Valid types are:
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.33 0.33 0.33
 | body                | bold               | babel-call       |
 | center-block        | clock              | code             |
 | diary-sexp          | drawer             | dynamic-block    |
 | entity              | example-block      | export-block     |
 | export-snippet      | final-output       | fixed-width      |
 | footnote-definition | footnote-reference | headline         |
 | horizontal-rule     | inline-babel-call  | inline-src-block |
 | inlinetask          | italic             | item             |
 | keyword             | latex-environment  | latex-fragment   |
 | line-break          | link               | node-property    |
 | options             | paragraph          | parse-tree       |
 | plain-list          | plain-text         | planning         |
 | property-drawer     | quote-block        | radio-target     |
 | section             | special-block      | src-block        |
 | statistics-cookie   | strike-through     | subscript        |
 | superscript         | table              | table-cell       |
 | table-row           | target             | timestamp        |
 | underline           | verbatim           | verse-block      |
 
 Here is an example filter that replaces non-breaking spaces ~ ~ in the
 Org buffer with =~= for the LaTeX back-end.
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (defun my-latex-filter-nobreaks (text backend info)
   "Ensure \" \" are properly handled in LaTeX export."
   (when (org-export-derived-backend-p backend 'latex)
     (replace-regexp-in-string " " "~" text)))
 
 (add-to-list 'org-export-filter-plain-text-functions
              'my-latex-filter-nobreaks)
 #+end_src
 
 A filter requires three arguments: the code to be transformed, the
 name of the back-end, and some optional information about the export
 process.  The third argument can be safely ignored.  Note the use of
 ~org-export-derived-backend-p~ predicate that tests for /latex/
 back-end or any other back-end, such as /beamer/, derived from
 /latex/.
 
 *** Defining filters for individual files
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 The Org export can filter not just for back-ends, but also for
 specific files through the =BIND= keyword.  Here is an example with
 two filters; one removes brackets from time stamps, and the other
 removes strike-through text.  The filter functions are defined in
 a code block in the same Org file, which is a handy location for
 debugging.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BIND: org-export-filter-timestamp-functions (tmp-f-timestamp)
 ,#+BIND: org-export-filter-strike-through-functions (tmp-f-strike-through)
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :exports results :results none
   (defun tmp-f-timestamp (s backend info)
     (replace-regexp-in-string "&[lg]t;\\|[][]" "" s))
   (defun tmp-f-strike-through (s backend info) "")
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 *** Extending an existing back-end
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 Some parts of the conversion process can be extended for certain
 elements so as to introduce a new or revised translation.  That is how
 the HTML export back-end was extended to handle Markdown format.  The
 extensions work seamlessly so any aspect of filtering not done by the
 extended back-end is handled by the original back-end.  Of all the
 export customization in Org, extending is very powerful as it operates
 at the parser level.
 
 For this example, make the /ascii/ back-end display the language used
 in a source code block.  Also make it display only when some attribute
 is non-~nil~, like the following:
 
 : #+ATTR_ASCII: :language t
 
 Then extend ASCII back-end with a custom "my-ascii" back-end.
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (defun my-ascii-src-block (src-block contents info)
   "Transcode a SRC-BLOCK element from Org to ASCII.
 CONTENTS is nil.  INFO is a plist used as a communication
 channel."
   (if (not (org-export-read-attribute :attr_ascii src-block :language))
       (org-export-with-backend 'ascii src-block contents info)
     (concat
      (format ",--[ %s ]--\n%s`----"
              (org-element-property :language src-block)
              (replace-regexp-in-string
               "^" "| "
               (org-element-normalize-string
                (org-export-format-code-default src-block info)))))))
 
 (org-export-define-derived-backend 'my-ascii 'ascii
   :translate-alist '((src-block . my-ascii-src-block)))
 #+end_src
 
 The ~my-ascii-src-block~ function looks at the attribute above the
 current element.  If not true, hands over to /ascii/ back-end.  If
 true, which it is in this example, it creates a box around the code
 and leaves room for the inserting a string for language.  The last
 form creates the new back-end that springs to action only when
 translating ~src-block~ type elements.
 
 To use the newly defined back-end, evaluate the following from an Org
 buffer:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (org-export-to-buffer 'my-ascii "*Org MY-ASCII Export*")
 #+end_src
 
 Further steps to consider would be an interactive function,
 self-installing an item in the export dispatcher menu, and other
 user-friendly improvements.
 
 ** Export in Foreign Buffers
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Author tables and lists in Org syntax.
 :END:
 
 The export back-ends in Org often include commands to convert selected
 regions.  A convenient feature of this in-place conversion is that the
 exported output replaces the original source.  Here are such
 functions:
 
 - ~org-ascii-convert-region-to-ascii~ ::
 
   #+findex: org-ascii-convert-region-to-ascii
   Convert the selected region into ASCII.
 
 - ~org-ascii-convert-region-to-utf8~ ::
 
   #+findex: org-ascii-convert-region-to-utf8
   Convert the selected region into UTF-8.
 
 - ~org-html-convert-region-to-html~ ::
 
   #+findex: org-html-convert-region-to-html
   Convert the selected region into HTML.
 
 - ~org-latex-convert-region-to-latex~ ::
 
   #+findex: org-latex-convert-region-to-latex
   Convert the selected region into LaTeX.
 
 - ~org-texinfo-convert-region-to-texinfo~ ::
 
   #+findex: org-texinfo-convert-region-to-texinfo
   Convert the selected region into Texinfo.
 
 - ~org-md-convert-region-to-md~ ::
 
   #+findex: org-md-convert-region-to-md
   Convert the selected region into Markdown.
 
 In-place conversions are particularly handy for quick conversion of
 tables and lists in foreign buffers.  For example, in an HTML buffer,
 write a list in Org syntax, select it, and convert it to HTML with
 {{{kbd(M-x org-html-convert-region-to-html)}}}.
 
 *** Exporting to minimal HTML
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Exporting HTML without CSS, Javascript, etc.
 :ALT_TITLE: Bare HTML
 :END:
 
 If you want to output a minimal HTML file, with no CSS, no Javascript,
 no preamble or postamble, here are the variable you would need to set:
 
 #+vindex: org-html-head
 #+vindex: org-html-head-extra
 #+vindex: org-html-head-include-default-style
 #+vindex: org-html-head-include-scripts
 #+vindex: org-html-preamble
 #+vindex: org-html-postamble
 #+vindex: org-html-use-infojs
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-html-head ""
       org-html-head-extra ""
       org-html-head-include-default-style nil
       org-html-head-include-scripts nil
       org-html-preamble nil
       org-html-postamble nil
       org-html-use-infojs nil)
 #+end_src
 
 * Publishing
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Create a web site of linked Org files.
 :END:
 #+cindex: publishing
 
 Org includes a publishing management system that allows you to
 configure automatic HTML conversion of /projects/ composed of
 interlinked Org files.  You can also configure Org to automatically
 upload your exported HTML pages and related attachments, such as
 images and source code files, to a web server.
 
 You can also use Org to convert files into PDF, or even combine HTML
 and PDF conversion so that files are available in both formats on the
 server.
 
 Publishing has been contributed to Org by David O'Toole.
 
 ** Configuration
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Defining projects.
 :END:
 Publishing needs significant configuration to specify files,
 destination and many other properties of a project.
 
 *** The variable ~org-publish-project-alist~
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: The central configuration variable.
 :ALT_TITLE: Project alist
 :END:
 #+cindex: projects, for publishing
 
 #+vindex: org-publish-project-alist
 Publishing is configured almost entirely through setting the value of
 one variable, called ~org-publish-project-alist~.  Each element of the
 list configures one project, and may be in one of the two following
 forms:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 ("project-name" :property value :property value ...)
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 i.e., a well-formed property list with alternating keys and values,
 or:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 ("project-name" :components ("project-name" "project-name" ...))
 #+end_src
 
 In both cases, projects are configured by specifying property values.
 A project defines the set of files that are to be published, as well
 as the publishing configuration to use when publishing those files.
 When a project takes the second form listed above, the individual
 members of the ~:components~ property are taken to be sub-projects,
 which group together files requiring different publishing options.
 When you publish such a "meta-project", all the components are also
 published, in the sequence given.
 
 *** Sources and destinations for files
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: From here to there.
 :ALT_TITLE: Sources and destinations
 :END:
 #+cindex: directories, for publishing
 
 Most properties are optional, but some should always be set.  In
 particular, Org needs to know where to look for source files, and
 where to put published files.
 
 - ~:base-directory~ ::
 
   Directory containing publishing source files.
 
 - ~:publishing-directory~ ::
 
   Directory where output files are published.  You can directly
   publish to a webserver using a file name syntax appropriate for the
   Emacs tramp package.  Or you can publish to a local directory and
   use external tools to upload your website (see [[*Uploading Files]]).
 
 - ~:preparation-function~ ::
 
   Function or list of functions to be called before starting the
   publishing process, for example, to run =make= for updating files to
   be published.  Each preparation function is called with a single
   argument, the project property list.
 
 - ~:completion-function~ ::
 
   Function or list of functions called after finishing the publishing
   process, for example, to change permissions of the resulting files.
   Each completion function is called with a single argument, the
   project property list.
 
 *** Selecting files
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: What files are part of the project?
 :END:
 #+cindex: files, selecting for publishing
 
 By default, all files with extension =.org= in the base directory are
 considered part of the project.  This can be modified by setting the
 following properties
 
 - ~:base-extension~ ::
 
   Extension---without the dot---of source files.  This actually is
   a regular expression.  Set this to the symbol ~any~ if you want to
   get all files in ~:base-directory~, even without extension.
 
 - ~:exclude~ ::
 
   Regular expression to match file names that should not be published,
   even though they have been selected on the basis of their extension.
 
 - ~:include~ ::
 
   List of files to be included regardless of ~:base-extension~ and
   ~:exclude~.
 
 - ~:recursive~ ::
 
   Non-~nil~ means, check base-directory recursively for files to
   publish.
 
 *** Publishing action
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Setting the function doing the publishing.
 :END:
 #+cindex: action, for publishing
 
 Publishing means that a file is copied to the destination directory
 and possibly transformed in the process.  The default transformation
 is to export Org files as HTML files, and this is done by the function
 ~org-html-publish-to-html~ which calls the HTML exporter (see [[*HTML
 Export]]).  But you can also publish your content as PDF files using
 ~org-latex-publish-to-pdf~, or as ASCII, Texinfo, etc., using the
 corresponding functions.
 
 If you want to publish the Org file as an =.org= file but with
 /archived/, /commented/, and /tag-excluded/ trees removed, use
 ~org-org-publish-to-org~.  This produces =file.org= and puts it in the
 publishing directory.  If you want a htmlized version of this file,
 set the parameter ~:htmlized-source~ to ~t~.  It produces
 =file.org.html= in the publishing directory[fn:141].
 
 Other files like images only need to be copied to the publishing
 destination; for this you can use ~org-publish-attachment~.  For
 non-Org files, you always need to specify the publishing function:
 
 - ~:publishing-function~ ::
 
   Function executing the publication of a file.  This may also be
   a list of functions, which are all called in turn.
 
 - ~:htmlized-source~ ::
 
   Non-~nil~ means, publish htmlized source.
 
 The function must accept three arguments: a property list containing
 at least a ~:publishing-directory~ property, the name of the file to
 be published, and the path to the publishing directory of the output
 file.  It should take the specified file, make the necessary
 transformation, if any, and place the result into the destination
 folder.
 
 *** Options for the exporters
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Tweaking HTML/@LaTeX{} export.
 :ALT_TITLE: Publishing options
 :END:
 #+cindex: options, for publishing
 #+cindex: publishing options
 
 The property list can be used to set many export options for the HTML
 and LaTeX exporters.  In most cases, these properties correspond to
 user variables in Org.  The table below lists these properties along
 with the variable they belong to.  See the documentation string for
 the respective variable for details.
 
 #+vindex: org-publish-project-alist
 When a property is given a value in ~org-publish-project-alist~, its
 setting overrides the value of the corresponding user variable, if
 any, during publishing.  Options set within a file (see [[*Export
 Settings]]), however, override everything.
 
 **** Generic properties
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 | ~:archived-trees~       | ~org-export-with-archived-trees~   |
 | ~:exclude-tags~         | ~org-export-exclude-tags~          |
 | ~:headline-levels~      | ~org-export-headline-levels~       |
 | ~:language~             | ~org-export-default-language~      |
 | ~:preserve-breaks~      | ~org-export-preserve-breaks~       |
 | ~:section-numbers~      | ~org-export-with-section-numbers~  |
 | ~:select-tags~          | ~org-export-select-tags~           |
 | ~:with-author~          | ~org-export-with-author~           |
 | ~:with-broken-links~    | ~org-export-with-broken-links~     |
 | ~:with-clocks~          | ~org-export-with-clocks~           |
 | ~:with-creator~         | ~org-export-with-creator~          |
 | ~:with-date~            | ~org-export-with-date~             |
 | ~:with-drawers~         | ~org-export-with-drawers~          |
 | ~:with-email~           | ~org-export-with-email~            |
 | ~:with-emphasize~       | ~org-export-with-emphasize~        |
 | ~:with-fixed-width~     | ~org-export-with-fixed-width~      |
 | ~:with-footnotes~       | ~org-export-with-footnotes~        |
 | ~:with-latex~           | ~org-export-with-latex~            |
 | ~:with-planning~        | ~org-export-with-planning~         |
 | ~:with-priority~        | ~org-export-with-priority~         |
 | ~:with-properties~      | ~org-export-with-properties~       |
 | ~:with-special-strings~ | ~org-export-with-special-strings~  |
 | ~:with-sub-superscript~ | ~org-export-with-sub-superscripts~ |
 | ~:with-tables~          | ~org-export-with-tables~           |
 | ~:with-tags~            | ~org-export-with-tags~             |
 | ~:with-tasks~           | ~org-export-with-tasks~            |
 | ~:with-timestamps~      | ~org-export-with-timestamps~       |
 | ~:with-title~           | ~org-export-with-title~            |
 | ~:with-toc~             | ~org-export-with-toc~              |
 | ~:with-todo-keywords~   | ~org-export-with-todo-keywords~    |
 
 **** ASCII specific properties
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 | ~:ascii-bullets~                       | ~org-ascii-bullets~                       |
 | ~:ascii-caption-above~                 | ~org-ascii-caption-above~                 |
 | ~:ascii-charset~                       | ~org-ascii-charset~                       |
 | ~:ascii-global-margin~                 | ~org-ascii-global-margin~                 |
 | ~:ascii-format-drawer-function~        | ~org-ascii-format-drawer-function~        |
 | ~:ascii-format-inlinetask-function~    | ~org-ascii-format-inlinetask-function~    |
 | ~:ascii-headline-spacing~              | ~org-ascii-headline-spacing~              |
 | ~:ascii-indented-line-width~           | ~org-ascii-indented-line-width~           |
 | ~:ascii-inlinetask-width~              | ~org-ascii-inlinetask-width~              |
 | ~:ascii-inner-margin~                  | ~org-ascii-inner-margin~                  |
 | ~:ascii-links-to-notes~                | ~org-ascii-links-to-notes~                |
 | ~:ascii-list-margin~                   | ~org-ascii-list-margin~                   |
 | ~:ascii-paragraph-spacing~             | ~org-ascii-paragraph-spacing~             |
 | ~:ascii-quote-margin~                  | ~org-ascii-quote-margin~                  |
 | ~:ascii-table-keep-all-vertical-lines~ | ~org-ascii-table-keep-all-vertical-lines~ |
 | ~:ascii-table-use-ascii-art~           | ~org-ascii-table-use-ascii-art~           |
 | ~:ascii-table-widen-columns~           | ~org-ascii-table-widen-columns~           |
 | ~:ascii-text-width~                    | ~org-ascii-text-width~                    |
 | ~:ascii-underline~                     | ~org-ascii-underline~                     |
 | ~:ascii-verbatim-format~               | ~org-ascii-verbatim-format~               |
 
 **** Beamer specific properties
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 | ~:beamer-theme~                 | ~org-beamer-theme~                 |
 | ~:beamer-column-view-format~    | ~org-beamer-column-view-format~    |
 | ~:beamer-environments-extra~    | ~org-beamer-environments-extra~    |
 | ~:beamer-frame-default-options~ | ~org-beamer-frame-default-options~ |
 | ~:beamer-outline-frame-options~ | ~org-beamer-outline-frame-options~ |
 | ~:beamer-outline-frame-title~   | ~org-beamer-outline-frame-title~   |
 | ~:beamer-subtitle-format~       | ~org-beamer-subtitle-format~       |
 
 **** HTML specific properties
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 | ~:html-allow-name-attribute-in-anchors~        | ~org-html-allow-name-attribute-in-anchors~        |
 | ~:html-checkbox-type~                          | ~org-html-checkbox-type~                          |
 | ~:html-container~                              | ~org-html-container-element~                      |
 | ~:html-divs~                                   | ~org-html-divs~                                   |
 | ~:html-doctype~                                | ~org-html-doctype~                                |
 | ~:html-extension~                              | ~org-html-extension~                              |
 | ~:html-footnote-format~                        | ~org-html-footnote-format~                        |
 | ~:html-footnote-separator~                     | ~org-html-footnote-separator~                     |
 | ~:html-footnotes-section~                      | ~org-html-footnotes-section~                      |
 | ~:html-format-drawer-function~                 | ~org-html-format-drawer-function~                 |
 | ~:html-format-headline-function~               | ~org-html-format-headline-function~               |
 | ~:html-format-inlinetask-function~             | ~org-html-format-inlinetask-function~             |
 | ~:html-head-extra~                             | ~org-html-head-extra~                             |
 | ~:html-head-include-default-style~             | ~org-html-head-include-default-style~             |
 | ~:html-head-include-scripts~                   | ~org-html-head-include-scripts~                   |
 | ~:html-head~                                   | ~org-html-head~                                   |
 | ~:html-home/up-format~                         | ~org-html-home/up-format~                         |
 | ~:html-html5-fancy~                            | ~org-html-html5-fancy~                            |
 | ~:html-indent~                                 | ~org-html-indent~                                 |
 | ~:html-infojs-options~                         | ~org-html-infojs-options~                         |
 | ~:html-infojs-template~                        | ~org-html-infojs-template~                        |
 | ~:html-inline-image-rules~                     | ~org-html-inline-image-rules~                     |
 | ~:html-inline-images~                          | ~org-html-inline-images~                          |
 | ~:html-link-home~                              | ~org-html-link-home~                              |
 | ~:html-link-org-files-as-html~                 | ~org-html-link-org-files-as-html~                 |
 | ~:html-link-up~                                | ~org-html-link-up~                                |
 | ~:html-link-use-abs-url~                       | ~org-html-link-use-abs-url~                       |
 | ~:html-mathjax-options~                        | ~org-html-mathjax-options~                        |
 | ~:html-mathjax-template~                       | ~org-html-mathjax-template~                       |
 | ~:html-equation-reference-format~              | ~org-html-equation-reference-format~              |
 | ~:html-metadata-timestamp-format~              | ~org-html-metadata-timestamp-format~              |
 | ~:html-postamble-format~                       | ~org-html-postamble-format~                       |
 | ~:html-postamble~                              | ~org-html-postamble~                              |
 | ~:html-preamble-format~                        | ~org-html-preamble-format~                        |
 | ~:html-preamble~                               | ~org-html-preamble~                               |
 | ~:html-self-link-headlines~                    | ~org-html-self-link-headlines~                    |
 | ~:html-table-align-individual-field~           | ~de{org-html-table-align-individual-fields~       |
 | ~:html-table-attributes~                       | ~org-html-table-default-attributes~               |
 | ~:html-table-caption-above~                    | ~org-html-table-caption-above~                    |
 | ~:html-table-data-tags~                        | ~org-html-table-data-tags~                        |
 | ~:html-table-header-tags~                      | ~org-html-table-header-tags~                      |
 | ~:html-table-row-tags~                         | ~org-html-table-row-tags~                         |
 | ~:html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column~ | ~org-html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column~ |
 | ~:html-tag-class-prefix~                       | ~org-html-tag-class-prefix~                       |
 | ~:html-text-markup-alist~                      | ~org-html-text-markup-alist~                      |
 | ~:html-todo-kwd-class-prefix~                  | ~org-html-todo-kwd-class-prefix~                  |
 | ~:html-toplevel-hlevel~                        | ~org-html-toplevel-hlevel~                        |
 | ~:html-use-infojs~                             | ~org-html-use-infojs~                             |
 | ~:html-validation-link~                        | ~org-html-validation-link~                        |
 | ~:html-viewport~                               | ~org-html-viewport~                               |
 | ~:html-wrap-src-lines~                         | ~org-html-wrap-src-lines~                         |
 | ~:html-xml-declaration~                        | ~org-html-xml-declaration~                        |
 
 **** LaTeX specific properties
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 | ~:latex-active-timestamp-format~       | ~org-latex-active-timestamp-format~       |
 | ~:latex-caption-above~                 | ~org-latex-caption-above~                 |
 | ~:latex-classes~                       | ~org-latex-classes~                       |
 | ~:latex-class~                         | ~org-latex-default-class~                 |
 | ~:latex-compiler~                      | ~org-latex-compiler~                      |
 | ~:latex-default-figure-position~       | ~org-latex-default-figure-position~       |
 | ~:latex-default-table-environment~     | ~org-latex-default-table-environment~     |
 | ~:latex-default-table-mode~            | ~org-latex-default-table-mode~            |
 | ~:latex-diary-timestamp-format~        | ~org-latex-diary-timestamp-format~        |
 | ~:latex-footnote-defined-format~       | ~org-latex-footnote-defined-format~       |
 | ~:latex-footnote-separator~            | ~org-latex-footnote-separator~            |
 | ~:latex-format-drawer-function~        | ~org-latex-format-drawer-function~        |
 | ~:latex-format-headline-function~      | ~org-latex-format-headline-function~      |
 | ~:latex-format-inlinetask-function~    | ~org-latex-format-inlinetask-function~    |
 | ~:latex-hyperref-template~             | ~org-latex-hyperref-template~             |
 | ~:latex-image-default-height~          | ~org-latex-image-default-height~          |
 | ~:latex-image-default-option~          | ~org-latex-image-default-option~          |
 | ~:latex-image-default-width~           | ~org-latex-image-default-width~           |
 | ~:latex-images-centered~               | ~org-latex-images-centered~               |
 | ~:latex-inactive-timestamp-format~     | ~org-latex-inactive-timestamp-format~     |
 | ~:latex-inline-image-rules~            | ~org-latex-inline-image-rules~            |
 | ~:latex-link-with-unknown-path-format~ | ~org-latex-link-with-unknown-path-format~ |
 | ~:latex-listings-langs~                | ~org-latex-listings-langs~                |
 | ~:latex-listings-options~              | ~org-latex-listings-options~              |
 | ~:latex-listings~                      | ~org-latex-listings~                      |
 | ~:latex-minted-langs~                  | ~org-latex-minted-langs~                  |
 | ~:latex-minted-options~                | ~org-latex-minted-options~                |
 | ~:latex-prefer-user-labels~            | ~org-latex-prefer-user-labels~            |
 | ~:latex-subtitle-format~               | ~org-latex-subtitle-format~               |
 | ~:latex-subtitle-separate~             | ~org-latex-subtitle-separate~             |
 | ~:latex-table-scientific-notation~     | ~org-latex-table-scientific-notation~     |
 | ~:latex-tables-booktabs~               | ~org-latex-tables-booktabs~               |
 | ~:latex-tables-centered~               | ~org-latex-tables-centered~               |
 | ~:latex-text-markup-alist~             | ~org-latex-text-markup-alist~             |
 | ~:latex-title-command~                 | ~org-latex-title-command~                 |
 | ~:latex-toc-command~                   | ~org-latex-toc-command~                   |
 
 **** Markdown specific properties
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 | ~:md-footnote-format~   | ~org-md-footnote-format~   |
 | ~:md-footnotes-section~ | ~org-md-footnotes-section~ |
 | ~:md-headline-style~    | ~org-md-headline-style~    |
 
 **** ODT specific properties
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 | ~:odt-content-template-file~      | ~org-odt-content-template-file~      |
 | ~:odt-display-outline-level~      | ~org-odt-display-outline-level~      |
 | ~:odt-fontify-srcblocks~          | ~org-odt-fontify-srcblocks~          |
 | ~:odt-format-drawer-function~     | ~org-odt-format-drawer-function~     |
 | ~:odt-format-headline-function~   | ~org-odt-format-headline-function~   |
 | ~:odt-format-inlinetask-function~ | ~org-odt-format-inlinetask-function~ |
 | ~:odt-inline-formula-rules~       | ~org-odt-inline-formula-rules~       |
 | ~:odt-inline-image-rules~         | ~org-odt-inline-image-rules~         |
 | ~:odt-pixels-per-inch~            | ~org-odt-pixels-per-inch~            |
 | ~:odt-styles-file~                | ~org-odt-styles-file~                |
 | ~:odt-table-styles~               | ~org-odt-table-styles~               |
 | ~:odt-use-date-fields~            | ~org-odt-use-date-fields~            |
 
 **** Texinfo specific properties
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 | ~:texinfo-active-timestamp-format~       | ~org-texinfo-active-timestamp-format~       |
 | ~:texinfo-classes~                       | ~org-texinfo-classes~                       |
 | ~:texinfo-class~                         | ~org-texinfo-default-class~                 |
 | ~:texinfo-table-default-markup~          | ~org-texinfo-table-default-markup~          |
 | ~:texinfo-diary-timestamp-format~        | ~org-texinfo-diary-timestamp-format~        |
 | ~:texinfo-filename~                      | ~org-texinfo-filename~                      |
 | ~:texinfo-format-drawer-function~        | ~org-texinfo-format-drawer-function~        |
 | ~:texinfo-format-headline-function~      | ~org-texinfo-format-headline-function~      |
 | ~:texinfo-format-inlinetask-function~    | ~org-texinfo-format-inlinetask-function~    |
 | ~:texinfo-inactive-timestamp-format~     | ~org-texinfo-inactive-timestamp-format~     |
 | ~:texinfo-link-with-unknown-path-format~ | ~org-texinfo-link-with-unknown-path-format~ |
 | ~:texinfo-node-description-column~       | ~org-texinfo-node-description-column~       |
 | ~:texinfo-table-scientific-notation~     | ~org-texinfo-table-scientific-notation~     |
 | ~:texinfo-tables-verbatim~               | ~org-texinfo-tables-verbatim~               |
 | ~:texinfo-text-markup-alist~             | ~org-texinfo-text-markup-alist~             |
 
 *** Publishing links
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Which links keep working after publishing?
 :END:
 #+cindex: links, publishing
 
 To create a link from one Org file to another, you would use something
 like =[[file:foo.org][The foo]]= or simply =[[file:foo.org]]= (see [[*External Links]]).  When
 published, this link becomes a link to =foo.html=.  You can thus
 interlink the pages of your "Org web" project and the links will work
 as expected when you publish them to HTML.  If you also publish the
 Org source file and want to link to it, use an =http= link instead of
 a =file:= link, because =file= links are converted to link to the
 corresponding =.html= file.
 
 You may also link to related files, such as images.  Provided you are
 careful with relative file names, and provided you have also
 configured Org to upload the related files, these links will work too.
 See [[*Example: complex publishing configuration]], for an example of this
 usage.
 
 Eventually, links between published documents can contain some search
 options (see [[*Search Options in File Links]]), which will be resolved to
 the appropriate location in the linked file.  For example, once
 published to HTML, the following links all point to a dedicated anchor
 in =foo.html=.
 
 #+begin_example
 [[file:foo.org::*heading]]
 [[file:foo.org::#custom-id]]
 [[file:foo.org::target]]
 #+end_example
 
 *** Generating a sitemap
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Generating a list of all pages.
 :ALT_TITLE: Site map
 :END:
 #+cindex: sitemap, of published pages
 
 The following properties may be used to control publishing of
 a map of files for a given project.
 
 - ~:auto-sitemap~ ::
 
   When non-~nil~, publish a sitemap during
   ~org-publish-current-project~ or ~org-publish-all~.
 
 - ~:sitemap-filename~ ::
 
   Filename for output of sitemap.  Defaults to =sitemap.org=, which
   becomes =sitemap.html=.
 
 - ~:sitemap-title~ ::
 
   Title of sitemap page.  Defaults to name of file.
 
 - ~:sitemap-format-entry~ ::
 
   #+findex: org-publish-find-date
   #+findex: org-publish-find-property
   #+findex: org-publish-find-title
   With this option one can tell how a site-map entry is formatted in
   the site-map.  It is a function called with three arguments: the
   file or directory name relative to base directory of the project,
   the site-map style and the current project.  It is expected to
   return a string.  Default value turns file names into links and use
   document titles as descriptions.  For specific formatting needs, one
   can use ~org-publish-find-date~, ~org-publish-find-title~ and
   ~org-publish-find-property~, to retrieve additional information
   about published documents.
 
 - ~:sitemap-function~ ::
 
   Plug-in function to use for generation of the sitemap.  It is called
   with two arguments: the title of the site-map and a representation
   of the files and directories involved in the project as a nested
   list, which can further be transformed using ~org-list-to-generic~,
   ~org-list-to-subtree~ and alike.  Default value generates a plain
   list of links to all files in the project.
 
 - ~:sitemap-sort-folders~ ::
 
   Where folders should appear in the sitemap.  Set this to ~first~
   (default) or ~last~ to display folders first or last, respectively.
   When set to ~ignore~, folders are ignored altogether.  Any other
   value mixes files and folders.  This variable has no effect when
   site-map style is ~tree~.
 
 - ~:sitemap-sort-files~ ::
 
   How the files are sorted in the site map.  Set this to
   ~alphabetically~ (default), ~chronologically~ or
   ~anti-chronologically~.  ~chronologically~ sorts the files with
   older date first while ~anti-chronologically~ sorts the files with
   newer date first.  ~alphabetically~ sorts the files alphabetically.
   The date of a file is retrieved with ~org-publish-find-date~.
 
 - ~:sitemap-ignore-case~ ::
 
   Should sorting be case-sensitive?  Default ~nil~.
 
 - ~:sitemap-file-entry-format~ ::
 
   With this option one can tell how a sitemap's entry is formatted in
   the sitemap.  This is a format string with some escape sequences:
   ~%t~ stands for the title of the file, ~%a~ stands for the author of
   the file and ~%d~ stands for the date of the file.  The date is
   retrieved with the ~org-publish-find-date~ function and formatted
   with ~org-publish-sitemap-date-format~.  Default ~%t~.
 
 - ~:sitemap-date-format~ ::
 
   Format string for the ~format-time-string~ function that tells how
   a sitemap entry's date is to be formatted.  This property bypasses
   ~org-publish-sitemap-date-format~ which defaults to ~%Y-%m-%d~.
 
 *** Generating an index
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: An index that reaches across pages.
 :END:
 #+cindex: index, in a publishing project
 
 Org mode can generate an index across the files of a publishing project.
 
 - ~:makeindex~ ::
 
   When non-~nil~, generate in index in the file =theindex.org= and
   publish it as =theindex.html=.
 
 The file is created when first publishing a project with the
 ~:makeindex~ set.  The file only contains a statement =#+INCLUDE:
 "theindex.inc"=.  You can then build around this include statement by
 adding a title, style information, etc.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{INDEX}, keyword
 Index entries are specified with =INDEX= keyword.  An entry that
 contains an exclamation mark creates a sub item.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,*** Curriculum Vitae
 ,#+INDEX: CV
 ,#+INDEX: Application!CV
 #+end_example
 
 ** Uploading Files
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How to get files up on the server.
 :END:
 #+cindex: rsync
 #+cindex: unison
 
 For those people already utilizing third party sync tools such as
 Rsync or Unison, it might be preferable not to use the built-in remote
 publishing facilities of Org mode which rely heavily on Tramp.  Tramp,
 while very useful and powerful, tends not to be so efficient for
 multiple file transfer and has been known to cause problems under
 heavy usage.
 
 Specialized synchronization utilities offer several advantages.  In
 addition to timestamp comparison, they also do content and
 permissions/attribute checks.  For this reason you might prefer to
 publish your web to a local directory---possibly even /in place/ with
 your Org files---and then use Unison or Rsync to do the
 synchronization with the remote host.
 
 Since Unison, for example, can be configured as to which files to
 transfer to a certain remote destination, it can greatly simplify the
 project publishing definition.  Simply keep all files in the correct
 location, process your Org files with ~org-publish~ and let the
 synchronization tool do the rest.  You do not need, in this scenario,
 to include attachments such as JPG, CSS or PNG files in the project
 definition since the third-party tool syncs them.
 
 Publishing to a local directory is also much faster than to a remote
 one, so that you can afford more easily to republish entire projects.
 If you set ~org-publish-use-timestamps-flag~ to ~nil~, you gain the
 main benefit of re-including any changed external files such as source
 example files you might include with =INCLUDE= keyword.  The timestamp
 mechanism in Org is not smart enough to detect if included files have
 been modified.
 
 ** Sample Configuration
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Example projects.
 :END:
 
 Below we provide two example configurations.  The first one is
 a simple project publishing only a set of Org files.  The second
 example is more complex, with a multi-component project.
 
 *** Example: simple publishing configuration
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: One-component publishing.
 :ALT_TITLE: Simple example
 :END:
 
 This example publishes a set of Org files to the =public_html=
 directory on the local machine.
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-publish-project-alist
       '(("org"
          :base-directory "~/org/"
          :publishing-function org-html-publish-to-html
          :publishing-directory "~/public_html"
          :section-numbers nil
          :with-toc nil
          :html-head "<link rel=\"stylesheet\"
                     href=\"../other/mystyle.css\"
                     type=\"text/css\"/>")))
 #+end_src
 
 *** Example: complex publishing configuration
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: A multi-component publishing example.
 :ALT_TITLE: Complex example
 :END:
 
 This more complicated example publishes an entire website, including
 Org files converted to HTML, image files, Emacs Lisp source code, and
 style sheets.  The publishing directory is remote and private files
 are excluded.
 
 To ensure that links are preserved, care should be taken to replicate
 your directory structure on the web server, and to use relative file
 paths.  For example, if your Org files are kept in =~/org/= and your
 publishable images in =~/images/=, you would link to an image with
 
 : file:../images/myimage.png
 
 On the web server, the relative path to the image should be the same.
 You can accomplish this by setting up an =images/= folder in the right
 place on the web server, and publishing images to it.
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-publish-project-alist
       '(("orgfiles"
          :base-directory "~/org/"
          :base-extension "org"
          :publishing-directory "/ssh:user@host:~/html/notebook/"
          :publishing-function org-html-publish-to-html
          :exclude "PrivatePage.org" ;; regexp
          :headline-levels 3
          :section-numbers nil
          :with-toc nil
          :html-head "<link rel=\"stylesheet\"
                   href=\"../other/mystyle.css\" type=\"text/css\"/>"
          :html-preamble t)
 
         ("images"
          :base-directory "~/images/"
          :base-extension "jpg\\|gif\\|png"
          :publishing-directory "/ssh:user@host:~/html/images/"
          :publishing-function org-publish-attachment)
 
         ("other"
          :base-directory "~/other/"
          :base-extension "css\\|el"
          :publishing-directory "/ssh:user@host:~/html/other/"
          :publishing-function org-publish-attachment)
         ("website" :components ("orgfiles" "images" "other"))))
 #+end_src
 
 ** Triggering Publication
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Publication commands.
 :END:
 
 Once properly configured, Org can publish with the following commands:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e P x)}}} (~org-publish~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e P x
   #+findex: org-publish
   Prompt for a specific project and publish all files that belong to
   it.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e P p)}}} (~org-publish-current-project~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e P p
   #+findex: org-publish-current-project
   Publish the project containing the current file.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e P f)}}} (~org-publish-current-file~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e P f
   #+findex: org-publish-current-file
   Publish only the current file.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-e P a)}}} (~org-publish-all~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-e P a
   #+findex: org-publish-all
   Publish every project.
 
 #+vindex: org-publish-use-timestamps-flag
 Org uses timestamps to track when a file has changed.  The above
 functions normally only publish changed files.  You can override this
 and force publishing of all files by giving a prefix argument to any
 of the commands above, or by customizing the variable
 ~org-publish-use-timestamps-flag~.  This may be necessary in
 particular if files include other files via =SETUPFILE= or =INCLUDE=
 keywords.
 
 * Citation handling
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: create, follow and export citations.
 :END:
 #+cindex: citation
 
 As of Org 9.5, a new library =oc.el= provides tooling to handle
 citations in Org via "citation processors" that offer some or all of
 the following capabilities:
 
 - "activate" :: Fontification, tooltip preview, etc.
 - "follow" :: At-point actions on citations via ~org-open-at-point~.
 - "insert" :: Add and edit citations via ~org-cite-insert~.
 - "export" :: Via different libraries for different target formats.
 
 The user can configure these with ~org-cite-active-processor~,
 ~org-cite-follow-processor~, ~org-cite-insert-processor~, and
 ~org-cite-export-processors~ respectively.
 
 The included "basic" processor provides all four capabilities.
 
 ** Citations
 
 Before adding citations, first set one-or-more bibliographies, either
 globally with ~org-cite-global-bibliography~, or locally using one or
 more "bibliography" keywords.
 
 #+begin_example
 #+bibliography: SomeFile.bib
 #+bibliography: /some/other/file.json
 #+bibliography: "/some/file/with spaces/in its name.bib"
 #+end_example
 
 One can then insert and edit citations using ~org-cite-insert~, called
 with {{{kbd(M-x org-cite-insert)}}}.
 
 A /citation/ requires one or more citation /key(s)/, elements
 identifying a reference in the bibliography.
 
 - Each citation is surrounded by brackets and uses the =cite= type.
 
 - Each key starts with the character =@=.
 
 - Each key can be qualified by a /prefix/ (e.g. "see ") and/or a
   /suffix/ (e.g. "p. 123"), giving informations useful or necessary fo
   the comprehension of the citation but not included in the reference.
 
 - A single citation can cite more than one reference ; the keys are
   separated by semicolons ; the formatting of such citation groups is
   specified by the style.
 
 - One can also specify a stylistic variation for the citations by
   inserting a =/= and a style name between the =cite= keyword and the
   colon ; this usially makes sense only for the author-year styles.
 
 #+begin_example
 [cite/style:common prefix ;prefix @key suffix; ... ; common suffix]
 #+end_example
 
 The only mandatory elements are:
 
 - The =cite= keyword and the colon.
 - The =@= character immediately preceding each key.
 - The brackets surrounding the citation(s) (group).
 
 ** Citation export processors
 
 Org currently includes the following export processors:
 
 - Two processors can export to a variety of formats, including =latex=
   (and therefore =pdf=), =html=, =odt= and plain (UTF8) text:
 
   - basic :: a basic export processors, well adapted to situations
     where backward compatibility is not a requirement and formatting
     needs are minimal;
 
   - csl :: this export processor uses format files written in [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_Style_Language][Citation
     Style Language]] via [[https://github.com/andras-simonyi/citeproc-el][citeproc-el]];
 
 - In contrast, two other processors target LaTeX and LaTeX-derived
   formats exclusively:
 
   - natbib :: this export processor uses =bibtex=, the historical
     bibliographic processor used with LaTeX, thus allowing the use of
     data and style files compatible with this processor (including a
     large number of publishers' styles).  It uses citation commands
     implemented in the LaTeX package =natbib=, allowing more stylistic
     variants that LaTeX's =\cite= command.
 
   - biblatex :: this backend allows the use of data and formats
     prepared for =biblatex=, an alternate bibliographic processor used
     with LaTeX, which overcomes some serious =bibtex= limitations, but
     has not (yet?) been widely adopted by publishers.
 
 The =#+cite_export:= keyword specifies the export processor and the
 citation (and possibly reference) style(s); for example (all arguments
 are optional)
 
 #+begin_example
 #+cite_export: basic author author-year
 #+end_example
 
 specifies the "basic" export processor with citations inserted as
 author's name and references indexed by author's names and year;
 
 #+begin_example
 #+cite_export: csl /some/path/to/vancouver-brackets.csl
 #+end_example
 
 specifies the "csl" processor and CSL style, which in this case
 defines numeric citations and numeric references according to the
 =Vancouver= specification (as style used in many medical journals),
 following a typesetting variation putting citations between brackets;
 
 #+begin_example
 #+cite_export: natbib kluwer
 #+end_example
 
 specifies the "natbib" export processor with a label citation style
 conformant to the Harvard style and the specification of the
 Wolkers-Kluwer publisher; since it relies on the =bibtex= processor of
 your LaTeX installation, it won't export to anything but PDF.
 
 * Working with Source Code
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Export, evaluate, and tangle code blocks.
 :END:
 #+cindex: source code, working with
 
 Source code here refers to any plain text collection of computer
 instructions, possibly with comments, written using a human-readable
 programming language.  Org can manage source code in an Org document
 when the source code is identified with begin and end markers.
 Working with source code begins with identifying source code blocks.
 A source code block can be placed almost anywhere in an Org document;
 it is not restricted to the preamble or the end of the document.
 However, Org cannot manage a source code block if it is placed inside
 an Org comment or within a fixed width section.
 
 Here is an example source code block in the Emacs Lisp language:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
   (defun org-xor (a b)
      "Exclusive or."
      (if a (not b) b))
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 Source code blocks are one of many Org block types, which also include
 "center", "comment", "dynamic", "example", "export", "quote",
 "special", and "verse".  This section pertains to blocks between
 =#+BEGIN_SRC= and =#+END_SRC=.
 
 Details of Org's facilities for working with source code are described
 in the following sections.
 
 ** Features Overview
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Enjoy the versatility of source blocks.
 :END:
 
 Org can manage the source code in the block delimited by =#+BEGIN_SRC=
 ... =#+END_SRC= in several ways that can simplify housekeeping tasks
 essential to modern source code maintenance.  Org can edit, format,
 extract, export, and publish source code blocks.  Org can also compile
 and execute a source code block, then capture the results.  The Org
 mode literature sometimes refers to source code blocks as /live code/
 blocks because they can alter the content of the Org document or the
 material that it exports.  Users can control the "liveliness" of each
 source code block by tweaking the header arguments (see [[*Using Header
 Arguments]]) for compiling, execution, extraction, and exporting.
 
 For editing and formatting a source code block, Org uses an
 appropriate Emacs major mode that includes features specifically
 designed for source code in that language.
 
 Org can extract one or more source code blocks and write them to one
 or more source files---a process known as /tangling/ in literate
 programming terminology.
 
 For exporting and publishing, Org's back-ends can format a source code
 block appropriately, often with native syntax highlighting.
 
 For executing and compiling a source code block, the user can
 configure Org to select the appropriate compiler.  Org provides
 facilities to collect the result of the execution or compiler output,
 insert it into the Org document, and/or export it.  In addition to
 text results, Org can insert links to other data types, including
 audio, video, and graphics.  Org can also link a compiler error
 message to the appropriate line in the source code block.
 
 An important feature of Org's management of source code blocks is the
 ability to pass variables, functions, and results to one another using
 a common syntax for source code blocks in any language.  Although most
 literate programming facilities are restricted to one language or
 another, Org's language-agnostic approach lets the literate programmer
 match each programming task with the appropriate computer language and
 to mix them all together in a single Org document.  This
 interoperability among languages explains why Org's source code
 management facility was named /Org Babel/ by its originators, Eric
 Schulte and Dan Davison.
 
 Org mode fulfills the promise of easy verification and maintenance of
 publishing reproducible research by keeping text, data, code,
 configuration settings of the execution environment, the results of
 the execution, and associated narratives, claims, references, and
 internal and external links in a single Org document.
 
 ** Structure of Code Blocks
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Code block syntax described.
 :END:
 #+cindex: code block, structure
 #+cindex: source code, block structure
 #+cindex: @samp{NAME} keyword, in source blocks
 #+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_SRC}
 
 Org offers two ways to structure source code in Org documents: in
 a source code block, and directly inline.  Both specifications are
 shown below.
 
 A source code block conforms to this structure:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+NAME: <name>
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC <language> <switches> <header arguments>
   <body>
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 Do not be put-off by having to remember the source block syntax.  Org
 mode offers a command for wrapping existing text in a block (see
 [[*Structure Templates]]).  Org also works with other completion systems
 in Emacs, some of which predate Org and have custom domain-specific
 languages for defining templates.  Regular use of templates reduces
 errors, increases accuracy, and maintains consistency.
 
 #+cindex: source code, inline
 An inline code block conforms to this structure:
 
 : src_<language>{<body>}
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 or
 
 : src_<language>[<header arguments>]{<body>}
 
 - =#+NAME: <name>= ::
 
   Optional.  Names the source block so it can be called, like
   a function, from other source blocks or inline code to evaluate or
   to capture the results.  Code from other blocks, other files, and
   from table formulas (see [[*The Spreadsheet]]) can use the name to
   reference a source block.  This naming serves the same purpose as
   naming Org tables.  Org mode requires unique names.  For duplicate
   names, Org mode's behavior is undefined.
 
 - =#+BEGIN_SRC= ... =#+END_SRC= ::
 
   Mandatory.  They mark the start and end of a block that Org
   requires.  The =#+BEGIN_SRC= line takes additional arguments, as
   described next.
 
 - =<language>= ::
 
   #+cindex: language, in code blocks
   Mandatory.  It is the identifier of the source code language in the
   block.  See [[*Languages]], for identifiers of supported languages.
 
 - =<switches>= ::
 
   #+cindex: switches, in code blocks
   Optional.  Switches provide finer control of the code execution,
   export, and format (see the discussion of switches in [[*Literal
   Examples]]).
 
 - =<header arguments>= ::
 
   #+cindex: header arguments, in code blocks
   Optional.  Heading arguments control many aspects of evaluation,
   export and tangling of code blocks (see [[*Using Header Arguments]]).
   Using Org's properties feature, header arguments can be selectively
   applied to the entire buffer or specific sub-trees of the Org
   document.
 
 - =<body>= ::
 
   Source code in the dialect of the specified language identifier.
 
 ** Using Header Arguments
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Different ways to set header arguments.
 :END:
 
 Org comes with many header arguments common to all languages.  New
 header arguments are added for specific languages as they become
 available for use in source code blocks.  A header argument is
 specified with an initial colon followed by the argument's name in
 lowercase.
 
 Since header arguments can be set in several ways, Org prioritizes
 them in case of overlaps or conflicts by giving local settings
 a higher priority.  Header values in function calls, for example,
 override header values from global defaults.
 
 *** System-wide header arguments
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 #+vindex: org-babel-default-header-args
 
 #+vindex: org-babel-default-header-args
 System-wide values of header arguments can be specified by customizing
 the ~org-babel-default-header-args~ variable, which defaults to the
 following values:
 
 #+begin_example
 :session    => "none"
 :results    => "replace"
 :exports    => "code"
 :cache      => "no"
 :noweb      => "no"
 #+end_example
 
 The example below sets =:noweb= header arguments to =yes=, which makes
 Org expand =:noweb= references by default.
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-babel-default-header-args
       (cons '(:noweb . "yes")
             (assq-delete-all :noweb org-babel-default-header-args)))
 #+end_src
 
 #+cindex: language specific default header arguments
 #+cindex: default header arguments per language
 Each language can have separate default header arguments by
 customizing the variable ~org-babel-default-header-args:<LANG>~, where
 {{{var(<LANG>)}}} is the name of the language.  For details, see the
 language-specific online documentation at
 https://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/babel/.
 
 *** Header arguments in Org mode properties
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 For header arguments applicable to the buffer, use =PROPERTY= keyword
 anywhere in the Org file (see [[*Property Syntax]]).
 
 The following example makes all the R code blocks execute in the same
 session.  Setting =:results= to =silent= ignores the results of
 executions for all blocks, not just R code blocks; no results inserted
 for any block.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+PROPERTY: header-args:R  :session *R*
 ,#+PROPERTY: header-args    :results silent
 #+end_example
 
 #+vindex: org-use-property-inheritance
 Header arguments set through Org's property drawers (see [[*Property
 Syntax]]) apply at the sub-tree level on down.  Since these property
 drawers can appear anywhere in the file hierarchy, Org uses outermost
 call or source block to resolve the values.  Org ignores
 ~org-use-property-inheritance~ setting.
 
 In this example, =:cache= defaults to =yes= for all code blocks in the
 sub-tree.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* sample header
   :PROPERTIES:
   :header-args:    :cache yes
   :END:
 #+end_example
 
 #+kindex: C-c C-x p
 #+findex: org-set-property
 Properties defined through ~org-set-property~ function, bound to
 {{{kbd(C-c C-x p)}}}, apply to all active languages.  They override
 properties set in ~org-babel-default-header-args~.
 
 #+cindex: language specific header arguments properties
 #+cindex: header arguments per language
 Language-specific header arguments are also read from properties
 =header-args:<LANG>= where {{{var(<LANG>)}}} is the language
 identifier.  For example,
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* Heading
   :PROPERTIES:
   :header-args:clojure:    :session *clojure-1*
   :header-args:R:          :session *R*
   :END:
 ,** Subheading
   :PROPERTIES:
   :header-args:clojure:    :session *clojure-2*
   :END:
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 would force separate sessions for Clojure blocks in =Heading= and
 =Subheading=, but use the same session for all R blocks.  Blocks in
 =Subheading= inherit settings from =Heading=.
 
 *** Code block specific header arguments
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 Header arguments are most commonly set at the source code block level,
 on the =#+BEGIN_SRC= line.  Arguments set at this level take
 precedence over those set in the ~org-babel-default-header-args~
 variable, and also those set as header properties.
 
 In the following example, setting =:results= to =silent= makes it
 ignore results of the code execution.  Setting =:exports= to =code=
 exports only the body of the code block to HTML or LaTeX.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+NAME: factorial
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC haskell :results silent :exports code :var n=0
   fac 0 = 1
   fac n = n * fac (n-1)
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 The same header arguments in an inline code block:
 
 : src_haskell[:exports both]{fac 5}
 
 #+cindex: @samp{HEADER}, keyword
 Code block header arguments can span multiple lines using =#+HEADER:=
 on each line.  Note that Org currently accepts the plural spelling of
 =#+HEADER:= only as a convenience for backward-compatibility.  It may
 be removed at some point.
 
 Multi-line header arguments on an unnamed code block:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+HEADER: :var data1=1
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data2=2
    (message "data1:%S, data2:%S" data1 data2)
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,#+RESULTS:
 : data1:1, data2:2
 #+end_example
 
 Multi-line header arguments on a named code block:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+NAME: named-block
 ,#+HEADER: :var data=2
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
   (message "data:%S" data)
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,#+RESULTS: named-block
   : data:2
 #+end_example
 
 *** Header arguments in function calls
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 Header arguments in function calls are the most specific and override
 all other settings in case of an overlap.  They get the highest
 priority.  Two =#+CALL:= examples are shown below.  For the complete
 syntax of =CALL= keyword, see [[*Evaluating Code Blocks]].
 
 In this example, =:exports results= header argument is applied to the
 evaluation of the =#+CALL:= line.
 
 : #+CALL: factorial(n=5) :exports results
 
 In this example, =:session special= header argument is applied to the
 evaluation of =factorial= code block.
 
 : #+CALL: factorial[:session special](n=5)
 
 ** Environment of a Code Block
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Arguments, sessions, working directory...
 :END:
 
 *** Passing arguments
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: passing arguments to code blocks
 #+cindex: arguments, in code blocks
 #+cindex: @samp{var}, header argument
 Use =var= for passing arguments to source code blocks.  The specifics
 of variables in code blocks vary by the source language and are
 covered in the language-specific documentation.  The syntax for =var=,
 however, is the same for all languages.  This includes declaring
 a variable, and assigning a default value.
 
 The following syntax is used to pass arguments to code blocks using
 the =var= header argument.
 
 : :var NAME=ASSIGN
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 {{{var(NAME)}}} is the name of the variable bound in the code block
 body.  {{{var(ASSIGN)}}} is a literal value, such as a string,
 a number, a reference to a table, a list, a literal example, another
 code block---with or without arguments---or the results of evaluating
 a code block.  {{{var(ASSIGN)}}} may specify a filename for references
 to elements in a different file, using a =:= to separate the filename
 from the reference.
 
 : :var NAME=FILE:REFERENCE
 
 Here are examples of passing values by reference:
 
 - table ::
 
   A table named with a =NAME= keyword.
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+NAME: example-table
   | 1 |
   | 2 |
   | 3 |
   | 4 |
 
   ,#+NAME: table-length
   ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var table=example-table
     (length table)
   ,#+END_SRC
 
   ,#+RESULTS: table-length
   : 4
   #+end_example
 
   When passing a table, you can treat specially the row, or the
   column, containing labels for the columns, or the rows, in the
   table.
 
   #+cindex: @samp{colnames}, header argument
   The =colnames= header argument accepts =yes=, =no=, or =nil= values.
   The default value is =nil=: if an input table has column
   names---because the second row is a horizontal rule---then Org
   removes the column names, processes the table, puts back the column
   names, and then writes the table to the results block.  Using =yes=,
   Org does the same to the first row, even if the initial table does
   not contain any horizontal rule.  When set to =no=, Org does not
   pre-process column names at all.
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+NAME: less-cols
   | a |
   |---|
   | b |
   | c |
 
   ,#+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=less-cols :colnames nil
     return [[val + '*' for val in row] for row in tab]
   ,#+END_SRC
 
   ,#+RESULTS:
   | a  |
   |----|
   | b* |
   | c* |
   #+end_example
 
   #+cindex: @samp{rownames}, header argument
   Similarly, the =rownames= header argument can take two values: =yes=
   or =no=.  When set to =yes=, Org removes the first column, processes
   the table, puts back the first column, and then writes the table to
   the results block.  The default is =no=, which means Org does not
   pre-process the first column.  Note that Emacs Lisp code blocks
   ignore =rownames= header argument because of the ease of
   table-handling in Emacs.
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+NAME: with-rownames
   | one | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |  5 |
   | two | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
 
   ,#+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=with-rownames :rownames yes
     return [[val + 10 for val in row] for row in tab]
   ,#+END_SRC
 
   ,#+RESULTS:
   | one | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
   | two | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
   #+end_example
 
 To refer to a table in another file, join the filename and table name with
 a colon, for example: =:var table=other-file.org:example-table=.
 
 - list ::
 
   A simple named list.
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+NAME: example-list
   - simple
     - not
     - nested
   - list
 
   ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var x=example-list
     (print x)
   ,#+END_SRC
 
   ,#+RESULTS:
   | simple | list |
   #+end_example
 
   Note that only the top level list items are passed along.  Nested
   list items are ignored.
 
 - code block without arguments ::
 
   A code block name, as assigned by =NAME= keyword from the example
   above, optionally followed by parentheses.
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var length=table-length()
     (* 2 length)
   ,#+END_SRC
 
   ,#+RESULTS:
   : 8
   #+end_example
 
 - code block with arguments ::
 
   A code block name, as assigned by =NAME= keyword, followed by
   parentheses and optional arguments passed within the parentheses.
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+NAME: double
   ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var input=8
     (* 2 input)
   ,#+END_SRC
 
   ,#+RESULTS: double
   : 16
 
   ,#+NAME: squared
   ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var input=double(input=1)
     (* input input)
   ,#+END_SRC
 
   ,#+RESULTS: squared
   : 4
   #+end_example
 
 - literal example ::
 
   A literal example block named with a =NAME= keyword.
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+NAME: literal-example
   ,#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
     A literal example
     on two lines
   ,#+END_EXAMPLE
 
   ,#+NAME: read-literal-example
   ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var x=literal-example
     (concatenate #'string x " for you.")
   ,#+END_SRC
 
   ,#+RESULTS: read-literal-example
   : A literal example
   : on two lines for you.
   #+end_example
 
 Indexing variable values enables referencing portions of a variable.
 Indexes are 0 based with negative values counting backwards from the
 end.  If an index is separated by commas then each subsequent section
 indexes as the next dimension.  Note that this indexing occurs
 /before/ other table-related header arguments are applied, such as
 =hlines=, =colnames= and =rownames=.  The following example assigns
 the last cell of the first row the table =example-table= to the
 variable =data=:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+NAME: example-table
 | 1 | a |
 | 2 | b |
 | 3 | c |
 | 4 | d |
 
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[0,-1]
   data
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,#+RESULTS:
 : a
 #+end_example
 
 Two integers separated by a colon reference a range of variable
 values.  In that case the entire inclusive range is referenced.  For
 example the following assigns the middle three rows of =example-table=
 to =data=.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+NAME: example-table
 | 1 | a |
 | 2 | b |
 | 3 | c |
 | 4 | d |
 | 5 | 3 |
 
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[1:3]
   data
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,#+RESULTS:
 | 2 | b |
 | 3 | c |
 | 4 | d |
 #+end_example
 
 To pick the entire range, use an empty index, or the single character
 =*=.  =0:-1= does the same thing.  Example below shows how to
 reference the first column only.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+NAME: example-table
 | 1 | a |
 | 2 | b |
 | 3 | c |
 | 4 | d |
 
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[,0]
   data
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,#+RESULTS:
 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
 #+end_example
 
 Index referencing can be used for tables and code blocks.  Index
 referencing can handle any number of dimensions.  Commas delimit
 multiple dimensions, as shown below.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+NAME: 3D
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
   '(((1  2  3)  (4  5  6)  (7  8  9))
     ((10 11 12) (13 14 15) (16 17 18))
     ((19 20 21) (22 23 24) (25 26 27)))
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=3D[1,,1]
   data
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,#+RESULTS:
 | 11 | 14 | 17 |
 #+end_example
 
 Note that row names and column names are not removed prior to variable
 indexing.  You need to take them into account, even when =colnames= or
 =rownames= header arguments remove them.
 
 Emacs lisp code can also set the values for variables.  To
 differentiate a value from Lisp code, Org interprets any value
 starting with =(=, =[=, ='= or =`= as Emacs Lisp code.  The result of
 evaluating that code is then assigned to the value of that variable.
 The following example shows how to reliably query and pass the file
 name of the Org mode buffer to a code block using headers.  We need
 reliability here because the file's name could change once the code in
 the block starts executing.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC sh :var filename=(buffer-file-name) :exports both
   wc -w $filename
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 Note that values read from tables and lists are not mistakenly
 evaluated as Emacs Lisp code, as illustrated in the following example.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+NAME: table
 | (a b c) |
 
 ,#+HEADER: :var data=table[0,0]
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC perl
   $data
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,#+RESULTS:
 : (a b c)
 #+end_example
 
 *** Using sessions
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: using sessions in code blocks
 #+cindex: @samp{session}, header argument
 Two code blocks can share the same environment.  The =session= header
 argument is for running multiple source code blocks under one session.
 Org runs code blocks with the same session name in the same
 interpreter process.
 
 - =none= ::
 
   Default.  Each code block gets a new interpreter process to execute.
   The process terminates once the block is evaluated.
 
 - {{{var(STRING)}}} ::
 
   Any string besides =none= turns that string into the name of that
   session.  For example, =:session STRING= names it =STRING=.  If
   =session= has no value, then the session name is derived from the
   source language identifier.  Subsequent blocks with the same source
   code language use the same session.  Depending on the language,
   state variables, code from other blocks, and the overall interpreted
   environment may be shared.  Some interpreted languages support
   concurrent sessions when subsequent source code language blocks
   change session names.
 
 Only languages that provide interactive evaluation can have session
 support.  Not all languages provide this support, such as C and ditaa.
 Even languages, such as Python and Haskell, that do support
 interactive evaluation impose limitations on allowable language
 constructs that can run interactively.  Org inherits those limitations
 for those code blocks running in a session.
 
 *** Choosing a working directory
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: working directory, in a code block
 #+cindex: @samp{dir}, header argument
 #+cindex: @samp{mkdirp}, header argument
 The =dir= header argument specifies the default directory during code
 block execution.  If it is absent, then the directory associated with
 the current buffer is used.  In other words, supplying =:dir
 DIRECTORY= temporarily has the same effect as changing the current
 directory with {{{kbd(M-x cd RET DIRECTORY)}}}, and then not setting
 =dir=.  Under the surface, =dir= simply sets the value of the Emacs
 variable ~default-directory~.  Setting =mkdirp= header argument to
 a non-~nil~ value creates the directory, if necessary.
 
 For example, to save the plot file in the =Work/= folder of the home
 directory---notice tilde is expanded:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC R :file myplot.png :dir ~/Work
   matplot(matrix(rnorm(100), 10), type="l")
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 To evaluate the code block on a remote machine, supply a remote
 directory name using Tramp syntax.  For example:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC R :file plot.png :dir /scp:dand@yakuba.princeton.edu:
   plot(1:10, main=system("hostname", intern=TRUE))
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 Org first captures the text results as usual for insertion in the Org
 file.  Then Org also inserts a link to the remote file, thanks to
 Emacs Tramp.  Org constructs the remote path to the file name from
 =dir= and ~default-directory~, as illustrated here:
 
 : [[file:/scp:dand@yakuba.princeton.edu:/home/dand/plot.png][plot.png]]
 
 When =dir= is used with =session=, Org sets the starting directory for
 a new session.  But Org does not alter the directory of an already
 existing session.
 
 Do not use =dir= with =:exports results= or with =:exports both= to
 avoid Org inserting incorrect links to remote files.  That is because
 Org does not expand ~default directory~ to avoid some underlying
 portability issues.
 
 *** Inserting headers and footers
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: headers, in code blocks
 #+cindex: footers, in code blocks
 #+cindex: @samp{prologue}, header argument
 The =prologue= header argument is for appending to the top of the code
 block for execution, like a reset instruction.  For example, you may
 use =:prologue "reset"= in a Gnuplot code block or, for every such
 block:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (add-to-list 'org-babel-default-header-args:gnuplot
              '((:prologue . "reset")))
 
 #+end_src
 
 #+cindex: @samp{epilogue}, header argument
 Likewise, the value of the =epilogue= header argument is for appending
 to the end of the code block for execution.
 
 ** Evaluating Code Blocks
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Place results of evaluation in the Org buffer.
 :END:
 #+cindex: code block, evaluating
 #+cindex: source code, evaluating
 #+cindex: @samp{RESULTS}, keyword
 
 A note about security: With code evaluation comes the risk of harm.
 Org safeguards by prompting for user's permission before executing any
 code in the source block.  To customize this safeguard, or disable it,
 see [[*Code Evaluation and Security Issues]].
 
 *** How to evaluate source code
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 Org captures the results of the code block evaluation and inserts them
 in the Org file, right after the code block.  The insertion point is
 after a newline and the =RESULTS= keyword.  Org creates the =RESULTS=
 keyword if one is not already there.
 
 By default, Org enables only Emacs Lisp code blocks for execution.
 See [[*Languages]] to enable other languages.
 
 #+kindex: C-c C-c
 #+kindex: C-c C-v e
 #+findex: org-babel-execute-src-block
 Org provides many ways to execute code blocks.  {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} or
 {{{kbd(C-c C-v e)}}} with the point on a code block[fn:142] calls the
 ~org-babel-execute-src-block~ function, which executes the code in the
 block, collects the results, and inserts them in the buffer.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{CALL}, keyword
 #+vindex: org-babel-inline-result-wrap
 By calling a named code block[fn:143] from an Org mode buffer or
 a table.  Org can call the named code blocks from the current Org mode
 buffer or from the "Library of Babel" (see [[*Library of Babel]]).
 
 The syntax for =CALL= keyword is:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+CALL: <name>(<arguments>)
 ,#+CALL: <name>[<inside header arguments>](<arguments>) <end header arguments>
 #+end_example
 
 The syntax for inline named code blocks is:
 
 #+begin_example
 ... call_<name>(<arguments>) ...
 ... call_<name>[<inside header arguments>](<arguments>)[<end header arguments>] ...
 #+end_example
 
 When inline syntax is used, the result is wrapped based on the
 variable ~org-babel-inline-result-wrap~, which by default is set to
 ~"=%s="~ to produce verbatim text suitable for markup.
 
 - =<name>= ::
 
   This is the name of the code block (see [[*Structure of Code Blocks]])
   to be evaluated in the current document.  If the block is located in
   another file, start =<name>= with the file name followed by
   a colon.  For example, in order to execute a block named =clear-data=
   in =file.org=, you can write the following:
 
   : #+CALL: file.org:clear-data()
 
 - =<arguments>= ::
 
   Org passes arguments to the code block using standard function call
   syntax.  For example, a =#+CALL:= line that passes =4= to a code
   block named =double=, which declares the header argument =:var n=2=,
   would be written as:
 
   : #+CALL: double(n=4)
 
   #+texinfo: @noindent
   Note how this function call syntax is different from the header
   argument syntax.
 
 - =<inside header arguments>= ::
 
   Org passes inside header arguments to the named code block using the
   header argument syntax.  Inside header arguments apply to code block
   evaluation.  For example, =[:results output]= collects results
   printed to stdout during code execution of that block.  Note how
   this header argument syntax is different from the function call
   syntax.
 
 - =<end header arguments>= ::
 
   End header arguments affect the results returned by the code block.
   For example, =:results html= wraps the results in a =#+BEGIN_EXPORT
   html= block before inserting the results in the Org buffer.
 
 *** Limit code block evaluation
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{eval}, header argument
 #+cindex: control code block evaluation
 The =eval= header argument can limit evaluation of specific code
 blocks and =CALL= keyword.  It is useful for protection against
 evaluating untrusted code blocks by prompting for a confirmation.
 
 - =never= or =no= ::
 
   Org never evaluates the source code.
 
 - =query= ::
 
   Org prompts the user for permission to evaluate the source code.
 
 - =never-export= or =no-export= ::
 
   Org does not evaluate the source code when exporting, yet the user
   can evaluate it interactively.
 
 - =query-export= ::
 
   Org prompts the user for permission to evaluate the source code
   during export.
 
 If =eval= header argument is not set, then Org determines whether to
 evaluate the source code from the ~org-confirm-babel-evaluate~
 variable (see [[*Code Evaluation and Security Issues]]).
 
 *** Cache results of evaluation
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{cache}, header argument
 #+cindex: cache results of code evaluation
 The =cache= header argument is for caching results of evaluating code
 blocks.  Caching results can avoid re-evaluating a code block that
 have not changed since the previous run.  To benefit from the cache
 and avoid redundant evaluations, the source block must have a result
 already present in the buffer, and neither the header
 arguments---including the value of =var= references---nor the text of
 the block itself has changed since the result was last computed.  This
 feature greatly helps avoid long-running calculations.  For some edge
 cases, however, the cached results may not be reliable.
 
 The caching feature is best for when code blocks are pure functions,
 that is functions that return the same value for the same input
 arguments (see [[*Environment of a Code Block]]), and that do not have
 side effects, and do not rely on external variables other than the
 input arguments.  Functions that depend on a timer, file system
 objects, and random number generators are clearly unsuitable for
 caching.
 
 A note of warning: when =cache= is used in a session, caching may
 cause unexpected results.
 
 When the caching mechanism tests for any source code changes, it does
 not expand noweb style references (see [[*Noweb Reference Syntax]]).
 
 The =cache= header argument can have one of two values: =yes= or =no=.
 
 - =no= ::
 
   Default.  No caching of results; code block evaluated every time.
 
 - =yes= ::
 
   Whether to run the code or return the cached results is determined
   by comparing the SHA1 hash value of the combined code block and
   arguments passed to it.  This hash value is packed on the
   =#+RESULTS:= line from previous evaluation.  When hash values match,
   Org does not evaluate the code block.  When hash values mismatch,
   Org evaluates the code block, inserts the results, recalculates the
   hash value, and updates =#+RESULTS:= line.
 
 In this example, both functions are cached.  But =caller= runs only if
 the result from =random= has changed since the last run.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+NAME: random
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC R :cache yes
   runif(1)
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,#+RESULTS[a2a72cd647ad44515fab62e144796432793d68e1]: random
 0.4659510825295
 
 ,#+NAME: caller
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var x=random :cache yes
   x
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,#+RESULTS[bec9c8724e397d5df3b696502df3ed7892fc4f5f]: caller
 0.254227238707244
 #+end_example
 
 ** Results of Evaluation
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Choosing a results type, post-processing...
 :END:
 #+cindex: code block, results of evaluation
 #+cindex: source code, results of evaluation
 
 #+cindex: @samp{results}, header argument
 How Org handles results of a code block execution depends on many
 header arguments working together.  The primary determinant, however,
 is the =results= header argument.  It accepts four classes of options.
 Each code block can take only one option per class:
 
 - Collection ::
 
   For how the results should be collected from the code block;
 
 - Type ::
 
   For which type of result the code block will return; affects how Org
   processes and inserts results in the Org buffer;
 
 - Format ::
 
   For the result; affects how Org processes results;
 
 - Handling ::
 
   For inserting results once they are properly formatted.
 
 *** Collection
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 Collection options specify the results.  Choose one of the options;
 they are mutually exclusive.
 
 - =value= ::
 
   Default for most Babel libraries[fn:143].  Functional mode.  Org
   gets the value by wrapping the code in a function definition in the
   language of the source block.  That is why when using =:results
   value=, code should execute like a function and return a value.  For
   languages like Python, an explicit ~return~ statement is mandatory
   when using =:results value=.  Result is the value returned by the
   last statement in the code block.
 
   When evaluating the code block in a session (see [[*Environment of
   a Code Block]]), Org passes the code to an interpreter running as an
   interactive Emacs inferior process.  Org gets the value from the
   source code interpreter's last statement output.  Org has to use
   language-specific methods to obtain the value.  For example, from
   the variable ~_~ in Ruby, and the value of ~.Last.value~ in R.
 
 - =output= ::
 
   Scripting mode.  Org passes the code to an external process running
   the interpreter.  Org returns the contents of the standard output
   stream as text results.
 
   When using a session, Org passes the code to the interpreter running
   as an interactive Emacs inferior process.  Org concatenates any text
   output from the interpreter and returns the collection as a result.
 
 *** Type
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 Type tells what result types to expect from the execution of the code
 block.  Choose one of the options; they are mutually exclusive.  The
 default behavior is to automatically determine the result type.
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - =table=, =vector= ::
 
   Interpret the results as an Org table.  If the result is a single
   value, create a table with one row and one column.  Usage example:
   =:results value table=.
 
   #+cindex: @samp{hlines}, header argument
   In-between each table row or below the table headings, sometimes
   results have horizontal lines, which are also known as "hlines".
   The =hlines= argument with the default =no= value strips such lines
   from the input table.  For most code, this is desirable, or else
   those =hline= symbols raise unbound variable errors.  A =yes=
   accepts such lines, as demonstrated in the following example.
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+NAME: many-cols
   | a | b | c |
   |---+---+---|
   | d | e | f |
   |---+---+---|
   | g | h | i |
 
   ,#+NAME: no-hline
   ,#+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=many-cols :hlines no
     return tab
   ,#+END_SRC
 
   ,#+RESULTS: no-hline
   | a | b | c |
   | d | e | f |
   | g | h | i |
 
   ,#+NAME: hlines
   ,#+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=many-cols :hlines yes
     return tab
   ,#+END_SRC
 
   ,#+RESULTS: hlines
   | a | b | c |
   |---+---+---|
   | d | e | f |
   |---+---+---|
   | g | h | i |
   #+end_example
 
 - =list= ::
 
   Interpret the results as an Org list.  If the result is a single
   value, create a list of one element.
 
 - =scalar=, =verbatim= ::
 
   Interpret literally and insert as quoted text.  Do not create
   a table.  Usage example: =:results value verbatim=.
 
 - =file= ::
 
   Interpret as a filename.  Save the results of execution of the code
   block to that file, then insert a link to it.  You can control both
   the filename and the description associated to the link.
 
   #+cindex: @samp{file}, header argument
   #+cindex: @samp{output-dir}, header argument
   Org first tries to generate the filename from the value of the
   =file= header argument and the directory specified using the
   =output-dir= header arguments.  If =output-dir= is not specified,
   Org assumes it is the current directory.
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+BEGIN_SRC asymptote :results value file :file circle.pdf :output-dir img/
     size(2cm);
     draw(unitcircle);
   ,#+END_SRC
   #+end_example
 
   #+cindex: @samp{file-ext}, header argument
   If =file= header argument is missing, Org generates the base name of
   the output file from the name of the code block, and its extension
   from the =file-ext= header argument.  In that case, both the name
   and the extension are mandatory.
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+name: circle
   ,#+BEGIN_SRC asymptote :results value file :file-ext pdf
     size(2cm);
     draw(unitcircle);
   ,#+END_SRC
   #+end_example
 
   #+cindex: @samp{file-desc}, header argument
   The =file-desc= header argument defines the description (see [[*Link
   Format]]) for the link.  If =file-desc= is present but has no value,
   the =file= value is used as the link description.  When this
   argument is not present, the description is omitted.  If you want to
   provide the =file-desc= argument but omit the description, you can
   provide it with an empty vector (i.e., :file-desc []).
 
   #+cindex: @samp{sep}, header argument
   By default, Org assumes that a table written to a file has
   TAB-delimited output.  You can choose a different separator with
   the =sep= header argument.
 
   #+cindex: @samp{file-mode}, header argument
   The =file-mode= header argument defines the file permissions.  To
   make it executable, use =:file-mode (identity #o755)=.
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+BEGIN_SRC shell :results file :file script.sh :file-mode (identity #o755)
     echo "#!/bin/bash"
     echo "echo Hello World"
   ,#+END_SRC
   #+end_example
 
 *** Format
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 Format pertains to the type of the result returned by the code block.
 Choose one of the options; they are mutually exclusive.  The default
 follows from the type specified above.
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - =code= ::
 
   Result enclosed in a code block.  Useful for parsing.  Usage
   example: =:results value code=.
 
 - =drawer= ::
 
   Result wrapped in a =RESULTS= drawer.  Useful for containing =raw=
   or =org= results for later scripting and automated processing.
   Usage example: =:results value drawer=.
 
 - =html= ::
 
   Results enclosed in a =BEGIN_EXPORT html= block.  Usage example:
   =:results value html=.
 
 - =latex= ::
 
   Results enclosed in a =BEGIN_EXPORT latex= block.  Usage example:
   =:results value latex=.
 
 - =link=, =graphics= ::
 
   When used along with =file= type, the result is a link to the file
   specified in =:file= header argument.  However, unlike plain =file=
   type, nothing is written to the disk.  The block is used for its
   side-effects only, as in the following example:
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+begin_src shell :results file link :file "download.tar.gz"
   wget -c "https://example.com/download.tar.gz"
   ,#+end_src
   #+end_example
 
 - =org= ::
 
   Results enclosed in a =BEGIN_SRC org= block.  For comma-escape,
   either {{{kbd(TAB)}}} in the block, or export the file.  Usage
   example: =:results value org=.
 
 - =pp= ::
 
   Result converted to pretty-print source code.  Enclosed in a code
   block.  Languages supported: Emacs Lisp, Python, and Ruby.  Usage
   example: =:results value pp=.
 
 - =raw= ::
 
   Interpreted as raw Org mode.  Inserted directly into the buffer.
   Aligned if it is a table.  Usage example: =:results value raw=.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{wrap}, header argument
 The =wrap= header argument unconditionally marks the results block by
 appending strings to =#+BEGIN_= and =#+END_=.  If no string is
 specified, Org wraps the results in a =#+BEGIN_results=
 ... =#+END_results= block.  It takes precedent over the =results=
 value listed above.  E.g.,
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :results html :wrap EXPORT markdown
 "<blink>Welcome back to the 90's</blink>"
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,#+RESULTS:
 ,#+BEGIN_EXPORT markdown
 <blink>Welcome back to the 90's</blink>
 ,#+END_EXPORT
 #+end_example
 
 *** Handling
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 Handling options after collecting the results.
 
 - =replace= ::
 
   Default.  Insert results in the Org buffer.  Remove previous
   results.  Usage example: =:results output replace=.
 
 - =silent= ::
 
   Do not insert results in the Org mode buffer, but echo them in the
   minibuffer.  Usage example: =:results output silent=.
 
 - =none= ::
 
   Do not process results at all.  No inserting in the Org mode buffer
   nor echo them in the minibuffer.  Usage example: =:results none=.
 
 - =append= ::
 
   Append results to the Org buffer.  Latest results are at the bottom.
   Does not remove previous results.  Usage example: =:results output
   append=.
 
 - =prepend= ::
 
   Prepend results to the Org buffer.  Latest results are at the top.
   Does not remove previous results.  Usage example: =:results output
   prepend=.
 
 *** Post-processing
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{post}, header argument
 #+cindex: @samp{*this*}, in @samp{post} header argument
 The =post= header argument is for post-processing results from block
 evaluation.  When =post= has any value, Org binds the results to
 ~*this*~ variable for easy passing to =var= header argument
 specifications (see [[*Environment of a Code Block]]).  That makes results
 available to other code blocks, or even for direct Emacs Lisp code
 execution.
 
 The following two examples illustrate =post= header argument in
 action.  The first one shows how to attach an =ATTR_LATEX= keyword
 using =post=.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+NAME: attr_wrap
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC sh :var data="" :var width="\\textwidth" :results output
   echo "#+ATTR_LATEX: :width $width"
   echo "$data"
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,#+HEADER: :file /tmp/it.png
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC dot :post attr_wrap(width="5cm", data=*this*) :results drawer
   digraph{
           a -> b;
           b -> c;
           c -> a;
   }
 ,#+end_src
 
 ,#+RESULTS:
 :RESULTS:
 ,#+ATTR_LATEX :width 5cm
 [[file:/tmp/it.png]]
 :END:
 #+end_example
 
 The second example shows use of =colnames= header argument in =post=
 to pass data between code blocks.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+NAME: round-tbl
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var tbl="" fmt="%.3f"
   (mapcar (lambda (row)
             (mapcar (lambda (cell)
                       (if (numberp cell)
                           (format fmt cell)
                         cell))
                     row))
           tbl)
 ,#+end_src
 
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC R :colnames yes :post round-tbl[:colnames yes](*this*)
   set.seed(42)
   data.frame(foo=rnorm(1))
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,#+RESULTS:
 |   foo |
 |-------|
 | 1.371 |
 #+end_example
 
 ** Exporting Code Blocks
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Export contents and/or results.
 :END:
 #+cindex: code block, exporting
 #+cindex: source code, exporting
 
 It is possible to export the /code/ of code blocks, the /results/ of
 code block evaluation, /both/ the code and the results of code block
 evaluation, or /none/.  Org defaults to exporting /code/ for most
 languages.  For some languages, such as ditaa, Org defaults to
 /results/.  To export just the body of code blocks, see [[*Literal
 Examples]].  To selectively export sub-trees of an Org document, see
 [[*Exporting]].
 
 #+cindex: @samp{exports}, header argument
 The =exports= header argument is to specify if that part of the Org
 file is exported to, say, HTML or LaTeX formats.
 
 - =code= ::
 
   The default.  The body of code is included into the exported file.
   Example: =:exports code=.
 
 - =results= ::
 
   The results of evaluation of the code is included in the exported
   file.  Example: =:exports results=.
 
 - =both= ::
 
   Both the code and results of evaluation are included in the exported
   file.  Example: =:exports both=.
 
 - =none= ::
 
   Neither the code nor the results of evaluation is included in the
   exported file.  Whether the code is evaluated at all depends on
   other options.  Example: =:exports none=.
 
 #+vindex: org-export-use-babel
 To stop Org from evaluating code blocks to speed exports, use the
 header argument =:eval never-export= (see [[*Evaluating Code Blocks]]).
 To stop Org from evaluating code blocks for greater security, set the
 ~org-export-use-babel~ variable to ~nil~, but understand that header
 arguments will have no effect.
 
 Turning off evaluation comes in handy when batch processing.  For
 example, markup languages for wikis, which have a high risk of
 untrusted code.  Stopping code block evaluation also stops evaluation
 of all header arguments of the code block.  This may not be desirable
 in some circumstances.  So during export, to allow evaluation of just
 the header arguments but not any code evaluation in the source block,
 set =:eval never-export= (see [[*Evaluating Code Blocks]]).
 
 Org never evaluates code blocks in commented sub-trees when exporting
 (see [[*Comment Lines]]).  On the other hand, Org does evaluate code
 blocks in sub-trees excluded from export (see [[*Export Settings]]).
 
 ** Extracting Source Code
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Create pure source code files.
 :END:
 #+cindex: tangling
 #+cindex: source code, extracting
 #+cindex: code block, extracting source code
 
 Extracting source code from code blocks is a basic task in literate
 programming.  Org has features to make this easy.  In literate
 programming parlance, documents on creation are /woven/ with code and
 documentation, and on export, the code is tangled for execution by
 a computer.  Org facilitates weaving and tangling for producing,
 maintaining, sharing, and exporting literate programming documents.
 Org provides extensive customization options for extracting source
 code.
 
 When Org tangles code blocks, it expands, merges, and transforms them.
 Then Org recomposes them into one or more separate files, as
 configured through the options.  During this tangling process, Org
 expands variables in the source code, and resolves any noweb style
 references (see [[*Noweb Reference Syntax]]).
 
 *** Header arguments
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{tangle}, header argument
 The =tangle= header argument specifies if the code block is exported
 to source file(s).
 
 - =yes= ::
 
   Export the code block to source file.  The file name for the source
   file is derived from the name of the Org file, and the file
   extension is derived from the source code language identifier.
   Example: =:tangle yes=.
 
 - =no= ::
 
   The default.  Do not extract the code in a source code file.
   Example: =:tangle no=.
 
 - {{{var(FILENAME)}}} ::
 
   Export the code block to source file whose file name is derived from
   any string passed to the =tangle= header argument.  Org derives the
   file name as being relative to the directory of the Org file's
   location.  Example: =:tangle FILENAME=.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{mkdirp}, header argument
 The =mkdirp= header argument creates parent directories for tangled
 files if the directory does not exist.  A =yes= value enables
 directory creation whereas =no= inhibits it.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{comments}, header argument
 The =comments= header argument controls inserting comments into
 tangled files.  These are above and beyond whatever comments may
 already exist in the code block.
 
 - =no= ::
 
   The default.  Do not insert any extra comments during tangling.
 
 - =link= ::
 
   Wrap the code block in comments.  Include links pointing back to the
   place in the Org file from where the code was tangled.
 
 - =yes= ::
 
   Kept for backward compatibility; same as =link=.
 
 - =org= ::
 
   Nearest headline text from Org file is inserted as comment.  The
   exact text that is inserted is picked from the leading context of
   the source block.
 
 - =both= ::
 
   Includes both =link= and =org= options.
 
 - =noweb= ::
 
   Includes =link= option, expands noweb references (see [[*Noweb
   Reference Syntax]]), and wraps them in link comments inside the body
   of the code block.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{padline}, header argument
 The =padline= header argument controls insertion of newlines to pad
 source code in the tangled file.
 
 - =yes= ::
 
   Default.  Insert a newline before and after each code block in the
   tangled file.
 
 - =no= ::
 
   Do not insert newlines to pad the tangled code blocks.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{shebang}, header argument
 The =shebang= header argument can turn results into executable script
 files.  By setting it to a string value---for example, =:shebang
 "#!/bin/bash"=---Org inserts that string as the first line of the
 tangled file that the code block is extracted to.  Org then turns on
 the tangled file's executable permission.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{tangle-mode}, header argument
 The =tangle-mode= header argument specifies what permissions to set
 for tangled files by ~set-file-modes~.  For example, to make
 a read-only tangled file, use =:tangle-mode (identity #o444)=.  To
 make it executable, use =:tangle-mode (identity #o755)=.  It also
 overrides executable permission granted by =shebang=.  When multiple
 source code blocks tangle to a single file with different and
 conflicting =tangle-mode= header arguments, Org's behavior is
 undefined.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{no-expand}, header argument
 By default Org expands code blocks during tangling.  The =no-expand=
 header argument turns off such expansions.  Note that one side-effect
 of expansion by ~org-babel-expand-src-block~ also assigns values (see
 [[*Environment of a Code Block]]) to variables.  Expansions also replace
 noweb references with their targets (see [[*Noweb Reference Syntax]]).
 Some of these expansions may cause premature assignment, hence this
 option.  This option makes a difference only for tangling.  It has no
 effect when exporting since code blocks for execution have to be
 expanded anyway.
 
 *** Functions
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 - ~org-babel-tangle~ ::
 
   #+findex: org-babel-tangle
   #+kindex: C-c C-v t
   Tangle the current file.  Bound to {{{kbd(C-c C-v t)}}}.
 
   With prefix argument only tangle the current code block.
 
 - ~org-babel-tangle-file~ ::
 
   #+findex: org-babel-tangle-file
   #+kindex: C-c C-v f
   Choose a file to tangle.  Bound to {{{kbd(C-c C-v f)}}}.
 
 *** Hooks
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 - ~org-babel-post-tangle-hook~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-babel-post-tangle-hook
   This hook is run from within code files tangled by
   ~org-babel-tangle~, making it suitable for post-processing,
   compilation, and evaluation of code in the tangled files.
 
 *** Jumping between code and Org
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 #+findex: org-babel-tangle-jump-to-org
 Debuggers normally link errors and messages back to the source code.
 But for tangled files, we want to link back to the Org file, not to
 the tangled source file.  To make this extra jump, Org uses
 ~org-babel-tangle-jump-to-org~ function with two additional source
 code block header arguments:
 
 1. Set =padline= to true---this is the default setting.
 2. Set =comments= to =link=, which makes Org insert links to the Org
    file.
 
 ** Languages
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: List of supported code block languages.
 :END:
 #+cindex: babel, languages
 #+cindex: source code, languages
 #+cindex: code block, languages
 
 Code blocks in dozens of languages are supported.  See Worg for
 [[https://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/babel/languages/index.html][language specific documentation]].
 
 #+vindex: org-babel-load-languages
 By default, only Emacs Lisp is enabled for evaluation.  To enable or
 disable other languages, customize the ~org-babel-load-languages~
 variable either through the Emacs customization interface, or by
 adding code to the init file as shown next.
 
 In this example, evaluation is disabled for Emacs Lisp, and enabled
 for R.
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (org-babel-do-load-languages
  'org-babel-load-languages
  '((emacs-lisp . nil)
    (R . t)))
 #+end_src
 
 Note that this is not the only way to enable a language.  Org also
 enables languages when loaded with ~require~ statement.  For example,
 the following enables execution of Clojure code blocks:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (require 'ob-clojure)
 #+end_src
 
 ** Editing Source Code
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Language major-mode editing.
 :END:
 #+cindex: code block, editing
 #+cindex: source code, editing
 
 #+kindex: C-c '
 Use {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} to edit the current code block.  It opens a new
 major mode edit buffer containing the body of the source code block,
 ready for any edits.  Use {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} again to close the buffer
 and return to the Org buffer.
 
 #+kindex: C-x C-s
 #+vindex: org-edit-src-auto-save-idle-delay
 #+cindex: auto-save, in code block editing
 {{{kbd(C-x C-s)}}} saves the buffer and updates the contents of the
 Org buffer.  Set ~org-edit-src-auto-save-idle-delay~ to save the base
 buffer after a certain idle delay time.  Set
 ~org-edit-src-turn-on-auto-save~ to auto-save this buffer into
 a separate file using Auto-save mode.
 
 While editing the source code in the major mode, the Org Src minor
 mode remains active.  It provides these customization variables as
 described below.  For even more variables, look in the customization
 group ~org-edit-structure~.
 
 - ~org-src-lang-modes~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-src-lang-modes
   If an Emacs major-mode named ~<LANG>-mode~ exists, where
   {{{var(<LANG>)}}} is the language identifier from code block's
   header line, then the edit buffer uses that major mode.  Use this
   variable to arbitrarily map language identifiers to major modes.
 
 - ~org-src-window-setup~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-src-window-setup
   For specifying Emacs window arrangement when the new edit buffer is
   created.
 
 - ~org-src-preserve-indentation~ ::
 
   #+cindex: indentation, in code blocks
   #+vindex: org-src-preserve-indentation
   Default is ~nil~.  Source code is indented.  This indentation
   applies during export or tangling, and depending on the context, may
   alter leading spaces and tabs.  When non-~nil~, source code is
   aligned with the leftmost column.  No lines are modified during
   export or tangling, which is very useful for white-space sensitive
   languages, such as Python.
 
 - ~org-src-ask-before-returning-to-edit-buffer~ ::
 
   #+vindex: org-src-ask-before-returning-to-edit-buffer
   When ~nil~, Org returns to the edit buffer without further prompts.
   The default prompts for a confirmation.
 
 #+vindex: org-src-fontify-natively
 #+vindex: org-src-block-faces
 Set ~org-src-fontify-natively~ to non-~nil~ to turn on native code
 fontification in the /Org/ buffer.  Fontification of code blocks can
 give visual separation of text and code on the display page.  To
 further customize the appearance of ~org-block~ for specific
 languages, customize ~org-src-block-faces~.  The following example
 shades the background of regular blocks, and colors source blocks only
 for Python and Emacs Lisp languages.
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (require 'color)
 (set-face-attribute 'org-block nil :background
                     (color-darken-name
                      (face-attribute 'default :background) 3))
 
 (setq org-src-block-faces '(("emacs-lisp" (:background "#EEE2FF"))
                             ("python" (:background "#E5FFB8"))))
 #+end_src
 
 ** Noweb Reference Syntax
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Literate programming in Org mode.
 :END:
 #+cindex: code block, noweb reference
 #+cindex: syntax, noweb
 #+cindex: source code, noweb reference
 
 #+cindex: @samp{noweb-ref}, header argument
 Source code blocks can include references to other source code blocks,
 using a noweb[fn:144] style syntax:
 
 : <<CODE-BLOCK-ID>>
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 where {{{var(CODE-BLOCK-ID)}}} refers to either the =NAME= of a single
 source code block, or a collection of one or more source code blocks
 sharing the same =noweb-ref= header argument (see [[*Using Header
 Arguments]]).  Org can replace such references with the source code of
 the block or blocks being referenced, or, in the case of a single
 source code block named with =NAME=, with the results of an evaluation
 of that block.
 
 #+cindex: @samp{noweb}, header argument
 The =noweb= header argument controls expansion of noweb syntax
 references.  Expansions occur when source code blocks are evaluated,
 tangled, or exported.
 
 - =no= ::
 
   Default.  No expansion of noweb syntax references in the body of the
   code when evaluating, tangling, or exporting.
 
 - =yes= ::
 
   Expansion of noweb syntax references in the body of the code block
   when evaluating, tangling, or exporting.
 
 - =tangle= ::
 
   Expansion of noweb syntax references in the body of the code block
   when tangling.  No expansion when evaluating or exporting.
 
 - =no-export= ::
 
   Expansion of noweb syntax references in the body of the code block
   when evaluating or tangling.  No expansion when exporting.
 
 - =strip-export= ::
 
   Expansion of noweb syntax references in the body of the code block
   when expanding prior to evaluating or tangling.  Removes noweb
   syntax references when exporting.
 
 - =eval= ::
 
   Expansion of noweb syntax references in the body of the code block
   only before evaluating.
 
 In the most simple case, the contents of a single source block is
 inserted within other blocks.  Thus, in following example,
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+NAME: initialization
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
   (setq sentence "Never a foot too far, even.")
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :noweb yes
   <<initialization>>
   (reverse sentence)
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 the second code block is expanded as
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :noweb yes
   (setq sentence "Never a foot too far, even.")
   (reverse sentence)
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 You may also include the contents of multiple blocks sharing a common
 =noweb-ref= header argument, which can be set at the file, sub-tree,
 or code block level.  In the example Org file shown next, the body of
 the source code in each block is extracted for concatenation to a pure
 code file when tangled.
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC sh :tangle yes :noweb yes :shebang #!/bin/sh
   <<fullest-disk>>
 ,#+END_SRC
 ,* the mount point of the fullest disk
   :PROPERTIES:
   :header-args: :noweb-ref fullest-disk
   :END:
 
 ,** query all mounted disks
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC sh
   df \
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,** strip the header row
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC sh
   |sed '1d' \
 ,#+END_SRC
 
 ,** output mount point of fullest disk
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC sh
   |awk '{if (u < +$5) {u = +$5; m = $6}} END {print m}'
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 #+cindex: @samp{noweb-sep}, header argument
 By default a newline separates each noweb reference concatenation.  To
 use a different separator, edit the =noweb-sep= header argument.
 
 Alternatively, Org can include the results of evaluation of a single
 code block rather than its body.  Evaluation occurs when parentheses,
 possibly including arguments, are appended to the code block name, as
 shown below.
 
 : <<NAME(optional arguments)>>
 
 Note that in this case, a code block name set by =NAME= keyword is
 required; the reference set by =noweb-ref= will not work when
 evaluation is desired.
 
 Here is an example that demonstrates how the exported content changes
 when noweb style references are used with parentheses versus without.
 Given:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+NAME: some-code
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC python :var num=0 :results output :exports none
   print(num*10)
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 this code block:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC text :noweb yes
   <<some-code>>
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 expands to:
 
 : print(num*10)
 
 Below, a similar noweb style reference is used, but with parentheses,
 while setting a variable =num= to 10:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC text :noweb yes
   <<some-code(num=10)>>
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 Note that the expansion now contains the results of the code block
 =some-code=, not the code block itself:
 
 : 100
 
 Noweb insertions honor prefix characters that appear before the noweb
 syntax reference.  This behavior is illustrated in the following
 example.  Because the =<<example>>= noweb reference appears behind the
 SQL comment syntax, each line of the expanded noweb reference is
 commented.  With:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+NAME: example
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC text
   this is the
   multi-line body of example
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 this code block:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC sql :noweb yes
  ---<<example>>
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 expands to:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC sql :noweb yes
  ---this is the
  ---multi-line body of example
 ,#+END_SRC
 #+end_example
 
 Since this change does not affect noweb replacement text without
 newlines in them, inline noweb references are acceptable.
 
 This feature can also be used for management of indentation in
 exported code snippets.  With:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+NAME: if-true
 ,#+BEGIN_SRC python :exports none
   print('do things when true')
 ,#+end_src
 
 ,#+name: if-false
 ,#+begin_src python :exports none
   print('do things when false')
 ,#+end_src
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 this code block:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+begin_src python :noweb yes :results output
   if true:
       <<if-true>>
   else:
       <<if-false>>
 ,#+end_src
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 expands to:
 
 #+begin_example
 if true:
     print('do things when true')
 else:
     print('do things when false')
 #+end_example
 
 When in doubt about the outcome of a source code block expansion, you
 can preview the results with the following command:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-v v)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-v)}}} (~org-babel-expand-src-block~) ::
 
   #+findex: org-babel-expand-src-block
   #+kindex: C-c C-v v
   #+kindex: C-c C-v C-v
   Expand the current source code block according to its header
   arguments and pop open the results in a preview buffer.
 
 ** Library of Babel
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Use and contribute to a library of useful code blocks.
 :END:
 #+cindex: babel, library of
 #+cindex: source code, library
 #+cindex: code block, library
 
 The "Library of Babel" is a collection of code blocks.  Like
 a function library, these code blocks can be called from other Org
 files.  A collection of useful code blocks is available on [[https://orgmode.org/worg/library-of-babel.html][Worg]].  For
 remote code block evaluation syntax, see [[*Evaluating Code Blocks]].
 
 #+kindex: C-c C-v i
 #+findex: org-babel-lob-ingest
 For any user to add code to the library, first save the code in
 regular code blocks of an Org file, and then load the Org file with
 ~org-babel-lob-ingest~, which is bound to {{{kbd(C-c C-v i)}}}.
 
 ** Key bindings and Useful Functions
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Work quickly with code blocks.
 :END:
 #+cindex: code block, key bindings
 
 Many common Org mode key sequences are re-bound depending on
 the context.
 
 Active key bindings in code blocks:
 
 #+kindex: C-c C-c
 #+findex: org-babel-execute-src-block
 #+kindex: C-c C-o
 #+findex: org-babel-open-src-block-result
 #+kindex: M-UP
 #+findex: org-babel-load-in-session
 #+kindex: M-DOWN
 #+findex: org-babel-pop-to-session
 #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.2 0.55
 | Key binding        | Function                          |
 |--------------------+-----------------------------------|
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} | ~org-babel-execute-src-block~     |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} | ~org-babel-open-src-block-result~ |
 | {{{kbd(M-UP)}}}    | ~org-babel-load-in-session~       |
 | {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}}  | ~org-babel-pop-to-session~        |
 
 Active key bindings in Org mode buffer:
 
 #+kindex: C-c C-v p
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-p
 #+kindex: C-c C-v n
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-n
 #+kindex: C-c C-v e
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-e
 #+kindex: C-c C-v o
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-o
 #+kindex: C-c C-v v
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-v
 #+kindex: C-c C-v u
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-u
 #+kindex: C-c C-v g
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-g
 #+kindex: C-c C-v r
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-r
 #+kindex: C-c C-v b
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-b
 #+kindex: C-c C-v s
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-s
 #+kindex: C-c C-v d
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-d
 #+kindex: C-c C-v t
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-t
 #+kindex: C-c C-v f
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-f
 #+kindex: C-c C-v c
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-c
 #+kindex: C-c C-v j
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-j
 #+kindex: C-c C-v l
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-l
 #+kindex: C-c C-v i
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-i
 #+kindex: C-c C-v I
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-I
 #+kindex: C-c C-v z
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-z
 #+kindex: C-c C-v a
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-a
 #+kindex: C-c C-v h
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-h
 #+kindex: C-c C-v x
 #+kindex: C-c C-v C-x
 #+findex: org-babel-previous-src-block
 #+findex: org-babel-next-src-block
 #+findex: org-babel-execute-maybe
 #+findex: org-babel-open-src-block-result
 #+findex: org-babel-expand-src-block
 #+findex: org-babel-goto-src-block-head
 #+findex: org-babel-goto-named-src-block
 #+findex: org-babel-goto-named-result
 #+findex: org-babel-execute-buffer
 #+findex: org-babel-execute-subtree
 #+findex: org-babel-demarcate-block
 #+findex: org-babel-tangle
 #+findex: org-babel-tangle-file
 #+findex: org-babel-check-src-block
 #+findex: org-babel-insert-header-arg
 #+findex: org-babel-load-in-session
 #+findex: org-babel-lob-ingest
 #+findex: org-babel-view-src-block-info
 #+findex: org-babel-switch-to-session-with-code
 #+findex: org-babel-sha1-hash
 #+findex: org-babel-describe-bindings
 #+findex: org-babel-do-key-sequence-in-edit-buffer
 #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.45 0.55
 | Key binding                                    | Function                                   |
 |------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------|
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v p)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-p)}}} | ~org-babel-previous-src-block~             |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v n)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-n)}}} | ~org-babel-next-src-block~                 |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v e)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-e)}}} | ~org-babel-execute-maybe~                  |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v o)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-o)}}} | ~org-babel-open-src-block-result~          |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v v)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-v)}}} | ~org-babel-expand-src-block~               |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v u)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-u)}}} | ~org-babel-goto-src-block-head~            |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v g)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-g)}}} | ~org-babel-goto-named-src-block~           |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v r)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-r)}}} | ~org-babel-goto-named-result~              |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v b)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-b)}}} | ~org-babel-execute-buffer~                 |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v s)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-s)}}} | ~org-babel-execute-subtree~                |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v d)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-d)}}} | ~org-babel-demarcate-block~                |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v t)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-t)}}} | ~org-babel-tangle~                         |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v f)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-f)}}} | ~org-babel-tangle-file~                    |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v c)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-c)}}} | ~org-babel-check-src-block~                |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v j)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-j)}}} | ~org-babel-insert-header-arg~              |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v l)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-l)}}} | ~org-babel-load-in-session~                |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v i)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-i)}}} | ~org-babel-lob-ingest~                     |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v I)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-I)}}} | ~org-babel-view-src-block-info~            |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v z)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-z)}}} | ~org-babel-switch-to-session-with-code~    |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v a)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-a)}}} | ~org-babel-sha1-hash~                      |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v h)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-h)}}} | ~org-babel-describe-bindings~              |
 | {{{kbd(C-c C-v x)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-x)}}} | ~org-babel-do-key-sequence-in-edit-buffer~ |
 
 ** Batch Execution
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Call functions from the command line.
 :END:
 #+cindex: code block, batch execution
 #+cindex: source code, batch execution
 
 Org mode features, including working with source code facilities can
 be invoked from the command line.  This enables building shell scripts
 for batch processing, running automated system tasks, and expanding
 Org mode's usefulness.
 
 The sample script shows batch processing of multiple files using
 ~org-babel-tangle~.
 
 #+begin_example
 #!/bin/sh
 # Tangle files with Org mode
 #
 emacs -Q --batch --eval "
     (progn
       (require 'ob-tangle)
       (dolist (file command-line-args-left)
         (with-current-buffer (find-file-noselect file)
           (org-babel-tangle))))
   " "$@"
 #+end_example
 
 * Miscellaneous
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: All the rest which did not fit elsewhere.
 :END:
 
 ** Completion
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} guesses completions.
 :END:
 #+cindex: completion, of @TeX{} symbols
 #+cindex: completion, of TODO keywords
 #+cindex: completion, of dictionary words
 #+cindex: completion, of option keywords
 #+cindex: completion, of tags
 #+cindex: completion, of property keys
 #+cindex: completion, of link abbreviations
 #+cindex: @TeX{} symbol completion
 #+cindex: TODO keywords completion
 #+cindex: dictionary word completion
 #+cindex: option keyword completion
 #+cindex: tag completion
 #+cindex: link abbreviations, completion of
 
 Org has in-buffer completions.  Unlike minibuffer completions, which
 are useful for quick command interactions, Org's in-buffer completions
 are more suitable for content creation in Org documents.  Type one or
 more letters and invoke the hot key to complete the text in-place.
 Depending on the context and the keys, Org offers different types of
 completions.  No minibuffer is involved.  Such mode-specific hot keys
 have become an integral part of Emacs and Org provides several
 shortcuts.
 
 - {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} ::
   #+kindex: M-TAB
 
   Complete word at point.
 
   - At the beginning of an empty headline, complete TODO keywords.
 
   - After =\=, complete TeX symbols supported by the exporter.
 
   - After =:= in a headline, complete tags.  Org deduces the list of
     tags from the =TAGS= in-buffer option (see [[*Setting Tags]]), the
     variable ~org-tag-alist~, or from all tags used in the current
     buffer.
 
   - After =:= and not in a headline, complete property keys.  The list
     of keys is constructed dynamically from all keys used in the
     current buffer.
 
   - After =[[=, complete link abbreviations (see [[*Link Abbreviations]]).
 
   - After =[[*=, complete headlines in the current buffer so that they
     can be used in search links like: =[[*find this headline]]=
 
   - After =#+=, complete the special keywords like =TYP_TODO= or
     file-specific =OPTIONS=.  After option keyword is complete,
     pressing {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} again inserts example settings for this
     keyword.
 
   - After =STARTUP= keyword, complete startup items.
 
   - When point is anywhere else, complete dictionary words using
     Ispell.
 
 ** Structure Templates
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Quick insertion of structural elements.
 :END:
 #+cindex: template insertion
 #+cindex: insertion, of templates
 
 With just a few keystrokes, it is possible to insert empty structural
 blocks, such as =#+BEGIN_SRC= ... =#+END_SRC=, or to wrap existing
 text in such a block.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-\,)}}} (~org-insert-structure-template~) ::
 
   #+findex: org-insert-structure-template
   #+kindex: C-c C-,
   Prompt for a type of block structure, and insert the block at point.
   If the region is active, it is wrapped in the block.  First prompts
   the user for keys, which are used to look up a structure type from
   the variable below.  If the key is {{{kbd(TAB)}}}, {{{kbd(RET)}}},
   or {{{kbd(SPC)}}}, the user is prompted to enter a block type.
 
 #+vindex: org-structure-template-alist
 Available structure types are defined in
 ~org-structure-template-alist~, see the docstring for adding or
 changing values.
 
 #+cindex: Tempo
 #+cindex: template expansion
 #+cindex: insertion, of templates
 #+vindex: org-tempo-keywords-alist
 Org Tempo expands snippets to structures defined in
 ~org-structure-template-alist~ and ~org-tempo-keywords-alist~.  For
 example, {{{kbd(< s TAB)}}} creates a code block.  Enable it by
 customizing ~org-modules~ or add =(require 'org-tempo)= to your Emacs
 init file[fn:145].
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.1 0.9
 | {{{kbd(a)}}} | =#+BEGIN_EXPORT ascii= ... =#+END_EXPORT= |
 | {{{kbd(c)}}} | =#+BEGIN_CENTER= ... =#+END_CENTER=       |
 | {{{kbd(C)}}} | =#+BEGIN_COMMENT= ... =#+END_COMMENT=     |
 | {{{kbd(e)}}} | =#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE= ... =#+END_EXAMPLE=     |
 | {{{kbd(E)}}} | =#+BEGIN_EXPORT= ... =#+END_EXPORT=       |
 | {{{kbd(h)}}} | =#+BEGIN_EXPORT html= ... =#+END_EXPORT=  |
 | {{{kbd(l)}}} | =#+BEGIN_EXPORT latex= ... =#+END_EXPORT= |
 | {{{kbd(q)}}} | =#+BEGIN_QUOTE= ... =#+END_QUOTE=         |
 | {{{kbd(s)}}} | =#+BEGIN_SRC= ... =#+END_SRC=             |
 | {{{kbd(v)}}} | =#+BEGIN_VERSE= ... =#+END_VERSE=         |
 
 ** Speed Keys
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Electric commands at the beginning of a headline.
 :END:
 #+cindex: speed keys
 
 Single keystrokes can execute custom commands in an Org file when
 point is on a headline.  Without the extra burden of a meta or
 modifier key, Speed Keys can speed navigation or execute custom
 commands.  Besides faster navigation, Speed Keys may come in handy on
 small mobile devices that do not have full keyboards.  Speed Keys may
 also work on TTY devices known for their problems when entering Emacs
 key chords.
 
 #+vindex: org-use-speed-commands
 By default, Org has Speed Keys disabled.  To activate Speed Keys, set
 the variable ~org-use-speed-commands~ to a non-~nil~ value.  To
 trigger a Speed Key, point must be at the beginning of an Org
 headline, before any of the stars.
 
 #+vindex: org-speed-commands
 #+findex: org-speed-command-help
 Org comes with a pre-defined list of Speed Keys.  To add or modify
 Speed Keys, customize the option ~org-speed-commands~.  For more
 details, see the variable's docstring.  With Speed Keys activated,
 {{{kbd(M-x org-speed-command-help)}}}, or {{{kbd(?)}}} when point is at the
 beginning of an Org headline, shows currently active Speed Keys,
 including the user-defined ones.
 
 ** A Cleaner Outline View
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Getting rid of leading stars in the outline.
 :ALT_TITLE: Clean View
 :END:
 #+cindex: hiding leading stars
 #+cindex: dynamic indentation
 #+cindex: odd-levels-only outlines
 #+cindex: clean outline view
 
 Org's outline with stars and no indents can look cluttered for short
 documents.  For /book-like/ long documents, the effect is not as
 noticeable.  Org provides an alternate stars and indentation scheme,
 as shown on the right in the following table.  It displays only one
 star and indents text to line up with the heading:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* Top level headline             |    * Top level headline
 ,** Second level                  |      * Second level
 ,*** Third level                  |        * Third level
 some text                        |          some text
 ,*** Third level                  |        * Third level
 more text                        |          more text
 ,* Another top level headline     |    * Another top level headline
 #+end_example
 
 Org can achieve this in two ways, (1) by just displaying the buffer in
 this way without changing it, or (2) by actually indenting every line
 in the desired amount with hard spaces and hiding leading stars.
 
 *** Org Indent Mode
 
 #+cindex: Indent mode
 #+findex: org-indent-mode
 To display the buffer in the indented view, activate Org Indent minor
 mode, using {{{kbd(M-x org-indent-mode)}}}.  Text lines that are not
 headlines are prefixed with virtual spaces to vertically align with
 the headline text[fn:146].
 
 #+vindex: org-indent-indentation-per-level
 To make more horizontal space, the headlines are shifted by two
 characters.  Configure ~org-indent-indentation-per-level~ variable for
 a different number.
 
 #+vindex: org-indent-mode-turns-on-hiding-stars
 #+vindex: org-indent-mode-turns-off-org-adapt-indentation
 By default, Org Indent mode turns off ~org-adapt-indentation~ and does
 hide leading stars by locally setting ~org-hide-leading-stars~ to ~t~:
 only one star on each headline is visible, the rest are masked with
 the same font color as the background.  If you want to customize this
 default behavior, see ~org-indent-mode-turns-on-hiding-stars~ and
 ~org-indent-mode-turns-off-org-adapt-indentation~.
 
 #+vindex: org-startup-indented
 To globally turn on Org Indent mode for all files, customize the
 variable ~org-startup-indented~.  To control it for individual files,
 use =STARTUP= keyword as follows:
 
 : #+STARTUP: indent
 : #+STARTUP: noindent
 
 *** Hard indentation
 
 It is possible to use hard spaces to achieve the indentation instead,
 if the bare ASCII file should have the indented look also outside
 Emacs[fn:147].  With Org's support, you have to indent all lines to
 line up with the outline headers.  You would use these
 settings[fn:148]:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-adapt-indentation t
       org-hide-leading-stars t
       org-odd-levels-only t)
 #+end_src
 
 - /Indentation of text below headlines/ (~org-adapt-indentation~) ::
 
   #+vindex: org-adapt-indentation
   The first setting modifies paragraph filling, line wrapping, and
   structure editing commands to preserving or adapting the indentation
   as appropriate.
 
 - /Hiding leading stars/ (~org-hide-leading-stars~) ::
 
   #+vindex: org-hide-leading-stars
   #+vindex: org-hide, face
   The second setting makes leading stars invisible by applying the
   face ~org-hide~ to them.  For per-file preference, use these file
   =STARTUP= options:
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+STARTUP: hidestars
   ,#+STARTUP: showstars
   #+end_example
 
 - /Odd levels/ (~org-odd-levels-only~) ::
 
   #+vindex: org-odd-levels-only
   The third setting makes Org use only odd levels, 1, 3, 5, ..., in
   the outline to create more indentation.  On a per-file level,
   control this with:
 
   #+begin_example
   ,#+STARTUP: odd
   ,#+STARTUP: oddeven
   #+end_example
 
   To convert a file between single and double stars layouts, use
   {{{kbd(M-x org-convert-to-odd-levels)}}} and {{{kbd(M-x
   org-convert-to-oddeven-levels)}}}.
 
 ** Execute commands in the active region
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Execute commands on multiple items in Org or agenda view.
 :END:
 
 #+vindex: org-loop-over-headlines-in-active-region
 When in an Org buffer and the region is active, some commands will
 apply to all the subtrees in the active region.  For example, hitting
 {{{kbd(C-c C-s)}}} when multiple headlines are within the active region will
 successively prompt you for a new schedule date and time.  To disable
 this, set the option ~org-loop-over-headlines-in-active-region~ to
 non-~t~, activate the region and run the command normally.
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-loop-over-headlines-in-active-region
 ~org-agenda-loop-over-headlines-in-active-region~ is the equivalent
 option of the agenda buffer, where you can also use [[*Bulk remote editing selected entries][bulk editing of
 selected entries]].
 
 Not all commands can loop in the active region and what subtrees or
 headlines are considered can be refined: see the docstrings of these
 options for more details.
 
 ** Dynamic Headline Numbering
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Display and update outline numbering.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: Org Num mode
 #+cindex: number headlines
 The Org Num minor mode, toggled with {{{kbd(M-x org-num-mode)}}},
 displays outline numbering on top of headlines.  It also updates it
 automatically upon changes to the structure of the document.
 
 #+vindex: org-num-max-level
 #+vindex: org-num-skip-tags
 #+vindex: org-num-skip-commented
 #+vindex: org-num-skip-unnumbered
 By default, all headlines are numbered.  You can limit numbering to
 specific headlines according to their level, tags, =COMMENT= keyword,
 or =UNNUMBERED= property.  Set ~org-num-max-level~,
 ~org-num-skip-tags~, ~org-num-skip-commented~,
 ~org-num-skip-unnumbered~, or ~org-num-skip-footnotes~ accordingly.
 
 #+vindex: org-num-skip-footnotes
 If ~org-num-skip-footnotes~ is non-~nil~, footnotes sections (see
 [[*Creating Footnotes]]) are not numbered either.
 
 #+vindex: org-num-face
 #+vindex: org-num-format-function
 You can control how the numbering is displayed by setting
 ~org-num-face~ and ~org-num-format-function~.
 
 #+vindex: org-startup-numerated
 You can also turn this mode globally for all Org files by setting the
 option ~org-startup-numerated~ to =t=, or locally on a file by using
 =#+startup: num=.
 
 ** The Very Busy {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} Key
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: When in doubt, press @kbd{C-c C-c}.
 :END:
 #+kindex: C-c C-c
 #+cindex: @kbd{C-c C-c}, overview
 
 The {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} key in Org serves many purposes depending on
 the context.  It is probably the most over-worked, multi-purpose key
 combination in Org.  Its uses are well documented throughout this
 manual, but here is a consolidated list for easy reference.
 
 - If column view (see [[*Column View]]) is on, exit column view.
 
 - If any highlights shown in the buffer from the creation of a sparse
   tree, or from clock display, remove such highlights.
 
 - If point is in one of the special =KEYWORD= lines, scan the buffer
   for these lines and update the information.  Also reset the Org file
   cache used to temporary store the contents of URLs used as values
   for keywords like =SETUPFILE=.
 
 - If point is inside a table, realign the table.
 
 - If point is on a =TBLFM= keyword, re-apply the formulas to the
   entire table.
 
 - If the current buffer is a capture buffer, close the note and file
   it.  With a prefix argument, also jump to the target location after
   saving the note.
 
 - If point is on a =<<<target>>>=, update radio targets and
   corresponding links in this buffer.
 
 - If point is on a property line or at the start or end of a property
   drawer, offer property commands.
 
 - If point is at a footnote reference, go to the corresponding
   definition, and /vice versa/.
 
 - If point is on a statistics cookie, update it.
 
 - If point is in a plain list item with a checkbox, toggle the status
   of the checkbox.
 
 - If point is on a numbered item in a plain list, renumber the ordered
   list.
 
 - If point is on the =#+BEGIN= line of a dynamic block, the block is
   updated.
 
 - If point is at a timestamp, fix the day name in the timestamp.
 
 ** Summary of In-Buffer Settings
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Overview of keywords.
 :ALT_TITLE: In-buffer Settings
 :END:
 #+cindex: in-buffer settings
 #+cindex: special keywords
 
 In-buffer settings start with =#+=, followed by a keyword, a colon,
 and then a word for each setting.  Org accepts multiple settings on
 the same line.  Org also accepts multiple lines for a keyword.  This
 manual describes these settings throughout.  A summary follows here.
 
 #+cindex: refresh set-up
 {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} activates any changes to the in-buffer settings.
 Closing and reopening the Org file in Emacs also activates the
 changes.
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
 - =#+ARCHIVE: %s_done::= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{ARCHIVE}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-archive-location
   Sets the archive location of the agenda file.  The corresponding
   variable is ~org-archive-location~.
 
 - =#+CATEGORY= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{CATEGORY}, keyword
   Sets the category of the agenda file, which applies to the entire
   document.
 
 - =#+COLUMNS: %25ITEM ...= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{COLUMNS}, property
   Set the default format for columns view.  This format applies when
   columns view is invoked in locations where no =COLUMNS= property
   applies.
 
 - =#+CONSTANTS: name1=value1 ...= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{CONSTANTS}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-table-formula-constants
   #+vindex: org-table-formula
   Set file-local values for constants that table formulas can use.
   This line sets the local variable
   ~org-table-formula-constants-local~.  The global version of this
   variable is ~org-table-formula-constants~.
 
 - =#+FILETAGS: :tag1:tag2:tag3:= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{FILETAGS}, keyword
   Set tags that all entries in the file inherit from, including the
   top-level entries.
 
 - =#+LINK: linkword replace= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{LINK}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-link-abbrev-alist
   Each line specifies one abbreviation for one link.  Use multiple
   =LINK= keywords for more, see [[*Link Abbreviations]].  The
   corresponding variable is ~org-link-abbrev-alist~.
 
 - =#+PRIORITIES: highest lowest default= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{PRIORITIES}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-priority-highest
   #+vindex: org-priority-lowest
   #+vindex: org-priority-default
   This line sets the limits and the default for the priorities.  All
   three must be either letters A--Z or numbers 0--9.  The highest
   priority must have a lower ASCII number than the lowest priority.
 
 - =#+PROPERTY: Property_Name Value= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{PROPERTY}, keyword
   This line sets a default inheritance value for entries in the
   current buffer, most useful for specifying the allowed values of
   a property.
 
 - =#+SETUPFILE: file= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{SETUPFILE}, keyword
   The setup file or a URL pointing to such file is for additional
   in-buffer settings.  Org loads this file and parses it for any
   settings in it only when Org opens the main file.  If URL is
   specified, the contents are downloaded and stored in a temporary
   file cache.  {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} on the settings line parses and
   loads the file, and also resets the temporary file cache.  Org also
   parses and loads the document during normal exporting process.  Org
   parses the contents of this document as if it was included in the
   buffer.  It can be another Org file.  To visit the file---not
   a URL---use {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} while point is on the line with the
   file name.
 
 - =#+STARTUP:= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{STARTUP}, keyword
   Startup options Org uses when first visiting a file.
 
   #+vindex: org-startup-folded
   The first set of options deals with the initial visibility of the
   outline tree.  The corresponding variable for global default
   settings is ~org-startup-folded~ with a default value of
   ~showeverything~.
 
   | =overview=       | Top-level headlines only.  |
   | =content=        | All headlines.             |
   | =showall=        | No folding on any entry.   |
   | =show2levels=    | Headline levels 1-2.       |
   | =show3levels=    | Headline levels 1-3.       |
   | =show4levels=    | Headline levels 1-4.       |
   | =show5levels=    | Headline levels 1-5.       |
   | =showeverything= | Show even drawer contents. |
 
   #+vindex: org-startup-indented
   Dynamic virtual indentation is controlled by the variable
   ~org-startup-indented~[fn:149].
 
   | =indent=   | Start with Org Indent mode turned on.  |
   | =noindent= | Start with Org Indent mode turned off. |
 
   #+vindex: org-startup-numerated
   Dynamic virtual numeration of headlines is controlled by the variable
   ~org-startup-numerated~.
 
   | =num=   | Start with Org num mode turned on.  |
   | =nonum= | Start with Org num mode turned off. |
 
   #+vindex: org-startup-align-all-tables
   Aligns tables consistently upon visiting a file.  The
   corresponding variable is ~org-startup-align-all-tables~ with
   ~nil~ as default value.
 
   | =align=   | Align all tables.               |
   | =noalign= | Do not align tables on startup. |
 
   #+vindex: org-startup-shrink-all-tables
   Shrink table columns with a width cookie.  The corresponding
   variable is ~org-startup-shrink-all-tables~ with ~nil~ as
   default value.
 
   #+vindex: org-startup-with-inline-images
   When visiting a file, inline images can be automatically
   displayed.  The corresponding variable is
   ~org-startup-with-inline-images~, with a default value ~nil~ to
   avoid delays when visiting a file.
 
   | =inlineimages=   | Show inline images.                   |
   | =noinlineimages= | Do not show inline images on startup. |
 
   #+vindex: org-log-done
   #+vindex: org-log-note-clock-out
   #+vindex: org-log-repeat
   Logging the closing and reopening of TODO items and clock
   intervals can be configured using these options (see variables
   ~org-log-done~, ~org-log-note-clock-out~, and ~org-log-repeat~).
 
   | =logdone=            | Record a timestamp when an item is marked as done. |
   | =lognotedone=        | Record timestamp and a note when DONE.             |
   | =nologdone=          | Do not record when items are marked as done.       |
   | =logrepeat=          | Record a time when reinstating a repeating item.   |
   | =lognoterepeat=      | Record a note when reinstating a repeating item.   |
   | =nologrepeat=        | Do not record when reinstating repeating item.     |
   | =lognoteclock-out=   | Record a note when clocking out.                   |
   | =nolognoteclock-out= | Do not record a note when clocking out.            |
   | =logreschedule=      | Record a timestamp when scheduling time changes.   |
   | =lognotereschedule=  | Record a note when scheduling time changes.        |
   | =nologreschedule=    | Do not record when a scheduling date changes.      |
   | =logredeadline=      | Record a timestamp when deadline changes.          |
   | =lognoteredeadline=  | Record a note when deadline changes.               |
   | =nologredeadline=    | Do not record when a deadline date changes.        |
   | =logrefile=          | Record a timestamp when refiling.                  |
   | =lognoterefile=      | Record a note when refiling.                       |
   | =nologrefile=        | Do not record when refiling.                       |
 
   #+vindex: org-hide-leading-stars
   #+vindex: org-odd-levels-only
   Here are the options for hiding leading stars in outline
   headings, and for indenting outlines.  The corresponding
   variables are ~org-hide-leading-stars~ and
   ~org-odd-levels-only~, both with a default setting ~nil~
   (meaning =showstars= and =oddeven=).
 
   | =hidestars= | Make all but one of the stars starting a headline invisible. |
   | =showstars= | Show all stars starting a headline.                          |
   | =indent=    | Virtual indentation according to outline level.              |
   | =noindent=  | No virtual indentation according to outline level.           |
   | =odd=       | Allow only odd outline levels (1, 3, ...).                   |
   | =oddeven=   | Allow all outline levels.                                    |
 
   #+vindex: org-put-time-stamp-overlays
   #+vindex: org-time-stamp-overlay-formats
   To turn on custom format overlays over timestamps (variables
   ~org-put-time-stamp-overlays~ and
   ~org-time-stamp-overlay-formats~), use:
 
   | =customtime= | Overlay custom time format. |
 
   #+vindex: constants-unit-system
   The following options influence the table spreadsheet (variable
   ~constants-unit-system~).
 
   | =constcgs= | =constants.el= should use the c-g-s unit system. |
   | =constSI=  | =constants.el= should use the SI unit system.    |
 
   #+vindex: org-footnote-define-inline
   #+vindex: org-footnote-auto-label
   #+vindex: org-footnote-auto-adjust
   To influence footnote settings, use the following keywords.  The
   corresponding variables are ~org-footnote-define-inline~,
   ~org-footnote-auto-label~, and ~org-footnote-auto-adjust~.
 
   | =fninline=   | Define footnotes inline.                               |
   | =fnnoinline= | Define footnotes in separate section.                  |
   | =fnlocal=    | Define footnotes near first reference, but not inline. |
   | =fnprompt=   | Prompt for footnote labels.                            |
   | =fnauto=     | Create =[fn:1]=-like labels automatically (default).   |
   | =fnconfirm=  | Offer automatic label for editing or confirmation.     |
   | =fnadjust=   | Automatically renumber and sort footnotes.             |
   | =nofnadjust= | Do not renumber and sort automatically.                |
 
   #+vindex: org-hide-block-startup
   To hide blocks on startup, use these keywords.  The
   corresponding variable is ~org-hide-block-startup~.
 
   | =hideblocks=   | Hide all begin/end blocks on startup. |
   | =nohideblocks= | Do not hide blocks on startup.        |
 
   #+vindex: org-pretty-entities
   The display of entities as UTF-8 characters is governed by the
   variable ~org-pretty-entities~ and the keywords
 
   | =entitiespretty= | Show entities as UTF-8 characters where possible. |
   | =entitiesplain=  | Leave entities plain.                             |
 
 - =#+TAGS: TAG1(c1) TAG2(c2)= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{TAGS}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-tag-alist
   These lines (several such lines are allowed) specify the valid tags
   in this file, and (potentially) the corresponding /fast tag
   selection/ keys.  The corresponding variable is ~org-tag-alist~.
 
 - =#+TODO:=, =#+SEQ_TODO:=, =#+TYP_TODO:= ::
 
   #+cindex: @samp{SEQ_TODO}, keyword
   #+cindex: @samp{TODO}, keyword
   #+cindex: @samp{TYP_TODO}, keyword
   #+vindex: org-todo-keywords
   These lines set the TODO keywords and their interpretation in the
   current file.  The corresponding variable is ~org-todo-keywords~.
 
 ** Regular Expressions
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Elisp regular expressions.
 :END:
 #+cindex: regular expressions syntax
 #+cindex: regular expressions, in searches
 
 Org, as an Emacs mode, makes use of Elisp regular expressions for
 searching, matching and filtering.  Elisp regular expressions have a
 somewhat different syntax then some common standards.  Most notably,
 alternation is indicated using =\|= and matching groups are denoted by
 =\(...\)=.  For example the string =home\|work= matches either =home=
 or =work=.
 
 For more information, see [[info:emacs::Regexps][Regular Expressions in Emacs]].
 
 ** Org Syntax
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Formal description of Org's syntax.
 :END:
 
 A reference document providing a formal description of Org's syntax is
 available as [[https://orgmode.org/worg/dev/org-syntax.html][a draft on Worg]], written and maintained by Nicolas
 Goaziou.  It defines Org's core internal concepts such as "headlines",
 "sections", "affiliated keywords", "(greater) elements" and "objects".
 Each part of an Org document belongs to one of the previous
 categories.
 
 To explore the abstract structure of an Org buffer, run this in
 a buffer:
 
 : M-: (org-element-parse-buffer) <RET>
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 It outputs a list containing the buffer's content represented as an
 abstract structure.  The export engine relies on the information
 stored in this list.  Most interactive commands---e.g., for structure
 editing---also rely on the syntactic meaning of the surrounding
 context.
 
 #+cindex: syntax checker
 #+cindex: linter
 #+findex: org-lint
 You can probe the syntax of your documents with the command
 
 : M-x org-lint <RET>
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 It runs a number of checks to find common mistakes.  It then displays
 their location in a dedicated buffer, along with a description and
 a "trust level", since false-positive are possible.  From there, you
 can operate on the reports with the following keys:
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.22 0.78
 | {{{kbd(C-j)}}}, {{{kbd(TAB)}}} | Display the offending line                  |
 | {{{kbd(RET)}}}                 | Move point to the offending line            |
 | {{{kbd(g)}}}                   | Check the document again                    |
 | {{{kbd(h)}}}                   | Hide all reports from the same checker      |
 | {{{kbd(i)}}}                   | Also remove them from all subsequent checks |
 | {{{kbd(S)}}}                   | Sort reports by the column at point         |
 
 ** Context Dependent Documentation
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Read documentation about current syntax.
 :ALT_TITLE: Documentation Access
 :END:
 #+cindex: documentation
 #+cindex: Info
 
 #+findex: org-info-find-node
 #+kindex: C-c C-x I
 {{{kbd(C-c C-x I)}}} in an Org file tries to open a suitable section
 of the Org manual depending on the syntax at point.  For example,
 using it on a headline displays "Document Structure" section.
 
 {{{kbd(q)}}} closes the Info window.
 
 ** Escape Character
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Prevent Org from interpreting your writing.
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: escape character
 #+cindex: zero width space
 You may sometimes want to write text that looks like Org syntax, but
 should really read as plain text.  Org may use a specific escape
 character in some situations, i.e., a backslash in macros (see [[*Macro
 Replacement]]) and links (see [[*Link Format]]), or a comma in source and
 example blocks (see [[*Literal Examples]]).  In the general case, however,
 we suggest to use the zero width space.  You can insert one with any
 of the following:
 
 : C-x 8 <RET> zero width space <RET>
 : C-x 8 <RET> 200B <RET>
 
 For example, in order to write =[[1,2]]= as-is in your document, you
 may write instead
 
 : [X[1,2]]
 
 where =X= denotes the zero width space character.
 
 ** Code Evaluation and Security Issues
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Org files evaluate in-line code.
 :ALT_TITLE: Code Evaluation Security
 :END:
 
 Unlike plain text, running code comes with risk.  Each source code
 block, in terms of risk, is equivalent to an executable file.  Org
 therefore puts a few confirmation prompts by default.  This is to
 alert the casual user from accidentally running untrusted code.
 
 For users who do not run code blocks or write code regularly, Org's
 default settings should suffice.  However, some users may want to
 tweak the prompts for fewer interruptions.  To weigh the risks of
 automatic execution of code blocks, here are some details about code
 evaluation.
 
 Org evaluates code in the following circumstances:
 
 - /Source code blocks/ ::
 
   Org evaluates source code blocks in an Org file during export.  Org
   also evaluates a source code block with the {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} key
   chord.  Users exporting or running code blocks must load files only
   from trusted sources.  Be wary of customizing variables that remove
   or alter default security measures.
 
   #+attr_texinfo: :options org-confirm-babel-evaluate
   #+begin_defopt
   When ~t~, Org prompts the user for confirmation before executing
   each code block.  When ~nil~, Org executes code blocks without
   prompting the user for confirmation.  When this option is set to
   a custom function, Org invokes the function with these two
   arguments: the source code language and the body of the code block.
   The custom function must return either a ~t~ or ~nil~, which
   determines if the user is prompted.  Each source code language can
   be handled separately through this function argument.
   #+end_defopt
 
   For example, here is how to execute ditaa code blocks without
   prompting:
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (defun my-org-confirm-babel-evaluate (lang body)
     (not (string= lang "ditaa")))  ;don't ask for ditaa
   (setq org-confirm-babel-evaluate #'my-org-confirm-babel-evaluate)
   #+end_src
 
 - /Following =shell= and =elisp= links/ ::
 
   Org has two link types that can directly evaluate code (see
   [[*External Links]]).  Because such code is not visible, these links
   have a potential risk.  Org therefore prompts the user when it
   encounters such links.  The customization variables are:
 
   #+attr_texinfo: :options org-link-shell-confirm-function
   #+begin_defopt
   Function that prompts the user before executing a shell link.
   #+end_defopt
 
   #+attr_texinfo: :options org-link-elisp-confirm-function
   #+begin_defopt
   Function that prompts the user before executing an Emacs Lisp link.
   #+end_defopt
 
 - /Formulas in tables/ ::
 
   Formulas in tables (see [[*The Spreadsheet]]) are code that is evaluated
   either by the Calc interpreter, or by the Emacs Lisp interpreter.
 
 ** Interaction with Other Packages
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: With other Emacs packages.
 :ALT_TITLE: Interaction
 :END:
 #+cindex: packages, interaction with other
 
 Org's compatibility and the level of interaction with other Emacs
 packages are documented here.
 
 *** Packages that Org cooperates with
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Packages Org cooperates with.
 :ALT_TITLE: Cooperation
 :END:
 
 - =calc.el= by Dave Gillespie ::
   #+cindex: @file{calc.el}
 
   Org uses the Calc package for implementing spreadsheet functionality
   in its tables (see [[*The Spreadsheet]]).  Org also uses Calc for
   embedded calculations.  See [[info:calc::Embedded Mode][GNU Emacs Calc Manual]].
 
 - =constants.el= by Carsten Dominik ::
   #+cindex: @file{constants.el}
   #+vindex: org-table-formula-constants
 
   Org can use names for constants in formulas in tables.  Org can also
   use calculation suffixes for units, such as =M= for =Mega=.  For
   a standard collection of such constants, install the =constants=
   package.  Install version 2.0 of this package, available at
   [[http://www.astro.uva.nl/~dominik/Tools]].  Org checks if the function
   ~constants-get~ has been autoloaded.  Installation instructions are
   in the file =constants.el=.
 
 - =cdlatex.el= by Carsten Dominik ::
   #+cindex: @file{cdlatex.el}
 
   Org mode can make use of the CDLaTeX package to efficiently enter
   LaTeX fragments into Org files.  See [[*Using CDLaTeX to enter math]].
 
 - =imenu.el= by Ake Stenhoff and Lars Lindberg ::
   #+cindex: @file{imenu.el}
 
   Imenu creates dynamic menus based on an index of items in a file.
   Org mode supports Imenu menus.  Enable it with a mode hook as
   follows:
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (add-hook 'org-mode-hook
             (lambda () (imenu-add-to-menubar "Imenu")))
   #+end_src
 
   #+vindex: org-imenu-depth
   By default the index is two levels deep---you can modify the
   depth using the option ~org-imenu-depth~.
 
 - =speedbar.el= by Eric\nbsp{}M.\nbsp{}Ludlam ::
   #+cindex: @file{speedbar.el}
 
   Speedbar package creates a special Emacs frame for displaying files
   and index items in files.  Org mode supports Speedbar; users can
   drill into Org files directly from the Speedbar.  The {{{kbd(<)}}}
   in the Speedbar frame tweaks the agenda commands to that file or to
   a subtree.
 
 - =table.el= by Takaaki Ota ::
   #+cindex: table editor, @file{table.el}
   #+cindex: @file{table.el}
 
   Complex ASCII tables with automatic line wrapping, column- and
   row-spanning, and alignment can be created using the Emacs table
   package by Takaaki Ota.  Org mode recognizes such tables and exports
   them properly.  {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} to edit these tables in a special
   buffer, much like Org's code blocks.  Because of interference with
   other Org mode functionality, Takaaki Ota tables cannot be edited
   directly in the Org buffer.
 
   - {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} (~org-edit-special~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c '
     #+findex: org-edit-special
     Edit a =table.el= table.  Works when point is in a =table.el=
     table.
 
   - {{{kbd(C-c ~​)}}} (~org-table-create-with-table.el~) ::
 
     #+kindex: C-c ~
     #+findex: org-table-create-with-table.el
     Insert a =table.el= table.  If there is already a table at point,
     this command converts it between the =table.el= format and the Org
     mode format.  See the documentation string of the command
     ~org-convert-table~ for the restrictions under which this is
     possible.
 
 *** Packages that conflict with Org mode
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Packages that lead to conflicts.
 :ALT_TITLE: Conflicts
 :END:
 
 #+cindex: shift-selection
 #+vindex: org-support-shift-select
 In Emacs, shift-selection combines motions of point with shift key to
 enlarge regions.  Emacs sets this mode by default.  This conflicts
 with Org's use of {{{kbd(S-<cursor>)}}} commands to change timestamps,
 TODO keywords, priorities, and item bullet types, etc.  Since
 {{{kbd(S-<cursor>)}}} commands outside of specific contexts do not do
 anything, Org offers the variable ~org-support-shift-select~ for
 customization.  Org mode accommodates shift selection by (i) making it
 available outside of the special contexts where special commands
 apply, and (ii) extending an existing active region even if point
 moves across a special context.
 
 - =cua.el= by Kim\nbsp{}F.\nbsp{}Storm ::
 
   #+cindex: @file{cua.el}
   #+vindex: org-replace-disputed-keys
   Org key bindings conflict with {{{kbd(S-<cursor>)}}} keys used by
   CUA mode.  For Org to relinquish these bindings to CUA mode,
   configure the variable ~org-replace-disputed-keys~.  When set, Org
   moves the following key bindings in Org files, and in the agenda
   buffer---but not during date selection.
 
   #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.4 0.4
   | {{{kbd(S-UP)}}}      \rArr{}  {{{kbd(M-p)}}}   | {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}}     \rArr{}  {{{kbd(M-n)}}}   |
   | {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}    \rArr{}  {{{kbd(M--)}}}   | {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}    \rArr{}  {{{kbd(M-+)}}}   |
   | {{{kbd(C-S-LEFT)}}}  \rArr{}  {{{kbd(M-S--)}}} | {{{kbd(C-S-RIGHT)}}}  \rArr{}  {{{kbd(M-S-+)}}} |
 
   #+vindex: org-disputed-keys
   Yes, these are unfortunately more difficult to remember.  If you
   want to have other replacement keys, look at the variable
   ~org-disputed-keys~.
 
 - =ecomplete.el= by Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen ::
 
   #+cindex: @file{ecomplete.el}
   Ecomplete provides "electric" address completion in address header
   lines in message buffers.  Sadly Orgtbl mode cuts Ecomplete's power
   supply: no completion happens when Orgtbl mode is enabled in message
   buffers while entering text in address header lines.  If one wants
   to use ecomplete one should /not/ follow the advice to automagically
   turn on Orgtbl mode in message buffers (see [[*The Orgtbl Minor Mode]]),
   but instead---after filling in the message headers---turn on Orgtbl
   mode manually when needed in the messages body.
 
 - =filladapt.el= by Kyle Jones ::
 
   #+cindex: @file{filladapt.el}
   Org mode tries to do the right thing when filling paragraphs, list
   items and other elements.  Many users reported problems using both
   =filladapt.el= and Org mode, so a safe thing to do is to disable
   filladapt like this:
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (add-hook 'org-mode-hook 'turn-off-filladapt-mode)
   #+end_src
 
 - =viper.el= by Michael Kifer ::
   #+cindex: @file{viper.el}
   #+kindex: C-c /
 
   Viper uses {{{kbd(C-c /)}}} and therefore makes this key not access
   the corresponding Org mode command ~org-sparse-tree~.  You need to
   find another key for this command, or override the key in
   ~viper-vi-global-user-map~ with
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (define-key viper-vi-global-user-map "C-c /" 'org-sparse-tree)
   #+end_src
 
 - =windmove.el= by Hovav Shacham ::
   #+cindex: @file{windmove.el}
 
   This package also uses the {{{kbd(S-<cursor>)}}} keys, so everything
   written in the paragraph above about CUA mode also applies here.  If
   you want to make the windmove function active in locations where Org
   mode does not have special functionality on {{{kbd(S-<cursor>)}}},
   add this to your configuration:
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   ;; Make windmove work in Org mode:
   (add-hook 'org-shiftup-final-hook 'windmove-up)
   (add-hook 'org-shiftleft-final-hook 'windmove-left)
   (add-hook 'org-shiftdown-final-hook 'windmove-down)
   (add-hook 'org-shiftright-final-hook 'windmove-right)
   #+end_src
 
 - =yasnippet.el= ::
 
   #+cindex: @file{yasnippet.el}
   The way Org mode binds the {{{kbd(TAB)}}} key (binding to ~[tab]~
   instead of ~"\t"~) overrules YASnippet's access to this key.  The
   following code fixed this problem:
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (add-hook 'org-mode-hook
             (lambda ()
               (setq-local yas/trigger-key [tab])
               (define-key yas/keymap [tab] 'yas/next-field-or-maybe-expand)))
   #+end_src
 
   The latest version of YASnippet does not play well with Org mode.
   If the above code does not fix the conflict, start by defining
   the following function:
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (defun yas/org-very-safe-expand ()
     (let ((yas/fallback-behavior 'return-nil)) (yas/expand)))
   #+end_src
 
   Then, tell Org mode to use that function:
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (add-hook 'org-mode-hook
             (lambda ()
               (make-variable-buffer-local 'yas/trigger-key)
               (setq yas/trigger-key [tab])
               (add-to-list 'org-tab-first-hook 'yas/org-very-safe-expand)
               (define-key yas/keymap [tab] 'yas/next-field)))
   #+end_src
 ** Using Org on a TTY
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Using Org on a tty.
 :ALT_TITLE: TTY Keys
 :END:
 #+cindex: tty key bindings
 
 Org provides alternative key bindings for TTY and modern mobile
 devices that cannot perform movement commands on point and key
 bindings with modifier keys.  Some of these workarounds may be more
 cumbersome than necessary.  Users should look into customizing these
 further based on their usage needs.  For example, the normal
 {{{kbd(S-<cursor>)}}} for editing timestamp might be better with
 {{{kbd(C-c .)}}} chord.
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.2 0.28 0.15 0.21
 | Default              | Alternative 1            | Speed key    | Alternative 2        |
 |----------------------+--------------------------+--------------+----------------------|
 | {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}}     | {{{kbd(C-u TAB)}}}       | {{{kbd(C)}}} |                      |
 | {{{kbd(M-LEFT)}}}    | {{{kbd(C-c C-x l)}}}     | {{{kbd(l)}}} | {{{kbd(Esc LEFT)}}}  |
 | {{{kbd(M-S-LEFT)}}}  | {{{kbd(C-c C-x L)}}}     | {{{kbd(L)}}} |                      |
 | {{{kbd(M-RIGHT)}}}   | {{{kbd(C-c C-x r)}}}     | {{{kbd(r)}}} | {{{kbd(Esc RIGHT)}}} |
 | {{{kbd(M-S-RIGHT)}}} | {{{kbd(C-c C-x R)}}}     | {{{kbd(R)}}} |                      |
 | {{{kbd(M-UP)}}}      | {{{kbd(C-c C-x u)}}}     |              | {{{kbd(Esc UP)}}}    |
 | {{{kbd(M-S-UP)}}}    | {{{kbd(C-c C-x U)}}}     | {{{kbd(U)}}} |                      |
 | {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}}    | {{{kbd(C-c C-x d)}}}     |              | {{{kbd(Esc DOWN)}}}  |
 | {{{kbd(M-S-DOWN)}}}  | {{{kbd(C-c C-x D)}}}     | {{{kbd(D)}}} |                      |
 | {{{kbd(S-RET)}}}     | {{{kbd(C-c C-x c)}}}     |              |                      |
 | {{{kbd(M-RET)}}}     | {{{kbd(C-c C-x m)}}}     |              | {{{kbd(Esc RET)}}}   |
 | {{{kbd(M-S-RET)}}}   | {{{kbd(C-c C-x M)}}}     |              |                      |
 | {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}    | {{{kbd(C-c LEFT)}}}      |              |                      |
 | {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}   | {{{kbd(C-c RIGHT)}}}     |              |                      |
 | {{{kbd(S-UP)}}}      | {{{kbd(C-c UP)}}}        |              |                      |
 | {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}}    | {{{kbd(C-c DOWN)}}}      |              |                      |
 | {{{kbd(C-S-LEFT)}}}  | {{{kbd(C-c C-x LEFT)}}}  |              |                      |
 | {{{kbd(C-S-RIGHT)}}} | {{{kbd(C-c C-x RIGHT)}}} |              |                      |
 
 ** Protocols for External Access
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: External access to Emacs and Org.
 :ALT_TITLE: Protocols
 :END:
 #+cindex: protocols, for external access
 
 Org protocol is a tool to trigger custom actions in Emacs from
 external applications.  Any application that supports calling external
 programs with an URL as argument may be used with this functionality.
 For example, you can configure bookmarks in your web browser to send a
 link to the current page to Org and create a note from it using
 capture (see [[*Capture]]).  You can also create a bookmark that tells
 Emacs to open the local source file of a remote website you are
 browsing.
 
 #+cindex: Org protocol, set-up
 #+cindex: Installing Org protocol
 In order to use Org protocol from an application, you need to register
 =org-protocol://= as a valid scheme-handler.  External calls are
 passed to Emacs through the =emacsclient= command, so you also need to
 ensure an Emacs server is running.  More precisely, when the
 application calls
 
 : emacsclient "org-protocol://PROTOCOL?key1=val1&key2=val2"
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 Emacs calls the handler associated to {{{var(PROTOCOL)}}} with
 argument =(:key1 val1 :key2 val2)=.
 
 #+cindex: protocol, new protocol
 #+cindex: defining new protocols
 Org protocol comes with three predefined protocols, detailed in the
 following sections.  Configure ~org-protocol-protocol-alist~ to define
 your own.
 
 *** The ~store-link~ protocol
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Store a link, push URL to kill-ring.
 :END:
 #+cindex: store-link protocol
 #+cindex: protocol, store-link
 
 Using the ~store-link~ handler, you can copy links, to that they can
 be inserted using {{{kbd(M-x org-insert-link)}}} or yanking.  More
 precisely, the command
 
 : emacsclient "org-protocol://store-link?url=URL&title=TITLE"
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 stores the following link:
 
 : [[URL][TITLE]]
 
 In addition, {{{var(URL)}}} is pushed on the kill-ring for yanking.
 You need to encode {{{var(URL)}}} and {{{var(TITLE)}}} if they contain
 slashes, and probably quote those for the shell.
 
 To use this feature from a browser, add a bookmark with an arbitrary
 name, e.g., =Org: store-link= and enter this as /Location/:
 
 #+begin_example
 javascript:location.href='org-protocol://store-link?' +
       new URLSearchParams({url:location.href, title:document.title});
 #+end_example
 
 Title is an optional parameter.  Another expression was recommended earlier:
 
 #+begin_example
 javascript:location.href='org-protocol://store-link?url='+
       encodeURIComponent(location.href);
 #+end_example
 
 The latter form is compatible with older Org versions from 9.0 to 9.4.
 
 *** The ~capture~ protocol
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Fill a buffer with external information.
 :END:
 #+cindex: capture protocol
 #+cindex: protocol, capture
 
 Activating the "capture" handler pops up a =Capture= buffer in Emacs,
 using acapture template.
 
 : emacsclient "org-protocol://capture?template=X&url=URL&title=TITLE&body=BODY"
 
 To use this feature, add a bookmark with an arbitrary name, e.g.,
 =Org: capture=, and enter this as =Location=:
 
 #+begin_example
 javascript:location.href='org-protocol://capture?' +
       new URLSearchParams({
             template: 'x', url: window.location.href,
             title: document.title, body: window.getSelection()});
 #+end_example
 
 You might have seen another expression:
 
 #+begin_example
 javascript:location.href='org-protocol://capture?template=x'+
       '&url='+encodeURIComponent(window.location.href)+
       '&title='+encodeURIComponent(document.title)+
       '&body='+encodeURIComponent(window.getSelection());
 #+end_example
 
 It is a bit more cluttered than the former one, but it is compatible
 with previous Org versions 9.0-9.4.  In these versions encoding of
 space as "+" character was not supported by URI decoder.
 
 #+vindex: org-protocol-default-template-key
 The capture template to be used can be specified in the bookmark (like
 =X= above).  If unspecified, the template key is set in the variable
 ~org-protocol-default-template-key~.  The following template
 placeholders are available:
 
 #+begin_example
 %:link          The URL
 %:description   The webpage title
 %:annotation    Equivalent to [[%:link][%:description]]
 %i              The selected text
 #+end_example
 
 *** The ~open-source~ protocol
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Edit published contents.
 :END:
 #+cindex: open-source protocol
 #+cindex: protocol, open-source
 
 The ~open-source~ handler is designed to help with editing local
 sources when reading a document.  To that effect, you can use
 a bookmark with the following location:
 
 #+begin_example
 javascript:location.href='org-protocol://open-source?&url='+
       encodeURIComponent(location.href)
 #+end_example
 
 #+vindex: org-protocol-project-alist
 The variable ~org-protocol-project-alist~ maps URLs to local file
 names, by stripping URL parameters from the end and replacing the
 ~:base-url~ with ~:working-directory~ and ~:online-suffix~ with
 ~:working-suffix~.  For example, assuming you own a local copy of
 =https://orgmode.org/worg/= contents at =/home/user/worg=, you can set
 ~org-protocol-project-alist~ to the following
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-protocol-project-alist
       '(("Worg"
          :base-url "https://orgmode.org/worg/"
          :working-directory "/home/user/worg/"
          :online-suffix ".html"
          :working-suffix ".org")))
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 If you are now browsing
 =https://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/org-protocol.html= and find
 a typo or have an idea about how to enhance the documentation, simply
 click the bookmark and start editing.
 
 #+cindex: rewritten URL in open-source protocol
 #+cindex: protocol, open-source rewritten URL
 However, such mapping may not always yield the desired results.
 Suppose you maintain an online store located at =https://example.com/=.
 The local sources reside in =/home/user/example/=.  It is common
 practice to serve all products in such a store through one file and
 rewrite URLs that do not match an existing file on the server.  That
 way, a request to =https://example.com/print/posters.html= might be
 rewritten on the server to something like
 =https://example.com/shop/products.php/posters.html.php=.  The
 ~open-source~ handler probably cannot find a file named
 =/home/user/example/print/posters.html.php= and fails.
 
 Such an entry in ~org-protocol-project-alist~ may hold an additional
 property ~:rewrites~.  This property is a list of cons cells, each of
 which maps a regular expression to a path relative to the
 ~:working-directory~.
 
 Now map the URL to the path =/home/user/example/products.php= by
 adding ~:rewrites~ rules like this:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-protocol-project-alist
       '(("example.com"
          :base-url "https://example.com/"
          :working-directory "/home/user/example/"
          :online-suffix ".php"
          :working-suffix ".php"
          :rewrites (("example.com/print/" . "products.php")
                     ("example.com/$" . "index.php")))))
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 Since =example.com/$= is used as a regular expression, it maps
 =http://example.com/=, =https://example.com=,
 =http://www.example.com/= and similar to
 =/home/user/example/index.php=.
 
 The ~:rewrites~ rules are searched as a last resort if and only if no
 existing file name is matched.
 
 #+cindex: protocol, open-source, set-up mapping
 #+cindex: mappings in open-source protocol
 #+findex: org-protocol-create
 #+findex: org-protocol-create-for-org
 Two functions can help you filling ~org-protocol-project-alist~ with
 valid contents: ~org-protocol-create~ and
 ~org-protocol-create-for-org~.  The latter is of use if you're editing
 an Org file that is part of a publishing project.
 ** Org Crypt
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Encrypting Org files.
 :END:
 
 Org Crypt encrypts the text of an entry, but not the headline, or
 properties.  Behind the scene, it uses the [[info:epa][Emacs EasyPG Library]] to
 encrypt and decrypt files, and EasyPG needs a correct [[info:gnupg][GnuPG]] setup.
 
 #+vindex: org-crypt-tag-matcher
 Any text below a headline that has a =crypt= tag is automatically
 encrypted when the file is saved.  To use a different tag, customize
 the ~org-crypt-tag-matcher~ setting.
 
 Here is a suggestion for Org Crypt settings in Emacs init file:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (require 'org-crypt)
 (org-crypt-use-before-save-magic)
 (setq org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance '("crypt"))
 
 (setq org-crypt-key nil)
 ;; GPG key to use for encryption
 ;; Either the Key ID or set to nil to use symmetric encryption.
 
 (setq auto-save-default nil)
 ;; Auto-saving does not cooperate with org-crypt.el: so you need to
 ;; turn it off if you plan to use org-crypt.el quite often.  Otherwise,
 ;; you'll get an (annoying) message each time you start Org.
 
 ;; To turn it off only locally, you can insert this:
 ;;
 ;; # -*- buffer-auto-save-file-name: nil; -*-
 #+end_src
 
 It's possible to use different keys for different headings by
 specifying the respective key as property =CRYPTKEY=, e.g.:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,* Totally secret :crypt:
   :PROPERTIES:
   :CRYPTKEY: 0x0123456789012345678901234567890123456789
   :END:
 #+end_example
 
 Excluding the =crypt= tag from inheritance prevents already encrypted
 text from being encrypted again.
 
 ** Org Mobile
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Viewing and capture on a mobile device.
 :END:
 #+cindex: smartphone
 
 Org Mobile is a protocol for synchronizing Org files between Emacs and
 other applications, e.g., on mobile devices.  It enables offline-views
 and capture support for an Org mode system that is rooted on a "real"
 computer.  The external application can also record changes to
 existing entries.
 
 This appendix describes Org's support for agenda view formats
 compatible with Org Mobile.  It also describes synchronizing changes,
 such as to notes, between the mobile application and the computer.
 
 To change tags and TODO states in the mobile application, first
 customize the variables ~org-todo-keywords~, ~org-tag-alist~ and
 ~org-tag-persistent-alist~.  These should cover all the important tags
 and TODO keywords, even if Org files use only some of them.  Though
 the mobile application is expected to support in-buffer settings, it
 is required to understand TODO states /sets/ (see [[*Setting up keywords
 for individual files]]) and /mutually exclusive/ tags (see [[*Setting
 Tags]]) only for those set in these variables.
 
 *** Setting up the staging area
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: For the mobile device.
 :END:
 
 #+vindex: org-mobile-directory
 The mobile application needs access to a file directory on
 a server[fn:150] to interact with Emacs.  Pass its location through
 the ~org-mobile-directory~ variable.  If you can mount that directory
 locally just set the variable to point to that directory:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-mobile-directory "~/orgmobile/")
 #+end_src
 
 Alternatively, by using TRAMP (see [[info:tramp][TRAMP User Manual]]),
 ~org-mobile-directory~ may point to a remote directory accessible
 through, for example, SSH, SCP, or DAVS:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (setq org-mobile-directory "/davs:user@remote.host:/org/webdav/")
 #+end_src
 
 #+vindex: org-mobile-encryption
 With a public server, consider encrypting the files.  Org also
 requires OpenSSL installed on the local computer.  To turn on
 encryption, set the same password in the mobile application and in
 Emacs.  Set the password in the variable
 ~org-mobile-use-encryption~[fn:151].  Note that even after the mobile
 application encrypts the file contents, the file name remains visible
 on the file systems of the local computer, the server, and the mobile
 device.
 
 *** Pushing to the mobile application
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Uploading Org files and agendas.
 :END:
 
 #+findex: org-mobile-push
 #+vindex: org-mobile-files
 The command ~org-mobile-push~ copies files listed in
 ~org-mobile-files~ into the staging area.  Files include agenda files
 (as listed in ~org-agenda-files~).  Customize ~org-mobile-files~ to
 add other files.  File names are staged with paths relative to
 ~org-directory~, so all files should be inside this directory[fn:152].
 
 Push creates a special Org file =agendas.org= with custom agenda views
 defined by the user[fn:153].
 
 Finally, Org writes the file =index.org=, containing links to other
 files.  The mobile application reads this file first from the server
 to determine what other files to download for agendas.  For faster
 downloads, it is expected to only read files whose checksums[fn:154]
 have changed.
 
 *** Pulling from the mobile application
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Integrating captured and flagged items.
 :END:
 
 #+findex: org-mobile-pull
 The command ~org-mobile-pull~ synchronizes changes with the server.
 More specifically, it first pulls the Org files for viewing.  It then
 appends captured entries and pointers to flagged or changed entries to
 the file =mobileorg.org= on the server.  Org ultimately integrates its
 data in an inbox file format, through the following steps:
 
 1.
    #+vindex: org-mobile-inbox-for-pull
    Org moves all entries found in =mobileorg.org=[fn:155] and appends
    them to the file pointed to by the variable
    ~org-mobile-inbox-for-pull~.  It should reside neither in the
    staging area nor on the server.  Each captured entry and each
    editing event is a top-level entry in the inbox file.
 
 2.
    #+cindex: @samp{FLAGGED}, tag
    After moving the entries, Org processes changes to the shared
    files.  Some of them are applied directly and without user
    interaction.  Examples include changes to tags, TODO state,
    headline and body text.  Entries requiring further action are
    tagged as =FLAGGED=.  Org marks entries with problems with an error
    message in the inbox.  They have to be resolved manually.
 
 3. Org generates an agenda view for flagged entries for user
    intervention to clean up.  For notes stored in flagged entries, Org
    displays them in the echo area when point is on the corresponding
    agenda item.
 
    - {{{kbd(?)}}} ::
 
      Pressing {{{kbd(?)}}} displays the entire flagged note in another
      window.  Org also pushes it to the kill ring.  To store flagged
      note as a normal note, use {{{kbd(? z C-y C-c C-c)}}}.  Pressing
      {{{kbd(?)}}} twice does these things: first it removes the
      =FLAGGED= tag; second, it removes the flagged note from the
      property drawer; third, it signals that manual editing of the
      flagged entry is now finished.
 
 #+kindex: ? @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
 From the agenda dispatcher, {{{kbd(?)}}} returns to the view to finish
 processing flagged entries.  Note that these entries may not be the
 most recent since the mobile application searches files that were last
 pulled.  To get an updated agenda view with changes since the last
 pull, pull again.
 
 * Hacking
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How to hack your way around.
 :APPENDIX: t
 :END:
 #+cindex: hacking
 
 This appendix describes some ways a user can extend the functionality
 of Org.
 
 ** Hooks
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How to reach into Org's internals.
 :END:
 #+cindex: hooks
 
 Org has a large number of hook variables for adding functionality.
 This appendix illustrates using a few.  A complete list of hooks with
 documentation is maintained by the Worg project at
 https://orgmode.org/worg/doc.html#hooks.
 
 ** Add-on Packages
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Available extensions.
 :END:
 #+cindex: add-on packages
 
 Various authors wrote a large number of add-on packages for Org.  Some
 of these packages used to be part of the =org-mode= repository but are
 now hosted in a separate =org-contrib= repository
 [[https://git.sr.ht/~bzg/org-contrib][here]].  A Worg page with more
 information is at: https://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/.
 
 ** Adding Hyperlink Types
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: New custom link types.
 :END:
 #+cindex: hyperlinks, adding new types
 
 Org has many built-in hyperlink types (see [[*Hyperlinks]]), and an
 interface for adding new link types.  The following example shows the
 process of adding Org links to Unix man pages, which look like this
 
 : [[man:printf][The printf manual]]
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 The following =ol-man.el= file implements it
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 ;;; ol-man.el - Support for links to man pages in Org mode
 (require 'ol)
 
 (org-link-set-parameters "man"
                          :follow #'org-man-open
                          :export #'org-man-export
                          :store #'org-man-store-link)
 
 (defcustom org-man-command 'man
   "The Emacs command to be used to display a man page."
   :group 'org-link
   :type '(choice (const man) (const woman)))
 
 (defun org-man-open (path _)
   "Visit the manpage on PATH.
 PATH should be a topic that can be thrown at the man command."
   (funcall org-man-command path))
 
 (defun org-man-store-link ()
   "Store a link to a man page."
   (when (memq major-mode '(Man-mode woman-mode))
     ;; This is a man page, we do make this link.
     (let* ((page (org-man-get-page-name))
            (link (concat "man:" page))
            (description (format "Man page for %s" page)))
       (org-link-store-props
        :type "man"
        :link link
        :description description))))
 
 (defun org-man-get-page-name ()
   "Extract the page name from the buffer name."
   ;; This works for both `Man-mode' and `woman-mode'.
   (if (string-match " \\(\\S-+\\)\\*" (buffer-name))
       (match-string 1 (buffer-name))
     (error "Cannot create link to this man page")))
 
 (defun org-man-export (link description format _)
   "Export a man page link from Org files."
   (let ((path (format "http://man.he.net/?topic=%s&section=all" link))
         (desc (or description link)))
     (pcase format
       (`html (format "<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"%s\">%s</a>" path desc))
       (`latex (format "\\href{%s}{%s}" path desc))
       (`texinfo (format "@uref{%s,%s}" path desc))
       (`ascii (format "%s (%s)" desc path))
       (t path))))
 
 (provide ol-man)
 ;;; ol-man.el ends here
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 To activate links to man pages in Org, enter this in the Emacs init
 file:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (require 'ol-man)
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 A review of =ol-man.el=:
 
 1. First, =(require 'ol)= ensures that =ol.el= is loaded.
 
 2.
 
    #+findex: org-link-set-parameters
    #+vindex: org-link-parameters
    Then ~org-link-set-parameters~ defines a new link type with =man=
    prefix and associates functions for following, exporting and
    storing such links.  See the variable ~org-link-parameters~ for
    a complete list of possible associations.
 
 3. The rest of the file implements necessary variables and functions.
 
    For example, ~org-man-store-link~ is responsible for storing a link
    when ~org-store-link~ (see [[*Handling Links]]) is called from a buffer
    displaying a man page.  It first checks if the major mode is
    appropriate.  If check fails, the function returns ~nil~, which
    means it isn't responsible for creating a link to the current
    buffer.  Otherwise the function makes a link string by combining
    the =man:= prefix with the man topic.  It also provides a default
    description.  The function ~org-insert-link~ can insert it back
    into an Org buffer later on.
 
 ** Adding Export Back-ends
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How to write new export back-ends.
 :END:
 #+cindex: Export, writing back-ends
 
 Org's export engine makes it easy for writing new back-ends.  The
 framework on which the engine was built makes it easy to derive new
 back-ends from existing ones.
 
 #+findex: org-export-define-backend
 #+findex: org-export-define-derived-backend
 The two main entry points to the export engine are:
 ~org-export-define-backend~ and ~org-export-define-derived-backend~.
 To grok these functions, see =ox-latex.el= for an example of defining
 a new back-end from scratch, and =ox-beamer.el= for an example of
 deriving from an existing engine.
 
 For creating a new back-end from scratch, first set its name as
 a symbol in an alist consisting of elements and export functions.  To
 make the back-end visible to the export dispatcher, set ~:menu-entry~
 keyword.  For export options specific to this back-end, set the
 ~:options-alist~.
 
 For creating a new back-end from an existing one, set
 ~:translate-alist~ to an alist of export functions.  This alist
 replaces the parent back-end functions.
 
 For complete documentation, see [[https://orgmode.org/worg/dev/org-export-reference.html][the Org Export Reference on Worg]].
 
 ** Tables in Arbitrary Syntax
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Orgtbl for LaTeX and other programs.
 :END:
 #+cindex: tables, in other modes
 #+cindex: lists, in other modes
 #+cindex: Orgtbl mode
 
 Due to Org's success in handling tables with Orgtbl, a frequently
 requested feature is the use of Org's table functions in other modes,
 e.g., LaTeX.  This would be hard to do in a general way without
 complicated customization nightmares.  Moreover, that would take Org
 away from its simplicity roots that Orgtbl has proven.  There is,
 however, an alternate approach to accomplishing the same.
 
 This approach involves implementing a custom /translate/ function that
 operates on a native Org /source table/ to produce a table in another
 format.  This strategy would keep the excellently working Orgtbl
 simple and isolate complications, if any, confined to the translate
 function.  To add more alien table formats, we just add more translate
 functions.  Also the burden of developing custom translate functions
 for new table formats is in the hands of those who know those formats
 best.
 
 *** Radio tables
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Sending and receiving radio tables.
 :END:
 #+cindex: radio tables
 
 Radio tables are target locations for translated tables that are not near
 their source.  Org finds the target location and inserts the translated
 table.
 
 The key to finding the target location is the magic words =BEGIN/END
 RECEIVE ORGTBL=.  They have to appear as comments in the current mode.
 If the mode is C, then:
 
 #+begin_example
 /* BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL table_name */
 /* END RECEIVE ORGTBL table_name */
 #+end_example
 
 At the location of source, Org needs a special line to direct Orgtbl
 to translate and to find the target for inserting the translated
 table.  For example:
 
 #+cindex: @samp{ORGTBL}, keyword
 : #+ORGTBL: SEND table_name translation_function arguments ...
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 =table_name= is the table's reference name, which is also used in the
 receiver lines, and the =translation_function= is the Lisp function
 that translates.  This line, in addition, may also contain alternating
 key and value arguments at the end.  The translation function gets
 these values as a property list.  A few standard parameters are
 already recognized and acted upon before the translation function is
 called:
 
 - =:skip N= ::
 
   Skip the first N lines of the table.  Hlines do count; include them
   if they are to be skipped.
 
 - =:skipcols (n1 n2 ...)= ::
 
   List of columns to be skipped.  First Org automatically discards
   columns with calculation marks and then sends the table to the
   translator function, which then skips columns as specified in
   =skipcols=.
 
 To keep the source table intact in the buffer without being disturbed
 when the source file is compiled or otherwise being worked on, use one
 of these strategies:
 
 - Place the table in a block comment.  For example, in C mode you
   could wrap the table between =/*= and =*/= lines.
 
 - Put the table after an "end" statement.  For example ~\bye~ in TeX
   and ~\end{document}~ in LaTeX.
 
 - Comment and un-comment each line of the table during edits.  The
   {{{kbd(M-x orgtbl-toggle-comment)}}} command makes toggling easy.
 
 *** A LaTeX example of radio tables
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Step by step, almost a tutorial.
 :ALT_TITLE: A LaTeX example
 :END:
 #+cindex: @LaTeX{}, and Orgtbl mode
 
 To wrap a source table in LaTeX, use the =comment= environment
 provided by =comment.sty=[fn:156].  To activate it, put
 ~\usepackage{comment}~ in the document header.  Orgtbl mode inserts
 a radio table skeleton[fn:157] with the command {{{kbd(M-x
 orgtbl-insert-radio-table)}}}, which prompts for a table name.  For
 example, if =salesfigures= is the name, the template inserts:
 
 #+begin_example
 % BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
 % END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
 \begin{comment}
 ,#+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex
 | | |
 \end{comment}
 #+end_example
 
 #+vindex: LaTeX-verbatim-environments
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 The line =#+ORGTBL: SEND= tells Orgtbl mode to use the function
 ~orgtbl-to-latex~ to convert the table to LaTeX format, then insert
 the table at the target (receive) location named =salesfigures=.  Now
 the table is ready for data entry.  It can even use spreadsheet
 features[fn:158]:
 
 #+begin_example
 % BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
 % END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
 \begin{comment}
 ,#+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex
 | Month | Days | Nr sold | per day |
 |-------+------+---------+---------|
 | Jan   |   23 |      55 |     2.4 |
 | Feb   |   21 |      16 |     0.8 |
 | March |   22 |     278 |    12.6 |
 ,#+TBLFM: $4=$3/$2;%.1f
 % $ (optional extra dollar to keep Font Lock happy, see footnote)
 \end{comment}
 #+end_example
 
 After editing, {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} inserts the translated table at the
 target location, between the two marker lines.
 
 For hand-made custom tables, note that the translator needs to skip
 the first two lines of the source table.  Also the command has to
 /splice/ out the target table without the header and footer.
 
 #+begin_example
 \begin{tabular}{lrrr}
 Month & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Days} & Nr.\ sold & per day\\
 % BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
 % END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
 \end{tabular}
 %
 \begin{comment}
 ,#+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex :splice t :skip 2
 | Month | Days | Nr sold | per day |
 |-------+------+---------+---------|
 | Jan   |   23 |      55 |     2.4 |
 | Feb   |   21 |      16 |     0.8 |
 | March |   22 |     278 |    12.6 |
 ,#+TBLFM: $4=$3/$2;%.1f
 \end{comment}
 #+end_example
 
 The LaTeX translator function ~orgtbl-to-latex~ is already part of
 Orgtbl mode and uses a =tabular= environment to typeset the table and
 marks horizontal lines with ~\hline~.  For additional parameters to
 control output, see [[*Translator functions]]:
 
 - =:splice BOOLEAN= ::
 
   When {{{var(BOOLEAN}}} is non-~nil~, return only table body lines;
   i.e., not wrapped in =tabular= environment.  Default is ~nil~.
 
 - =:fmt FMT= ::
 
   Format string to warp each field.  It should contain =%s= for the
   original field value.  For example, to wrap each field value in
   dollar symbol, you could use =:fmt "$%s$"=.  Format can also wrap
   a property list with column numbers and formats, for example =:fmt
   (2 "$%s$" 4 "%s\\%%")=.  In place of a string, a function of one
   argument can be used; the function must return a formatted string.
 
 - =:efmt EFMT= ::
 
   Format numbers as exponentials.  The spec should have =%s= twice for
   inserting mantissa and exponent, for example ="%s\\times10^{%s}"=.  This
   may also be a property list with column numbers and formats, for
   example =:efmt (2 "$%s\\times10^{%s}$" 4 "$%s\\cdot10^{%s}$")=.  After
   {{{var(EFMT)}}} has been applied to a value, {{{var(FMT)}}}---see
   above---is also applied.  Functions with two arguments can be
   supplied instead of strings.  By default, no special formatting is
   applied.
 
 *** Translator functions
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Copy and modify.
 :END:
 #+cindex: HTML, and Orgtbl mode
 #+cindex: translator function
 
 #+findex: orgtbl-to-csv
 #+findex: orgtbl-to-tsv
 #+findex: orgtbl-to-latex
 #+findex: orgtbl-to-html
 #+findex: orgtbl-to-texinfo
 #+findex: orgtbl-to-unicode
 #+findex: orgtbl-to-orgtbl
 #+findex: orgtbl-to-generic
 Orgtbl mode has built-in translator functions: ~orgtbl-to-csv~
 (comma-separated values), ~orgtbl-to-tsv~ (TAB-separated values),
 ~orgtbl-to-latex~, ~orgtbl-to-html~, ~orgtbl-to-texinfo~,
 ~orgtbl-to-unicode~ and ~orgtbl-to-orgtbl~.  They use the generic
 translator, ~orgtbl-to-generic~, which delegates translations to
 various export back-ends.
 
 Properties passed to the function through the =ORGTBL SEND= line take
 precedence over properties defined inside the function.  For example,
 this overrides the default LaTeX line endings, ~\\~, with ~\\[2mm]~:
 
 : #+ORGTBL: SEND test orgtbl-to-latex :lend " \\\\[2mm]"
 
 For a new language translator, define a converter function.  It can be
 a generic function, such as shown in this example.  It marks
 a beginning and ending of a table with =!BTBL!= and =!ETBL!=;
 a beginning and ending of lines with =!BL!= and =!EL!=; and uses a TAB
 for a field separator:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (defun orgtbl-to-language (table params)
   "Convert the orgtbl-mode TABLE to language."
   (orgtbl-to-generic
    table
    (org-combine-plists
     '(:tstart "!BTBL!" :tend "!ETBL!" :lstart "!BL!" :lend "!EL!" :sep "\t")
     params)))
 #+end_src
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 The documentation for the ~orgtbl-to-generic~ function shows
 a complete list of parameters, each of which can be passed through to
 ~orgtbl-to-latex~, ~orgtbl-to-texinfo~, and any other function using
 that generic function.
 
 For complicated translations the generic translator function could be
 replaced by a custom translator function.  Such a custom function must
 take two arguments and return a single string containing the formatted
 table.  The first argument is the table whose lines are a list of
 fields or the symbol ~hline~.  The second argument is the property
 list consisting of parameters specified in the =#+ORGTBL: SEND= line.
 Please share your translator functions by posting them to the Org
 users mailing list, at mailto:emacs-orgmode@gnu.org.
 
 ** Dynamic Blocks
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Automatically filled blocks.
 :END:
 #+cindex: dynamic blocks
 
 Org supports /dynamic blocks/ in Org documents.  They are inserted
 with begin and end markers like any other code block, but the contents
 are updated automatically by a user function.
 
 #+kindex: C-c C-x x
 #+findex: org-dynamic-block-insert-dblock
 You can insert a dynamic block with ~org-dynamic-block-insert-dblock~,
 which is bound to {{{kbd(C-c C-x x)}}} by default.  For example,
 {{{kbd(C-c C-x x c l o c k t a b l e RET)}}} inserts a table that
 updates the work time (see [[*Clocking Work Time]]).
 
 Dynamic blocks can have names and function parameters.  The syntax is
 similar to source code block specifications:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN: myblock :parameter1 value1 :parameter2 value2 ...
   ...
 ,#+END:
 #+end_example
 
 These commands update dynamic blocks:
 
 - {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-u)}}} (~org-dblock-update~) ::
 
   #+kindex: C-c C-x C-u
   #+findex: org-dblock-update
   Update dynamic block at point.
 
 - {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-x C-u)}}} ::
 
   #+kindex: C-u C-c C-x C-u
   Update all dynamic blocks in the current file.
 
 Before updating a dynamic block, Org removes content between the
 =BEGIN= and =END= markers.  Org then reads the parameters on the
 =BEGIN= line for passing to the writer function as a plist.  The
 previous content of the dynamic block becomes erased from the buffer
 and appended to the plist under ~:content~.
 
 The syntax for naming a writer function with a dynamic block labeled
 =myblock= is: ~org-dblock-write:myblock~.
 
 The following is an example of a dynamic block and a block writer function
 that updates the time when the function was last run:
 
 #+begin_example
 ,#+BEGIN: block-update-time :format "on %m/%d/%Y at %H:%M"
   ...
 ,#+END:
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 The dynamic block's writer function:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (defun org-dblock-write:block-update-time (params)
   (let ((fmt (or (plist-get params :format) "%d. %m. %Y")))
     (insert "Last block update at: "
             (format-time-string fmt))))
 #+end_src
 
 To keep dynamic blocks up-to-date in an Org file, use the function,
 ~org-update-all-dblocks~ in hook, such as ~before-save-hook~.  The
 ~org-update-all-dblocks~ function does not run if the file is not in
 Org mode.
 
 #+findex: org-narrow-to-block
 Dynamic blocks, like any other block, can be narrowed with
 ~org-narrow-to-block~.
 
 ** Special Agenda Views
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Customized views.
 :END:
 #+cindex: agenda views, user-defined
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-function
 #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-function-global
 Org provides a special hook to further limit items in agenda views:
 ~agenda~, ~agenda*~[fn:159], ~todo~, ~alltodo~, ~tags~, ~tags-todo~,
 ~tags-tree~.  Specify a custom function that tests inclusion of every
 matched item in the view.  This function can also skip as much as is
 needed.
 
 For a global condition applicable to agenda views, use the
 ~org-agenda-skip-function-global~ variable.  Org uses a global
 condition with ~org-agenda-skip-function~ for custom searching.
 
 This example defines a function for a custom view showing TODO items
 with =waiting= status.  Manually this is a multi-step search process,
 but with a custom view, this can be automated as follows:
 
 The custom function searches the subtree for the =waiting= tag and
 returns ~nil~ on match.  Otherwise it gives the location from where
 the search continues.
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (defun my-skip-unless-waiting ()
   "Skip trees that are not waiting"
   (let ((subtree-end (save-excursion (org-end-of-subtree t))))
     (if (re-search-forward ":waiting:" subtree-end t)
         nil          ; tag found, do not skip
       subtree-end))) ; tag not found, continue after end of subtree
 #+end_src
 
 To use this custom function in a custom agenda command:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (org-add-agenda-custom-command
  '("b" todo "PROJECT"
    ((org-agenda-skip-function 'my-skip-unless-waiting)
     (org-agenda-overriding-header "Projects waiting for something: "))))
 #+end_src
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-overriding-header
 Note that this also binds ~org-agenda-overriding-header~ to a more
 meaningful string suitable for the agenda view.
 
 #+vindex: org-odd-levels-only
 #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-function
 Search for entries with a limit set on levels for the custom search.
 This is a general approach to creating custom searches in Org.  To
 include all levels, use =LEVEL>0=[fn:160].  Then to selectively pick
 the matched entries, use ~org-agenda-skip-function~, which also
 accepts Lisp forms, such as ~org-agenda-skip-entry-if~ and
 ~org-agenda-skip-subtree-if~.  For example:
 
 - =(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'scheduled)= ::
 
   Skip current entry if it has been scheduled.
 
 - =(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'notscheduled)= ::
 
   Skip current entry if it has not been scheduled.
 
 - =(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'deadline)= ::
 
   Skip current entry if it has a deadline.
 
 - =(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'scheduled 'deadline)= ::
 
   Skip current entry if it has a deadline, or if it is scheduled.
 
 - =(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'todo '("TODO" "WAITING"))= ::
 
   Skip current entry if the TODO keyword is TODO or WAITING.
 
 - =(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'todo 'done)= ::
 
   Skip current entry if the TODO keyword marks a DONE state.
 
 - =(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'timestamp)= ::
 
   Skip current entry if it has any timestamp, may also be deadline or
   scheduled.
 
 - =(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'regexp "regular expression")= ::
 
   Skip current entry if the regular expression matches in the entry.
 
 - =(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'notregexp "regular expression")= ::
 
   Skip current entry unless the regular expression matches.
 
 - =(org-agenda-skip-subtree-if 'regexp "regular expression")= ::
 
   Same as above, but check and skip the entire subtree.
 
 The following is an example of a search for =waiting= without the
 special function:
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (org-add-agenda-custom-command
  '("b" todo "PROJECT"
    ((org-agenda-skip-function '(org-agenda-skip-subtree-if
                                 'regexp ":waiting:"))
     (org-agenda-overriding-header "Projects waiting for something: "))))
 #+end_src
 
 ** Speeding Up Your Agendas
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Tips on how to speed up your agendas.
 :END:
 #+cindex: agenda views, optimization
 
 Some agenda commands slow down when the Org files grow in size or
 number.  Here are tips to speed up:
 
 - Reduce the number of Org agenda files to avoid slowdowns due to hard drive
   accesses.
 
 - Reduce the number of DONE and archived headlines so agenda
   operations that skip over these can finish faster.
 
 - Do not dim blocked tasks:
   #+vindex: org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (setq org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks nil)
   #+end_src
 
 - Stop preparing agenda buffers on startup:
   #+vindex: org-startup-folded
   #+vindex: org-agenda-inhibit-startup
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (setq org-agenda-inhibit-startup t)
   #+end_src
 
 - Disable tag inheritance for agendas:
   #+vindex: org-agenda-show-inherited-tags
   #+vindex: org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance
 
   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (setq org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance nil)
   #+end_src
 
 These options can be applied to selected agenda views.  For more
 details about generation of agenda views, see the docstrings for the
 relevant variables, and this [[https://orgmode.org/worg/agenda-optimization.html][dedicated Worg page]] for agenda
 optimization.
 
 ** Extracting Agenda Information
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Post-processing agenda information.
 :END:
 #+cindex: agenda, pipe
 #+cindex: scripts, for agenda processing
 
 Org provides commands to access agendas through Emacs batch mode.
 Through this command-line interface, agendas are automated for further
 processing or printing.
 
 #+vindex: org-agenda-custom-commands
 #+findex: org-batch-agenda
 ~org-batch-agenda~ creates an agenda view in ASCII and outputs to
 standard output.  This command takes one string parameter.  When
 string consists of a single character, Org uses it as a key to
 ~org-agenda-custom-commands~.  These are the same ones available
 through the agenda dispatcher (see [[*The Agenda Dispatcher]]).
 
 This example command line directly prints the TODO list to the printer:
 
 : emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs -eval '(org-batch-agenda "t")' | lpr
 
 When the string parameter length is two or more characters, Org
 matches it with tags/TODO strings.  For example, this example command
 line prints items tagged with =shop=, but excludes items tagged with
 =NewYork=:
 
 #+begin_example
 emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs                                      \
       -eval '(org-batch-agenda "+shop-NewYork")' | lpr
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 An example showing on-the-fly parameter modifications:
 
 #+begin_example
 emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs                                      \
    -eval '(org-batch-agenda "a"                               \
            org-agenda-span (quote month)                      \
            org-agenda-include-diary nil                       \
            org-agenda-files (quote ("~/org/project.org")))'   \
    | lpr
 #+end_example
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 which produces an agenda for the next 30 days from just the
 =~/org/projects.org= file.
 
 #+findex: org-batch-agenda-csv
 For structured processing of agenda output, use ~org-batch-agenda-csv~
 with the following fields:
 
 - category :: The category of the item
 - head :: The headline, without TODO keyword, TAGS and PRIORITY
 - type :: The type of the agenda entry, can be
 
   | ~todo~              | selected in TODO match              |
   | ~tagsmatch~         | selected in tags match              |
   | ~diary~             | imported from diary                 |
   | ~deadline~          | a deadline                          |
   | ~scheduled~         | scheduled                           |
   | ~timestamp~         | appointment, selected by timestamp  |
   | ~closed~            | entry was closed on date            |
   | ~upcoming-deadline~ | warning about nearing deadline      |
   | ~past-scheduled~    | forwarded scheduled item            |
   | ~block~             | entry has date block including date |
 
 - todo :: The TODO keyword, if any
 - tags :: All tags including inherited ones, separated by colons
 - date :: The relevant date, like =2007-2-14=
 - time :: The time, like =15:00-16:50=
 - extra :: String with extra planning info
 - priority-l :: The priority letter if any was given
 - priority-n :: The computed numerical priority
 
 If the selection of the agenda item was based on a timestamp,
 including those items with =DEADLINE= and =SCHEDULED= keywords, then
 Org includes date and time in the output.
 
 If the selection of the agenda item was based on a timestamp  (or
 deadline/scheduled), then Org includes date and time in the output.
 
 Here is an example of a post-processing script in Perl.  It takes the
 CSV output from Emacs and prints with a checkbox:
 
 #+begin_src perl
 #!/usr/bin/perl
 
 # define the Emacs command to run
 $cmd = "emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs -eval '(org-batch-agenda-csv \"t\")'";
 
 # run it and capture the output
 $agenda = qx{$cmd 2>/dev/null};
 
 # loop over all lines
 foreach $line (split(/\n/,$agenda)) {
     # get the individual values
     ($category,$head,$type,$todo,$tags,$date,$time,$extra,
      $priority_l,$priority_n) = split(/,/,$line);
     # process and print
     print "[ ] $head\n";
 }
 #+end_src
 
 ** Using the Property API
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Writing programs that use entry properties.
 :END:
 #+cindex: API, for properties
 #+cindex: properties, API
 
 Here is a description of the functions that can be used to work with
 properties.
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-properties &optional pom which
 #+begin_defun
 Get all properties of the entry at point-or-marker {{{var(POM)}}}.
 This includes the TODO keyword, the tags, time strings for deadline,
 scheduled, and clocking, and any additional properties defined in the
 entry.  The return value is an alist.  Keys may occur multiple times
 if the property key was used several times.  {{{var(POM)}}} may also
 be ~nil~, in which case the current entry is used.  If
 {{{var(WHICH)}}} is ~nil~ or ~all~, get all properties.  If
 {{{var(WHICH)}}} is ~special~ or ~standard~, only get that subclass.
 #+end_defun
 
 #+vindex: org-use-property-inheritance
 #+findex: org-insert-property-drawer
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-get pom property &optional inherit
 #+begin_defun
 Get value of {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} for entry at point-or-marker
 {{{var(POM)}}}.  By default, this only looks at properties defined
 locally in the entry.  If {{{var(INHERIT)}}} is non-~nil~ and the
 entry does not have the property, then also check higher levels of the
 hierarchy.  If {{{var(INHERIT)}}} is the symbol ~selective~, use
 inheritance if and only if the setting of
 ~org-use-property-inheritance~ selects {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} for
 inheritance.
 #+end_defun
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-delete pom property
 #+begin_defun
 Delete the property {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} from entry at point-or-marker
 {{{var(POM)}}}.
 #+end_defun
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-put pom property value
 #+begin_defun
 Set {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} to {{{var(VALUES)}}} for entry at
 point-or-marker POM.
 #+end_defun
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-buffer-property-keys &optional include-specials
 #+begin_defun
 Get all property keys in the current buffer.
 #+end_defun
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-insert-property-drawer
 #+begin_defun
 Insert a property drawer for the current entry.  Also
 #+end_defun
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-put-multivalued-property pom property &rest values
 #+begin_defun
 Set {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} at point-or-marker {{{var(POM)}}} to
 {{{var(VALUES)}}}.  {{{var(VALUES)}}} should be a list of strings.
 They are concatenated, with spaces as separators.
 #+end_defun
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-get-multivalued-property pom property
 #+begin_defun
 Treat the value of the property {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} as
 a whitespace-separated list of values and return the values as a list
 of strings.
 #+end_defun
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-add-to-multivalued-property pom property value
 #+begin_defun
 Treat the value of the property {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} as
 a whitespace-separated list of values and make sure that
 {{{var(VALUE)}}} is in this list.
 #+end_defun
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-remove-from-multivalued-property pom property value
 #+begin_defun
 Treat the value of the property {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} as
 a whitespace-separated list of values and make sure that
 {{{var(VALUE)}}} is /not/ in this list.
 #+end_defun
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-member-in-multivalued-property pom property value
 #+begin_defun
 Treat the value of the property {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} as
 a whitespace-separated list of values and check if {{{var(VALUE)}}} is
 in this list.
 #+end_defun
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-property-allowed-value-functions
 #+begin_defopt
 Hook for functions supplying allowed values for a specific property.
 The functions must take a single argument, the name of the property,
 and return a flat list of allowed values.  If =:ETC= is one of the
 values, use the values as completion help, but allow also other values
 to be entered.  The functions must return ~nil~ if they are not
 responsible for this property.
 #+end_defopt
 
 ** Using the Mapping API
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Mapping over all or selected entries.
 :END:
 #+cindex: API, for mapping
 #+cindex: mapping entries, API
 
 Org has sophisticated mapping capabilities to find all entries
 satisfying certain criteria.  Internally, this functionality is used
 to produce agenda views, but there is also an API that can be used to
 execute arbitrary functions for each or selected entries.  The main
 entry point for this API is:
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-map-entries func &optional match scope &rest skip
 #+begin_defun
 Call {{{var(FUNC)}}} at each headline selected by {{{var(MATCH)}}} in
 {{{var(SCOPE)}}}.
 
 {{{var(FUNC)}}} is a function or a Lisp form.  With point positioned
 at the beginning of the headline, call the function without arguments.
 Org returns an alist of return values of calls to the function.
 
 To avoid preserving point, Org wraps the call to {{{var(FUNC)}}} in
 ~save-excursion~ form.  After evaluation, Org moves point to the end
 of the line that was just processed.  Search continues from that point
 forward.  This may not always work as expected under some conditions,
 such as if the current sub-tree was removed by a previous archiving
 operation.  In such rare circumstances, Org skips the next entry
 entirely when it should not.  To stop Org from such skips, make
 {{{var(FUNC)}}} set the variable ~org-map-continue-from~ to a specific
 buffer position.
 
 {{{var(MATCH)}}} is a tags/property/TODO match.  Org iterates only
 matched headlines.  Org iterates over all headlines when
 {{{var(MATCH)}}} is ~nil~ or ~t~.
 
 {{{var(SCOPE)}}} determines the scope of this command.  It can be any
 of:
 
 - ~nil~ ::
 
   The current buffer, respecting the restriction, if any.
 
 - ~tree~ ::
 
   The subtree started with the entry at point.
 
 - ~region~ ::
 
   The entries within the active region, if any.
 
 - ~file~ ::
 
   The current buffer, without restriction.
 
 - ~file-with-archives~ ::
 
   The current buffer, and any archives associated with it.
 
 - ~agenda~ ::
 
   All agenda files.
 
 - ~agenda-with-archives~ ::
 
   All agenda files with any archive files associated with them.
 
 - list of filenames ::
 
   If this is a list, all files in the list are scanned.
 
 #+texinfo: @noindent
 The remaining arguments are treated as settings for the scanner's
 skipping facilities.  Valid arguments are:
 
 - ~archive~ ::
 
   Skip trees with the =ARCHIVE= tag.
 
 - ~comment~ ::
 
   Skip trees with the COMMENT keyword.
 
 - function or Lisp form ::
 
   #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-function
   Used as value for ~org-agenda-skip-function~, so whenever the
   function returns ~t~, {{{var(FUNC)}}} is called for that entry and
   search continues from the point where the function leaves it.
 #+end_defun
 
 The mapping routine can call any arbitrary function, even functions
 that change meta data or query the property API (see [[*Using the
 Property API]]).  Here are some handy functions:
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-todo &optional arg
 #+begin_defun
 Change the TODO state of the entry.  See the docstring of the
 functions for the many possible values for the argument
 {{{var(ARG)}}}.
 #+end_defun
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-priority &optional action
 #+begin_defun
 Change the priority of the entry.  See the docstring of this function
 for the possible values for {{{var(ACTION)}}}.
 #+end_defun
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-toggle-tag tag &optional onoff
 #+begin_defun
 Toggle the tag {{{var(TAG)}}} in the current entry.  Setting
 {{{var(ONOFF)}}} to either ~on~ or ~off~ does not toggle tag, but
 ensure that it is either on or off.
 #+end_defun
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-promote
 #+begin_defun
 Promote the current entry.
 #+end_defun
 
 #+attr_texinfo: :options org-demote
 #+begin_defun
 Demote the current entry.
 #+end_defun
 
 This example turns all entries tagged with =TOMORROW= into TODO
 entries with keyword =UPCOMING=.  Org ignores entries in comment trees
 and archive trees.
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (org-map-entries '(org-todo "UPCOMING")
                  "+TOMORROW" 'file 'archive 'comment)
 #+end_src
 
 The following example counts the number of entries with TODO keyword
 =WAITING=, in all agenda files.
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
 (length (org-map-entries t "/+WAITING" 'agenda))
 #+end_src
 
 * History and Acknowledgments
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: How Org came into being.
 :APPENDIX: t
 :END:
 
 ** From Carsten
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 Org was born in 2003, out of frustration over the user interface of
 the Emacs Outline mode.  I was trying to organize my notes and
 projects, and using Emacs seemed to be the natural way to go.
 However, having to remember eleven different commands with two or
 three keys per command, only to hide and show parts of the outline
 tree, that seemed entirely unacceptable to me.  Also, when using
 outlines to take notes, I constantly wanted to restructure the tree,
 organizing it parallel to my thoughts and plans.  /Visibility cycling/
 and /structure editing/ were originally implemented in the package
 =outline-magic.el=, but quickly moved to the more general =org.el=.
 As this environment became comfortable for project planning, the next
 step was adding /TODO entries/, basic /timestamps/, and /table
 support/.  These areas highlighted the two main goals that Org still
 has today: to be a new, outline-based, plain text mode with innovative
 and intuitive editing features, and to incorporate project planning
 functionality directly into a notes file.
 
 Since the first release, literally thousands of emails to me or to the
 [[mailto:emacs-orgmode@gnu.org][mailing list]] have provided a constant stream of bug reports, feedback,
 new ideas, and sometimes patches and add-on code.  Many thanks to
 everyone who has helped to improve this package.  I am trying to keep
 here a list of the people who had significant influence in shaping one
 or more aspects of Org.  The list may not be complete, if I have
 forgotten someone, please accept my apologies and let me know.
 
 Before I get to this list, a few special mentions are in order:
 
 - Bastien Guerry ::
 
   Bastien has written a large number of extensions to Org (most of
   them integrated into the core by now), including the LaTeX exporter
   and the plain list parser.  His support during the early days was
   central to the success of this project.  Bastien also invented Worg,
   helped establishing the Web presence of Org, and sponsored hosting
   costs for the orgmode.org website.  Bastien stepped in as maintainer
   of Org between 2011 and 2013, at a time when I desperately needed
   a break.
 
 - Eric Schulte and Dan Davison ::
 
   Eric and Dan are jointly responsible for the Org Babel system, which
   turns Org into a multi-language environment for evaluating code and
   doing literate programming and reproducible research.  This has
   become one of Org's killer features that define what Org is today.
 
 - John Wiegley ::
 
   John has contributed a number of great ideas and patches directly to
   Org, including the attachment system (=org-attach.el=), integration
   with Apple Mail (=org-mac-message.el=), hierarchical dependencies of
   TODO items, habit tracking (=org-habits.el=), and encryption
   (=org-crypt.el=).  Also, the capture system is really an extended
   copy of his great =remember.el=.
 
 - Sebastian Rose ::
 
   Without Sebastian, the HTML/XHTML publishing of Org would be the
   pitiful work of an ignorant amateur.  Sebastian has pushed this part
   of Org onto a much higher level.  He also wrote =org-info.js=,
   a JavaScript program for displaying webpages derived from Org using
   an Info-like or a folding interface with single-key navigation.
 
 See below for the full list of contributions!  Again, please let me
 know what I am missing here!
 
 ** From Bastien
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 I (Bastien) have been maintaining Org between 2011 and 2013.  This
 appendix would not be complete without adding a few more
 acknowledgments and thanks.
 
 I am first grateful to Carsten for his trust while handing me over the
 maintainership of Org.  His unremitting support is what really helped
 me getting more confident over time, with both the community and the
 code.
 
 When I took over maintainership, I knew I would have to make Org more
 collaborative than ever, as I would have to rely on people that are
 more knowledgeable than I am on many parts of the code.  Here is
 a list of the persons I could rely on, they should really be
 considered co-maintainers, either of the code or the community:
 
 - Eric Schulte ::
 
   Eric is maintaining the Babel parts of Org.  His reactivity here
   kept me away from worrying about possible bugs here and let me focus
   on other parts.
 
 - Nicolas Goaziou ::
 
   Nicolas is maintaining the consistency of the deepest parts of Org.
   His work on =org-element.el= and =ox.el= has been outstanding, and
   it opened the doors for many new ideas and features.  He rewrote
   many of the old exporters to use the new export engine, and helped
   with documenting this major change.  More importantly (if that's
   possible), he has been more than reliable during all the work done
   for Org 8.0, and always very reactive on the mailing list.
 
 - Achim Gratz ::
 
   Achim rewrote the building process of Org, turning some /ad hoc/
   tools into a flexible and conceptually clean process.  He patiently
   coped with the many hiccups that such a change can create for users.
 
 - Nick Dokos ::
 
   The Org mode mailing list would not be such a nice place without
   Nick, who patiently helped users so many times.  It is impossible to
   overestimate such a great help, and the list would not be so active
   without him.
 
 I received support from so many users that it is clearly impossible to
 be fair when shortlisting a few of them, but Org's history would not
 be complete if the ones above were not mentioned in this manual.
 
 ** List of Contributions
 :PROPERTIES:
 :UNNUMBERED: notoc
 :END:
 
 - Russell Adams came up with the idea for drawers.
 
 - Thomas Baumann wrote =ol-bbdb.el= and =ol-mhe.el=.
 
 - Christophe Bataillon created the great unicorn logo that we use on
   the Org mode website.
 
 - Alex Bochannek provided a patch for rounding timestamps.
 
 - Jan Böcker wrote =ol-docview.el=.
 
 - Brad Bozarth showed how to pull RSS feed data into Org files.
 
 - Tom Breton wrote =org-choose.el=.
 
 - Charles Cave's suggestion sparked the implementation of templates
   for Remember, which are now templates for capture.
 
 - Timothy E Chapman worked on a complete overhaul of the orgmode.org
   website in 2020 and helped fixing various bugs.
 
 - Pavel Chalmoviansky influenced the agenda treatment of items with
   specified time.
 
 - Gregory Chernov patched support for Lisp forms into table
   calculations and improved XEmacs compatibility, in particular by
   porting =nouline.el= to XEmacs.
 
 - Sacha Chua suggested copying some linking code from Planner.
 
 - Baoqiu Cui contributed the DocBook exporter.
 
 - Eddward DeVilla proposed and tested checkbox statistics.  He also
   came up with the idea of properties, and that there should be an API
   for them.
 
 - Nick Dokos tracked down several nasty bugs.
 
 - Kees Dullemond used to edit projects lists directly in HTML and so
   inspired some of the early development, including HTML export.  He
   also asked for a way to narrow wide table columns.
 
 - Thomas\nbsp{}S.\nbsp{}Dye contributed documentation on Worg and helped
   integrating the Org Babel documentation into the manual.
 
 - Christian Egli converted the documentation into Texinfo format,
   inspired the agenda, patched CSS formatting into the HTML exporter,
   and wrote =org-taskjuggler.el=.
 
 - David Emery provided a patch for custom CSS support in exported HTML
   agendas.
 
 - Nic Ferrier contributed mailcap and XOXO support.
 
 - Miguel\nbsp{}A.\nbsp{}Figueroa-Villanueva implemented hierarchical checkboxes.
 
 - John Foerch figured out how to make incremental search show context
   around a match in a hidden outline tree.
 
 - Raimar Finken wrote =org-git-line.el=.
 
 - Mikael Fornius works as a mailing list moderator.
 
 - Austin Frank works as a mailing list moderator.
 
 - Eric Fraga drove the development of Beamer export with ideas and
   testing.
 
 - Barry Gidden did proofreading the manual in preparation for the book
   publication through Network Theory Ltd.
 
 - Niels Giesen had the idea to automatically archive DONE trees.
 
 - Nicolas Goaziou rewrote much of the plain list code.
 
 - Kai Grossjohann pointed out key-binding conflicts with other
   packages.
 
 - Brian Gough of Network Theory Ltd publishes the Org mode manual as
   a book.
 
 - Bernt Hansen has driven much of the support for auto-repeating
   tasks, task state change logging, and the clocktable.  His clear
   explanations have been critical when we started to adopt the Git
   version control system.
 
 - Manuel Hermenegildo has contributed various ideas, small fixes and
   patches.
 
 - Phil Jackson wrote =ol-irc.el=.
 
 - Scott Jaderholm proposed footnotes, control over whitespace between
   folded entries, and column view for properties.
 
 - Matt Jones wrote MobileOrg Android.
 
 - Tokuya Kameshima wrote =org-wl.el= and =org-mew.el=.
 
 - Shidai Liu ("Leo") asked for embedded LaTeX and tested it.  He also
   provided frequent feedback and some patches.
 
 - Matt Lundin has proposed last-row references for table formulas and
   named invisible anchors.  He has also worked a lot on the FAQ.
 
 - David Maus wrote =org-atom.el=, maintains the issues file for Org,
   and is a prolific contributor on the mailing list with competent
   replies, small fixes and patches.
 
 - Jason\nbsp{}F.\nbsp{}McBrayer suggested agenda export to CSV format.
 
 - Kyle Meyer helped setting up the [[https://public-inbox.org/][public-inbox]] archive of the [[https://orgmode.org/list/][Org
   mailing list]] and has been fixing many bugs.
 
 - Max Mikhanosha came up with the idea of refiling.
 
 - Dmitri Minaev sent a patch to set priority limits on a per-file
   basis.
 
 - Stefan Monnier provided a patch to keep the Emacs Lisp compiler
   happy.
 
 - Richard Moreland wrote MobileOrg for the iPhone.
 
 - Rick Moynihan proposed allowing multiple TODO sequences in a file
   and being able to quickly restrict the agenda to a subtree.
 
 - Todd Neal provided patches for links to Info files and Elisp forms.
 
 - Greg Newman refreshed the unicorn logo into its current form.
 
 - Tim O'Callaghan suggested in-file links, search options for general
   file links, and tags.
 
 - Osamu Okano wrote =orgcard2ref.pl=, a Perl program to create a text
   version of the reference card.
 
 - Takeshi Okano translated the manual and David O'Toole's tutorial
   into Japanese.
 
 - Oliver Oppitz suggested multi-state TODO items.
 
 - Scott Otterson sparked the introduction of descriptive text for
   links, among other things.
 
 - Pete Phillips helped during the development of the TAGS feature,
   and provided frequent feedback.
 
 - Martin Pohlack provided the code snippet to bundle character
   insertion into bundles of 20 for undo.
 
 - Ihor Radchenko helped with fixing bugs and improving the user
   experience regarding Org's speed.
 
 - T.\nbsp{}V.\nbsp{}Raman reported bugs and suggested improvements.
 
 - Matthias Rempe (Oelde) provided ideas, Windows support, and quality
   control.
 
 - Paul Rivier provided the basic implementation of named footnotes.
   He also acted as mailing list moderator for some time.
 
 - Kevin Rogers contributed code to access VM files on remote hosts.
 
 - Frank Ruell solved the mystery of the =keymapp nil= bug, a conflict
   with =allout.el=.
 
 - Jason Riedy generalized the send-receive mechanism for Orgtbl
   tables with extensive patches.
 
 - Philip Rooke created the Org reference card, provided lots of
   feedback, developed and applied standards to the Org documentation.
 
 - Christian Schlauer proposed angular brackets around links, among
   other things.
 
 - Paul Sexton wrote =org-ctags.el=.
 
 - Tom Shannon's =organizer-mode.el= inspired linking to VM/BBDB/Gnus.
 
 - Ilya Shlyakhter proposed the Archive Sibling, line numbering in
   literal examples, and remote highlighting for referenced code lines.
 
 - Stathis Sideris wrote the =ditaa.jar= ASCII to PNG converter that is
   now packaged into the [[https://git.sr.ht/~bzg/org-contrib][org-contrib]] repository.
 
 - Daniel Sinder came up with the idea of internal archiving by locking
   subtrees.
 
 - Dale Smith proposed link abbreviations.
 
 - James TD Smith has contributed a large number of patches for
   useful tweaks and features.
 
 - Adam Spiers asked for global linking commands, inspired the link
   extension system, added support for Mairix, and proposed the mapping
   API.
 
 - Ulf Stegemann created the table to translate special symbols to
   HTML, LaTeX, UTF-8, Latin-1 and ASCII.
 
 - Andy Stewart contributed code to =ol-w3m.el=, to copy
   HTML content with links transformation to Org syntax.
 
 - David O'Toole wrote =org-publish.el= and drafted the
   manual chapter about publishing.
 
 - Jambunathan\nbsp{}K.\nbsp{}contributed the ODT exporter.
 
 - Sebastien Vauban reported many issues with LaTeX and Beamer export
   and enabled source code highlighting in Gnus.
 
 - Stefan Vollmar organized a video-recorded talk at the
   Max-Planck-Institute for Neurology.  He also inspired the creation
   of a concept index for HTML export.
 
 - Jürgen Vollmer contributed code generating the table of contents in
   HTML output.
 
 - Samuel Wales has provided important feedback and bug reports.
 
 - Chris Wallace provided a patch implementing the =QUOTE= block.
 
 - David Wainberg suggested archiving, and improvements to the
   linking system.
 
 - Carsten Wimmer suggested some changes and helped fix a bug in
   linking to Gnus.
 
 - Roland Winkler requested additional key bindings to make Org work on
   a TTY.
 
 - Piotr Zielinski wrote =org-mouse.el=, proposed agenda
   blocks and contributed various ideas and code snippets.
 
 - Marco Wahl wrote =ol-eww.el=.
 
 * GNU Free Documentation License
 :PROPERTIES:
 :APPENDIX: t
 :DESCRIPTION: The license for this documentation.
 :END:
 
 #+include: fdl.org
 
 * Main Index
 :PROPERTIES:
 :INDEX:    cp
 :DESCRIPTION: An index of Org's concepts and features.
 :END:
 
 * Key Index
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Key bindings and where they are described.
 :INDEX:    ky
 :END:
 
 * Command and Function Index
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Command names and some internal functions.
 :INDEX:    fn
 :END:
 
 * Variable Index
 :PROPERTIES:
 :DESCRIPTION: Variables mentioned in the manual.
 :INDEX:    vr
 :END:
 
 This is not a complete index of variables and faces, only the ones
 that are mentioned in the manual.  For a more complete list, use
 {{{kbd(M-x org-customize)}}} and then click yourself through the tree.
 
 * Copying
 :PROPERTIES:
 :copying:  t
 :END:
 
 This manual is for Org version {{{version}}}.
 
 Copyright \copy 2004--2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 
 #+begin_quote
 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being "A GNU Manual,"
 and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below.  A copy of the license
 is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License."
 
 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and
 modify this GNU manual."
 #+end_quote
 
 * Export Setup                                                          :noexport:
 
 #+setupfile: doc-setup.org
 
 #+export_file_name: org.texi
 
 #+texinfo_dir_category: Emacs editing modes
 #+texinfo_dir_title: Org Mode: (org)
 #+texinfo_dir_desc: Outline-based notes management and organizer
 
 * Footnotes
 
 [fn:1] If you do not use Font Lock globally turn it on in Org buffer
 with =(add-hook 'org-mode-hook #'turn-on-font-lock)=.
 
 [fn:2] Please consider subscribing to the mailing list in order to
 minimize the work the mailing list moderators have to do.
 
 [fn:3] See the variables ~org-special-ctrl-a/e~, ~org-special-ctrl-k~,
 and ~org-ctrl-k-protect-subtree~ to configure special behavior of
 {{{kbd(C-a)}}}, {{{kbd(C-e)}}}, and {{{kbd(C-k)}}} in headlines.  Note
 also that clocking only works with headings indented less than 30
 stars.
 
 [fn:4] See, however, the option ~org-cycle-emulate-tab~.
 
 [fn:5] The indirect buffer contains the entire buffer, but is narrowed
 to the current tree.  Editing the indirect buffer also changes the
 original buffer, but without affecting visibility in that buffer.  For
 more information about indirect buffers, see [[info:emacs#Indirect Buffers][GNU Emacs Manual]].
 
 [fn:6] When ~org-agenda-inhibit-startup~ is non-~nil~, Org does not
 honor the default visibility state when first opening a file for the
 agenda (see [[*Speeding Up Your Agendas]]).
 
 [fn:7] See also the variable ~org-show-context-detail~ to decide how
 much context is shown around each match.
 
 [fn:8] This depends on the option ~org-remove-highlights-with-change~.
 
 [fn:9] When using =*= as a bullet, lines must be indented so that they
 are not interpreted as headlines.  Also, when you are hiding leading
 stars to get a clean outline view, plain list items starting with
 a star may be hard to distinguish from true headlines.  In short: even
 though =*= is supported, it may be better to not use it for plain list
 items.
 
 [fn:10] You can filter out any of them by configuring
 ~org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator~.
 
 [fn:11] You can also get =a.=, =A.=, =a)= and =A)= by configuring
 ~org-list-allow-alphabetical~.  To minimize confusion with normal
 text, those are limited to one character only.  Beyond that limit,
 bullets automatically become numbers.
 
 [fn:12] If there's a checkbox in the item, the cookie must be put
 /before/ the checkbox.  If you have activated alphabetical lists, you
 can also use counters like =[@b]=.
 
 [fn:13] If you do not want the item to be split, customize the
 variable ~org-M-RET-may-split-line~.
 
 [fn:14] If you want to cycle around items that way, you may customize
 ~org-list-use-circular-motion~.
 
 [fn:15] See ~org-list-use-circular-motion~ for a cyclic behavior.
 
 [fn:16] Many desktops intercept {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} to switch windows.
 Use {{{kbd(C-M-i)}}} or {{{kbd(ESC TAB)}}} instead.
 
 [fn:17] To insert a vertical bar into a table field, use =\vert= or,
 inside a word =abc\vert{}def=.
 
 [fn:18] Org understands references typed by the user as =B4=, but it
 does not use this syntax when offering a formula for editing.  You can
 customize this behavior using the variable
 ~org-table-use-standard-references~.
 
 [fn:19] The computation time scales as O(N^2) because table
 {{{var(FOO)}}} is parsed for each field to be copied.
 
 [fn:20] The file =constants.el= can supply the values of constants in
 two different unit systems, =SI= and =cgs=.  Which one is used depends
 on the value of the variable ~constants-unit-system~.  You can use the
 =STARTUP= options =constSI= and =constcgs= to set this value for the
 current buffer.
 
 [fn:21] The printf reformatting is limited in precision because the
 value passed to it is converted into an "integer" or "double".  The
 "integer" is limited in size by truncating the signed value to 32
 bits.  The "double" is limited in precision to 64 bits overall which
 leaves approximately 16 significant decimal digits.
 
 [fn:22] Such names must start with an alphabetic character and use
 only alphanumeric/underscore characters.
 
 [fn:23] Plain URIs are recognized only for a well-defined set of
 schemes.  See [[*External Links]].  Unlike URI syntax, they cannot contain
 parenthesis or white spaces, either.  URIs within angle brackets have
 no such limitation.
 
 [fn:24] More accurately, the precise behavior depends on how point
 arrived there---see [[info:elisp#Invisible Text][Invisible Text]].
 
 [fn:25] To insert a link targeting a headline, in-buffer completion
 can be used.  Just type a star followed by a few optional letters into
 the buffer and press {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}}.  All headlines in the current
 buffer are offered as completions.
 
 [fn:26] When targeting a =NAME= keyword, the =CAPTION= keyword is
 mandatory in order to get proper numbering (see [[*Captions]]).
 
 [fn:27] The actual behavior of the search depends on the value of the
 variable ~org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline~.  If its value is
 ~nil~, then a fuzzy text search is done.  If it is ~t~, then only the
 exact headline is matched, ignoring spaces and statistic cookies.  If
 the value is ~query-to-create~, then an exact headline is searched; if
 it is not found, then the user is queried to create it.
 
 [fn:28] If the headline contains a timestamp, it is removed from the
 link, which results in a wrong link---you should avoid putting
 a timestamp in the headline.
 
 [fn:29] The Org Id library must first be loaded, either through
 ~org-customize~, by enabling ~id~ in ~org-modules~, or by adding
 =(require 'org-id)= in your Emacs init file.
 
 [fn:30] Note that you do not have to use this command to insert
 a link.  Links in Org are plain text, and you can type or paste them
 straight into the buffer.  By using this command, the links are
 automatically enclosed in double brackets, and you will be asked for
 the optional descriptive text.
 
 [fn:31] After insertion of a stored link, the link will be removed
 from the list of stored links.  To keep it in the list for later use,
 use a triple {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument to {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}}, or
 configure the option ~org-link-keep-stored-after-insertion~.
 
 [fn:32] This works if a function has been defined in the ~:complete~
 property of a link in ~org-link-parameters~.
 
 [fn:33] See the variable ~org-link-use-indirect-buffer-for-internals~.
 
 [fn:34] For backward compatibility, line numbers can also follow a
 single colon.
 
 [fn:35] Of course, you can make a document that contains only long
 lists of TODO items, but this is not required.
 
 [fn:36] Changing the variable ~org-todo-keywords~ only becomes
 effective after restarting Org mode in a buffer.
 
 [fn:37] This is also true for the {{{kbd(t)}}} command in the agenda
 buffer.
 
 [fn:38] All characters are allowed except =@=, =^= and =!=, which have
 a special meaning here.
 
 [fn:39] Check also the variable ~org-fast-tag-selection-include-todo~,
 it allows you to change the TODO state through the tags interface (see
 [[*Setting Tags]]), in case you like to mingle the two concepts.  Note
 that this means you need to come up with unique keys across both sets
 of keywords.
 
 [fn:40] Org mode parses these lines only when Org mode is activated
 after visiting a file.  {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with point in a line
 starting with =#+= is simply restarting Org mode for the current
 buffer.
 
 [fn:41] The corresponding in-buffer setting is: =#+STARTUP: logdone=.
 
 [fn:42] The corresponding in-buffer setting is: =#+STARTUP:
 lognotedone=.
 
 [fn:43] See the variable ~org-log-states-order-reversed~.
 
 [fn:44] Note that the =LOGBOOK= drawer is unfolded when pressing
 {{{kbd(SPC)}}} in the agenda to show an entry---use {{{kbd(C-u
 SPC)}}} to keep it folded here.
 
 [fn:45] It is possible that Org mode records two timestamps when you
 are using both ~org-log-done~ and state change logging.  However, it
 never prompts for two notes: if you have configured both, the state
 change recording note takes precedence and cancel the closing note.
 
 [fn:46] See also the option ~org-priority-start-cycle-with-default~.
 
 [fn:47] To keep subtasks out of the global TODO list, see the option
 ~org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels~.
 
 [fn:48] With the exception of description lists.  But you can allow it
 by modifying ~org-list-automatic-rules~ accordingly.
 
 [fn:49] Set the variable ~org-hierarchical-checkbox-statistics~ if you
 want such cookies to count all checkboxes below the cookie, not just
 those belonging to direct children.
 
 [fn:50] {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-c)}}} on the /first/ item of a list with no
 checkbox adds checkboxes to the rest of the list.
 
 [fn:51] As with all these in-buffer settings, pressing {{{kbd(C-c
 C-c)}}} activates any changes in the line.
 
 [fn:52] This is only true if the search does not involve more complex
 tests including properties (see [[*Property Searches]]).
 
 [fn:53] To extend this default list to all tags used in all agenda
 files (see [[*Agenda Views]]), customize the variable
 ~org-complete-tags-always-offer-all-agenda-tags~.
 
 [fn:54] Keys are automatically assigned to tags that have no
 configured keys.
 
 [fn:55] If more than one summary type applies to the same property,
 the parent values are computed according to the first of them.
 
 [fn:56] An age can be defined as a duration, using units defined in
 ~org-duration-units~, e.g., =3d 1h=.  If any value in the column is as
 such, the summary is also expressed as a duration.
 
 [fn:57] Please note that the =COLUMNS= definition must be on a single
 line; it is wrapped here only because of formatting constraints.
 
 [fn:58] Contributed packages are not part of Emacs, but are
 distributed with the main distribution of Org---visit
 [[https://orgmode.org]].
 
 [fn:59] The Org date format is inspired by the standard ISO 8601
 date/time format.  To use an alternative format, see [[*Custom time
 format]].  The day name is optional when you type the date yourself.
 However, any date inserted or modified by Org adds that day name, for
 reading convenience.
 
 [fn:60] When working with the standard diary expression functions, you
 need to be very careful with the order of the arguments.  That order
 depends evilly on the variable ~calendar-date-style~.  For example, to
 specify a date December 12, 2005, the call might look like
 =(diary-date 12 1 2005)= or =(diary-date 1 12 2005)= or =(diary-date
 2005 12 1)=, depending on the settings.  This has been the source of
 much confusion.  Org mode users can resort to special versions of
 these functions like ~org-date~ or ~org-anniversary~.  These work just
 like the corresponding ~diary-~ functions, but with stable ISO order
 of arguments (year, month, day) wherever applicable, independent of
 the value of ~calendar-date-style~.
 
 [fn:61] See the variable ~org-read-date-prefer-future~.  You may set
 that variable to the symbol ~time~ to even make a time before now
 shift the date to tomorrow.
 
 [fn:62] If you do not need/want the calendar, configure the variable
 ~org-popup-calendar-for-date-prompt~.
 
 [fn:63] You can also use the calendar command {{{kbd(.)}}} to jump to
 today's date, but if you are inserting an hour specification for your
 timestamp, {{{kbd(.)}}} will then insert a dot after the hour.  By contrast,
 {{{kbd(C-.)}}} will always jump to today's date.
 
 [fn:64] If you find this distracting, turn off the display with
 ~org-read-date-display-live~.
 
 [fn:65] It will still be listed on that date after it has been marked
 as done.  If you do not like this, set the variable
 ~org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-done~.
 
 [fn:66] The =SCHEDULED= and =DEADLINE= dates are inserted on the line
 right below the headline.  Do not put any text between this line and
 the headline.
 
 [fn:67] Note the corresponding =STARTUP= options =logredeadline=,
 =lognoteredeadline=, and =nologredeadline=.
 
 [fn:68] Note the corresponding =STARTUP= options =logreschedule=,
 =lognotereschedule=, and =nologreschedule=.
 
 [fn:69] Org does not repeat inactive timestamps, however.  See
 [[*Timestamps]].
 
 [fn:70] In fact, the target state is taken from, in this sequence, the
 =REPEAT_TO_STATE= property, the variable ~org-todo-repeat-to-state~ if
 it is a string, the previous TODO state if ~org-todo-repeat-to-state~
 is ~t~, or the first state of the TODO state sequence.
 
 [fn:71] You can change this using the option ~org-log-repeat~, or the
 =STARTUP= options =logrepeat=, =lognoterepeat=, and =nologrepeat=.
 With =lognoterepeat=, you will also be prompted for a note.
 
 [fn:72] Clocking only works if all headings are indented with less
 than 30 stars.  This is a hard-coded limitation of ~lmax~ in
 ~org-clock-sum~.
 
 [fn:73] To resume the clock under the assumption that you have worked
 on this task while outside Emacs, use =(setq org-clock-persist t)=.
 
 [fn:74] To add an effort estimate "on the fly", hook a function doing
 this to ~org-clock-in-prepare-hook~.
 
 [fn:75] The last reset of the task is recorded by the =LAST_REPEAT=
 property.
 
 [fn:76] See also the variable ~org-clock-mode-line-total~.
 
 [fn:77] The corresponding in-buffer setting is: =#+STARTUP:
 lognoteclock-out=.
 
 [fn:78] When using ~:step~, ~untilnow~ starts from the beginning of
 2003, not the beginning of time.
 
 [fn:79] Language terms can be set through the variable
 ~org-clock-clocktable-language-setup~.
 
 [fn:80] Note that all parameters must be specified in a single
 line---the line is broken here only to fit it into the manual.
 
 [fn:81] On computers using macOS, idleness is based on actual user
 idleness, not just Emacs' idle time.  For X11, you can install a
 utility program =x11idle.c=, available in the =org-contrib/=
 repository, or install the xprintidle package and set it to the
 variable ~org-clock-x11idle-program-name~ if you are running Debian,
 to get the same general treatment of idleness.  On other systems, idle
 time refers to Emacs idle time only.
 
 [fn:82] Please note the pitfalls of summing hierarchical data in
 a flat list (see [[*Using Column View in the Agenda]]).
 
 [fn:83] Note the corresponding =STARTUP= options =logrefile=,
 =lognoterefile=, and =nologrefile=.
 
 [fn:84] Org used to offer four different targets for date/week tree
 capture.  Now, Org automatically translates these to use
 ~file+olp+datetree~, applying the ~:time-prompt~ and ~:tree-type~
 properties.  Please rewrite your date/week-tree targets using
 ~file+olp+datetree~ since the older targets are now deprecated.
 
 [fn:85] A date tree is an outline structure with years on the highest
 level, months or ISO weeks as sublevels and then dates on the lowest
 level.  Tags are allowed in the tree structure.
 
 [fn:86] When the file name is not absolute, Org assumes it is relative
 to ~org-directory~.
 
 [fn:87] If you need one of these sequences literally, escape the =%=
 with a backslash.
 
 [fn:88] If you define your own link types (see [[*Adding Hyperlink
 Types]]), any property you store with ~org-store-link-props~ can be
 accessed in capture templates in a similar way.
 
 [fn:89] This is always the other, not the user.  See the variable
 ~org-link-from-user-regexp~.
 
 [fn:90] If you move entries or Org files from one directory to
 another, you may want to configure ~org-attach-id-dir~ to contain
 an absolute path.
 
 [fn:91] If the value of that variable is not a list, but a single file
 name, then the list of agenda files in maintained in that external
 file.
 
 [fn:92] When using the dispatcher, pressing {{{kbd(<)}}} before
 selecting a command actually limits the command to the current file,
 and ignores ~org-agenda-files~ until the next dispatcher command.
 
 [fn:93] For backward compatibility, you can also press {{{kbd(1)}}} to
 restrict to the current buffer.
 
 [fn:94] For backward compatibility, you can also press {{{kbd(0)}}} to
 restrict to the current region/subtree.
 
 [fn:95] For backward compatibility, the universal prefix argument
 {{{kbd(C-u)}}} causes all TODO entries to be listed before the agenda.
 This feature is deprecated, use the dedicated TODO list, or a block
 agenda instead (see [[*Block agenda]]).
 
 [fn:96] The variable ~org-anniversary~ used in the example is just
 like ~diary-anniversary~, but the argument order is always according
 to ISO and therefore independent of the value of
 ~calendar-date-style~.
 
 [fn:97] You can, however, disable this by setting
 ~org-agenda-search-headline-for-time~ variable to a ~nil~ value.
 
 [fn:98] Custom agenda commands can preset a filter by binding one of
 the variables ~org-agenda-tag-filter-preset~,
 ~org-agenda-category-filter-preset~, ~org-agenda-effort-filter-preset~
 or ~org-agenda-regexp-filter-preset~ as an option.  This filter is
 then applied to the view and persists as a basic filter through
 refreshes and more secondary filtering.  The filter is a global
 property of the entire agenda view---in a block agenda, you should
 only set this in the global options section, not in the section of an
 individual block.
 
 [fn:99] Only tags filtering is respected here, effort filtering is
 ignored.
 
 [fn:100] You can also create persistent custom functions through
 ~org-agenda-bulk-custom-functions~.
 
 [fn:101] This file is parsed for the agenda when
 ~org-agenda-include-diary~ is set.
 
 [fn:102] You can provide a description for a prefix key by inserting
 a cons cell with the prefix and the description.
 
 [fn:103] /Planned/ means here that these entries have some planning
 information attached to them, like a time-stamp, a scheduled or
 a deadline string.  See ~org-agenda-entry-types~ on how to set what
 planning information is taken into account.
 
 [fn:104] For HTML you need to install Hrvoje Nikšić's =htmlize.el=
 as an Emacs package from MELPA or from [[https://github.com/hniksic/emacs-htmlize][Hrvoje Nikšić's repository]].
 
 [fn:105] To create PDF output, the Ghostscript ps2pdf utility must be
 installed on the system.  Selecting a PDF file also creates the
 postscript file.
 
 [fn:106] If you want to store standard views like the weekly agenda or
 the global TODO list as well, you need to define custom commands for
 them in order to be able to specify file names.
 
 [fn:107] Quoting depends on the system you use, please check the FAQ
 for examples.
 
 [fn:108] You can turn this on by default by setting the variable
 ~org-pretty-entities~, or on a per-file base with the =STARTUP= option
 =entitiespretty=.
 
 [fn:109] This behavior can be disabled with =-= export setting (see
 [[*Export Settings]]).
 
 [fn:110] LaTeX is a macro system based on Donald\nbsp{}E.\nbsp{}Knuth's TeX
 system.  Many of the features described here as "LaTeX" are really
 from TeX, but for simplicity I am blurring this distinction.
 
 [fn:111] When MathJax is used, only the environments recognized by
 MathJax are processed.  When dvipng, dvisvgm, or ImageMagick suite is
 used to create images, any LaTeX environment is handled.
 
 [fn:112] These are respectively available at
 [[http://sourceforge.net/projects/dvipng/]], [[http://dvisvgm.bplaced.net/]]
 and from the ImageMagick suite.  Choose the converter by setting the
 variable ~org-preview-latex-default-process~ accordingly.
 
 [fn:113] Org mode has a method to test if point is inside such
 a fragment, see the documentation of the function
 ~org-inside-LaTeX-fragment-p~.
 
 [fn:114] This works automatically for the HTML backend (it requires
 version 1.34 of the =htmlize.el= package, which you need to install).
 Fontified code chunks in LaTeX can be achieved using either the
 [[https://www.ctan.org/pkg/listings][listings]] package or the [[https://www.ctan.org/pkg/minted][minted]] package.  Refer to
 ~org-latex-listings~ for details.
 
 [fn:115] Source code in code blocks may also be evaluated either
 interactively or on export.  See [[*Working with Source Code]] for more
 information on evaluating code blocks.
 
 [fn:116] Adding =-k= to =-n -r= /keeps/ the labels in the source code
 while using line numbers for the links, which might be useful to
 explain those in an Org mode example code.
 
 [fn:117] You may select a different mode with the variable
 ~org-edit-fixed-width-region-mode~.
 
 [fn:118] What Emacs considers to be an image depends on
 ~image-file-name-extensions~ and ~image-file-name-regexps~.
 
 [fn:119] The variable ~org-startup-with-inline-images~ can be set
 within a buffer with the =STARTUP= options =inlineimages= and
 =noinlineimages=.
 
 [fn:120] The corresponding in-buffer setting is: =#+STARTUP: fninline=
 or =#+STARTUP: nofninline=.
 
 [fn:121] The corresponding in-buffer options are =#+STARTUP: fnadjust=
 and =#+STARTUP: nofnadjust=.
 
 [fn:122] The variable ~org-export-date-timestamp-format~ defines how
 this timestamp are exported.
 
 [fn:123] For export to LaTeX format---or LaTeX-related formats such as
 Beamer---, the =org-latex-package-alist= variable needs further
 configuration.  See [[LaTeX specific export settings]].
 
 [fn:124] At the moment, some export back-ends do not obey this
 specification.  For example, LaTeX export excludes every unnumbered
 headline from the table of contents.
 
 [fn:125] Note that ~org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline~ is
 locally bound to non-~nil~.  Therefore, ~org-link-search~ only matches
 headlines and named elements.
 
 [fn:126] Since commas separate the arguments, commas within arguments
 have to be escaped with the backslash character.  So only those
 backslash characters before a comma need escaping with another
 backslash character.
 
 [fn:127] For a less drastic behavior, consider using a select tag (see
 [[*Export Settings]]) instead.
 
 [fn:128] If =BEAMER_ENV= is set, Org export adds =B_environment= tag
 to make it visible.  The tag serves as a visual aid and has no
 semantic relevance.
 
 [fn:129] By default Org loads MathJax from [[https://cdnjs.com][cdnjs.com]] as recommended by
 [[https://www.mathjax.org][MathJax]].
 
 [fn:130] Please note that exported formulas are part of an HTML
 document, and that signs such as =<=, =>=, or =&= have special
 meanings.  See [[http://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/tex.html#tex-and-latex-in-html-documents][MathJax TeX and LaTeX support]].
 
 [fn:131] See [[http://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/tex.html#tex-extensions][TeX and LaTeX extensions]] in the [[http://docs.mathjax.org][MathJax manual]] to learn
 about extensions.
 
 [fn:132] If the classes on TODO keywords and tags lead to conflicts,
 use the variables ~org-html-todo-kwd-class-prefix~ and
 ~org-html-tag-class-prefix~ to make them unique.
 
 [fn:133] This does not allow setting different bibliography compilers
 for different files.  However, "smart" LaTeX compilation systems, such
 as latexmk, can select the correct bibliography compiler.
 
 [fn:134] Minted uses an external Python package for code highlighting,
 which requires the flag =-shell-escape= to be added to
 ~org-latex-pdf-process~.
 
 [fn:135] See [[http://docs.oasis-open.org/office/v1.2/OpenDocument-v1.2.html][Open Document Format for Office Applications
 (OpenDocument) Version 1.2]].
 
 [fn:136] See [[http://www.mathtoweb.com/cgi-bin/mathtoweb_home.pl][MathToWeb]].
 
 [fn:137] See [[http://dlmf.nist.gov/LaTeXML/]].
 
 [fn:138] [[http://docs.oasis-open.org/office/v1.2/OpenDocument-v1.2.html][OpenDocument-v1.2 Specification]]
 
 [fn:139] See the =<table:table-template>= element of the
 OpenDocument-v1.2 specification.
 
 [fn:140] See the attributes =table:template-name=,
 =table:use-first-row-styles=, =table:use-last-row-styles=,
 =table:use-first-column-styles=, =table:use-last-column-styles=,
 =table:use-banding-rows-styles=, and =table:use-banding-column-styles=
 of the =<table:table>= element in the OpenDocument-v1.2 specification.
 
 [fn:141] If the publishing directory is the same as the source
 directory, =file.org= is exported as =file.org.org=, so you probably
 do not want to do this.
 
 [fn:142] The option ~org-babel-no-eval-on-ctrl-c-ctrl-c~ can be used
 to remove code evaluation from the {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} key binding.
 
 [fn:143] Actually, the constructs =call_<name>()= and =src_<lang>{}=
 are not evaluated when they appear in a keyword (see [[*Summary of
 In-Buffer Settings]]).
 
 [fn:144] For noweb literate programming details, see
 http://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/noweb/.
 
 [fn:145] For more information, please refer to the commentary section
 in =org-tempo.el=.
 
 [fn:146] Org Indent mode also sets ~wrap-prefix~ correctly for
 indenting and wrapping long lines of headlines or text.  This minor
 mode also handles Visual Line mode and directly applied settings
 through ~word-wrap~.
 
 [fn:147] This works, but requires extra effort.  Org Indent mode is
 more convenient for most applications.
 
 [fn:148] ~org-adapt-indentation~ can also be set to ='headline-data=,
 in which case only data lines below the headline will be indented.
 
 [fn:149] Note that Org Indent mode also sets the ~wrap-prefix~
 property, such that Visual Line mode (or purely setting ~word-wrap~)
 wraps long lines, including headlines, correctly indented.
 
 [fn:150] For a server to host files, consider using a WebDAV server,
 such as [[https://nextcloud.com][Nextcloud]].  Additional help is at this [[https://orgmode.org/worg/org-faq.html#mobileorg_webdav][FAQ entry]].
 
 [fn:151] If Emacs is configured for safe storing of passwords, then
 configure the variable ~org-mobile-encryption-password~; please read
 the docstring of that variable.
 
 [fn:152] Symbolic links in ~org-directory~ need to have the same name
 as their targets.
 
 [fn:153] While creating the agendas, Org mode forces =ID= properties
 on all referenced entries, so that these entries can be uniquely
 identified if Org Mobile flags them for further action.  To avoid
 setting properties configure the variable
 ~org-mobile-force-id-on-agenda-items~ to ~nil~.  Org mode then relies
 on outline paths, assuming they are unique.
 
 [fn:154] Checksums are stored automatically in the file
 =checksums.dat=.
 
 [fn:155] The file will be empty after this operation.
 
 [fn:156] https://www.ctan.org/pkg/comment
 
 [fn:157] By default this works only for LaTeX, HTML, and Texinfo.
 Configure the variable ~orgtbl-radio-table-templates~ to install
 templates for other modes.
 
 [fn:158] If the =TBLFM= keyword contains an odd number of dollar
 characters, this may cause problems with Font Lock in LaTeX mode.  As
 shown in the example you can fix this by adding an extra line inside
 the =comment= environment that is used to balance the dollar
 expressions.  If you are using AUCTeX with the font-latex library,
 a much better solution is to add the =comment= environment to the
 variable ~LaTeX-verbatim-environments~.
 
 [fn:159] The ~agenda*~ view is the same as ~agenda~ except that it
 only considers /appointments/, i.e., scheduled and deadline items that
 have a time specification =[h]h:mm= in their time-stamps.
 
 [fn:160] Note that, for ~org-odd-levels-only~, a level number
 corresponds to order in the hierarchy, not to the number of stars.